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161-486: She is unique among all the characters in that she is stationed at the Door of Space-Time , with the specific duty of forbidding anyone to pass through it without permission. She possesses powers that are associated with time , space , the underworld , and darkness . She was one of several new characters introduced in the series' second arc (called "Black Moon" in the manga and Sailor Moon Crystal , and Sailor Moon R in

322-630: A valley girl very much out-of-character with how Pluto is portrayed in the Japanese dub and manga. In the Cloverway English dub, she's voiced by Susan Aceron . In the Viz Media English dub, she's voiced by Veronica Taylor . The official Sailor Moon character popularity polls listed Setsuna Meioh and Sailor Pluto as separate entities. In 1994, with fifty one choices, Setsuna was the thirteenth most popular character and Pluto

483-599: A "lone warrior," noting the sadness in her eyes. In the manga and Crystal , not even the cats know she exists at first. In the manga and Crystal , Pluto's death scene vaguely implies a romantic interest in Endymion , though this is never explored again. In the Sailor Moon musicals , Sailor Pluto has an unrequited love for King Endymion . It is explicitly mentioned in Eien Denetsu and Shin-Densetsu Kourin , in

644-451: A . The pulse is reflected from a mirror situated a distance a from the light source (event Q), and returns to the light source at x ′ = 0,  ct ′ =  a (event R). The same events P, Q, R are plotted in Fig. 2-3b in the frame of observer O. The light paths have slopes = 1 and −1, so that △PQR forms a right triangle with PQ and QR both at 45 degrees to

805-487: A Sailor Guardian, which she is willing to make sacrifices for. Her talisman, the Deep Aqua Mirror, aids her intuition and reveals cloaked evil. Her theme color is teal . Hotaru Tomoe ( 土萠 ほたる , Tomoe Hotaru ) is a sweet and lonely young girl, whose health was compromised following a laboratory accident in her youth. After overcoming the darkness that surrounded her family, she transforms into Sailor Saturn,

966-590: A black-themed sailor suit. She is also stated to be the daughter of Chronos , the god of time. She is ruthless and follows rather exacting laws, executing any intruders who dare violate the underworld in search for the Gates of Time. She nearly kills Sailor Moon before realizing who she is, stating that "all who break the taboo must be eliminated." Luna also states to the others that no one is to even know that Sailor Pluto exists, due to her dominion and nature, and that to her knowledge no one has ever seen her. Luna calls her

1127-605: A college student. She has a distant personality and can be very stern, but can also be friendly and helps the Sailor Guardians when she can. After her long vigil guarding the Space-Time Door, she carries a deep sense of loneliness, although she is close friends with Chibiusa, who calls her by her nickname "Puu". Her talisman, the Garnet Orb, aids her power to attack and temporarily stop time. Her theme color

1288-440: A crush on Usagi and tries to win her over, much to An's dismay. Despite this, he constantly denies these feelings to her, knowing her tendency to have fits of jealous rage. An later develops a crush on Mamoru and tries to win him over, much to Ail and Usagi's dismay of Ail and Usagi. Ail and An are the only two of their kind. In Japanese, in the original series, they are voiced by Hikaru Midorikawa and Yumi Tōma , respectively. In

1449-436: A faraway planet before creating life and giving energy to its many children. The children became greedy and fought each other until the planet was destroyed, with the tree and Ail and An as the only survivors. The tree became weak and required energy to stay alive, with Ail and An supplying it with human energy to revive it, which eventually stops working. The tree becomes angered and starts to injure those around it, killing An in

1610-445: A fourth dimension, it is treated differently than the spatial dimensions. Minkowski space hence differs in important respects from four-dimensional Euclidean space . The fundamental reason for merging space and time into spacetime is that space and time are separately not invariant, which is to say that, under the proper conditions, different observers will disagree on the length of time between two events (because of time dilation ) or

1771-420: A geometric interpretation of special relativity that fused time and the three spatial dimensions into a single four-dimensional continuum now known as Minkowski space . This interpretation proved vital to the general theory of relativity , wherein spacetime is curved by mass and energy . Non-relativistic classical mechanics treats time as a universal quantity of measurement that is uniform throughout,

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1932-453: A great shock when Einstein published his paper in which the equivalence of the different local times of observers moving relative to each other was pronounced; for he had reached the same conclusions independently but did not publish them because he wished first to work out the mathematical structure in all its splendor. He never made a priority claim and always gave Einstein his full share in the great discovery. Minkowski had been concerned with

2093-440: A group of Sailor Guardians composed of Sailor Star Fighter, Sailor Star Maker and Sailor Star Healer; in civilian form they go by the pseudonyms Kou Seiya, Kou Taiki and Kou Yaten, respectively. They are from the planet Kinmoku ( キンモク星 , Kinmokusei ) , whose princess, Princess Kakyuu , left to escape Sailor Galaxia 's assault and heal her wounds. They tracked Kakyuu to Earth and then Japan, where they disguised themselves as

2254-464: A human form. The two older cats, Luna and Artemis, lived in the Moon Kingdom millennia before the events of the series and were advisors to Queen Serenity ; the third, Diana, is much younger and was born on Earth. The cats serve as mentors and confidantes, as well as a source of information and new tools and items. Although Luna has the largest role of the three, Artemis was the first to appear and

2415-574: A light signal in that same time interval Δ t {\displaystyle \Delta t} . If the event separation is due to a light signal, then this difference vanishes and Δ s = 0 {\displaystyle \Delta s=0} . When the event considered is infinitesimally close to each other, then we may write In a different inertial frame, say with coordinates ( t ′ , x ′ , y ′ , z ′ ) {\displaystyle (t',x',y',z')} ,

2576-434: A location. In Fig. 1-1, imagine that the frame under consideration is equipped with a dense lattice of clocks, synchronized within this reference frame, that extends indefinitely throughout the three dimensions of space. Any specific location within the lattice is not important. The latticework of clocks is used to determine the time and position of events taking place within the whole frame. The term observer refers to

2737-442: A mere shadow, and only some sort of union of the two shall preserve independence." Space and Time included the first public presentation of spacetime diagrams (Fig. 1-4), and included a remarkable demonstration that the concept of the invariant interval ( discussed below ), along with the empirical observation that the speed of light is finite, allows derivation of the entirety of special relativity. The spacetime concept and

2898-401: A more unified appearance in later stages of character design. Among the protagonist Sailor Guardians, Sailor Venus, during her time as Sailor V, has the only outfit that varies significantly from the others. Sailor Moon, regardless of form, always has a more elaborate costume than others, and has individual power-ups more frequently than other characters. Sailor Guardians originating from outside

3059-419: A person moving with respect to the first observer will see the two events occurring at different places, because the moving point of view sees itself as stationary, and the position of the event as receding or approaching. Thus, a different measure must be used to measure the effective "distance" between two events. In four-dimensional spacetime, the analog to distance is the interval. Although time comes in as

