The National Gallery ( German : Nationalgalerie ) in Berlin, Germany, is a museum for art of the 19th, 20th and 21st centuries. It is part of the Berlin State Museums . From the Alte Nationalgalerie , which was built for it and opened in 1876, its exhibition space has expanded to include five other locations. The museums are part of the Berlin State Museums , owned by the Prussian Cultural Heritage Foundation .
156-534: The holdings of the National Gallery are currently shown in five locations: There was long discussion of the desirability of establishing a national gallery in Berlin, particularly during the period of revolutionary nationalism around 1848 , and it became an increasingly serious proposition from 1850, when publications appeared advocating it. From the start it was bound up with the ambitions of Prussia and
312-414: A "revolution in painting". Leroy later regretted inspiring the name, as he believed that they were a group "whose majority had nothing impressionist". The total attendance is estimated at 3500. Monet priced Impression: Sunrise at 1000 francs but failed to sell it. The exhibition was open to anyone prepared to pay 60 francs and gave artists the opportunity to show their work without the interference of
468-522: A Republic. Activism for liberal reforms spread through many of the German states , each of which had distinct revolutions. They were also inspired by the street demonstrations in Paris, France, led by workers and artisans which took place through 22 to 24 February, 1848, and resulted in the abdication of King Louis-Philippe of France and his exile to Britain. In France the revolution of 1848 became known as
624-543: A Series of Waterscape, consisted of 42 canvases, his "largest and most unified series to date" . He would ultimately make over 250 paintings of the Waterlilies . At his house, Monet met with artists, writers, intellectuals and politicians from France, England, Japan and the United States. In the summer of 1887, he met John Singer Sargent whose experimentation with figure painting out of doors intrigued him;
780-517: A black lens. By 1925, his visual impairment was improved and he began to retouch some of his pre-operative works, with bluer water lilies than before. During World War I , in which his younger son, Michel, served, Monet painted a Weeping Willow series as homage to the French fallen soldiers. He became deeply dedicated to the decorations of his garden during the war. Monet has been described as "the driving force behind Impressionism". Crucial to
936-461: A church (with an apse) and a theatre (a grand staircase leading to the entry) as well as a temple. An equestrian statue of Frederick William IV tops the stairs, and the inside stairs have a frieze by Otto Geyer depicting German history from prehistoric times to the 19th century. The inscription over the door reads "To German art, 1871" (the year of the founding of the Empire, not the year the gallery
1092-484: A classmate of Auguste Renoir . His early works include landscapes, seascapes, and portraits, but attracted little attention. A key early influence was Eugène Boudin , who introduced him to the concept of plein air painting. From 1883, Monet lived in Giverny , also in northern France, where he purchased a house and property and began a vast landscaping project, including a water-lily pond. Monet's ambition to document
1248-495: A decade ago. He forwent garish colours or "coarse application" for emphasised colour schemes of blue and green. Whilst suffering from cataracts, his paintings were more broad and abstract—from the late 1880s onwards, he had simplified his compositions and sought subjects that could offer broad colour and tone. He increasingly used red and yellow tones, a trend that first started following his trip to Venice. Monet often travelled alone at this time—from France to Normandy to London; to
1404-419: A desire was recurrent in his letters to Alice. In 1883, Monet and his family rented a house and gardens in Giverny , which provided him with domestic stability he had not yet enjoyed. The house was situated near the main road between the towns of Vernon and Gasny at Giverny. There was a barn that doubled as a painting studio, orchards and a small garden. The house was close enough to the local schools for
1560-537: A few months by Alois Schardt and then by Eberhard Hanfstaengl , who was in turn dismissed in 1937; he had refused to meet with the commission under Adolf Ziegler , president of the Reich Chamber for the Visual Arts, who were charged with purging the gallery of "degenerate" works. Some artwork from a dealer had been burnt in the furnaces of the National Gallery building in 1936, and the modern art annexe in
1716-470: A fight. Our main position was to be on the first floor, led, up to by four stone staircases, each of which was allotted to a company. Our firearms, which had been placed in hiding already, were taken out again, and we began to block up the entrances to the staircases. Unfortunately we had no ammunition! This lack was in some degree made good by such officers as were sportsmen and had some powder and shot to distribute, so that firing might have been done by each of
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#17327802750571872-529: A greenhouse and a second studio, a spacious building well lit with skylights. Monet wrote daily instructions to his gardener, precise designs and layouts for plantings, and invoices for his floral purchases and his collection of botany books. As Monet's wealth grew, his garden evolved. He remained its architect, even after he hired seven gardeners. Monet purchased additional land with a water meadow. White water lilies local to France were planted along with imported cultivars from South America and Egypt, resulting in
2028-406: A hostile review. Taking particular notice of Impression, Sunrise (1872), a hazy depiction of Le Havre port and stylistic detour, he coined the term " Impressionism ". Conservative critics and the public derided the group, with the term initially being ironic and denoting the painting as unfinished. More progressive critics praised the depiction of modern life—Louis Edmond Duranty called their style
2184-684: A journalist who was the leader of the Baden democrats. The arrests caused outrage and a rise in protests. A full-scale uprising broke out on 12 April 1848. The Bavarian government suppressed the revolutionary forces led by Friedrich Hecker with the aid of Prussian troops at the Battle on the Scheideck on 20 April 1848, ending what became known as the Hecker Uprising . In May 1849, a resurgence of revolutionary activity occurred in Baden. As this
2340-461: A jury. Another exhibition was held in 1876, again in opposition to the Salon. Monet displayed 18 paintings, including The Beach at Sainte-Adresse which showcased multiple Impressionist characteristics. For the third exhibition, on 5 April 1877, he selected seven paintings from the dozen he had made of Gare Saint-Lazare in the past three months, the first time he had "synced as many paintings of
2496-649: A large street demonstration in Vienna, and it was covered by the press across the German-speaking states. Following the important, but relatively minor, demonstrations against Lola Montez in Bavaria on 9 February 1848 (see below), the first major revolt of 1848 in German lands occurred in Vienna on 13 March 1848. The demonstrating students in Vienna had been restive and were encouraged by a sermon of Anton Füster ,
2652-510: A liberal priest, on Sunday, 12 March 1848, in their university chapel. The student demonstrators demanded a constitution and a constituent assembly elected by universal male suffrage. Emperor Ferdinand and his chief advisor Metternich directed troops to crush the demonstration. When demonstrators moved to the streets near the Hofburg , the troops fired on the demonstrating students, killing several of them. The new working class of Vienna joined
2808-484: A luxury Mercedes ." The Friedrichswerder Church , a Gothic landmark designed by Karl Friedrich Schinkel , was ruined in the war; between 1979 and 1986 it was restored, and it was then reopened in September 1987, as part of the celebrations of Berlin's 750th anniversary, as an annexe of the National Gallery displaying 19th-century sculpture. There is a Schinkel museum in the gallery. Following German reunification ,
2964-586: A military corps by August Willich , a former Prussian military officer. He was also a member of the Communist League and supported revolutionary change in Germany. The newly formed Willich Corps combined with other revolutionary groups to form an army of about 30,000 strong; it fought to resist the highly trained Prussian troops. Engels fought with the Willich Corps for their entire campaign in
3120-407: A new endeavour figures in plein air, as I understand them. This is an old dream, one that has always obsessed me and that I would like to master once and for all. But it is all so difficult! I am working very hard, almost to the point of making myself ill". In 1876, Camille Monet became seriously ill. Their second son, Michel , was born in 1878, after which Camille's health deteriorated further. In
3276-519: A painter, his father, Claude-Adolphe, disapproved and wanted him to pursue a career in business. He was very close to his mother, but she died in January 1857 when he was sixteen years old, and he was sent to live with his childless, widowed but wealthy aunt, Marie-Jeanne Lecadre. He went on to study at the Académie Suisse , and under the academic history painter Charles Gleyre , where he was
