41-712: Nagarahole National Park is a national park located in Kodagu district and Mysore district in Karnataka , India. This park was declared the 37th Tiger Reserve of India in 1999. It is part of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve . The Western Ghats Nilgiri Sub-Cluster of 6,000 km (2,300 sq mi), including all of Nagarhole National Park, is under consideration by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee for selection as
82-595: A World Heritage Site . The park has rich forest cover , small streams, hills, valleys and waterfalls, and populations of Bengal tiger , gaur , Indian elephant , Indian leopard , chital and Sambar deer . The park ranges the foothills of the Western Ghats spreading down the Brahmagiri hills and south towards Kerala state. It lies between the latitudes 12°15'37.69"N and longitudes 76°17'34.4"E. The park covers 643 km (248 sq mi) located to
123-433: A bitter taste that may derive from a high density of ellagitannins , such as emblicanin A (37%), emblicanin B (33%), punigluconin (12%), and pedunculagin (14%). Amla also contains punicafolin and phyllanemblinin A, phyllanemblin other polyphenols , such as flavonoids , kaempferol , ellagic acid , and gallic acid . Ripening in autumn, the berries are harvested by hand after climbing to upper branches bearing
164-464: A metre high. The ant species Tetraponera rufonigra may be useful as a marker for the forest health because these ants feed on termites and are abundant in places where there are many dead trees. Identified dung beetles include India's largest beetle Onthophagus dama , Heliocopris dominus which breeds only in elephant dung, and Onthophagus pactolus , a rare species of dung beetle. The Jenu Kurubas, primary inhabitants of this forest area, are
205-733: A tribe in Karnataka state and their traditional practices and rituals are slowly disappearing. The government is restricting their entry inside the National park and forest due to multiple factors including but not limited conservation efforts and bringing the community to the mainstream society. The Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India, identified the Jenu Kuruba and the Koraga as tribal groups in Karnataka. The Jenu Kurubas are traditional food gatherers and honey collectors. In Kannada,
246-481: Is 34,747 out of which 17,867 are male and 16,880 are female. In the last decade there has been enormous activity undertaken both by the Government and NGOs to relocate tribal people to the periphery of the forests. The relocation efforts are part of a larger focus to conserve the existing tiger population and elephant habitat, which were under serious threat due to change in lifestyles of the tribal residents within
287-493: Is a deciduous tree of the family Phyllanthaceae . Its native range is tropical and southern Asia . The tree is small to medium in size, reaching 1–8 metres ( 3 + 1 ⁄ 2 –26 feet) in height. The bark is mottled. The branchlets are finely pubescent (not glabrous ), 10–20 centimetres (4–8 inches) long, usually deciduous. The leaves are simple, subsessile and closely set along branchlets, light green, resembling pinnate leaves. The flowers are greenish–yellow. The fruit
328-482: Is also a butterfly hotspot. . UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1985 Largest population of Indian Rhinoceros, wild water buffalo and Eastern Swamp Deer|| Indian rhinoceros , Royal Bengal Tiger , Wild water buffalo , Asian elephant , Eastern Swamp Deer Also a biosphere reserve and Elephant reserve Successful conservation programs for the blackbuck , wolf and lesser florican , bustard popular trekking and ecotourism destination National Parks not under
369-465: Is another serious issue. A high number of elephant deaths have been reported from this park, with nearly 100 elephants dying between 1991–92 and 2004–05 in the Kodagu and Hunsur Forest Division (PA Update 2005). Elephants are killed for their ivory. A study carried out by Wildlife First! found that nearly 77 elephants were reported dead between 1 January 2000 and 31 October 2002. Another study carried out by
410-516: Is described in a poetic simile: "O Bhagavan, the entire origination of all types of phenomena throughout time is within the range of your mind, like an ambalan fruit in the palm of your hand". Half an amla fruit was the final gift to the Buddhist sangha by the great Indian emperor Ashoka . This is illustrated in the Ashokavadana in the following verses: "A great donor, the lord of men,
