108-568: The Nuremberg U-Bahn is a rapid transit system run by Verkehrs-Aktiengesellschaft Nürnberg (VAG; Nuremberg Transport Corporation), which itself is a member of the Verkehrsverbund Großraum Nürnberg (VGN; Greater Nuremberg Transport Network). The Nuremberg U-Bahn is Germany 's newest metro system, having begun operation in 1972, although the Nuremberg-Fürth route (U1) uses part of the right of way of
216-427: A pogrom . They were burned at the stake or expelled, and a marketplace was built over the former Jewish quarter. The plague returned to the city in 1405, 1435, 1437, 1482, 1494, 1520, and 1534. The largest growth of Nuremberg occurred in the 14th century. Charles IV 's Golden Bull of 1356 , naming Nuremberg as the city where newly elected kings of Germany must hold their first Imperial Diet, made Nuremberg one of
324-433: A bit drier whereas July tends to have more rainfall. Nuremberg has been a destination for immigrants. 50.1% of the residents had an immigrant background in 2022 (counted with MigraPro). Nuremberg for many people is still associated with its traditional gingerbread ( Lebkuchen ) products, sausages, and handmade toys. Pocket watches — Nuremberg eggs — were made here in the 16th century by Peter Henlein . Only one of
432-595: A centre of Nazi ideals. The 1934 rally was filmed by Leni Riefenstahl , and made into a propaganda film called Triumph des Willens ( Triumph of the Will ). At the 1935 rally, Hitler specifically ordered the Reichstag to convene at Nuremberg to pass the Nuremberg Laws which revoked German citizenship for all Jews and other non-Aryans. The Nazi Oberbürgermeister of the city, Willy Liebel , embarked upon
540-500: A continuous conurbation with the neighbouring cities of Fürth , Erlangen and Schwabach , which is the heart of an urban area region with around 1.4 million inhabitants, while the larger Nuremberg Metropolitan Region has a population of approximately 3.6 million. It is the largest city in the East Franconian dialect area (colloquially: "Franconian"; German: Fränkisch ). Nuremberg and Fürth were once connected by
648-579: A death occurred at Rathenauplatz station. A passenger fell onto the track as a driverless train approached the platform. The train was unable to halt in time because of the short distance to the fallen passenger and limitations of its braking system. Even if the same incident had occurred with a manually operated train, the driver would not have been able to halt in time either. The U3 line was extended from Maxfeld to Kaulbachplatz and Friedrich-Ebert-Platz stations on 11 December 2011. The further extension to Klinikum Nord and Nordwestring stations started service to
756-694: A faster connection. In addition, the proposed subway should be extended over the Plärrer along the Frauentorgraben to Nuremberg Central Station. At that time, however, the project never got beyond ideas and talks because of the high technical complexity and the costs. The first real forerunners of a metro came in 1938 during the Nazi era, when the tram routes were buried under Allersberger Straße and Bayernstraße. These facilities, still in existence but no longer used for passenger service, were built to not disturb
864-414: A further interchange with S1 (Nuremberg S-Bahn) , which was extended to serve that station in 2010. On 8 December 2007, U1 was further extended to Fürth Hardhöhe. Those were the last (as of 2024) extensions of U1. On 14 June 2008, the newest U-Bahn line, U3, opened for service. U3 was first extended in 2011 with Kaulbachplatz and Friedrich Ebert Platz (interchange for Tram line 4) opening on 11 December. U3
972-418: A good third of German market research agencies are also located in the city. The Nuremberg International Toy Fair , held at the city's exhibition centre , is the largest of its kind in the world. Nuremberg is Bavaria 's second largest city after Munich , and a popular tourist destination for foreigners and Germans alike. It was a leading city 500 years ago, but 90% of the town was destroyed in 1945 during
1080-494: A native of Nuremberg, created woodcuts of the first maps of the stars of the northern and southern hemispheres, producing the first printed star charts, which had been ordered by Johannes Stabius . Around 1515 Dürer also published the "Stabiussche Weltkarte", the first perspective drawing of the terrestrial globe. Printers and publishers have a long history in Nuremberg. Many of these publishers worked with well-known artists of
1188-542: A possible disadvantage would be unwanted settlement developments along the U3 north direction Thon and the U5 South direction Gartenstadt ( urban sprawl ). The lines would be as follows: In the model "S" all lines run independently of each other and only intersect at the stations Aufseßplatz, Friedrich-Ebert-Platz, Hauptbahnhof, Rathenauplatz, Plärrer, Steinbühl and Schlachthof. The advantage is that there are no shared sections of
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#17327760550881296-481: A program of urban architectural renewal that he felt befitted one of the centers of Nazi pageantry. The aim was to restore the city center to the medieval look of centuries past by eliminating late nineteenth-century styling. Among the buildings he slated for demolition was the Grand Synagogue of Nuremberg . He felt that this "foreign" building with its Moorish revival architecture could not be reconciled with
1404-414: A strong standing in the markets of Central and Eastern Europe. Items manufactured in the area include electrical equipment, mechanical and optical products, motor vehicles, writing and drawing paraphernalia, stationery products and printed materials. The city is also strong in the fields of automation, energy and medical technology. Siemens is still the largest industrial employer in the Nuremberg region but