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#17327802750573432-778: A painting in one sitting, often without preparation. He wished to demonstrate how light altered colour and perception of reality. His interest in light and reflection began in the late 1860s and lasted throughout his career. During his first time in London, he developed an admiration for the relationship between the artist and motifs—for what he deemed the "envelope". He utilised pencil drawings to quickly note subjects and motifs for future reference. Monet's portrayal of landscapes emphasised industrial elements such as railways and factories; his early seascapes featured brooding nature depicted with muted colours and local residents. Critic, and friend of Monet, Théodore Duret noted, in 1874, that he
3588-401: A prescription of mydriatics provided short-lived relief. He eventually underwent cataract surgery in 1923. Persistent cyanopsia and aphakic spectacles proved to be a struggle. Now "able to see the real colours", he began to destroy canvases from his pre-operative period. Upon receiving tinted Zeiss lenses, Monet was laudatory, although his left eye soon had to be entirely covered by
3744-442: A range of colours including yellow, blue and white lilies that turned pink with age. In 1902, he increased the size of his water garden by nearly 4000 square metres; the pond was enlarged in 1901 and 1910 with easels installed all around to allow different perspectives to be captured. Dissatisfied with the limitations of Impressionism, Monet began to work on series of paintings displaying single subjects—haystacks, poplars and
3900-858: A rebellion in formerly Polish territories now ruled by Prussia, were liberated and paraded through the city to the acclaim of the people. The 254 persons killed during the riots were laid out on catafalques on the Gendarmenmarkt . Some 40,000 people accompanied these fallen demonstrators to their burial place at Friedrichshain. A Constituent National Assembly was elected from various German states in late April and early May 1848 and gathered in St. Paul's Church in Frankfurt am Main on 18 May 1848. The deputies consisted of 122 government officials, 95 judges, 81 lawyers, 103 teachers, 17 manufacturers and wholesale dealers, 15 physicians, and 40 landowners. A majority of
4056-448: A result of admiring his depiction. In 1875, he returned to figure painting with Woman with a Parasol - Madame Monet and Her Son , after effectively abandoning it with The Luncheon . His interest in the figure continued for the next four years—reaching its crest in 1877 and concluding altogether in 1890. In an "unusually revealing" letter to Théodore Duret , Monet discussed his revitalised interest: "I am working like never before on
4212-496: A result of the relationship. Earlier in the year Monet had been forced to move to his aunt's house in Sainte-Adresse . There he immersed himself in his work, although a temporary problem with his eyesight, probably related to stress, prevented him from working in sunlight. Monet loved his family dearly, painting many portraits of them such as Child With a Cup, a Portrait of Jean Monet . This painting in particular shows
4368-451: A series of landscape paintings, "in full force" although he was not pleased with the outcome. By October the weather caused Monet to cease plein air painting and the next month he sold four of the eleven Water Lilies paintings, despite his then-reluctance to relinquish his work. The series inspired praise from his peers; his later works were well received by dealers and collectors, and he received 200,000 francs from one collector. In 1922
4524-534: A shipping merchant, Gaudibert, who was also a patron of Boudin. When Durand-Ruel's previous support of Monet and his peers began to decline, Monet, Renoir, Pissarro, Sisley, Paul Cézanne , Edgar Degas , and Berthe Morisot exhibited their work independently; they did so under the name the Anonymous Society of Painters, Sculptors and Engravers for which Monet was a leading figure in its formation. He
4680-441: A strict order on his palette and wore a straw hat to negate glare . He approached painting by formulating the ideas and features in his mind, taking the "motif in large masses" and transcribing them through memory and imagination. This was due to him being "insensitive" to the "finer shades of tonalities and colors seen close up". Monet's output decreased as he became withdrawn, although he did produce several panel paintings for
4836-601: A ten-year period, but in 2000 sold it to them for a small fraction of its assessed value. In November, the Hamburger Bahnhof , formerly a museum of technology but ruined in the war, opened after a six-year renovation as the Museum für Gegenwart , housing contemporary art, initially most from Erich Marx 's collection. In 2008, the Scharf-Gerstenberg Collection of 20th-century art opened in
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4992-470: A terrible blizzard of loss which will forever efface her features. In fact there can be very few death-bed paintings which have been so intensely felt or subjectively expressive." Monet's study of the Seine continued. He submitted two paintings to the Salon in 1880, one of which was accepted. He began to abandon Impressionist techniques as his paintings utilised darker tones and displayed environments, such as
5148-403: A topic of discussion among academics; Lane et al. (1997) argues the occurrence of a deterioration from the late 1860s onwards led to a diminishing of sharp lines. Gardens were a focus throughout his art, becoming prominent in his later work, especially during the last decade of his life. Daniel Wildenstein noted a "seamless" continuity in his paintings that was "enriched by innovation". From
5304-534: A very awkward predicament; all connection with the outer world was cut off, and the Franz Regiment, which had been quartered next door to us, had been moved away, so we had to decide for ourselves what to do. General von Below was a feeble old man, Lieut.-Colonel Richter and our company commanders were all elderly—most of them had taken part in the War of Liberation —and some of them were no good as officers, so it
5460-571: A year later, on 19 May 1849, the Prussian authorities closed down the newspaper because of its support for constitutional reforms. In late 1848, Marx and Engels intended to meet with Karl Ludwig Johann D'Ester , then serving as a member of the provisional government in Baden and the Palatinate. He was a physician, democrat and socialist who had been a member of the Cologne community chapter of
5616-541: A young man, he visited the Salon and familiarised himself with the works of older painters, and made friends with other young artists. The five years that he spent at Argenteuil , spending much time on the River Seine in a little floating studio, were formative in his study of the effects of light and reflections. He began to think in terms of colours and shapes rather than scenes and objects. He used bright colours in dabs and dashes and squiggles of paint. Having rejected
5772-539: Is derived from the title of his painting Impression, soleil levant , which was first exhibited in the so-called "exhibition of rejects" of 1874–an exhibition initiated by Monet and like-minded artists as an alternative to the Salon . Monet was raised in Le Havre , Normandy , and became interested in the outdoors and drawing from an early age. Although his mother, Louise-Justine Aubrée Monet, supported his ambitions to be
5928-443: Is purely visible. Monet was fascinated with the effects of light, and painting en plein air —he believed that his only "merit lies in having painted directly in front of nature, seeking to render my impressions of the most fleeting effects" Wanting to "paint the air", he often combined modern life subjects in outdoor light. Monet made light the central focus of his paintings. To capture its variations, he would sometimes complete
6084-550: The Marschallbrücke . The outbreak began at different parts of the city at two o'clock in the afternoon of the 18th, our attention being called to it by the circumstance that shots were fired at the sentinels in front of the Franz Regiment's barracks, which adjoined those of the Cadet Corps. The report went that the Cadet Corps, that breeding place of reaction, was to be up rooted [sic]! This put our superior officers in
6240-550: The (Prussian) Customs Union . After news broke of revolutionary victories in February 1848 in Paris, uprisings occurred throughout Europe, including Austria and the German states. Baden was the first state in Germany to have popular unrest, despite Baden being one of the most liberal states in Germany. After the news of the February Days in Paris reached Baden, there were several unorganized instances of peasants burning
6396-583: The February Revolution . The revolutions spread from France across Europe; demonstrations against the government erupted soon thereafter in both Austria and Germany, beginning with large protests on 13 March 1848, in Vienna . This resulted in the resignation of Prince von Metternich as chief minister to Emperor Ferdinand I of Austria , and his going into exile in Britain. Because of the date of
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6552-572: The Frankfurt Parliament . Karl Mathy , a right-center journalist, was among those elected as deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly. Disorder fomented by republican agitators continued in Baden. Fearing greater riots, the Baden government began to increase the size of its army and to seek assistance from neighboring states. The Baden government sought to suppress the revolts by arresting Joseph Fickler ,
6708-732: The Frankfurter Gate , amidst the same kind of continuous but unsystematic fighting which the Guards also had encountered. Early in the morning of the 19th—it may have been about 4 o'clock, the shooting had been followed by silence throughout the city—we were given the alarm and had to don our cloaks and fall in with our guns and march to the Schloss (the Royal Palace in Berlin) , by order of General von Prittwitz. We set out just as day