3220-507: A silhouette and was portrayed by Noriko Kamiyama. In the DIC Entertainment English dub, when her voice is heard through Rini's Luna Ball, her voice is provided by Luna's voice actress Jill Frappier (the dubbers may have mistakenly thought Luna was talking instead of a new character). Sabrina Grdevich voices her during her physical appearances in Sailor Moon R and the two movies she appears in, where she sounds like

3381-413: A single point in spacetime. Although it is possible to be in motion relative to the popping of a firecracker or a spark, it is not possible for an observer to be in motion relative to an event. The path of a particle through spacetime can be considered to be a sequence of events. The series of events can be linked together to form a curve that represents the particle's progress through spacetime. That path

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3542-433: A spacetime diagram illustrating the world lines (i.e. paths in spacetime) of two photons, A and B, originating from the same event and going in opposite directions. In addition, C illustrates the world line of a slower-than-light-speed object. The vertical time coordinate is scaled by c {\displaystyle c} so that it has the same units (meters) as the horizontal space coordinate. Since photons travel at

3703-490: A spatial distance Δ x . {\displaystyle \Delta x.} Then the squared spacetime interval ( Δ s ) 2 {\displaystyle (\Delta {s})^{2}} between the two events that are separated by a distance Δ x {\displaystyle \Delta {x}} in space and by Δ c t = c Δ t {\displaystyle \Delta {ct}=c\Delta t} in

3864-522: A special device called the Lip Rod in the anime into the air and shouting a special phrase, originally "Pluto Planet Power, Make up!" In the manga she eventually gains her Pluto Crystal and this phrase changes to evoke "Pluto Crystal Power". In the anime, although she does upgrade to Super Sailor Pluto, the Sailor Crystal is never mentioned and her transformation is not shown on screen. She wields

4025-643: A year before his death), Minkowski introduced his geometric interpretation of spacetime in a lecture to the Göttingen Mathematical society with the title, The Relativity Principle ( Das Relativitätsprinzip ). On 21 September 1908, Minkowski presented his talk, Space and Time ( Raum und Zeit ), to the German Society of Scientists and Physicians. The opening words of Space and Time include Minkowski's statement that "Henceforth, space for itself, and time for itself shall completely reduce to

4186-459: Is blue . Rei Hino ( 火野 レイ , Hino Rei , called Raye Hino in the original English dub) is an elegant fourteen-year-old miko (English: shrine maiden ). Because of her work as a Shinto priestess, she has limited precognition and can dispel or nullify evil using special ofuda scrolls, even in her civilian form. She transforms into Sailor Mars, the Guardian of Fire and Passion. She

4347-410: Is crimson . Haruka Tenoh ( 天王 はるか , Ten'ō Haruka , called Amara Tenoh in the original English dub) is a good-natured tomboyish girl who is a year older than most of the other Sailor Guardians. She transforms into Sailor Uranus, the Guardian of Sky and Flight. Before becoming a Sailor Guardian, she aspired to become a race car driver, and has excellent driving skills. She tends to dress and, in

4508-403: Is pink . Mamoru Chiba ( 地場 衛 , Chiba Mamoru , called Darien Shields in the original English dub) is a student who is older than Usagi. When he was young, he was in a car accident that killed his parents and erased his memories. He and Usagi share a special psychic connection, and he can sense when she is in danger. This inspires him to take on the guise of Tuxedo Mask and fight alongside

4669-408: Is "invariant". In special relativity, however, the distance between two points is no longer the same if measured by two different observers, when one of the observers is moving, because of Lorentz contraction . The situation is even more complicated if the two points are separated in time as well as in space. For example, if one observer sees two events occur at the same place, but at different times,

4830-534: Is "pomegranate stone" and pomegranates were the food of the underworld in the Greek myth of Persephone becoming Hades' (aka Pluto's) wife. Therefore, the Guardian of the underworld king planet (Pluto) incorporates garnet into her outfit and weapon. However, there being a heart-shaped region on Pluto was an accident as there was no way for Takeuchi to know what Pluto looked like in real life until 2015. The Time Keys around her waist look like mini Garnet Rods; these keys are

4991-415: Is a measure of separation between events A and B that are time separated and in addition space separated either because there are two separate objects undergoing events, or because a single object in space is moving inertially between its events. The separation interval is the difference between the square of the spatial distance separating event B from event A and the square of the spatial distance traveled by

Sailor Pluto - Misplaced Pages Continue

5152-566: Is actually the reincarnated Princess Serenity. Over the course of the series, Luna develops a close bond with Usagi, though it is initially on uneasy terms, as Luna often upsets her by giving her unsolicited advice. She and Artemis have an implied romantic relationship, which is confirmed when they meet Diana, their daughter from the future. Artemis ( アルテミス , Arutemisu ) is the white cat companion to Minako Aino , who trains her to become Sailor V and remains by her side when she takes on her proper role as Sailor Venus. He first guides Usagi through

5313-419: Is actually what is indicated by moving clocks by applying an explicitly operational definition of clock synchronization assuming constant light speed. In 1900 and 1904, he suggested the inherent undetectability of the aether by emphasizing the validity of what he called the principle of relativity . In 1905/1906 he mathematically perfected Lorentz's theory of electrons in order to bring it into accordance with

5474-399: Is an elegant and talented violinist and painter. Similar to her partner and lover, Haruka Tenoh, she hails from a wealthy family, though they are not mentioned in the series. She transforms into Sailor Neptune, the Guardian of Ocean and Embrace . She worked alone for some time before finding her partner, Sailor Uranus. Neptune ultimately gave up her dreams and devoted herself to her duty as

5635-408: Is called an event , and requires four numbers to be specified: the three-dimensional location in space, plus the position in time (Fig. 1). An event is represented by a set of coordinates x , y , z and t . Spacetime is thus four-dimensional . Unlike the analogies used in popular writings to explain events, such as firecrackers or sparks, mathematical events have zero duration and represent

5796-550: Is called the particle's world line . Mathematically, spacetime is a manifold , which is to say, it appears locally "flat" near each point in the same way that, at small enough scales, the surface of a globe appears to be flat. A scale factor, c {\displaystyle c} (conventionally called the speed-of-light ) relates distances measured in space to distances measured in time. The magnitude of this scale factor (nearly 300,000 kilometres or 190,000 miles in space being equivalent to one second in time), along with

5957-416: Is common among Japanese people. More incongruously, however, she is listed as skilled in sewing , with a dream of becoming a fashion designer . These interests are never spoken of in the actual story, although creator Naoko Takeuchi drew concept art of Setsuna in outfits worn by real-life supermodels . Likewise, Setsuna is never actually shown to enjoy shopping nor to dislike cockroaches , eggplant , or