1512-505: A two Michelin Star -rated restaurant, Essigbrätlein. Like many European cities, Nuremberg offers a pedestrian-only zone covering a large portion of the old town, which is a main destination for shopping and specialty retail, including year-round Christmas stores where tourists and locals alike can purchase Christmas ornaments , gifts, decorations, and additions to their toy Christmas villages . The Craftsmen's Courtyard, or Handwerkerhof,
1620-508: Is a major train hub in Paris and one of the largest underground stations in the world. Opened in 1977, it is the central transit hub for the Paris metropolitan area , connecting three of five RER commuter-rail lines and five of sixteen Métro lines. The hub hosts 750,000 travellers per weekday (493,000 for the RER alone) and platforms separated by up to 800 metres (0.5 mi). It is named after
1728-471: Is another tourist shopping destination in the style of a medieval village. It houses several local family-run businesses which sell handcrafted items from glass , wood , leather , pottery , and precious metals . The Handwerkerhof is also home to traditional German restaurants and beer gardens. The Pedestrian zones of Nuremberg host festivals and markets throughout the year, the best known being Christkindlesmarkt , Germany's largest Christmas market and
1836-417: Is influenced by its inland position and higher altitude. Winters are changeable, with either mild or cold weather: the average temperature is around −3 °C (27 °F) to 4 °C (39 °F), while summers are generally warm, mostly around 13 °C (55 °F) at night to 25 °C (77 °F) in the afternoon. Precipitation is evenly spread throughout the year, although February and April tend to be
1944-413: Is now U3 was built. Expansions of the metro were often accompanied with the closure of nearby tram lines, which was initially not opposed by most of the city's population. The original plans of the 1960s had called for the complete abandonment of the tram network if and when the metro was fully built out. However, in the 1990s a change of course became apparent and the decision to shut down the tram network
2052-625: Is operational route. The network serves 49 stations which can all be reached by lift . The system uses "firm tracks" ( i.e. rails fastened to a solid trackbed, rather than to sleepers on ballast) in almost all tunnels, although not at Langwasser Mitte (U1) and the adjoining tunnel up to just before Gemeinschaftshaus. Also, ballast is still used on the inbound track, at the entrance to Schoppershof station (U2). Fürth Hardhöhe ←→ Langwasser Süd Within Fürth there are seven U-Bahn stations: Stadtgrenze (partly within Nuremberg, partly within Fürth – indeed
2160-485: Is the insufficient consideration of the territories incorporated into the GNVP on 1 July 1972 (when several suburbs were annexed into Nuremberg in the course of a Bavaria-wide redrawing of municipal boundaries), since metro planning was only slightly adapted to the new settlements. On 20 March 1967, German transport minister Georg Leber and Nuremberg Oberbürgermeister (" Lord Mayor ") Andreas Urschlechter (both SPD ) had
2268-529: The Großen Freiheitsbrief ('Great Charter of Freedom'), including town rights , Imperial immediacy ( Reichsfreiheit ), the privilege to mint coins, and an independent customs policy – almost wholly removing the city from the purview of the burgraves. Nuremberg soon became, with Augsburg , one of the two great trade-centers on the route from Italy to Northern Europe. In 1298, the Jews of
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#17327760550882376-584: The Bavarian Ludwig Railway , Germany's first passenger railway opened in 1835. The current network of the U-Bahn is composed of three lines, serving 49 stations, and comprising 38.2 kilometres (23.7 mi) of operational route, making it the shortest of the four metro systems in Germany, behind Berlin , Hamburg and Munich . In 2008, driverless and fully automated trains were introduced on
2484-573: The Bavarian Ludwig Railway , the first steam-hauled and overall second railway opened in Germany (1835). Today, the U1 of the Nuremberg Subway runs along this route. Subway lines U2 and U3 are the first German driverless subway lines, automatically moving railcars. Nuremberg Airport ( Flughafen Nürnberg "Albrecht Dürer" ) is the second-busiest airport in Bavaria after Munich Airport , and
2592-520: The Fugger and Welser families from Augsburg , although on a slightly smaller scale. The state of affairs in the early 16th century , increased trade routes elsewhere and the ossification of the social hierarchy and legal structures contributed to the decline in trade. During the Thirty Years' War , frequent quartering of Imperial, Swedish and League soldiers, the financial costs of the war and
2700-551: The Nuremberg rallies . The rallies were held in 1927, 1929 and annually from 1933 through 1938. A number of buildings and large gathering areas known collectively as the Nazi Party Rally Grounds , some of which were not finished, were designed by Albert Speer and were constructed solely for these assemblies. After Adolf Hitler's rise to power in 1933 the Nuremberg rallies became huge Nazi propaganda events,
2808-768: The Rue de Rivoli , a major road known for its shopping and includes the Châtelet station of Line 1 , Line 4 and Line 14 of the Paris Métro. The exits located in the sector are numbered 10 through 14. The Seine sector is named after the nearby Seine River and includes the Châtelet station of Line 7 and Line 11 of the Paris Métro. The exits located in the sector are numbered 15 through 19. The tracks of all three RER lines are oriented parallel along an east–west direction. The seven tracks are grouped on four platforms, with
2916-651: The Staatsphilharmonie Nürnberg , is Bavaria's second-largest opera orchestra after the Bavarian State Opera 's Bavarian State Orchestra in Munich. Nuremberg is the birthplace of Albrecht Dürer and Johann Pachelbel . 1. FC Nürnberg is the most famous football club of the city and one of the most successful football clubs in Germany . Nuremberg was one of the host cities of the 2006 FIFA World Cup . The first documentary mention of