6864-573: The French Government , from 1914 to 1918 to great financial success and he would later create works for the state. His work on the "cycle of paintings" mostly occurred around 1916 to 1921. Cataract surgery was once again recommended, this time by Clemenceau. Monet—who was apprehensive, following Honoré Daumier and Mary Cassatt 's botched surgeries—stated that he would rather have poor sight and perhaps abandon painting than forego "a little of these things that I love". In 1919, Monet began
7020-615: The Imperial Diet into a Constituent Assembly to be elected by the people. Other concessions were less substantial, and generally addressed the reorganizing and unification of Germany. Ferdinand returned to Vienna from Innsbruck on 12 August 1848. Soon after his return, the working-class populace hit the streets again on 21 August to protest high unemployment and the government's decree to reduce wages. On 23 August 1848, Austrian troops opened fire on unarmed demonstrators and shot several. In late September 1848, Emperor Ferdinand, who
7176-631: The Kingdom of Bavaria ) were separated only by the Rhine. The uprising in Baden and the Palatinate took place largely in the Rhine Valley along their mutual border, and are considered aspects of the same movement. In May 1849, the Grand Duke was forced to leave Karlsruhe, Baden and seek help from Prussia. Provisional governments were declared in both the Palatinate and Baden. In Baden conditions for
7332-571: The Kulturforum , which included the Neue Nationalgalerie (New National Gallery), a modernist building designed by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe . This opened on 15 September 1968 and initially exhibited the full range of 19th and 20th-century art. Werner Haftmann , who had become the director in 1967, said he was nervous about the gallery moving into the prestige modern building, comparing himself to "a wretched learner ... getting into
7488-462: The Rivera and Rouen —in search of new and more challenging subjects. The stylistic change was likely a by-product of the disorder and not an intentional choice. Monet would often work on large canvases due to the deterioration of his eyesight and by 1920 he admitted that he had grown too accustomed to broad painting to return to small canvases. The influence of his cataracts on his output has been
7644-537: The Rouen Cathedral —to resolve his frustration. These series of paintings provided widespread critical and financial success; in 1898, 61 paintings were exhibited at the Petit Gallery. He also began a series of Mornings on the Seine, which portrayed the dawn hours of the river. In 1887 and 1889 he displayed a series of paintings of Belle Île to rave reviews by critics. Monet chose the location in
7800-559: The Seine 's surrounding area. He acquired a sailboat to paint on the river. In 1874, he signed a six-and-a-half year lease and moved into a newly built "rose-colored house with green shutters" in Argenteuil, where he painted fifteen paintings of his garden from a panoramic perspective. Paintings such as Gladioli marked what was likely the first time Monet had cultivated a garden for the purpose of his art. The house and garden became
7956-538: The Tiergarten , leaving one person dead and many injured. On 18 March, a large demonstration occurred. After two shots were fired, fearing that some of the 20,000 soldiers would be used against them, demonstrators erected barricades, and a battle ensued until troops were ordered 13 hours later to retreat, leaving hundreds dead. Afterwards, Frederick William attempted to reassure the public that he would proceed with reorganizing his government. The King also approved arming
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#17327802750578112-534: The Wagenersche und Nationalgalerie (Wagener and National Gallery) and was housed in the buildings of the Prussian Academy of Arts . Friedrich August Stüler began working on a design for a gallery building in 1863, based on a sketch by William I's father, King Frederick William IV of Prussia . Two years and two failed plans later, his third proposal was finally accepted. Stüler died before planning
8268-486: The " en plein air " (outdoor) techniques for painting and take Monet on painting excursions. Monet thought of Boudin as his master, whom "he owed everything to" for his later success. In 1857, his mother died. He lived with his father and aunt, Marie-Jeanne Lecadre; Lecadre would be a source of support for Monet in his early art career. From 1858 to 1860, Monet continued his studies in Paris, where he enrolled in Académie Suisse and met Camille Pissarro in 1859. He
8424-643: The "single most important" motif of his final years in Argenteuil. For the next four years, he painted mostly in Argenteuil and took an interest in the colour theories of chemist Michel Eugène Chevreul . For three years of the decade, he rented a large villa in Saint-Denis for a thousand francs per year. Camille Monet on a Garden Bench displays the garden of the villa, and what some have argued to be Camille's grief upon learning of her father's death. Monet and Camille were often in financial straits during this period—they were unable to pay their hotel bill during
8580-498: The 1880s onwards—and particularly in the 1890s—Monet's series of paintings of specific subjects sought to document the different conditions of light and weather. As light and weather changed throughout the day, he switched between canvases—sometimes working on as many as eight at one time—usually spending an hour on each. In 1895, he exhibited 20 paintings of Rouen Cathedral , showcasing the façade in different conditions of light, weather and atmosphere. The paintings do not focus on
8736-583: The Assembly were liberals. It became known as the "professors' parliament", as many of its members were academics in addition to their other responsibilities. The one working-class member was Polish and, like colleagues from the Tyrol , not taken seriously. Starting on 18 May 1848, the Frankfurt Assembly worked to find ways to unite the various German states and to write a constitution. The Assembly
8892-677: The Bank of the Seine respectively, the former being his "first sustained campaign of painting that involved tourism". Several of his paintings had been purchased by Gaudibert, who commissioned a painting of his wife, alongside other projects; the Gaudiberts were for two years "the most supportive of Monet's hometown patrons ". Monet would later be financially supported by the artist and art collector Gustave Caillebotte , Bazille and perhaps Gustave Courbet , although creditors still pursued him. He married Camille on 28 June 1870, just before
9048-573: The Castle cellars. After a wait of two hours or so we were given orders to march back to Potsdam . On 21 March, the King proceeded through the streets of Berlin to attend a mass funeral at the Friedrichshain cemetery for the civilian victims of the uprising. He and his ministers and generals wore the revolutionary tricolor of black, red, and gold. Polish prisoners, who had been jailed for planning
9204-724: The Communist League. D'Ester had been elected as a deputy to the Prussian National Assembly in 1848. D'Ester had been elected to the Central committee of the German Democrats, together with Reichenbach and Hexamer , at the Second Democratic Congress held in Berlin from 26 October through 30 October 1848. Because of his commitments to the provisional government, D'Ester was unable to attend an important meeting in Paris on behalf of
9360-655: The Crown Prince's Palace was shut down in 1937 as a "hotbed of cultural Bolshevism". The gallery was placed under the control of the Berlin State Museums and Hanfstaengl was after a while replaced by Paul Ortwin Rave , who despite being more acceptable to the Nazi regime, conscientiously guarded the artworks and as the war drew to an end, went with them to the mine where they were to be stored for safety's sake and
9516-532: The French countryside led to a method of painting the same scene many times so as to capture the changing of light and the passing of the seasons. Among the best-known examples are his series of haystacks (1890–1891), paintings of Rouen Cathedral (1892–1894), and the paintings of water lilies in his garden in Giverny, which occupied him for the last 20 years of his life. Frequently exhibited and successful during his lifetime, Monet's fame and popularity soared in
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#17327802750579672-537: The German Central Committee. He wanted to provide Marx with the mandate to attend the meeting in his place. Marx and Engels met with D'Ester in the town of Kaiserslautern . Marx obtained the mandate and headed off to Paris. Engels remained in the Palatinate, where in 1849 he joined citizens at the barricades of Elberfeld in the Rhineland, preparing to fight the Prussian troops expected to attack
9828-522: The German ophthalmologist Richard Liebreich . He was prescribed new glasses and rejected cataract surgery for the right eye. The next year, Monet, encouraged by Clemenceau, made plans to construct a new, large studio that he could use to create a "decorative cycle of paintings devoted to the water garden". In the following years, his perception of colour suffered; his broad strokes were broader and his paintings were increasingly darker. To achieve his desired outcome, he began to label his tubes of paint, kept
9984-522: The Impressionists dwindled. Monet made a study in oils of his late wife. Many years later, he confessed to his friend Georges Clemenceau that his need to analyse colours was both a joy and a torment to him. He explained: "I one day found myself looking at my beloved wife's dead face and just systematically noting the colours according to an automatic reflex". John Berger describes the work as "a blizzard of white, grey, purplish paint ...