451-457: Is nearly spherical, light greenish–yellow, quite smooth and hard on appearance, with six vertical stripes or furrows. The fruit is up to 26 millimetres (1 in) in diameter, and, while the fruit of wild plants weigh approximately 5.5 grams (0.2 ounces), cultivated fruits average 28.4 g (1 oz) to 56 g (2 oz). The fruits contain high amounts of ascorbic acid (vitamin C), and have
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#1732780815447492-485: Is traditionally consumed after meals. In the Batak area of Sumatra , Indonesia, the inner bark is used to impart an astringent, bitter taste to the broth of a traditional fish soup known as holat . In Ayurveda , dried and fresh fruits of the plant are used as a common constituent. In the Buddhist tradition there are many references to the fruit of the emblic myrobalan. In the Śatapañcāśatka , Buddha's knowledge
533-663: The Mullaperiyar Dam was erected in 1895. The park is made up of tropical evergreen and moist deciduous forests , grasslands and stands of eucalyptus Home to the largest population of lion-tailed macaques Famous for " Save Silent Valley " movement National Parks not under the administration of the Government of India Gaurs reintroduced from Kanha National Park Panpatha wildlife sanctuary Balaghat district Khathiar-Gir dry deciduous forests ecoregion In 2022, Asian forest tortoises (Manouria emys) were reintroduced into Ntangki National Park in collaboration with
574-687: The blue-winged parakeet ( Psittacula columboides ), Malabar grey hornbill ( Ocyceros griseus ), white-bellied treepie ( Dendrocitta leucogastra ), white-cheeked barbet ( Psilopogon viridis ), Indian scimitar babbler ( Pomatorhinus horsfieldii ), Malabar trogon ( Harpactes fasciatus ) and Malabar whistling thrush ( Myophonus horsfieldii ). Birds seen in drier regions include painted bush quail ( Perdicula erythrorhyncha ), Sirkeer malkoha ( Taccocua leschenaultii ), ashy prinia ( Prinia socialis ), Indian robin ( Copsychus fulicatus ), Indian peafowl ( Pavo cristatus ) and yellow-footed green pigeon ( Treron phonyceptaurus ). Common reptiles include
615-615: The mugger crocodile ( Crocodylus palustris ), Asian vine snake ( Ahaetulla genus), Indian wolf snake ( Lycodon aulicus ), Oriental ratsnake ( Ptyas mucosa ), bamboo pit viper ( Craspedocephalus gramineus ), Russell's viper ( Daboia russellii ), common krait ( Bungarus caeruleus ), Indian python ( Python molurus ), Bengal monitor ( Varanus bengalensis ). Amphibians include Chunam tree frog ( Polypedates maculatus ), green pond frog ( Euphlyctis hexadactylus ), golden bullfrog ( Hoplobatrachus tigerinus ) and Asian common toad ( Duttaphrynus melanostictus ). Extensive studies on
656-606: The red giant flying squirrel characterized by montane grasslands and shrublands interspersed with sholas Also a tiger sanctuary under Project Tiger Report titled ‘Status of Tigers Co-predators and Prey in India’, released by the Union Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change for 2018-19 revealed that national park has 14 tigers per 100 square kilometers which is highest in India. Dhikala grasslands To
697-494: The understorey include Kydia calycina , Indian gooseberry ( Phyllanthus emblica ) and beechwood ( Gmelina arborea ), shrubs like horse nettles ( Solanum ), tick clover ( Desmodium ), Helicteres and invasive species like Lantana camara and bonesets ( Eupatorium ). These forests have some conspicuous tree species such as golden shower ( Cassia fistula ), flame-of-the-forest ( Butea monosperma ) and clumping bamboo ( Dendrocalamus strictus ). The big predators in
738-507: The 1980s. There are 106 existing national parks in India covering an area of 44,402.95 km which is 1.35% of the geographical area of the country. In addition to the above, 75 other National Parks covering an area of 16,608 km (6,412 sq mi) are proposed in the Protected Area Network Report. The network of parks will go up 176 after full implementation of the above report. Source: The park