3024-643: The War of the Austrian Succession and the Seven Years' War and restrictions of imports and exports deprived the city of many markets for its manufactures. The Bavarian elector, Charles Theodore , appropriated part of the land obtained by the city during the Landshut War of Succession , to which Bavaria had maintained its claim; Prussia also claimed part of the territory. Realising its weakness,
3132-469: The advance of French troops required their removal to Regensburg and thence to Vienna . In 1349 the members of the guilds unsuccessfully rebelled against the patricians in a Handwerkeraufstand ('Craftsmen's Uprising'), supported by merchants and some by councillors, leading to a ban on any self-organisation of the artisans in the city, abolishing the guilds that were customary elsewhere in Europe;
3240-537: The second Black Death pandemic in 1437, and the First Margrave War (1449–1450) led to a severe fall in population in the mid-15th century. Siding with Albert IV , Duke of Bavaria-Munich , in the War of the Succession of Landshut of 1503–1505, led the city to gain substantial territory, resulting in lands of 25 sq mi (64.7 km ), making it one of the largest imperial cities. During
3348-806: The second-largest city in the German state of Bavaria , and its 544,414 (2023) inhabitants make it the 14th-largest city in Germany. Nuremberg sits on the Pegnitz , which carries the name Regnitz from its confluence with the Rednitz in Fürth onwards ( Pegnitz → Regnitz → Main → Rhine → North Sea ), and on the Rhine–Main–Danube Canal , that connects the North Sea to the Black Sea . Lying in
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3456-659: The Austrian House of Raabs . With the extinction of their male line around 1189, the last Raabs count's son-in-law, Frederick I of the House of Hohenzollern , inherited the burgraviate in 1193. From the late 12th century to the Interregnum (1254–1573), however, the power of the burgraves diminished as the Hohenstaufen emperors transferred most non-military powers to a castellan, with the city administration and
3564-544: The Bavarian administrative region of Middle Franconia , it is the largest city and unofficial capital of the entire cultural region of Franconia . The city is surrounded on three sides by the Nürnberger Reichswald [ de ] , a large forest, and in the north lies Knoblauchsland [ de ] ( garlic land ), an extensive vegetable growing area and cultural landscape. The city forms
3672-865: The Middle Ages, Nuremberg fostered a rich, varied, and influential literary culture. The cultural flowering of Nuremberg in the 15th and 16th centuries made it the centre of the German Renaissance . In 1525 Nuremberg accepted the Protestant Reformation , and in 1532 the Nuremberg Religious Peace was signed there, preventing war between Lutherans and Catholics for 15 years. During the Princes' 1552 revolution against Charles V , Nuremberg tried to purchase its neutrality, but Margrave Albert Alcibiades , one of
3780-420: The Nuremberg city planning office, on the opinion of Professor Lambert. Hanffstengel spoke out against the "temporary" solution of an underground tram and demanded the direct construction of a full underground. He was supported indirectly by the federal government, which offered a participation in the construction costs of 50%, and the then Bavarian Prime Minister Alfons Goppel, who assured the financial equality of
3888-471: The Nuremberg metro plans with those of the state capital. Other reasons brought forth at the time were the claimed necessity to close the entire line during a conversion (from underground tram to metro) for a period of several years. Initial considerations for a metro network already existed after the City Council decision of 1965, but concrete Grundnetz (starting or basic network) planning began only in
3996-578: The Nurnberg Card which allows for free use of public transportation and free entry to all museums and attractions in Nuremberg for a two-day period. Notable foods available in the city include lebkuchen , gingerbread , local beer , Schäufele , and Nürnberger Rostbratwürstchen , or Nuremberg grilled sausages. There are hundreds of restaurants for all tastes, including traditional Franconian restaurants and beer gardens . It also has vegan , vegetarian and organic restaurants. Nuremberg boasts
4104-547: The Southeast of Nuremberg. This line along Fürther Straße would be used on an interim basis for the Straßenbahn (Tram) from 1970 to 1981 before being opened for the U-Bahn in 1982. Over the next few years, further stretches of U1 were opened. Uniquely, the metro was built "from the outside in", starting in the rather outlying area of Langwasser before reaching the historical core and the central train station. Langwasser
4212-413: The U1 has reached its provisional terminus after 40 years. Whether Fürth Kieselbühl station, northwest of Hardhöhe, is still to be built depends mainly on the financial power of the city of Fürth and on the development of this district. The area is designated in the land use plan as a commercial area. If the area were to be developed in the future, an extension of the metro could take place in connection with
4320-511: The Ulm professor Max-Erich Feuchtinger to move the tram between Plärrer and main station under the earth, was rejected by the Nuremberg city council on 19 March 1958. In 1962, the city council commissioned the Stuttgart traffic scientist Professor Walther Lambert to prepare an opinion on the future of Nuremberg public transport. The "Lambert report" with the recommendation to build an underground tram
4428-497: The anti-Jewish pogrom known as Kristallnacht on 10 November 1938, the two remaining synagogues and numerous Jewish-owned shops were burned to the ground. Of the 91 Jews in Germany who met their deaths as a result of Kristallnacht , 26 (including ten suicides) were in Nuremberg. Between 2,000 and 3,000 of Nuremberg's Jews fled from Germany. By 1941, only about 1.800 remained, over 1,600 of whom were rounded-up and transported to various extermination camps where they were killed. At