10140-443: The National Gallery in 1906 contributed to reawakening interest in artists such as Caspar David Friedrich . This was also an interest shared by Tschudi's successor, Ludwig Justi , who was director from 1909 to 1933 and added to the gallery's holdings in early 19th-century German painting. In 1919, after the abolition of the Prussian monarchy, the gallery acquired the Crown Prince's Palace ( Kronprinzenpalais ) and used it to display
10296-404: The National Gallery. When the commission vetoed his requests, he secured the patronage of a large number of wealthy bourgeois art collectors, most of them Jewish. He also rearranged the exhibition spaces, putting many items in storage to make room for works by Manet , Monet , Degas and Rodin as well as the earlier Constable and Courbet . One of the first, soon after Tschudi took up the post,
10452-603: The Netherlands in 1886 to paint the tulips. He soon met and became friends with Gustave Geffroy , who published an article on Monet. Despite his qualms, Monet's paintings were sold in America and contributed towards his financial security. In contrast to the last two decades of his career, Monet favoured working alone—and felt that he was always better when he did, having regularly "long[ed] for solitude, away from crowded tourist resorts and sophisticated urban settings". Such
10608-515: The Palatinate. The provisional government first appointed Joseph Martin Reichard , a lawyer, democrat and deputy in the Frankfurt Assembly, as the head of the military department in the Palatinate. The first Commander in Chief of the military forces of the Palatinate was Daniel Fenner von Fenneberg , a former Austrian officer who commanded the national guard in Vienna during the 1848 uprising. He
10764-401: The Palatinate. The Prussians defeated this revolutionary army at the Battle of Rinnthal , and the survivors of Willich's Corps crossed over the frontier into the safety of Switzerland. Engels did not reach Switzerland until 25 July 1849. He sent word of his survival to Marx and friends and comrades in London, England. A refugee in Switzerland, Engels began to write about his experiences during
10920-449: The Rhine River. It was not collected on the Palatinate side, but Brentano's government collected it on the Baden side. Due to the continued lack of coordination, Mieroslawski lost battles in Waghausle and Ubstadt in Baden. He and his troops were forced to retreat across the mountains of southern Baden, where they fought a last battle against the Prussians in the town of Murg , on the frontier between Baden and Switzerland . Mieroslawski and
11076-457: The Salon until his single, final attempt in 1880. His work was considered radical, "discouraged at all official levels". In 1867 his then-mistress, Camille Doncieux —whom he had met two years earlier as a model for his paintings—gave birth to their first child, Jean . Monet had a strong relationship with Jean, claiming that Camille was his lawful wife so Jean would be considered legitimate . Monet's father stopped financially supporting him as
11232-629: The Seine River, in harsh weather. For the rest of the decade, he focused on the elemental aspect of nature. His personal life influenced his distancing from the Impressionists. He returned to Étretat and expressed in letters to Alice Hoschedé —who he would marry in 1892, following her husband's death the preceding year—a desire to die. In 1881, he moved with Alice and her children to Poissy and again sold his paintings to Durand-Ruel . Alice's third daughter, Suzanne , would become Monet's "preferred model", after Camille. In April 1883, looking out
11388-482: The Seine at Honfleur to large praise, he hoped Le déjeuner sur l'herbe would help him break through into the Salon of 1866. He could not finish it in a timely manner and instead submitted The Woman in the Green Dress and Pavé de Chailly to acceptance. Thereafter, he submitted works to the Salon annually until 1870, but they were accepted by the juries only twice, in 1866 and 1868. He sent no more works to
11544-472: The Vienna demonstrations, the protests throughout Germany are usually called the March Revolution (German: Märzrevolution ). Afraid of suffering the same fate as Louis-Philippe of France, some of the German monarchs acquiesced to the demands of the revolutionaries, at least temporarily. In the south and west, large popular assemblies and mass demonstrations took place. They demanded freedom of
11700-475: The academic teachings of Gleyre's studio, he freed himself from theory, saying "I like to paint as a bird sings." Boudin, Daubigny, Jongkind, Courbet, and Corot were among Monet's influences and he would often work in accordance with developments in avant-garde art. In 1877 a series of paintings at St-Lazare Station had Monet looking at smoke and steam and the way that they affected colour and visibility, being sometimes opaque and sometimes translucent . He
11856-480: The art of the Impressionist painters was the understanding of the effects of light on the local colour of objects, and the effects of the juxtaposition of colours with each other. His free flowing style and use of colour have been described as "almost ethereal" and the "[epitome] of impressionist style"; Impression, Sunrise is an example of the "fundamental" Impressionist principle of depicting only that which
12012-790: The artillery and providing services in the ordnance shops was Lieutenant Colonel Freidrich Anneke . He was a member of the Communist League and one of the founders of the Cologne Workers Association in 1848, editor of the Neue Kölnische Zeitung and a member of the Rhenish District Committee of Democrats. Democrats of the Palatinate and across Germany considered the Baden-Palatinate insurrection to be part of
12168-576: The autumn of that year, they moved to the village of Vétheuil where they shared a house with the family of Ernest Hoschedé , a wealthy department store owner and patron of the arts who had commissioned four paintings from Monet. In 1878, Camille was diagnosed with uterine cancer . She died the next year. Her death, alongside financial difficulties—once having to leave his house to avoid creditors—afflicted Monet's career; Hoschedé had recently purchased several paintings but soon went bankrupt, leaving for Paris in hopes of regaining his fortune, as interest in
12324-838: The basis of the Saxon government until 1918. The Revolution of 1848 brought more popular reforms in the government of Saxony. In 1849, many Saxon residents emigrated to the United States, including Michael Machemehl . They landed in Galveston, Texas , and created what became the German Texan community. In mid-century, some lived in cities, but many developed substantial farms to the west in Texas. Claude Monet Oscar-Claude Monet ( UK : / ˈ m ɒ n eɪ / , US : / m oʊ ˈ n eɪ , m ə ˈ -/ ; French: [klod mɔnɛ] ; 14 November 1840 – 5 December 1926)
12480-410: The children to attend, and the surrounding landscape provided numerous natural areas for Monet to paint. The family worked and built up the gardens, and Monet's fortunes began to change for the better as Durand-Ruel had increasing success in selling his paintings. The gardens were Monet's greatest source of inspiration for 40 years. In 1890, Monet purchased the house. During the 1890s, Monet built
12636-655: The citizens. In his memoirs, Field Marshal Alfred von Waldersee , who in March 1848 was a sixteen-year-old student at the Royal Prussian Cadet Corps, gave a vivid description of the revolutionary events in Berlin: Those March days of 1848 left the most lasting impression on us young soldiers. From the so-called Spielhof alongside the Spree we could see the erection of the barricades on
12792-587: The cold morning air. It was very pleasant for us, therefore, when we were taken, troop by troop, into the kitchen, and given coffee. There was now a lively va-et-vient of mounted aides-de-camp , and others in the Castle Yard. The streets through which we had passed, and the open places outside the Schloss, had, of course, been empty. Now we saw many waggons [sic] and bodies of troops bivouacking . Prisoners were being brought in every now and again and taken into
12948-530: The companies; percussion-caps we secured from the Franz Regiment's barracks. However, things were not to become serious, for a battalion of the 1st Regiment of Guards pushed forward to the Marschallbrücke and averted all possibility of danger for us. The noise of the fighting died down now a little, only to revive again in the evening. The Leibregiment advanced to the Alexanderplatz from