6118-463: Is derived from sailor fuku , a type of Japanese school uniform that the main characters' fighting uniforms are based on, and the Japanese word senshi , which can mean "soldier", "warrior", "guardian", or "fighter". Takeuchi created the term by fusing English and Japanese words. DIC Entertainment / Cloverway 's English adaptation of the anime changed it to "Sailor Scout" for most of its run. According to Takeuchi, only females can be Sailor Guardians. In

6279-505: Is entirely possible she only has a crush on King Endymion and not on any of the other forms of Mamoru Chiba . Since King Endymion only appears in person in the Black Moon arc, it makes sense why it never appears outside of that story line. A small quirk occurs in continuity between the manga and anime. Sailor Pluto (temporarily) expires in both, but at different times; her death in the manga and Crystal occurs much earlier and reawakens

6440-426: Is evident in her first named power, Dead Scream ( 破滅喘鳴 ( デッド・スクリーム ) , Deddo Sukurīmu ) , which is her primary attack throughout the first anime. Unlike any other attack in the series, its name is whispered rather than shouted when she uses it. In the manga, Sailor Pluto demonstrates a few other named powers, including Chronos Typhoon ( 時空嵐撃 ( クロノス・タイフーン ) , Kuronosu Taifūn ) and

6601-449: Is interrupted when Sailor Iron Mouse attacks. Seiya makes their interest in her clear when they spend time together practicing softball, telling her, "I like your light." However, their feelings are not reciprocated and they acknowledge the one-sided romance. The relationship between Sailor Star Fighter and Princess Kakyuu is slightly ambiguous. In the anime, when Seiya daydreams of their home planet, they think of an image of her, which

Sailor Pluto - Misplaced Pages Continue

6762-482: Is later revealed that she is from the future and that her mother is Luna. Just as Luna and Artemis guide Usagi and Minako, Diana acts as a guardian to Chibiusa . She is curious, eager to help and polite, always addressing Usagi and Mamoru with the Japanese honorific " -sama " and calling Chibiusa by her formal title, Small Lady. Despite her youth, she is occasionally able to help the Sailor Guardians, often because of

6923-514: Is meant to be ambiguous as to whether they take on male forms or cross-dress, though their personalities reflect the former. Their story also combines elements from both the manga and the anime; for instance, they travel to the Galaxy Cauldron as in the manga, but survive the battles against Galaxia as in the anime. The pairings with the Sailor Guardians from the anime are also featured in some musicals. Their exact relationship to each other

7084-568: Is no preferred origin, single coordinate values have no essential meaning. The equation above is similar to the Pythagorean theorem, except with a minus sign between the ( c t ) 2 {\displaystyle (ct)^{2}} and the x 2 {\displaystyle x^{2}} terms. The spacetime interval is the quantity s 2 , {\displaystyle s^{2},} not s {\displaystyle s} itself. The reason

7245-407: Is passionate about learning and taking care of those around her and hopes to eventually become a doctor like her mother. She tends to be the practical one of the group and is secretly a fan of pop culture and romance novels , and becomes embarrassed when this is pointed out. She owns a handheld computer which can scan and detect virtually anything which she needs information about. Her theme color

7406-514: Is positive, the spacetime interval is referred to as timelike . Since spatial distance traversed by any massive object is always less than distance traveled by the light for the same time interval, positive intervals are always timelike. If s 2 {\displaystyle s^{2}} is negative, the spacetime interval is said to be spacelike . Spacetime intervals are equal to zero when x = ± c t . {\displaystyle x=\pm ct.} In other words,

7567-581: Is questioned whether she is fully human—she has been described as "a goddess, eternally guarding the Portal of Space and Time." She was born under the sun sign Scorpio , whose modern ruling planet is Pluto, though sometimes Pluto is said to co-rule with Mars, Scorpio's traditional ruling planet. In the anime, Sailor Pluto appears in relatively few episodes (despite being the sixth Sailor Guardian introduced) and does not really do anything of consequence, even her sacrifice comes off as existing simply because it

7728-412: Is separate from space, and is agreed on by all observers. Classical mechanics assumes that time has a constant rate of passage, independent of the observer's state of motion , or anything external. It assumes that space is Euclidean : it assumes that space follows the geometry of common sense. In the context of special relativity , time cannot be separated from the three dimensions of space, because

7889-444: Is sometimes careless but has a great capacity for love, compassion and understanding. Usagi transforms into the heroine Sailor Moon, the Guardian of Love and Justice. At the beginning of the series, she is a self-described immature crybaby who resents fighting evil and wants nothing more than to be a normal girl. As the story progresses, however, she embraces the chance to use her power to protect those she cares about. Her theme color

8050-417: Is stated that the god Pluto holds a key because "they say that what is called Hades has been locked up by Pluto, and that nobody will return back again therefrom." Natale Conti cites Pausanias in noting that keys are an attribute of Pluto as the scepter is of Jove (Roman Zeus) and the trident of Neptune (Poseidon). The Pluto Crystal is perhaps her most important possession, as it is her Sailor Crystal and

8211-527: Is still not very emotional, although there are moments in the manga where she expresses much more emotion than the anime (she loosens up enough that she brings alcohol to a minor's birthday party). She later cares for Hotaru along with Michiru and Haruka; this happens at the end of the Infinity arc in the manga, but not until the fifth and final arc in the anime (which was shorter than the previous four arcs). She does not seem to have any non-Guardian contacts in

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8372-415: Is suddenly superimposed by an image of Usagi, much as Usagi had seen Seiya's image overlaid by Mamoru in previous episodes. In the image poem released for their CD single , however, they suggest that their feelings for her are because they are "carrying the heart of a boy" and because they were attracted to her light. In the band, they have the role of lead vocals, guitar and lyrics, but were also playing

8533-599: Is that unlike distances in Euclidean geometry, intervals in Minkowski spacetime can be negative. Rather than deal with square roots of negative numbers, physicists customarily regard s 2 {\displaystyle s^{2}} as a distinct symbol in itself, rather than the square of something. In general s 2 {\displaystyle s^{2}} can assume any real number value. If s 2 {\displaystyle s^{2}}

8694-404: Is to Luna and Artemis what Chibiusa is to Usagi and Mamoru , and occasionally trusts her to watch the Door of Space-Time. Overall, Pluto in the manga seems to be good with children, which is probably why she ends up working as a nurse at Chibiusa's school in the fifth arc. She also mentors Ami/ Sailor Mercury in the fourth arc, allowing her to power up to her Super form. After the events of

8855-427: Is to marry a young handsome man and to own a flower-and-cake shop. Her theme color is green . Minako Aino ( 愛野 美奈子 , Aino Minako , called Mina Aino in the original English dub) is a fourteen-year-old girl who first appears as the main protagonist of Codename: Sailor V . She has a companion cat called Artemis , who works alongside Luna in guiding the Sailor Guardians. Minako transforms into Sailor Venus,