779-473: The Hindu supreme trinity of Brahma , Vishnu , and Shiva . According to legend, during a religious gathering, Lakshmi , Vishnu's consort, expressed a desire to worship Shiva, while Parvati , Shiva's consort, wished to worship Vishnu. Moved by each other's piety, they shed tears upon the earth, from which emerged the first myrobalan trees. The Amalaka Ekadashi is a Hindu occasion dedicated to Vishnu, venerating
820-552: The Institute for Natural Resources, Conservation, Education, Research and Training (INSERT) in 2002 revealed that as many as seven elephants had been killed earlier that year. A report submitted by the Project Tiger Steering Committee stated that barely 25% of the park's staff were involved in vigilance work, thus putting the park at high risk of both, poaching and tree felling. Irregular payment to
861-654: The Turtle Survival Alliance and Wildlife Conservation Society India Gahirmatha Beach and Marine Sanctuary are to the east, separating the swamp region and mangroves from the Bay of Bengal It is UNESCO World Network of Biosphere Reserves Ramsar Wetland It is an important biodiversity area in the Northern Aravalli leopard and wildlife corridor Rodents include the Indian giant squirrel and
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#1732780815447902-800: The Veeranahosalli range. A study carried out between 1996 and 1997 revealed that hunting was the biggest threat to wildlife in Kudremukh and Nagarhole National Parks. The survey carried out on 49 actives and 19 retired hunters revealed that 26 species of wildlife were hunted at an average intensity of 216 hunter days per month per village. As much as 48% of the hunters reported hunting for the 'thrill'. The study showed that in Nagarhole, 16 mammal species weighing over 1 kg were regularly hunted with shotguns and also by traditional methods used by tribal communities. Poaching of birds and other mammals
943-1245: The administration of the Government of India Pakistan-administered Kashmir Pakistan-administered Kashmir Pakistan-administered Kashmir Pakistan-administered Kashmir Pakistan-administered Kashmir It is part of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve Invasive Alien Species - Lantana bush, Parthenium Moist deciduous forest valleys and scrubland on higher areas Tiger , sloth bear , peacock , elephant , sambar deer , mouse deer , Leopard , Baboons , Reptiles , Asiatic Elephants , Lion , Birds , Butterflies , Nilgai , Wilddogs , Jackals , Wolves , Hyenas , Giraffe .Etc. Herbivores - chital, sambar deer, barking deer , four-horned antelope , gaur, wild boar , and Indian elephant. Other mammals - gray langur , bonnet macaque , jungle cat , leopard cat , slender loris , small Indian civet and Asian palm civet , Indian brown mongoose and stripe-necked mongoose , European otter , Indian giant flying squirrel , Indian giant squirrel , porcupine , golden jackal , chevrotain , hare and Indian pangolin Anamudi ,
984-579: The biodiversity of the insect population have been carried out by researchers from the Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment, Bangalore. The insect biodiversity of this park includes over 96 species of dung beetles and 60 species of ants. Unusual species of ants that have been identified, including the jumping ants such as Harpegnathos saltator , which are known to jump up to
1025-513: The eminent Maurya Ashoka, has gone from being lord of Jambudvipa [the continent] to being lord of half a myrobalan". In Theravada Buddhism , this plant is said to have been used as the tree for achieving enlightenment, or Bodhi , by the twenty first Buddha , named Phussa Buddha . In Hinduism, the myrobalan, called the āmalaka in Sanskrit , is sacred to all three members of the Trimurti ,
1066-748: The enormous variety of woodland birds, there are large congregations of waterfowl in the Kabini river. Birds range from blue-bearded bee-eater to the more common osprey , herons and ducks . Recognised as an Important Bird Area , the park has over 270 species of birds, including the white-rumped vulture ( Gyps bengalensis ), lesser adjutant ( Leptopilos javanicus ), greater spotted eagle ( Clanga clanga ) and Nilgiri wood pigeon ( Columba elphinstonii ). Near threatened species like Oriental darter ( Anhniga melanogaster ), black-headed ibis ( Threskiornis melanocephalus ), grey-headed fish eagle ( Haliaeetus ichthyaetus ) also occur. Endemic species include