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4536-485: The cessation of trade caused irreparable damage to the city and a near-halving of the population. In 1632, the city, occupied by the forces of Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden , was besieged by the army of Imperial general Albrecht von Wallenstein . The city declined after the war and recovered its importance only in the 19th century, when it grew as an industrial centre. Even after the Thirty Years' War, however, there
4644-619: The city asked to be incorporated into Prussia but Frederick William II refused, fearing to offend Austria, Russia and France. At the Imperial diet in 1803, the independence of Nuremberg was affirmed, but on the signing of the Confederation of the Rhine on 12 July 1806, it was agreed to hand the city over to Bavaria from 8 September, with Bavaria guaranteeing the amortisation of the city's 12.5 million guilder public debt. After
4752-407: The city was rebuilt after the war and was to some extent restored to its pre-war appearance, including the reconstruction of many of its medieval buildings. Much of this reconstructive work and conservation was done by the organisation ' Old Town Friends Nuremberg '. Today 25% of Nürnbergs buildings date to before World War II and the old town is a declared protected area, so the northeastern half of
4860-427: The city, for example Grossgründlach , Kraftshof , Thon , and Neunhof in the north-west; Ziegelstein in the northeast, Altenfurt and Fischbach in the south-east; and Katzwang , Kornburg in the south. Langwasser is a modern suburb. Nuremberg has an oceanic climate ( Köppen Cfb ) with a certain humid continental influence ( Dfb ), categorized in the latter by the 0 °C isotherm. The city's climate
4968-594: The city, in 1050, mentions Nuremberg as the location of an imperial castle between East Francia and the Margraviate of the Nordgau of Bavaria . From 1050 to 1572 the city expanded and rose dramatically in importance due to its location on key trade-routes. King Conrad III , reigning as King of Germany from 1137 to 1152, established the Burgraviate of Nuremberg , with the first burgraves coming from
5076-484: The city, including historic tours, those that are Nazi -focused, underground and night tours, walking tours , sightseeing buses, self guided tours, and an old town tour on a mini train. Nuremberg also offers several parks and green areas, as well as indoor activities such as bowling , rock wall climbing , escape rooms , cart racing , and mini golf , theaters and cinemas, pools and thermal spas . There are also six nearby amusement parks . The city's tourism board sells
5184-418: The city. After fire destroyed the castle in 1420 during a feud between Frederick IV (from 1417, Margrave of Brandenburg ) and the duke of Bavaria-Ingolstadt , the city purchased the ruins and the forest belonging to the castle (1427), resulting in the city's total sovereignty within its borders. Through these and other acquisitions the city accumulated considerable territory. The Hussite Wars (1419–1434),
5292-541: The coming years. There are over 175 registered places of accommodation in Nuremberg, ranging from hostels to luxury hotels , bed and breakfasts , to multi-hundred room properties. Nuremberg was an early centre of humanism, science, printing, and mechanical invention. The city contributed much to the science of astronomy . In 1471 Johannes Mueller of Königsberg (Bavaria), later called Regiomontanus , built an astronomical observatory in Nuremberg and published many important astronomical charts. In 1515, Albrecht Dürer ,
5400-535: The construction of a park-and-ride facility. However, the city of Fürth has rejected various plans for developing the area currently filled with home supply and grocery stores. Nuremberg University With the decision in 2017 that Nuremberg should become a university city, policy planning for a metro station University was determined. The metro stop is projected in the Brunecker Straße industrial area, between Hasenbuck and Bauernfeindstraße stations, where
5508-510: The construction of a second subway line in Nuremberg. On 28 January 1984, Nuremberg's second U-Bahn line, U2, went into service between Plärrer and Schweinau . This line, too, underwent further extensions, eventually even reaching the airport in 1999 — the last extension of U2 as of 2024. Even during construction, provisions were made for future branching extensions at Rothenburger Straße station and Rathenauplatz station . Those tunnel stubs were indeed used roughly two decades later when what
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#17327760550885616-537: The day ran to the airport, while the other trains reversed at Ziegelstein. On their way back all trains were designated as U2 since they all run to Röthenbach, and their origin – Ziegelstein or Flughafen – was meaningless to passengers. U2 trains terminating at Ziegelstein are still operated but signaled as U2 to passengers. In 2020 press coverage called into question any extensions beyond the section of U3 to Gebersdorf already under construction and scheduled to open in 2025. Fürth Kieselbühl With Fürth Hardhöhe station,
5724-713: The day to produce books that could also be considered works of art. In 1470 Anton Koberger opened Europe's first print shop in Nuremberg. In 1493, he published the Nuremberg Chronicles , also known as the World Chronicles ( Schedelsche Weltchronik ), an illustrated history of the world from the creation to the present day. It was written in the local Franconian dialect by Hartmann Schedel and had illustrations by Michael Wohlgemuth , Wilhelm Pleydenwurff , and Albrecht Dürer. Others furthered geographical knowledge and travel by map making. Notable among these