9016-463: Is unknown; according to the manga, they are not siblings. Their name "Kou" (光) has several meanings, including "light", making the name "Three Lights" a pun. In the original English manga, "Kou" was translated to "Lights" and was used as their shared family name. Kou Seiya ( 星野 光 , Seiya Kō ) is the leader of the Starlights as Sailor Star Fighter ( セーラースターファイター , Sērā Sutā Faitā ) and

9177-437: Is very serious and focused and easily annoyed by Usagi's laziness, but cares about her. In the anime adaptation, Rei is portrayed as boy-crazy and short-tempered, while in the manga and live-action series she is depicted as uninterested in romance and more self-controlled. She attends a private Catholic school separate from the other girls. Her theme color is red . Makoto Kino ( 木野 まこと , Kino Makoto , called Lita Kino in

9338-564: Is voiced by Yasuhiro Takato in the first anime adaptation, by Yohei Oobayashi in the first three seasons of Crystal , and Taishi Murata in the Eternal and Cosmos films. In the live-action series, he is voiced by Kappei Yamaguchi . He appears in the first Sailor Moon musical, played by a cat-suited Keiji Himeno. In English, he is voiced by Ron Rubin in the DIC/Cloverway English adaptation and by Johnny Yong Bosch in

9499-400: The c t {\displaystyle ct} -coordinate is: or for three space dimensions, The constant c , {\displaystyle c,} the speed of light, converts time t {\displaystyle t} units (like seconds) into space units (like meters). The squared interval Δ s 2 {\displaystyle \Delta s^{2}}

9660-461: The distance Δ d {\displaystyle \Delta {d}} between two points can be defined using the Pythagorean theorem : Although two viewers may measure the x , y , and z position of the two points using different coordinate systems, the distance between the points will be the same for both, assuming that they are measuring using the same units. The distance

9821-760: The Black Moon Clan , the Death Busters , the Dead Moon Circus and Shadow Galactica . Takeuchi's initial concept for the series was Codename: Sailor V , in which Sailor V discovers her magical powers and protects the people of Earth. After the Codename: Sailor V manga was proposed for an anime adaptation, Takeuchi changed her concept to include ten superheroines who defend the galaxy. The manga's anime , live-action , musical and video game adaptations feature original characters

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9982-698: The Earth , the Solar System and the Milky Way . Each Guardian undergoes a transformation which grants her a uniform in her own theme colors and an elemental power. They are named after the planets of the Solar System, with the exception of Earth but including its moon. While many characters are humans who possess superhuman strength and magical abilities, the cast also includes anthropomorphic animals and extraterrestrial lifeforms. The series follows

10143-511: The Silver Crystals of the past and future together, which would destroy the universe in a time paradox . In the anime, she uses this power to allow Sailors Uranus and Neptune to escape from a helicopter explosion. In each case, she sacrifices herself on pain of death, but is reinstated later in the series. In addition to these powers, when the Space-Time Door has been misused, Sailor Pluto is able to close off passage to other worlds. At

10304-480: The Viz Media English adaptation. Diana ( ダイアナ , Daiana ) is a cat, the future daughter of Luna and Artemis, who first appears when the Sailor Guardians travel to the 30th century in the Black Moon arc. After defeating Death Phantom, she joins them after they return to the 20th century. In the anime, she first appears in Sailor Moon SuperS , calling Artemis her father, to Luna's initial dismay. It

10465-429: The ct ′ axis is tilted with respect to the ct axis by an angle θ given by The x ′ axis is also tilted with respect to the x axis. To determine the angle of this tilt, we recall that the slope of the world line of a light pulse is always ±1. Fig. 2-3c presents a spacetime diagram from the viewpoint of observer O′. Event P represents the emission of a light pulse at x ′ = 0, ct ′ = −

10626-587: The data reduction following an experiment, the time when a signal is received will be corrected to reflect its actual time were it to have been recorded by an idealized lattice of clocks. In many books on special relativity, especially older ones, the word "observer" is used in the more ordinary sense of the word. It is usually clear from context which meaning has been adopted. Physicists distinguish between what one measures or observes , after one has factored out signal propagation delays, versus what one visually sees without such corrections. Failing to understand

10787-419: The first anime adaptation ), which was comparable to a retool to continue Sailor Moon past the point it was originally supposed to end. Her role and importance differ greatly between the first anime and manga (though her personality in the two media is mostly the same). A major part of the second arc in the original manga is Pluto and Chibiusa 's relationship, thus the two of them are important characters. In

10948-507: The lucky cat . Luna ( ルナ , Runa ) is a black cat who was a devoted servant to Princess Serenity and advisor to her mother, Queen Serenity. When the kingdom fell, she and Artemis were put into a long sleep and sent to Earth to look after the Sailor Guardians, who are reborn there, with parts of her memory suppressed so that she must find the Sailor Guardians. She also provides them with many of their items. She first encounters Usagi and teaches her to become Sailor Moon, unaware that she

11109-484: The x and ct axes. Since OP = OQ = OR, the angle between x ′ and x must also be θ . Reika Nishimura The Sailor Moon manga series features a cast of characters created by Naoko Takeuchi . The series takes place in Tokyo , Japan, where the Sailor Guardians ( セーラー戦士 , Sērā Senshi ) , a group of ten magical girls , are formed to fight against antagonists who aim to take over

11270-431: The Door of Space-Time." Sullivan especially enjoyed the interaction between Pluto and Chibiusa over magic tricks, since the viewer had the chance to see "a more tender to side to her; it fleshed out her personality and made her endearing." The scene in which Queen Serenity talks with a young Sailor Pluto about the taboos she must not break was described by Sullivan as an "adorable moment" but that foreshadows "something dire

11431-645: The English dub, in the DIC English version they are voiced by Vince Corazza and Sabrina Grdevich , respectively, and in the Viz Media English version they are voiced by Brian Beacock and Dorothy Elias-Fahn , respectively. The Hell Tree ( 魔界樹 , Makai Ju , called the Doom Tree in the DIC English dub) is an alien tree that nourishes Ail and An. It lived alone on an island in a vast ocean on

11592-517: The Garnet Rod, a gigantic key which is topped by the Garnet Orb and a heart. The orb is one of three items necessary for Sailor Saturn's awakening and a reference to one of Japan's Imperial Regalia: the jewel. The reason for garnet specifically being associated with Sailor Pluto is probably due to an elaborate pun regarding her underworld-based powers and mythology. The Japanese name for garnet