1107-570: The first relocation attempts initiated by a World Bank-funded eco-development project of the local tribal population was begun with 50 tribal people. The relocated families were given land possession certificates for five acres of land and houses at Veeranahosalli, near Hunsur. The state and union government planned to relocate 1,550 tribal families at a cost of ₹ 155 million. National parks of India National parks in India are International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) category II protected areas . India's first national park
1148-412: The forestry staff has been reported in both Bandipur and Nagarhole National Parks and there have also been reports of improper use of project funds. In January 2012, there was a catastrophic forest fire that destroyed over 6,000 acres (2,400 ha) of forest. Huge trees were reduced to cinder. Burnt remains of snakes, monitor lizards, giant Malabar squirrels lay scattered on the charred remains of what
1189-916: The forests. There has been much resistance to relocation efforts from the tribal groups. Many schools and houses have been built with basic amenities like lighting, hospitals and roads to support the relocated tribal population. Threats to the national park come from a large-scale cutting of sandalwood and teak trees. Timber smuggling, especially sandalwood smuggling, happens quite extensively here. Timber felling has been reported from plantation areas in Kollihadi, Vadodara Modu, Tattikere in Veerahosanahalli, and Mettiupe in Kalahari. Other places where timber felling has been reported include Arekatti, Badrikatte, Bidurukatte, Veerana Hosahalli, and Marhigodu ranges. In July 2002 hundreds of trees were cut down in
1230-483: The fruits. The taste of Indian emblic is sour, bitter and astringent, and it is quite fibrous. The amla fruit may be eaten raw or cooked, and in South Asia , the fruit is often pickled with salt, oil, and spices. It is used as an ingredient in dishes including dal (a lentil preparation), and is also made into amle ka murabbah , a sweet dish made by soaking the berries in sugar syrup until they are candied. It
1271-480: The highest peak of western ghats, is located here Vegetation - Rolling grasslands, with shola forests in upper parts lion-tailed macaques , gaur , Indian muntjac and sambar deer It is a part of Palani hills Keystone species - Nilgiri Marten Located high in the Cardamom Hills and Pandalam Hills of the south Western Ghats The sanctuary surrounds Periyar Lake, a reservoir that formed when
Nagarhole National Park - Misplaced Pages Continue
1312-647: The largest protected area in Southern India, totalling 2,183 km (843 sq mi). The park receives an annual rainfall of 1,440 millimetres (57 in). Its water sources include the Lakshmmantirtha river, Sarati Hole, Nagar Hole, Balle Halla, Kabini River , four perennial streams, 47 seasonal streams, four small perennial lakes, 41 artificial tanks, several swamps, Taraka Dam and the Kabini reservoir. The park derives its name from naga , meaning snake and hole , referring to streams. The park
1353-543: The north-west of Bandipur National Park . The Kabini reservoir separates the two parks. Elevations of the park range from 687 to 960 m (2,254 to 3,150 ft). It is 50 km (31 mi) from the major city of Mysore and 220 km (137 mi) from the Karnataka state capital of Bengaluru . Together with the adjoining Bandipur National Park (870 km (340 sq mi)), Mudumalai National Park (320 km (120 sq mi)) and Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary (344 km (133 sq mi)), it forms
1394-1498: The park are Bengal tiger ( Panthera tigris tigris ), Indian leopard ( Panthera pardus fusca ), dhole ( Cuon alpinus ), Indian jackal ( Canis aureus indicus ) and sloth bear ( Melursus ursinus ). Large herbivores include Indian elephant ( Elephas maximus indicus ), gaur ( Bos gaurus ), sambar ( Cervus unicolor ), chital ( Axis axis ), barking deer ( Muntiacus muntjak ), four-horned antelope ( Tetracercus quadricornis ) and wild boar ( Sus scrofa ). Arboreal mammals include gray langur ( Presbytes entellus ), bonnet macaque ( Macaca radiata ), red slender loris ( Loris tadigradus ), red giant flying squirrel ( Petaurista petaurista ), Indian giant flying squirrel ( Petaurista philippensis ) and Indian giant squirrel ( Ratufa indica ). Small predators include jungle cat ( Felis chaus ), leopard cat ( Prionailurus bengalensis ), small Indian civet ( Viverricula indica ), Asian palm civet ( Paradoxurus hermaphroditus ), Indian grey mongoose ( Urva edwardsi ), Indian brown mongoose ( Urva fuscua ), stripe-necked mongoose ( Urva vitticolla ) and Eurasian otter ( Lutra lutra ). Other mammals include Indian spotted chevrotain ( Moschiola indica ), Indian hare ( Lepus nigricollis ), Indian pangolin ( Manis crassicaudata ) and Indian crested porcupine ( Hystrix indica ). Over 250 species of birds live in Nagarhole National Park. Besides