5832-541: The day, adding passenger capacity between Nuremberg main station, the car-free main shopping district and the Plärrer. Röthenbach → Ziegelstein U21 trains ran only from Röthenbach to Ziegelstein on the U2 line. Since the single-track tunnel between Ziegelstein and Flughafen (Airport) could only accommodate a train frequency of 400 seconds at the time (or roughly one train every 6 2 ⁄ 3 minutes), only every second train during
5940-420: The destinations airport, Meistersingerhalle, Municipal Hospital (today: Klinikum Nord ) and Tiergarten, covering as much of the urban area with as few stops as possible and the easy possibility to extend the base network into new urban development zones. All these considerations eventually led to a large number of network proposals, of which the models P, Q, R and S most closely approximated the specifications. In
6048-492: The district of Rezatkreis (named for the river Franconian Rezat ), which was renamed to Middle Franconia ( German : Mittelfranken ) on 1 January 1838. The first German railway, the Bavarian Ludwigsbahn , from Nuremberg to nearby Fürth , was opened in 1835. The establishment of railways and the incorporation of Bavaria into Zollverein (the 19th-century German Customs Union), commerce and industry opened
6156-433: The districts in the 1797–1801 sample was early industrial; the economic structure of the region around Nuremberg was dominated by metal and glass manufacturing, reflected by a share of nearly 50% handicrafts and workers. In the 19th century Nuremberg became the "industrial heart" of Bavaria with companies such as Siemens and MAN establishing a strong base in the city. Nuremberg is still an important industrial centre with
6264-412: The eight trains in service on the line moved to automatic control, with the aim of full automation by January 2010. A goal which was met on January 2 of 2010. Großreuth ←→ Nordwestring The latest U-Bahn line, U3, was opened on 14 June 2008. This line uses the U2 tunnel between Rathenauplatz and Rothenburger Straße and diverts north of Rathenauplatz to the northwest and south of Rothenburger Straße to
6372-513: The end of the war in 1945, there were no Jews left in Nuremberg. There are many Stolpersteine installed in the streets of the city; these commemorate Jews who were persecuted by the Nazi regime. During the Second World War , Nuremberg was the headquarters of Wehrkreis (military district) XIII, and an important site for military production, including aircraft, submarines, and tank engines. A subcamp of Flossenbürg concentration camp
6480-417: The fall of Napoleon , the city's trade and commerce revived; the skill of its inhabitants together with its favourable situation soon made the city prosperous, particularly after its public debt had been acknowledged as a part of the Bavarian national debt. Having been incorporated into a Catholic country, the city was compelled to refrain from further discrimination against Catholics, who had been excluded from
6588-458: The gingerbread capital of the world. Visitors to the Christmas market can peruse the hundreds of stalls and purchase local wood crafts and nutcrackers while sampling Christmas sweets and traditional Glühwein . In 2017, Nuremberg saw a total of 3.3 million overnight stays, a record for the town, and is expected to have surpassed that in 2018, with more growth in tourism anticipated in
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#17327760550886696-469: The honour of "striking the first blow" for the new metro. This was done in Bauernfeindstraße when they triggered the pile driver. On 1 March 1972, the first 3.7-kilometre (2.3 mi) stretch of the system opened, U1 Langwasser Süd to Bauernfeindstraße . An elevated line from Muggenhof station to Stadtgrenze station started construction along with the works on the first stretch of U1 in
6804-598: The image that he strove to create, and he succeeded in having the building completely demolished around the time of the Party rally in September 1938. Many examples of Nazi architecture can still be seen in the city. The city was also the headquarters of the Nazi propagandist Julius Streicher , the Nazi Party Gauleiter of Franconia , a vicious antisemite and the publisher of Der Stürmer . During
6912-478: The industrial development at Nordostpark (currently only served by buses) a branch of U2 eastward from Nordostbahnhof has been proposed. Branch Hohe Marter Nuremberg Nuremberg ( / ˈ nj ʊər ə m b ɜːr ɡ / NURE -əm-burg ; German: Nürnberg [ˈnʏʁnbɛʁk] ; in the local East Franconian dialect: Nämberch [ˈnɛmbɛrç] ) is the largest city in Franconia ,
7020-416: The late 1960s after the adoption of the land-use plan of 1969. The first metro axis (what is now U1) was at this time already under construction and thus included in all variants. It was to connect the newly emerging satellite town of Langwasser via the main station, the old town and the Plärrer with Fürth and follows essentially the former tram line 1. Important goals for the other lines were the connection of
7128-473: The later U21) by way of Weißer Turm and Lorenzkirche to Aufseßplatz or Langwasser Süd . Since 1988, the line has run as U2 by way of Opernhaus to Hauptbahnhof (Nuremberg Main Railway Station). After further extensions in 1990, 1993 and 1996, U2 reached its current terminus at the airport in 1999. In September 2009 the first driverless trains ran in passenger service on line U2. Four out of
7236-405: The latter has never been fully built up as of 2024. Unlike at Hauptbahnhof where U2/U3 and U1 stop on different levels, at Plärrer there is one track on both levels used for U1 and the other for U2/U3, enabling easier change between trains ( Cross-platform interchange ). The first subway line reached Fürth Hauptbahnhof in 1985 which would remain its endpoint until 1998. The focus thus shifted to
7344-697: The leaders of the revolt, attacked the city without a declaration of war and dictated a disadvantageous peace. At the 1555 Peace of Augsburg , the possessions of the Protestants were confirmed by the Emperor, their religious privileges extended and their independence from the Bishop of Bamberg affirmed, while the 1520s' secularisation of the monasteries was also approved. Families like the Tucher , Imhoff or Haller ran trading businesses across Europe, similar to