13104-459: The continuing revolutionary upsurge in Germany spurred the provisional parliament to action; they passed a resolution calling for an All-German National Assembly to be formed. On 8 April 1848, a law allowing universal suffrage and an indirect (two-stage) voting system was agreed to by the assembly. A new National Assembly was selected, and on 18 May 1848, 809 delegates (585 of whom were elected) were seated at St. Paul's Church in Frankfurt to convene
13260-447: The dark, contrasting lighting of romantic and realist paintings, in favour of the pale tones of their peers' paintings such as those by Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot and Boudin. After developing methods for painting transient effects, Monet would go on to seek more demanding subjects, new patrons and collectors; his paintings produced in the early 1870s left a lasting impact on the movement and his peers—many of whom moved to Argenteuil as
13416-620: The eastern Stüler building, which had housed the Egyptian Collection until it moved back to Museum Island. The collection is on a ten-year lease from the Stiftung Sammlung Dieter Scharf zur Erinnerung an Otto Gerstenberg (foundation of the Dieter Scharf collection in remembrance of Otto Gerstenberg), which focusses on the fantastic and the surreal and was built by Dieter Scharf based on some of
13572-552: The end of his life in 1926. In his later career, Monet "transcended" the Impressionist style and begun to push the boundaries of art. Monet refined his palette in the 1870s, consciously minimising the use of darker tones and favouring pastel colours. This coincided with his softer approach, using smaller and more varied brush strokes. His palette would again undergo change in the 1880s, with more emphasis than before on harmony between warm and cold hues . Following his optical operation in 1923, Monet returned to his style from before
13728-554: The face of heavy taxation and political censorship. The Hambacher Fest is also noteworthy for the Republicans adopting the black-red-gold colours used on today's national flag of Germany as a symbol of the Republican movement and of the unity among the German-speaking people. The song " Fürsten zum Land Hinaus! " originated from the festival, and quickly garnered popular support for the abolition of monarchy and establishment of
13884-525: The first signs of Monets' later famous impressionistic work. With help from the art collector Louis-Joachim Gaudibert, he reunited with Camille and moved to Étretat the following year. Around this time, he was trying to establish himself as a figure painter who depicted the "explicitly contemporary, bourgeois", an intention that continued into the 1870s. He did evolve his painting technique and integrate stylistic experimentation in his plein-air style—as evidenced by The Beach at Sainte-Adresse and On
14040-629: The fortress town of Olomouc in Moravia . On 2 December 1848, Ferdinand abdicated in favour of his nephew Franz Joseph . Struve Putsch (21–25 September 1848): Staufen Baden Mutiny (9 May – 23 July 1849): Baden had a liberal constitution from 1811 until reaction resulted in Grand Duke Louis I revoking the constitution in 1825. In 1830, Leopold became Grand Duke. His reign brought liberal reforms in constitutional, civil and criminal law, and in education. In 1832 Baden joined
14196-516: The garden, devoted primarily to his Japanese bridge, in 1900. He returned to London—now residing at the prestigious Savoy Hotel —in 1899 to produce a series that included 41 paintings of Waterloo bridge , 34 of Charing Cross bridge and 19 of the House of Parliament . Monet's final journey would be to Venice, with Alice in 1908. Depictions of the water lilies, with alternating light and mirror-like reflections, became an integral part of his work. By
14352-554: The grand Medieval building, but on the play of light and shade across its surface, transforming the solid masonry. For this series, he experimented with creating his own frames. His first series exhibited was of haystacks , painted from different points of view and at different times of the day. Fifteen of the paintings were exhibited at the Galerie Durand-Ruel in 1891. In 1892 he produced twenty-six views of Rouen Cathedral . Between 1883 and 1908, Monet travelled to
14508-523: The harbor and the mouth of the Seine. Monet often painted alongside Renoir and Alfred Sisley , both of whom shared his desire to articulate new standards of beauty in conventional subjects. During this time he painted Women in Garden , his first successful large-scale painting, and Le déjeuner sur l'herbe , the "most important painting of Monet's early period". Having debuted at the Salon in 1865 with La Pointe de la Hève at Low Tide and Mouth of
14664-401: The hope of finding a "new aesthetic language that bypassed learned formulas, one that would be both true to nature and unique to him as an individual, not like anyone else." In 1899, he began painting the water lilies that would occupy him continuously for the next 20 years of his life, being his last and "most ambitious" sequence of paintings. He had exhibited this first group of pictures of
14820-672: The judgement of Justi's assistant Alfred Hentzen , superior to that of all other German galleries then collecting modern art. By far the largest share of artworks in the 1937 exhibition of 'Degenerate Art' under the Nazis were taken from this collection. Justi was one of 27 art gallery and museum heads forced out by the Nazis in 1933 under the Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service , to be succeeded for
14976-407: The king". King Frederick William IV , taken by surprise, verbally yielded to all the demonstrators' demands, including parliamentary elections, a constitution, and freedom of the press. He promised that "Prussia was to be merged forthwith into Germany." On 13 March, after warnings by the police against public demonstrations went unheeded, the army charged a group of people returning from a meeting in
15132-490: The leaders of the uprising, Wagner left Dresden for Switzerland to avoid arrest. He spent a number of years in exile abroad, in Switzerland, Italy, and Paris. Finally the government lifted its ban against him and he returned to Germany. Since the revolutionary events of 1830, Saxony had been ruled as a constitutional monarchy with a two-chamber legislature and an accountable ministry. This constitution continued to serve as
15288-420: The majority was denied the right to vote. The citizens of Vienna returned to the streets from 26 May through 27, 1848, erecting barricades to prepare for an army attack. Ferdinand and his family fled to Innsbruck , where they spent the next few months surrounded by the loyal peasantry of the Tyrol . Ferdinand issued two manifestos on 16 May 1848, and 3 June 1848, which gave concessions to the people. He converted
15444-658: The mansions of local aristocrats and threatening them. On 27 February 1848, in Mannheim , an assembly of people from Baden adopted a resolution demanding a bill of rights. Similar resolutions were adopted in Württemberg , Hesse-Darmstadt , Nassau , and other German states. The surprisingly strong popular support for these movements forced rulers to give in to many of the Märzforderungen (demands of March) almost without resistance. The March Revolution in Vienna
15600-435: The mid-1910s Monet had achieved "a completely new, fluid, and somewhat audacious style of painting in which the water-lily pond became the point of departure for an almost abstract art". Claude Roger-Marx noted in a review of Monet's successful 1909 exhibition of the first Water Lilies series that he had "reached the ultimate degree of abstraction and imagination joined to the real". This exhibition, entitled Waterlilies,
15756-544: The middle class and working class components of the Revolution split, the conservative aristocracy defeated it. Liberals were forced into exile to escape political persecution, where they became known as Forty-Eighters . Many emigrated to the United States, settling from Wisconsin to Texas . The groundwork of the 1848 uprising was laid as early as the Hambacher Fest of 1832, when public unrest began to grow in