11753-449: The Guardian of Love and Beauty, and leads Sailor Moon's four inner Guardians while acting as her bodyguard and decoy because of their similar appearances. She dreams of becoming a famous singer and idol and attends auditions whenever she can. In contrast, in the live-action series, she is a successful J-pop singer whom Usagi, Ami and Makoto are fans of and has poor health due to her anemia , causing her to choose to isolate herself from

11914-541: The Guardian of Silence, Destruction and Rebirth . She is often pensive, and as a human has the power to heal others. She wields the Silence Glaive, which gives her the power to generate barriers and destroy a planet. When she uses that power, she kills herself, but Sailor Moon later revives her and she comes to live with Haruka, Michiru and Setsuna like a family. Her theme color is purple . The Dark Kingdom ( ダーク・キングダム , Dāku Kingudamu , called Negaverse in

12075-462: The Hell Tree so that it can give them energy to survive. Unlike other antagonists of the series, their mission was primarily that of survival, rather than conquest or destruction. The DIC dub had Ail and An making a mentioning in their first appearance of having met Queen Beryl at some point in their life. Ail ( エイル , Eiru , called Alan in the original English dub) and An ( アン , called Ann in

12236-577: The Infinity arc requiring her presence. Neo-Queen Serenity was also never established as having the ability to reincarnate people in the anime. The identity of who set Pluto at the time door and gave her the taboos and when this might have happened are also never stated in the anime. Even in her civilian form, Setsuna is the oldest of the girls, around her late teens or older. Her personality has been described as distant and somewhat lonely; however, she does consistently display warmth and affection for Chibiusa. When she reincarnates, she becomes more friendly, but

12397-470: The Inners for their idealism. Contrariwise in the manga and Crystal , Setsuna is Haruka and Michiru's equal and she even attempts to investigate the strange going-ons at Infinity Academy by herself before she reawakens as Sailor Pluto, for instance, by buying one of Tellu 's Tellun plants (who she later kills). Unlike the other Guardians (excluding Sailor Venus, who has been described as a goddess before), it

12558-585: The Lorentz group are closely connected to certain types of sphere , hyperbolic , or conformal geometries and their transformation groups already developed in the 19th century, in which invariant intervals analogous to the spacetime interval are used. Einstein, for his part, was initially dismissive of Minkowski's geometric interpretation of special relativity, regarding it as überflüssige Gelehrsamkeit (superfluous learnedness). However, in order to complete his search for general relativity that started in 1907,

12719-506: The River Lethe and Sailor Lethe kills them, but are reincarnated at the end of the series along with everyone else. In the live-action series , Luna and Artemis are portrayed as stuffed toys rather than real cats. They are usually represented using puppets , though CGI effects are used for complicated scenes. Writer Mary Grigsby considers the cat characters to blend pre-modern ideas about feminine mystery with modern ideas such as

12880-511: The Sailor Guardians when needed. After an initially confrontational relationship, he and Usagi remember their past lives and fall in love again. Ami Mizuno ( 水野 亜美 , Mizuno Ami , called Amy Anderson in the original English dub) is a fourteen-year-old bookworm in Usagi's class, who is quiet yet intelligent and rumored to have an IQ of 300. She can transform into Sailor Mercury, the Guardian of Water and Wisdom. Despite her shy exterior, she

13041-662: The Sailor V video game at the Crown Game Center arcade without revealing his true identity. In the anime, when a technical problem reveals him, Luna is annoyed to learn that he was guiding her. Later, he fills Luna in on the details of her true mission. In the Sailor V manga and the live-action series, he gives special items to the Guardians, but unlike Luna does not seem to produce them himself. He does not seem to mind

13202-607: The Silver Millennium of the Moon and the Golden Kingdom. The Hell Tree aliens ( 魔界樹エイリアン , Makai Ju Eirian , called the Doom Tree aliens in the original English dub) are a group who only appear in the anime, serving as the main antagonists of the first thirteen episodes of Sailor Moon R . Ail and An are two aliens who wandered space for many years before reaching Earth, where they collect energy to revive

13363-726: The Solar System have different and varying outfits, but the sailor collar serves as a unifying trait in their designs. Most of the antagonists in the series have names related to minerals and gemstones, including Queen Beryl and the Four Kings of Heaven , the Black Moon Clan, Kaolinite and the Witches 5 , as well as most members of the Dead Moon Circus. Members of the Amazoness Quartet are named after

13524-599: The Time Gate (though this does not cause problems in the manga and Crystal continuity to begin with). Alternately, she reincarnates backwards, so the Setsuna known in seasons 3-5 will become the Sailor Pluto seen in season 2. As a character with different incarnations, special powers, transformations, and a long lifetime spanning the Silver Millennium and the 30th century, Setsuna gains multiple aspects and aliases as

13685-576: The Western fandom; her skin color also is not consistent among seasons with her appearance in R as being extremely pale, as a bit darker in S , and lastly flat-out orange in Stars . In Crystal , she is dark enough to tell she is not the same shade as everyone else which is fairly consistent with how Takeuchi draws her in her color pictures). She is identified as the "Guardian of the Underworld" wearing

13846-468: The adventures of the titular protagonist, Sailor Moon , her lover Tuxedo Mask , her cat advisor Luna , and her guardians and friends: Sailors Mercury , Mars , Jupiter and Venus . They are later joined by Chibiusa , Sailor Moon and Tuxedo Mask's daughter from the future, and four more guardians: Sailors Uranus , Neptune , Pluto and Saturn . The series' antagonists include the Dark Kingdom ,

14007-469: The anime's fifth season , the Sailor Starlights are depicted as men transforming into women when changing from their normal forms into Sailor Guardians, rather than women disguising as men as they appear in the manga. Takeuchi wanted to create a series about girls in outer space, and her editor, Fumio Osano, suggested that she add the "sailor suit" motif to their uniforms. Takeuchi settled on

14168-411: The anime, Taiki and Yaten consider them to be prone to bouts of childishness, such as when they show off their basketball skills before the school, but generally follow their lead. Seiya develops strong feelings for Usagi, calling her odango , like Mamoru does, their attempts to forge a bond with her providing the primary romantic tension of the season. The two go on a date at an amusement park , which

14329-462: The anime, speak like a man , with other characters often mistaking her for a man. When fighting the enemy, she distrusts outside help and prefers to work solely with her girlfriend, Sailor Neptune, and later Pluto and Saturn. Her talisman, the Space Sword, aids her fighting. Her theme color is navy . Michiru Kaioh ( 海王 みちる , Kaiō Michiru , called Michelle Kaioh in the original English dub)

14490-409: The anime, this relationship is not focused on and Pluto loses her prominence. Sailor Pluto is not introduced until late in the Sailor Moon R series, though she appears earlier in the manga and Sailor Moon Crystal , in the chapter/episode named after her, though this is still at the halfway point. She is the Guardian who guards the Gates of Time. She is first seen contacting Chibiusa through Luna-P in