7452-416: The line terminus and ran through only the central areas of Nuremberg. While those shorter runs still operate, they are no longer differentiated by line number but only by the display of their final destination (e.g. a train that would have been signed "U21" prior to 2017 is now simply an U2 direction "Ziegelstein") Eberhardshof ↔ Messe U11 service ran on the U1 line between Eberhardshof and Messe most of
7560-478: The massive three station complex is broken up into three sectors: Forum, Rivoli and Seine. The Forum sector is named after the adjoining Forum des Halles shopping mall, which is accessible from this part of the station. The sector includes the RER platforms and the Les Halles station on Paris Métro Line 4 . The exits located in the sector are numbered 1 through 9. The Rivoli sector is below and named after
7668-510: The model "P" all lines connect at the main railway station as a central hub, which brings the advantage of offering easy connections between all modes of transport (U-Bahn, S-Bahn, long-distance trains and Buses at the ZOB). The main drawbacks would be a potential overburdening of the single interchange station (compare Châtelet–Les Halles in Paris) and the difficulty of tunneling in several levels (for
7776-587: The most frequent sites of the Imperial Diet (after Regensburg and Frankfurt ), the Diets of Nuremberg from 1211 to 1543, after the first Nuremberg diet elected Frederick II as emperor. Because of the many Diets of Nuremberg, the city became an important routine place of the administration of the Empire during this time and a somewhat 'unofficial capital ' of the Empire. In 1219 Emperor Frederick II granted
7884-413: The municipal courts handed over to an Imperial mayor (German: Reichsschultheiß ) from 1173/74. The strained relations between the burgraves and the castellans, with gradual transferral of powers to the latter in the late 14th and early 15th centuries, finally broke out into open enmity, which greatly influenced the history of the city. The city and particularly Nuremberg Castle would become one of
7992-555: The nearby Place du Châtelet public square and Les Halles , the former wholesale food market of Paris, now a shopping mall . Formally, the name Châtelet–Les Halles designates the RER station alone. Informally, it refers to the hub comprising the eponymous RER station (served by RER A , RER B and RER D ) plus the contiguous Paris Métro stations Châtelet (served by Line 1 , Line 4 , Line 7 , Line 11 and Line 14 ) and Les Halles (served by Line 4 ). For purposes of wayfinding ,
8100-405: The new U3 line, making it Germany's first automatic U-Bahn line. U2 was converted to driverless operation by 2010, the first such conversion anywhere in the world. Plans for a metro in Nuremberg go back to 1925, when Nuremberg graduate engineer Oscar Freytag spoke out in favor of building a metro under Fürther Straße. His proposal was not to replace the parallel tram but rather to complement it with
8208-533: The new terminus station on 22 May 2017. The southern extension towards Großreuth opened in October 2020. Further extensions towards Gebersdorf are under construction along the Southern end of the line and already shown with dashed lines or a lighter color on official schedules and network plans. To increase passenger capacity on the central parts of the metro, additional trains were scheduled which reversed before
8316-443: The new tram terminus "Am Wegfeld" is not deemed sensible. Marienberg When the extension from Ziegelstein to the airport was built, provisions were made for a future infill station at Marienberg to serve a potential new commercial and/or housing development. The section between Ziegelstein and Airport is by far the longest stretch between two stops in the entire network. Branch northeast station (Nordostbahnhof) To better serve
8424-633: The newly founded University of Technology Nuremberg . The Nuremberg exhibition centre ( Messe Nürnberg ) is one of the biggest convention center companies in Germany and operates worldwide. Nuremberg Castle , its medieval old town and the city's walls , with their many towers, are among the most impressive in Europe. Staatstheater Nürnberg is one of the five Bavarian state theatres, showing operas , operettas , musicals , and ballets (main venue: Nuremberg Opera House ), plays (main venue: Schauspielhaus Nürnberg ), as well as concerts (main venue: Meistersingerhalle ). Its orchestra,
8532-594: The old Imperial Free City had to be largely reconstructed. Between 1945 and 1946, German officials involved in war crimes and crimes against humanity were brought before an international tribunal in the Nuremberg trials. The Soviet Union had wanted these trials to take place in Berlin . However, Nuremberg was chosen as the site for the trials for specific reasons: Following the trials, in October 1946, many prominent German Nazi politicians and military leaders were executed in Nuremberg . The same courtroom in Nuremberg
8640-419: The outer platforms reserved for RER A and RER B and the central ones for RER D. This enables easy cross-platform connections between RER A and RER B trains traveling in the same direction, and a solution for those RER D trains which use the station as a terminus. A major renovation of the station complex and adjoining Forum des Halles shopping mall was completed in 2018, with the main aim of improving safety in
8748-593: The rights of citizenship. Catholic services had been celebrated in the city by the priests of the Teutonic Order , often under great difficulties. After their possessions had been confiscated by the Bavarian government in 1806, they were given the Frauenkirche on the Market in 1809; in 1810 the first Catholic parish was established, which in 1818 numbered 1,010 people. In 1817, the city was incorporated into