15912-617: The military operations during the Polish uprising of 1830–1831, was placed in charge of the military operation on the Palatinate side of the Rhine River. Brentano ordered the day-to-day affairs of the uprising in Baden, and Mieroslawski directed a military command on the Palatinate side. They did not coordinate well. For example, Mieroslawski decided to abolish the long-standing toll on the Mannheim-Ludwigshaven bridge over
16068-608: The modern art. This became known as the Neue Abteilung (New Department) or National Gallery II, and met the demand by contemporary artists for a Gallery of Living Artists. It opened with works by the Berlin Secessionists , the Impressionists and the Expressionists . This was the first state promotion of Expressionist works, which were unpopular with large numbers of the public, but the collection was, in
16224-658: The offensive. The uprising in Karlsruhe and the Grand Duchy of Baden was eventually suppressed by the Bavarian Army . Lorenz Peter Brentano , a lawyer and democrat from Baden, headed its government, wielding absolute power. He appointed Karl Eichfeld as War Minister. Later, Eichfeld was replaced as War Minister by Rudolph Mayerhofer . Florian Mördes was appointed as Minister of the Interior. Other members of
16380-549: The old building was extensively renovated and the new building is now used for 20th-century art and the old building for 19th-century art. In 1996, while the Alte Nationalgalerie was still being slowly renovated, two further exhibition spaces were added for modern art. In September, the Berggruen Museum , housing Heinz Berggruen 's collection of modern classics, especially focussed on Picasso, opened in
16536-773: The old works, but the imperial decree proved unenforceable, prompting the Kaiser to build public monuments to his power instead. In 1901, at the inauguration of the memorials on the Siegesallee , he gave a speech denouncing "gutter art" which became known as the Rinnsteinrede (gutter speech). Tschudi also had a great appreciation for the German Romantics , many of whose paintings were included in Wagener's original bequest. An exhibition of 100 years of German art at
16692-712: The opening phase of which was also called the March Revolution (German: Märzrevolution ), were initially part of the Revolutions of 1848 that broke out in many European countries. They were a series of loosely coordinated protests and rebellions in the states of the German Confederation , including the Austrian Empire . The revolutions, which stressed pan-Germanism , liberalism and parliamentarianism, demonstrated popular discontent with
16848-473: The other survivors of the battle escaped across the frontier to Switzerland, and the commander went into exile in Paris. Frederick Engels took part in the uprising in Baden and the Palatinate. On 10 May 1848, he and Karl Marx traveled from Cologne , Germany, to observe the events of the region. From 1 June 1848, Engels and Marx became editors of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung . Less than
17004-601: The outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War . During the war, he and his family lived in London and the Netherlands to avoid conscription . Monet and Charles-François Daubigny lived in self-imposed exile . While living in London, Monet met his old friend Pissarro and the American painter James Abbott McNeill Whistler , and befriended his first and primary art dealer , Paul Durand-Ruel , an encounter that would be decisive for his career. There he saw and admired
17160-414: The pair went on to frequently influence each other. Monet's second wife, Alice, died in 1911, and his oldest son, Jean, who had married Alice's daughter, Blanche, Monet's particular favourite, died in 1914. Their deaths left Monet depressed, as Blanche cared for him. It was during this time that Monet began to develop the first signs of possible cataracts . In 1913, Monet travelled to London to consult
17316-506: The presence of William I, who was by then German Emperor. The building, today the Alte Nationalgalerie , resembles a Greco-Roman temple (a form chosen for its symbolism that, it has been pointed out, is not well suited to displaying art) and is stylistically a combination of late Classicism and early Neo-Renaissance . It was intended to express "the unity of art, nation, and history", and therefore has aspects reminiscent of
17472-789: The press , freedom of assembly , written constitutions, arming of the people and a Parliament. In 1848, Austria was the predominant German state. After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire , which had been dissolved by Napoleon in 1806, it was succeeded by a similarly loose coalition of states known as the German Confederation at the Congress of Vienna in 1815. Austria served as President ex officio of this confederation. The (German) Austrian chancellor Klemens von Metternich had dominated Austrian politics from 1815 until 1848. On 13 March 1848, university students mounted
17628-400: The provisional government included Joseph Fickler , a journalist and a democrat from Baden. Leaders of the constitutional forces in Baden included Karl Blind , a journalist and a democrat in Baden; and Gustav Struve, another journalist and democrat from Baden. John Phillip Becker was placed in charge of the peoples' militia. Ludwik Mieroslawski, a Polish-born national who had taken part in
17784-440: The provisional government were ideal: the public and army were both strongly in support of constitutional change and democratic reform in the government. The army strongly supported the demands for a constitution; the state had amply supplied arsenals, and a full exchequer. The Palatinate did not have the same conditions. The Palatinate traditionally contained more upper-class citizens than other areas of Germany, and they resisted
17940-711: The revolution in Dresden, supporting the democratic-republican movement. Later during the May Uprising in Dresden from 3–9 May 1849, he supported the provisional government. Others participating in the Uprising were the Russian revolutionary Michael Bakunin and the German working-class leader Stephen Born . In all, about 2,500 combatants manned the barricades during the May Uprising. On 9 May 1849, together with
18096-658: The revolution. He published the article, "The Campaign for the German Imperial Constitution." Due to the Prussian Army's ease in crushing the uprising, many South German states came to believe that Prussia, not Austria, was going to be the new power in the region. The suppression of the uprising in Baden and the Palatinate was the end of the German revolutionary uprisings that had begun in the spring of 1848. In March 1848, crowds of people gathered in Berlin to present their demands in an "address to
18252-518: The revolutionary changes. In the Palatinate, the army did not support the revolution, and it was not well supplied. When the insurrectionary government took over in the Palatinate, they did not find a fully organized state or a full exchequer. Arms in the Palatinate were limited to privately held muskets, rifles and sporting guns. The provisional government of the Palatinate sent agents to France and Belgium to purchase arms but they were unsuccessful. France banned sales and export of arms to either Baden or
18408-545: The same site, carefully coordinating their scenes and temporalities". The paintings were well received by critics, who especially praised the way he captured the arrival and departures of the trains. By the fourth exhibition, his involvement was by means of negotiation on Caillebotte's part. His last time exhibiting with the Impressionists was in 1882—four years before the final Impressionist exhibition. Monet, Renoir, Pissarro, Morisot, Cézanne and Sisley proceeded to experiment with new methods of depicting reality. They rejected
18564-441: The second half of the 20th century when he became one of the world's most famous painters and a source of inspiration for a burgeoning group of artists. Claude Monet was born on 14 November 1840 on the fifth floor of 45 rue Laffitte , in the 9th arrondissement of Paris . He was the second son of Claude Adolphe Monet (1800–1871) and Louise Justine Aubrée Monet (1805–1857), both of them second-generation Parisians. On 20 May 1841, he
18720-427: The student demonstrations, developing an armed insurrection. The Diet of Lower Austria demanded Metternich's resignation. With no forces rallying to Metternich's defense, Ferdinand reluctantly complied and dismissed him. The former chancellor went into exile in London. Ferdinand appointed new, nominally liberal, ministers. The Austrian government drafted a constitution in late April 1848. The people rejected this, as