1435-765: The park to prevent elephants from straying into the farmer's fields. In 1997, tribal activist groups won public interest litigation in the Karnataka High Court to halt the setting up of a resort called the Gateway Tusker Lodge planned to be set up by the Taj Group of Hotels . With nearly 125 villages present inside the park, NGOs actively working to protect the tribal communities include, Living Inspiration for Tribals (LIFT), Coorg Organisation of Rural Development (CORD), DEED, FEDINA-VIKASA and Nagarhole Budakattu Janara Hakkustapana Samithi. In 2000,
1476-1110: The south-west, the Chilapata Forests form an elephant corridor to the Jaldapara Wildlife Sanctuary The fragile "Terai Eco-System" constitutes a part of this reserve Buxa, serves as an international corridor for Asian elephant migration between India and Bhutan Rajabhatkhawa Vulture Breeding Centre was established by Bombay Natural History Society to emulate the success of Jatayu Conservation Breeding Centre, Pinjore Eurasian griffon , Amur falcon Endangered species include leopard cat , Bengal florican , regal python , Chinese pangolin , hispid hare , hog deer lesser adjutant , white-rumped vulture , slender-billed vulture , chestnut-breasted partridge , rufous necked hornbill , ferruginous pochard and great hornbill Ramsar site Tiger reserve Phyllanthus emblica Phyllanthus emblica , also known as emblic , emblic myrobalan , myrobalan , Indian gooseberry , Malacca tree , or amla ,
1517-606: The southern parts. Towards the east are Central Deccan Plateau dry deciduous forests with Pala indigo ( Wrightia tinctoria ) and thorny wattles ( acacia ). There are some sub-montane valley freshwater swamp forests with several Eugenia species. The main trees are the commercially important rosewood , sandalwood , teak and silver oak . Trees of the dry deciduous forest include crocodile bark ( Terminalia elliptica ), crêpe myrtle ( Lagerstroemia indica ), Indian kino ( Pterocarpus marsupium ), Grewia tiliifolia and axlewood ( Anogeissus latifolia ). Species growing in
1558-535: The term 'Jenu' means 'honey' and the term 'kuruba' generally mean 'shepherd'. It is derived from the Kannada word 'kuri' which means 'sheep'. The term kuruba is also associated with non-shepherd communities. They speak a variant form of Kannada commonly known as Jenu-nudi within their family kin group, and Kannada with others. They use Kannada script. According to the Census of 1981, the population of Jenu Kuruba community
1599-610: Was an exclusive hunting reserve of the kings of the Wodeyar dynasty , the former rulers of the Kingdom of Mysore . It was set up in 1955 as a wildlife sanctuary and later its area increased to 643.39 km (399.78 mi). It was upgraded into a national park in 1988. The park was declared a tiger reserve in 1999. The vegetation here consists mainly of North Western Ghats moist deciduous forests with teak ( Tectona grandis ) and roseta rosewood ( Dalbergia latifolia ) dominating in
1640-533: Was established in 1936, now known as Jim Corbett National Park , in Uttarakhand . In 1970, India had only five national parks. In 1972, India enacted the Wildlife Protection Act and Project Tiger in 1973 to safeguard the habitats of conservation reliant species and currently there are 106 national parks in India. Further legislation strengthening protection for wildlife was introduced in
1681-509: Was once a verdant patch of moist-deciduous forest. Forest fires and seasonal droughts coupled with water shortage have caused many wild animals to migrate to other greener spaces. Human-wildlife conflicts due to raids by wild animals and elephants on nearby villages along with the consequent retaliation by the villagers is another important threat to the parks wildlife. In 2001, the Karnataka state government sanctioned Rs 2 crores to dig elephant proof trenches and install solar fencing around