8856-457: The route and thus delays on one line would not induce delays on others. As a disadvantage, the frequent need to change trains would make few one-seat-rides possible and make a trip e.g. from Erlenstegen to Zerzabelshof need several changes. The lines would have been as follows in this model: In the end, the model R was deemed to be the most useful of the four models in terms of urban planning, operational engineering and development possibilities. It
8964-451: The route was operated as an express tram between 1927 and 1981, when it was converted to metro. Since 2010 it has been the only line in the system to be driver-operated. Some portions of U1 are above ground and exposed to the outdoor elements. The motion detection system fitted to the U2/U3 lines cannot be used as the outdoor elements can trigger a false alarm. That is: when an object falls on
9072-430: The southwest of Nuremberg. The U3 line has fully automatic operation without drivers. Each of the stations along U3 route has tubes resembling yellow fluorescent light tubes running the length of the platform. These tubes emit radar waves and monitor the track for any fallen obstacles. If an object or person falls into the track, automatic brakes on trains are triggered. On 30 October 2008, the first accident resulting in
9180-449: The station's name means "city boundary" – but assigned to and run by Nuremberg), Jakobinenstraße , Fürth Hauptbahnhof , Rathaus , Stadthalle , Klinikum and Hardhöhe . U1 is the oldest line of the system, the longest line and the only one to cross the city boundary. Between Nuremberg Plärrer and Fürth Hauptbahnhof it reuses parts of the right of way of the Bavarian Ludwig Railway , which operated there between 1835 and 1922. Afterwards
9288-552: The tenth-busiest airport in the country. Institutions of higher education in Nuremberg include the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg ( Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg ), Germany's 11th-largest university, with campuses in Erlangen and Nuremberg and a university hospital in Erlangen (Universitätsklinikum Erlangen), Technische Hochschule Nürnberg Georg Simon Ohm , Hochschule für Musik Nürnberg and
9396-587: The three most important cities of the Empire. Charles was the patron of the Frauenkirche , built between 1352 and 1362 (the architect was likely Peter Parler ), where the Imperial court worshipped during its stays in Nuremberg. The royal and Imperial connection grew stronger in 1423 when the Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund of Luxembourg granted the Imperial regalia to be kept permanently in Nuremberg, where they remained until 1796, when
9504-456: The town were accused of host desecration and 698 of them were killed in one of the many Rintfleisch massacres . Behind the massacre of 1298 was also the desire to combine the northern and southern parts of the city, which were divided by the Pegnitz . The Jews of the German lands suffered many massacres during the plague pandemic of the mid-14th century. In 1349, Nuremberg's Jews suffered
9612-424: The tracks, the system "thinks" it is a human or animal on the tracks and triggers the emergency brake. Similar issues in the past plagued Opernhaus station on U2/U3 as birds often fly in from the side of the tracks open to the moat. Nuremberg Airport ←→ Röthenbach In 1984, a new section on the line U2 named Plärrer–Schweinau began operation. At first the trains ran by day as line U21 (not to be confused with
9720-585: The tram by the deployment columns of the SS barracks and the masses of visitors of the rallies held on the adjacent Nazi party rally grounds in their operations. Only after the Second World War and with the onset of the economic miracle and the increasing motorization of the population were new plans for an "underground tram" ("Unterpflasterstraßenbahn" – "sub pavement tram" in German) set up. The suggestion of
9828-433: The transfer links from the U3 to the city center and the supply of defective trains to the depots. The line network would look like this: In the model "R", the three main lines intersect in the points Aufseßplatz, Hauptbahnhof and Plärrer and thus correspond to a classic network concept, which was similarly applied in Munich among other cities. An advantage would be a uniform utilization and development potential of all lines,
9936-399: The unions were then dissolved, and the oligarchs remained in power while Nuremberg was a free city (until the early-19th century). Charles IV conferred upon the city the right to conclude alliances independently, thereby placing it upon a politically equal footing with the princes of the Empire . Frequent fights took place with the burgraves without, however, inflicting lasting damage upon
10044-438: The university and the new urban quarter of Lichtenreuth are planned. Branch Scharfreiterring Further discussion refers to a possible branch of the metro from Scharfreiterring station to Klinikum Nürnberg-Süd. Intermediate stops could possibly be Thomas-Mann-Straße and Gleiwitzer Straße. With the route to the airport/Flughafen station in use, the part of the U2 within Nuremberg has been completed. A possible extension towards
10152-572: The various lines) near the center of the historic old town. Further problems were identified with the Hauptbahnhof-Plärrer main trunk line. The lines would be as follows: The "Q" model is based on a new settlement axis between Nuremberg and Fürth along the Willstraße and new road tangents to be served by the U3 line. Positive effects are attributed to this network model for the development of the new settlement axis, negative could be
10260-550: The war. After World War II , many medieval-style areas of the town were rebuilt. Beyond its main attractions of the Imperial Castle , St. Lorenz Church , and Nazi Trial grounds , there are 54 different museums for arts and culture, history, science and technology, family and children, and more niche categories, where visitors can see the world's oldest globe (built in 1492), a 500-year-old Madonna, and Renaissance-era German art. There are several types of tours offered in