18876-607: The suburban and rural leisure activities of Paris and as a young artist experimented with still lifes . From the 1870s onwards, he gradually moved away from suburban and urban landscapes—when they were depicted it was to further his study of light. Contemporary critics—and later academics—felt that with his choice of showcasing Belle Île, he had indicated a desire to move away from the modern culture of Impressionist paintings and instead towards primitive nature. After meeting Boudin, Monet dedicated himself to searching for new and improved methods of painterly expression. To this end, as
19032-430: The summer of 1870 and likely lived on the outskirts of London as a result of insufficient funds. An inheritance from his father, together with sales of his paintings, did, however, enable them to hire two servants and a gardener by 1872. Following the successful exhibition of some maritime paintings and the winning of a silver medal at Le Havre, Monet's paintings were seized by creditors, from whom they were bought back by
19188-416: The surrounding Kingdom of Württemberg , the military corps would march to Nuremberg and set up camp in the state of Franconia . Sigel failed to account for dealing with the separate Free City of Frankfurt , the home of the Frankfurt Assembly, in order to establish an All-German character to the military campaign for the German constitution. Despite Sigel's plan, the new insurgent government did not go on
19344-517: The task of drafting a new constitution, to be called the "Fundamental Rights and Demands of the German People." The majority of the delegates to the provisional parliament were constitutional monarchists. Baden sent two democrats, Friedrich Karl Franz Hecker and Gustav von Struve , to the provisional parliament. In the minority and frustrated with the lack of progress, Hecker and Struve walked out in protest on 2 April 1848. The walkout and
19500-532: The task of writing a constitution "by agreement with the Crown", but on 9 November, before it had completed its work, the Assembly was adjourned and "for its own safety" moved to Brandenburg an der Havel . In Dresden , the capital of the Kingdom of Saxony , the people took to the streets asking King Frederick Augustus II of Saxony to engage in electoral reform, social justice and for a constitution. German composer Richard Wagner passionately engaged himself in
19656-575: The traditional, largely autocratic political structure of the thirty-nine independent states of the Confederation that inherited the German territory of the former Holy Roman Empire after its dismantlement as a result of the Napoleonic Wars . This process began in the mid-1840s. The middle-class elements were committed to liberal principles, while the working class sought radical improvements to their working and living conditions. As
19812-534: The uprising. On his way to Elberfeld, Engels took two cases of rifle cartridges which had been gathered by the workers of Solingen , when those workers had stormed the arsenal at Gräfrath . The Prussian troops arrived and crushed the uprising in August 1849. Engels and some others escaped to Kaiserslautern. While in Kaiserslautern on 13 June 1849, Engels joined an 800-member group of workers being formed as
19968-553: The war; 19th-century paintings from the former annexe had been destroyed by fire. While the Alte Nationalgalerie building was renovated, in the Western sector, paintings were initially housed in Charlottenburg Palace . The city of Berlin (West) founded a new museum of 20th-century art in 1949; this was eventually merged with the Western branch of the National Gallery, and West Berlin then created its own cultural centre,
20124-550: The western of a pair of neoclassical buildings opposite the Charlottenburg Palace, like the Alte Nationalgalerie designed by Friedrich August Stüler as realisations of sketches by Frederick William IV; it had housed the West Berlin Museum of Antiquities until that collection was returned to Museum Island after German reunification. Berggruen initially leased the collection to the Berlin State Museums for
20280-504: The wider all-German struggle for constitutional rights. Franz Sigel, a second lieutenant in the Baden army, a democrat and a supporter of the provisional government, developed a plan to protect the reform movement in Karlsruhe and the Palatinate. He recommended using a corps of the Baden army to advance on the town of Hechingen and declare the Hohenzollern Republic, then to march on Stuttgart . After inciting Stuttgart and
20436-556: The window of the train between Vernon and Gasny, he discovered Giverny in Normandy. That same year his first major retrospective show was held. In a letter sent to Monet in 1884, Paul Durand-Ruel mentions Monet's financial worries, and tells him that both the stockbroker Theodore-Charles Gadala and Georges Clemenceau have purchased paintings. Monet's struggles with creditors ended following prosperous trips; he went to Bordighera in 1884, and brought back 50 landscapes. He travelled to
20592-401: The wish for Berlin to become a capital of world renown. The decision was finally taken in 1861, after the death of the banker and art patron Joachim Heinrich Wilhelm Wagener , who bequeathed his extensive collection (262 artworks) to the then Prince Regent, the future King William I , in the hope of catalysing the formation of a gallery of "more recent" art. The collection was initially known as
20748-793: The works in his grandfather Otto Gerstenberg's collection. In December 2011, it was announced that the Old Masters currently displayed in the Gemäldegalerie in the Kulturforum would be moved out to make way for a representative permanent exhibition of modern art, for which the Neue Nationalgalerie does not have adequate space. Revolutions of 1848 in the German states Rebellion quelled [REDACTED] German Confederation The German revolutions of 1848–1849 (German: Deutsche Revolution 1848/1849 ),
20904-722: The works of John Constable and J. M. W. Turner and was impressed by Turner's treatment of light, especially in the works depicting the fog on the Thames . He repeatedly painted the Thames, Hyde Park and Green Park . In the spring of 1871, his works were refused authorisation for inclusion in the Royal Academy exhibition and police suspected him of revolutionary activities. That same year he learned of his father's death. The family moved to Argenteuil in 1871, where he, influenced by his time with Dutch painters, mostly painted
21060-531: Was "little attracted by rustic scenes...He [felt] particularly drawn towards nature when it is embellished and towards urban scenes and for preference he paint[ed] flowery gardens, parks and groves." When depicting figures and landscapes in tandem, Monet wished for the landscape to not be a mere backdrop and the figures not to dominate the composition. His dedication to such a portrayal of landscapes resulted in Monet reprimanding Renoir for defying it. He often depicted
21216-653: Was Manet's In the Conservatory ; in 1897, the Berlin National Gallery became the first museum in the world to acquire a painting by Cézanne . This moved the gallery decisively away from emphasis on Prussia and the rest of the German Empire. In response to complaints from the academic connoisseurs, William II decreed in 1899 that all acquisitions for the National Gallery must have his personal authorisation; Tschudi initially complied and rehung
21372-416: Was a French painter and founder of impressionism painting who is seen as a key precursor to modernism , especially in his attempts to paint nature as he perceived it. During his long career, he was the most consistent and prolific practitioner of impressionism's philosophy of expressing one's perceptions of nature, especially as applied to plein air (outdoor) landscape painting. The term "impressionism"
21528-444: Was a catalyst to revolution throughout the German states. Popular demands were made for an elected representative government and for the unification of Germany. Fear on the part of the princes and rulers of the various German states caused them to concede in the demand for reform. They approved a provisional parliament, which was convened from 31 March 1848, until 4 April 1848, in St. Paul's Church in Frankfurt am Main , charged with