14651-417: The anime, which is in sharp contrast both to the other Guardians in that continuity and the manga and Crystal . In the latter, she befriends Reika Nishimura as they attend the same college and are around the same age. They may also share an interest in fashion. In fact, as soon as Uranus and Neptune show up in the anime, Pluto loses her independence and does whatever they do, despite not being as harsh towards

14812-443: The anime; this does not happen in the manga or Crystal . In fact, this ability of Luna-P's is anime-only. Sailor Pluto refers to Chibiusa as "Small Lady." Chibiusa usually calls Sailor Pluto by the nickname "Puu". She acts as Chibiusa's guardian in the anime, but is more of a friend in the manga and Crystal and her deference to the future queen is apparent. She is also very good friends with Diana , which makes sense considering Diana

14973-435: The best suited to the description of our world". Even as late as 1909, Poincaré continued to describe the dynamical interpretation of the Lorentz transform. In 1905, Albert Einstein analyzed special relativity in terms of kinematics (the study of moving bodies without reference to forces) rather than dynamics. His results were mathematically equivalent to those of Lorentz and Poincaré. He obtained them by recognizing that

15134-428: The defensive force field Garnet Ball . Sailor Pluto has enough power over time to stop it entirely and although she is forbidden to do so, she uses this power one time each in the anime and manga. In the manga, Crystal , and the musicals Tanjou! Ankoku no Princess Black Lady and its revision Tanjou! Ankoku no Princess Black Lady (Kaiteiban)-Wakusei Nemesis no Nazo , she uses it to stop Prince Demand from touching

15295-450: The difference between what one measures and what one sees is the source of much confusion among students of relativity. By the mid-1800s, various experiments such as the observation of the Arago spot and differential measurements of the speed of light in air versus water were considered to have proven the wave nature of light as opposed to a corpuscular theory . Propagation of waves

15456-457: The distance between the two events (because of length contraction ). Special relativity provides a new invariant, called the spacetime interval , which combines distances in space and in time. All observers who measure the time and distance between any two events will end up computing the same spacetime interval. Suppose an observer measures two events as being separated in time by Δ t {\displaystyle \Delta t} and

15617-547: The drums in their hideout because they believed Kakyuu had not heard them yet. According to Takeuchi, when she created them, they were meant to be a combination between Haruka and Mamoru, and were modeled after Jenny Shimizu . Her theme color is sky blue . In Japanese, they were voiced by Shiho Niiyama in the original series in one of her final roles before her death and by Marina Inoue in Sailor Moon Cosmos . In English, they are voiced by Melissa Hutchison in

15778-418: The end of the manga's Infinity arc (corresponds to the anime's S season), Sailor Saturn asks her to seal off forever the gateway to the world Pharaoh 90 had come from. This is done with Dark Dome Close ( 冥空封印 , "dark sky seal") . All of Sailor Pluto's attacks require the use of the Garnet Rod, which is shaped like a giant key as a symbol of her stewardship over the Door of Space-Time. In Roman mythology, it

15939-422: The entire theory can be built upon two postulates: the principle of relativity and the principle of the constancy of light speed. His work was filled with vivid imagery involving the exchange of light signals between clocks in motion, careful measurements of the lengths of moving rods, and other such examples. Einstein in 1905 superseded previous attempts of an electromagnetic mass –energy relation by introducing

16100-542: The essence of sentient life, from inhabitants of the Milky Way. Their ultimate goal is to reorganize the universe as desired by Chaos, the overarching antagonist of the series. Luna, Artemis and Diana are cats from the planet Mau, which is named after the Chinese word "貓", meaning "cat", who act as advisors to their owners. They are capable of speech and have a crescent moon symbol on their forehead, and can also assume

16261-434: The fact that he is named after a female goddess, even when Minako teases him about it. He is more easy-going than Luna and has a "big brother" relationship with Minako, although it is implied he is attracted to her. He also cares deeply for Luna, often comforting her when she is distressed and stating his admiration of her. In addition, he is a good father to Diana, as evidenced by her affection for him. In Japanese, Artemis

16422-615: The fact that spacetime is a manifold, implies that at ordinary, non-relativistic speeds and at ordinary, human-scale distances, there is little that humans might observe that is noticeably different from what they might observe if the world were Euclidean. It was only with the advent of sensitive scientific measurements in the mid-1800s, such as the Fizeau experiment and the Michelson–Morley experiment , that puzzling discrepancies began to be noted between observation versus predictions based on

16583-419: The first four asteroids to be discovered. The Sailor Animamates have the prefix "Sailor", despite not being genuine Sailor Guardians in the manga, followed by the name of a metal and the name of an animal. Usagi Tsukino ( 月野 うさぎ , Tsukino Usagi , called Serena Tsukino in the original English dub of the first anime adaptation ) is the main protagonist of the series. She is a fourteen-year-old girl who

16744-556: The further development of general relativity, Einstein fully incorporated the spacetime formalism. When Einstein published in 1905, another of his competitors, his former mathematics professor Hermann Minkowski , had also arrived at most of the basic elements of special relativity. Max Born recounted a meeting he had made with Minkowski, seeking to be Minkowski's student/collaborator: I went to Cologne, met Minkowski and heard his celebrated lecture 'Space and Time' delivered on 2 September 1908. [...] He told me later that it came to him as

16905-497: The general equivalence of mass and energy , which was instrumental for his subsequent formulation of the equivalence principle in 1907, which declares the equivalence of inertial and gravitational mass. By using the mass–energy equivalence, Einstein showed that the gravitational mass of a body is proportional to its energy content, which was one of the early results in developing general relativity . While it would appear that he did not at first think geometrically about spacetime, in

17066-408: The geometric interpretation of relativity proved to be vital. In 1916, Einstein fully acknowledged his indebtedness to Minkowski, whose interpretation greatly facilitated the transition to general relativity. Since there are other types of spacetime, such as the curved spacetime of general relativity, the spacetime of special relativity is today known as Minkowski spacetime. In three dimensions,

17227-432: The good side of Black Lady, a corrupted Chibiusa, due to remembering her friendship with Pluto as she watches her die. This is also the point where Sailor Chibimoon appears, again much earlier than in the anime. However, for all intents and purposes, in the manga and Crystal the technicality of Sailor Pluto existing outside of time means she is able to be reincarnated as a normal woman while still existing back at her post at

17388-418: The hypothetical aether on the speed of light, and the most likely explanation, complete aether dragging, was in conflict with the observation of stellar aberration . George Francis FitzGerald in 1889, and Hendrik Lorentz in 1892, independently proposed that material bodies traveling through the fixed aether were physically affected by their passage, contracting in the direction of motion by an amount that