10368-506: The way to greater prosperity. In 1852, there were 53,638 inhabitants: 46,441 Protestants and 6,616 Catholics. It subsequently grew to become the more important industrial city of Southern Germany, one of the most prosperous towns of southern Germany, but after the Austro-Prussian War it was given to Prussia as part of their telegraph stations they had to give up. In 1905, its population, including several incorporated suburbs,
10476-606: Was 291,351: 86,943 Catholics, 196,913 Protestants, 3,738 Jews and 3,766 members of other religions. The Fränkischer Kurier was published as a local newspaper in Nuremberg. Nuremberg held great significance during the Nazi German era. Because of the city's relevance to the Holy Roman Empire and its position in the centre of Germany, the Nazi Party chose the city to be the site of huge Nazi Party conventions:
10584-403: Was a heavily fortified city that was captured in a fierce battle lasting from 17 to 20 April 1945 by the U.S. 3rd Infantry Division , 42nd Infantry Division and 45th Infantry Division , which fought house-to-house and street-by-street against determined German resistance, causing further urban devastation to the already bombed and shelled buildings. Despite this intense degree of destruction,
10692-564: Was a late flowering of architecture and culture; secular Baroque architecture is exemplified in the layout of the civic gardens built outside the city walls, and in the Protestant city's rebuilding of St. Egidien church , destroyed by fire at the beginning of the 18th century, considered a significant contribution to the baroque church architecture of Middle Franconia. After the Thirty Years' War, Nuremberg attempted to remain detached from external affairs, but contributions were demanded for
10800-508: Was a new housing development with many high-rise buildings assembled from prefabricated parts as was the style in that era. Similar developments in East Germany are known as Plattenbau . When Plärrer station was built, it was built with two sets of tracks above each other and provisions were made for another level of tracks to cross the existing tracks. The former has been in use for U2 (and later U3) ever since those lines opened, whereas
10908-522: Was born here and was organist of St. Sebaldus Church . The academy of fine arts situated in Nuremberg is the oldest art academy in central Europe and looks back to a tradition of 350 years of artistic education. Nuremberg is also famous for its Christkindlesmarkt (Christmas market), which draws well over a million shoppers each year. The market is famous for its handmade ornaments and delicacies. Ch%C3%A2telet%E2%80%93Les Halles Châtelet–Les Halles station ( French: [ʃɑtlɛ le al] )
11016-513: Was extended again in 2017 with Klinikum Nord and Nordwestring being the latest stations to open on its northern branch on 22 May. The latest station to open was on 15 October 2020, Großreuth bei Schweinau, along the southern branch of U3. Further extensions along the same branch with tentative names "Kleinreuth" and "Gebersdorf" are already planned or under construction. The U-Bahn network comprises three lines, covering about 38 kilometres (24 mi) of network route of which 38 kilometres (24 mi)
11124-520: Was located here, and extensively used slave labour . On 2 January 1945, the medieval city centre was systematically bombed by the Royal Air Force and the U.S. Army Air Forces and about ninety percent of it was destroyed in only one hour, with 1,800 residents killed and roughly 100,000 displaced. In February 1945, additional attacks followed. In total, about 6,000 Nuremberg residents are estimated to have been killed in air raids. Nuremberg
11232-538: Was navigator and geographer Martin Behaim , who made the first world globe. Sculptors such as Veit Stoss , Adam Kraft and Peter Vischer are also associated with Nuremberg. Composed of prosperous artisans, the guilds of the Meistersingers flourished here. Richard Wagner made their most famous member, Hans Sachs , the hero of his opera Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg . Baroque composer Johann Pachelbel
11340-529: Was officially reversed. Nonetheless, in the course of the construction of the northern branch of U3, further shutdowns of trams occurred along Pirckheimerstraße – however, the tracks are still operational for non-revenue movements of trams or in case of interruptions on the rest of the network and it is variously debated to restart revenue service on those tracks. On 4 December 2004, a new 1.3-kilometre (0.81 mi) section of U1 opened in Fürth , stretching from Stadthalle station to Klinikum station and allowing
11448-559: Was published in 1963, and so the city council voted on 24 April 1963 to go ahead and build such a system with the option of a later conversion to full metro. This would've been in line with contemporary Stadtbahn projects in Stuttgart , Hannover or the Ruhr area. On 24 November 1965 the city council reversed its decision of 1963 and decided to build a classic metro. This was preceded by a personal statement by Hans von Hanffstengel, head of
11556-481: Was slightly modified and formed the basis of the "Nuremberg General Transit Plan" (GNVP) adopted on 8 September 1971 by the City Council. The planned metro network should thereafter consist of the three main lines, out of which the lines U2 and U3 should receive branching possibilities at the stations Friedrich-Ebert-Platz (direction Thon), Rathenauplatz (direction Erlenstegen), Steinbühl (direction Gartenstadt) and Schlachthof (direction Gebersdorf). One point of criticism
11664-706: Was the venue of the Nuremberg Military Tribunals , organized by the United States as occupying power in the area. In order to come to terms with the role Nuremberg played during the Third Reich , the city established the Nuremberg International Human Rights Award in 1995, awarded every two years to individuals or groups defending human rights worldwide. Several old villages now belong to
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