21684-519: Was a singer, and supported Monet's desire for a career in art. On 1 April 1851, he entered Le Havre secondary school of the arts. He was an apathetic student who, after showing skill in art from a young age, began drawing caricatures and portraits of acquaintances at age 15 for money. He began his first drawing lessons from Jacques-François Ochard , a former student of Jacques-Louis David . In around 1858, he met fellow artist Eugène Boudin , who would encourage Monet to develop his techniques, teach him
21840-713: Was also King Ferdinand V of Hungary, decided to send Austrian and Croatian troops to Hungary to crush a democratic rebellion there. On 29 September 1848, the Austrian troops were defeated by the Hungarian revolutionary forces. On 6 October through 7, 1848, the citizens of Vienna had demonstrated against the emperor's actions against forces in Hungary, resulting in the Vienna Uprising . As a result, Emperor Ferdinand I fled Vienna on 7 October 1848, taking up residence in
21996-408: Was an important mentor to Monet. Upon his return to Paris, with the permission of his father, he divided his time between his childhood home and the countryside and enrolled in Charles Gleyre 's studio, where he met Pierre-Auguste Renoir and Frédéric Bazille . Bazille eventually became his closest friend. In search of motifs, they traveled to Honfleur where Monet painted several "studies" of
22152-405: Was baptised in the local Paris church, Notre-Dame-de-Lorette , as Oscar-Claude, but his parents called him simply Oscar. Although baptised Catholic, Monet later became an atheist. In 1845, his family moved to Le Havre in Normandy . His father, a wholesale merchant , wanted him to go into the family's ship-chandling and grocery business, but Monet wanted to become an artist. His mother
22308-478: Was breaking. In the Königstrasse we passed three or four deserted barricades; we could see that most of the windows in the street were broken and that all the houses showed marks of bullets. Arrived at the Schloss, led by General von Below, himself afoot, we were ushered through "Portal No. I" into the Castle Yard, where General von Prittwitz was to be seen mounted on a chestnut with some officers round about him. We had now to down arms and we began almost to freeze in
22464-432: Was called for military service and served under the Chasseurs d'Afrique (African Hunters), in Algeria , from 1861 to 1862. His time in Algeria had a powerful effect on Monet, who later said that the light and vivid colours of North Africa "contained the gem of my future researches". Illness forced his return to Le Havre, where he bought out his remaining service and met Johan Barthold Jongkind , who together with Boudin
22620-413: Was closely connected to the uprising in the Palatinate, it is described below, in the section titled, "The Palatinate." When the revolutionary upsurge revived in the spring of 1849, the uprisings started in Elberfeld in the Rhineland on 6 May 1849. However, the uprisings soon spread to the Grand Duchy of Baden , when a riot broke out in Karlsruhe . The state of Baden and the Palatinate (then part of
22776-413: Was completed and Carl Busse handled the remaining details in 1865. In 1866, by order of the king and his cabinet , the Kommission für den Bau der Nationalgalerie (Commission for the construction of the national gallery) was created. Ground was broken in 1867 under the supervision of Heinrich Strack . In 1872 the structure was completed and interior work began. The opening took place on March 22, 1876 in
22932-571: Was completed). On his first visit to Berlin, in November 1916, the young Adolf Hitler sent a postcard of this building to a comrade in arms to congratulate him on receiving the Iron Cross . The first director of the National Gallery was Max Jordan , who was appointed in 1874, before the building was completed. When the building opened, in addition to Wagener's collection, it contained over 70 cartoons for friezes on mythological and religious subjects by Peter von Cornelius ; high-ceilinged galleries were designed to accommodate them. Wagener's collection
23088-544: Was inspired by the style and subject matter of his slightly older contemporaries, Pissarro and Édouard Manet. The group, whose title was chosen to avoid association with any style or movement, were unified in their independence from the Salon and rejection of the prevailing academicism . Monet gained a reputation as the foremost landscape painter of the group. At the first exhibition, in 1874, Monet displayed, among others, Impression, Sunrise , The Luncheon and Boulevard des Capucines . The art critic Louis Leroy wrote
23244-457: Was not limited to German art; in particular, it included Belgian artists who were popular at the time; and under Jordan the gallery's holdings rapidly came to include an unusually large collection of sculpture and a drawings department. However, Jordan was hampered throughout his tenure by the Regional Art Commission, which was made up of representatives of the academic art establishment and resisted all attempts to acquire modernist art. In 1896, he
23400-409: Was small wonder if a lack of vigour or decision was displayed. It was under debate whether we should not abstain from any attempt at resistance, when the senior lieutenant, Besserer von Dahlfingen , of my company, an exceptionally small man, spoke out at the Council of War and declared that it would be a disgrace if we surrendered to the Revolutionaries without a blow. Thereupon it was resolved to put up
23556-816: Was soon replaced by Felix Raquilliet , a former Polish staff general in the Polish insurgent army of 1830–1831 . Finally Ludwik Mieroslawski was given supreme command of the armed forces in the Palatinate, and Franz Sznayde was given field command of the troops. Other noteworthy military officers serving the provisional government in the city of Kaiserslautern , were Friedrich Strasser , Alexander Schimmelpfennig , Captain Rudolph von Manteuffel, Albert Clement , Herr Zychlinski , Friedrich von Beust , Eugen Oswald , Amand Goegg , Gustav Struve , Otto Julius Bernhard von Corvin-Wiersbitzki , Joseph Moll , Johann Gottfried Kinkel , Herr Mersy , Karl Emmermann, Franz Sigel , Major Nerlinger , Colonel Kurz , Friedrich Karl, Franz Hecker and Herman von Natzmer . Hermann von Natzmer
23712-400: Was succeeded as director by Hugo von Tschudi , formerly assistant head of the Berlin museums under Wilhelm von Bode . Although he had previously had no association with modern art, he was fired with enthusiasm for Impressionism on a visit to Paris where he was introduced to the art dealer Paul Durand-Ruel , and became determined to acquire a representative collection of Impressionist art for
23868-462: Was the former Prussian officer who had been in charge of the arsenal of Berlin . Refusing to shoot insurgent forces who stormed the arsenal on 14 June 1848, Natzmer became a hero to insurgents across Germany. He was sentenced to 15 years in prison for refusing orders to shoot, but in 1849, he escaped prison and fled to the Palatinate to join its insurgent forces. Gustav Adolph Techow , a former Prussian officer, also joined Palatinate forces. Organizing
24024-415: Was there when the Red Army arrived. He remained in charge of the gallery until 1950. After the Second World War, the gallery and the other museums on Museum Island were located in the Soviet Occupation Zone which became East Berlin. The National Gallery's collection, much of it confiscated and then returned by the various occupying powers, was split between East and West and had been further diminished by
24180-423: Was to further use this study in the painting of the effects of mist and rain on the landscape. The study of the effects of atmosphere was to evolve into a number of series of paintings in which Monet repeatedly painted the same subject (such as his water lilies series) in different lights, at different hours of the day, and through the changes of weather and season. This process began in the 1880s and continued until
24336-403: Was unable to pass resolutions and dissolved into endless debate. On 22 May 1848, another elected assembly sat for the first time in Berlin. They were elected under the law of 8 April 1848, which allowed for universal manhood suffrage and a two-stage voting system. Most of the deputies elected to the Prussian National Assembly were members of the burghers or liberal bureaucracy. They set about
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