17549-419: The implicit assumption of Euclidean space. In special relativity, an observer will, in most cases, mean a frame of reference from which a set of objects or events is being measured. This usage differs significantly from the ordinary English meaning of the term. Reference frames are inherently nonlocal constructs, and according to this usage of the term, it does not make sense to speak of an observer as having

17710-586: The knowledge she has gained in the future. In Japanese, Diana is voiced by Kumiko Nishihara in the first series and by Shoko Nakagawa in Crystal . In English, she is voiced by Loretta Jafelice in the Cloverway English adaptation, by Naomi Emmerson in Sailor Moon SuperS: The Movie , and by Debi Derryberry in the Viz Media English adaptation. In one of her reviews of Sailor Moon Crystal , IGN writer Meghan Sullivan admitted that

17871-501: The lead vocalist for the Three Lights. In general, Seiya acts arrogant and tends to be, at least on the surface, confident in their own abilities. Seiya becomes the star player of their local high-school American football team and the school's star athlete, upsetting Haruka Tenoh , who was the previous star athlete on the track and field team. Eventually, Seiya raises the suspicions of the Sailor Guardians as to their identity. In

18032-484: The main antagonists of the "Black Moon" arc of the manga and its adaptations. They are a terrorist group from the 30th century led by Prince Demand and based on the planet Nemesis, which provides them with the Malefic Black Crystal, whose goal of ending Neo-Queen Serenity's reign is being manipulated by the mysterious Wiseman. The Death Busters ( デス・バスターズ , Desu Basutāzu , called Heart Snatchers in

18193-643: The male pop star group The Three Lights ( スリーライツ , Surī Raitsu ) and embedded their music with a telepathic broadcast to attract her attention. They attend Jūban High School along with Usagi and her friends. Eventually, while headed to the Galaxy Cauldron, Galaxia's henchwomen Sailor Chi and Sailor Phi kill them. In the anime, the Starlights were given a major role. On Earth, they physically change into males in their civilian forms and become women again when transforming into Sailor Guardians, as opposed to their manga counterparts, who disguise themselves as men as civilians. As Starlights, they distance themselves from

18354-454: The manga and Crystal , she is reincarnated in the present-day by Neo-Queen Serenity after sacrificing herself during the second arc while for unknown reasons she still appears in the future in the fifth arc; and the anime gives no explicit reason for her appearing in the third season, she just shows up with a previously unmentioned civilian form with no apparent consequences. This is most likely due to Pluto's sacrifice not happening in R and

18515-523: The manga, when she obtains the Pluto Crystal and her outfit becomes similar to that of Super Sailor Moon. She is not given a new title. A similar event takes place in episode 167 of the anime and she is given the name Super Sailor Pluto. A third form appears in Act 49 of the manga, unnamed but analogous to Eternal Sailor Moon ( sans wings). In the official visual book for Sailor Moon Eternal , this form

18676-438: The math with no loss of generality in the conclusions that are reached. In Fig. 2-2, two Galilean reference frames (i.e. conventional 3-space frames) are displayed in relative motion. Frame S belongs to a first observer O, and frame S′ (pronounced "S prime") belongs to a second observer O′. Fig. 2-3a redraws Fig. 2-2 in a different orientation. Fig. 2-3b illustrates a relativistic spacetime diagram from

18837-557: The name of the dwarf planet Pluto in Japanese: Meiōsei ( 冥王星 , "dark king star") . Her given name is setsuna ( せつな ) in hiragana which is a loanword from Sanskrit ksana , means "moment" ( 刹那 ) , fitting in with her time-based powers. The packaging of Irwin dolls released in Canada in 1998 called her by the name Celia. When her civilian form debuted in the third season originally dubbed by Cloverway Inc. , she

18998-517: The observed rate at which time passes for an object depends on the object's velocity relative to the observer. General relativity provides an explanation of how gravitational fields can slow the passage of time for an object as seen by an observer outside the field. In ordinary space, a position is specified by three numbers, known as dimensions . In the Cartesian coordinate system , these are often called x , y and z . A point in spacetime

19159-485: The only way to travel through time. Sailor Pluto's powers over time and space are somewhat tied with the destructive power of Sailor Saturn for astrological and mythological reasons. The names of Sailor Pluto's attacks include frequent reference to the underworld (in Act 32 of the manga, she states that she "carries the protection of the planet of the underworld, Pluto."), which was the province of Pluto in Roman myth ; this

19320-470: The original English dub) are humanoid aliens who pose, respectively, as Seijūrō Ginga ( 銀河 星十郎 , Ginga Seijūrō , called Alan Granger in the original English dub) and Natsumi Ginga ( 銀河 夏美 , Ginga Natsumi , called Ann Granger in the original English dub) , siblings who transfer to Usagi's school and live in the Jūban Odyssey apartments. While trying to blend in, Ail acts as An's brother and develops

19481-475: The original English dub) are the first set of antagonists the Sailor Guardians encounter, who appear in the first arc of the manga and its adaptions. Established by Queen Beryl, its members mostly consist of brainwashed reincarnations of residents from the Golden Kingdom of Earth who aim to gather human energy and find the Silver Crystal to reawaken Queen Metaria, who was responsible for the destruction of

19642-561: The original English dub) are the main antagonists of the "Dream" arc of the manga and its adaptations. Led by Zirconia, they seek the Golden Crystal to release their ruler Queen Nehelenia from her mirror prison and take over Earth. Shadow Galactica ( シャドウ・ギャラクティカ , Shadō Gyarakutika ) are the main antagonists of the final arc of the manga and its adaptations. They are an organization of corrupted Sailor Guardians led by Sailor Galaxia, who devote themselves to stealing Star Seeds,

19803-408: The original English dub) are the main antagonists of the "Infinity" arc of the manga and its adaptions. Initially led by Kaolinite and Professor Souichi Tomoe before the resurrection of their true leader Mistress 9, they are human-alien hybrids seeking to bring the alien creature Pharaoh 90 to terraform Earth. The Dead Moon Circus ( デッド・ムーン・サーカス , Deddo Mūn Sākasu , called Dark Moon Circus in

19964-552: The original English dub) is a fourteen-year-old girl who is a student in Usagi's class. She excels at hand-to-hand combat and is rumored to have been expelled from her previous school for fighting. She is unusually tall and strong for a Japanese schoolgirl, and transforms into Sailor Jupiter, the Guardian of Thunder and Courage. Because her parents died in a plane crash years ago, she lives alone and takes care of herself. She cultivates her physical strength and domestic interests, including housekeeping , cooking and gardening. Her dream

20125-472: The other Guardians. Her theme color is orange . Chibiusa ( ちびうさ , Chibiusa , called "Rini" in the original English dub) is the future daughter of Neo-Queen Serenity and King Endymion in the 30th century. She later trains with Sailor Moon to become a Sailor Guardian in her own right, and learns to transform into Sailor Chibi Moon (known as "Sailor Mini Moon" in the English series). At times, she has an adversarial relationship with her mother, but as

20286-468: The other Sailor Guardians, deeming that Earth is not their responsibility. They survive several direct battles with Galaxia herself, and help Sailor Moon defeat Chaos to save Galaxia. Takeuchi expressed surprise at Toei Animation 's decision to make the Starlights lead characters in the anime adaptation, but was even more shocked by their treatment of their sex. In the Italian dub, instead of changing sex,

20447-471: The physical constituents of matter. Lorentz's equations predicted a quantity that he called local time , with which he could explain the aberration of light , the Fizeau experiment and other phenomena. Henri Poincaré was the first to combine space and time into spacetime. He argued in 1898 that the simultaneity of two events is a matter of convention. In 1900, he recognized that Lorentz's "local time"

20608-486: The postulate of relativity. While discussing various hypotheses on Lorentz invariant gravitation, he introduced the innovative concept of a 4-dimensional spacetime by defining various four vectors , namely four-position , four-velocity , and four-force . He did not pursue the 4-dimensional formalism in subsequent papers, however, stating that this line of research seemed to "entail great pain for limited profit", ultimately concluding "that three-dimensional language seems

20769-552: The process. Sailor Moon uses her power to purify the Tree and resurrect An, who, along with Ail and a reborn tree in the form of a small sapling, leave Earth for a better life. In Japanese, the Hell Tree is voiced by Taeko Nakanishi . In the English dub, it is voiced by Elizabeth Hanna in the DIC English adaptation and by Erin Fitzgerald in the Viz Media English adaptation. The Cardians ( カーディアン , Kādian ) are monsters of

20930-410: The production staff created rather than Takeuchi. Naoko Takeuchi initially wrote Codename: Sailor V , a one-shot manga that focused on Sailor Venus . When Toei Animation proposed it for an anime adaptation, Takeuchi changed the concept to include Sailor Venus as a part of a " sentai " (team of five) and created the characters of Sailors Moon, Mercury, Mars and Jupiter. The name "Sailor Senshi"

21091-614: The reason she appears to be distant and lonely at first). Likewise she doesn't display any personality traits associated with Scorpios despite being born under the sign; it seems to have been picked solely for its astrological significance. Also, according to Naoko Takeuchi's notes in the various artbooks, she mentions that "Setsuna wears hotpants as well at home, but basically she also likes long skirts" and that she believes "Setsuna should forever wear white clothes". The kanji of Setsuna's surname translates as "dark" ( 冥 , mei ) and "king" ( 王 , ō ) . Together, they constitute most of

21252-431: The scene in which Diana tells Sailor Pluto to go and help Chibiusa and the Sailor Guardians while she guards the Door of Time and Space made her tear up, stating: "Here was this tiny cat—who by her own admission has no powers and is too small to fight, offering to help however she could. It's moments like these that remind me why I love Sailor Moon so much." The Sailor Starlights ( セーラースターライツ , Sērā Sutāraitsu ) are

21413-489: The second story arc , she leaves the gates of time to temporarily live as a normal human, joins Sailors Uranus and Neptune , and becomes a university student studying physics . At this point, she gains the civilian identity "Setsuna Meioh" where previously it seems Pluto had none, unique among the ten main Solar System Guardians. The exact nature of how she leaves her post differs between versions: in

21574-449: The series progresses they develop a deep bond, with her wanting to grow up to become like her. Her theme color is light pink . Setsuna Meioh ( 冥王 せつな , Meiō Setsuna , called Trista Meioh in the original English dub) is a mysterious woman who initially appears as Sailor Pluto, the Guardian of Spacetime and Change . She has the duty of guarding the Space-Time Door against unauthorized travelers, but later appears on Earth living as

21735-413: The series progresses. Setsuna's primary identity is that of a Sailor Guardian. Her sailor suit theme colors are black and garnet and in its first iteration has no sleeves and a jewel hanging from the choker. These colors never change. During the manga's Black Moon arc, she is depicted with a chain of keys around her waist. This accessory is included in her Sailor Moon Crystal character design, but

21896-475: The song Onna no Ronsou ("Woman's Conflicts"). In the manga and Crystal , it can only be inferred from depictions of Pluto blushing while around King Endymion and her reaction when he runs to comfort her during her death. Various situations in the musicals have shown Pluto's unrequited love; for example, Tuxedo Mask's actor, Yūta Mochizuki being leaned on by the actress of Sailor Pluto, Rei Saitou, and commenting on his new year's resolution: to be by Pluto's side. It

22057-432: The source of all her power, which becomes especially important in the fifth story arc . It is given to her by Sailor Saturn . The statistics listed for Setsuna in the back of manga volume 10 are unusual in that most of them never come up in the series itself. Her favorite school subject is given as physics , which tracks with her stated college major in theoretical physics , and the love of green tea attributed to her

22218-733: The spacetime interval d s ′ {\displaystyle ds'} can be written in a same form as above. Because of the constancy of speed of light, the light events in all inertial frames belong to zero interval, d s = d s ′ = 0 {\displaystyle ds=ds'=0} . For any other infinitesimal event where d s ≠ 0 {\displaystyle ds\neq 0} , one can prove that d s 2 = d s ′ 2 {\displaystyle ds^{2}=ds'^{2}} which in turn upon integration leads to s = s ′ {\displaystyle s=s'} . The invariance of

22379-584: The spacetime interval between the same events for all inertial frames of reference is one of the fundamental results of special theory of relativity. Although for brevity, one frequently sees interval expressions expressed without deltas, including in most of the following discussion, it should be understood that in general, x {\displaystyle x} means Δ x {\displaystyle \Delta {x}} , etc. We are always concerned with differences of spatial or temporal coordinate values belonging to two events, and since there

22540-416: The spacetime interval between two events on the world line of something moving at the speed of light is zero. Such an interval is termed lightlike or null . A photon arriving in our eye from a distant star will not have aged, despite having (from our perspective) spent years in its passage. A spacetime diagram is typically drawn with only a single space and a single time coordinate. Fig. 2-1 presents

22701-436: The speed of light, their world lines have a slope of ±1. In other words, every meter that a photon travels to the left or right requires approximately 3.3 nanoseconds of time. To gain insight in how spacetime coordinates measured by observers in different reference frames compare with each other, it is useful to work with a simplified setup with frames in a standard configuration. With care, this allows simplification of

22862-402: The state of electrodynamics after Michelson's disruptive experiments at least since the summer of 1905, when Minkowski and David Hilbert led an advanced seminar attended by notable physicists of the time to study the papers of Lorentz, Poincaré et al. Minkowski saw Einstein's work as an extension of Lorentz's, and was most directly influenced by Poincaré. On 5 November 1907 (a little more than

23023-490: The study of music , yet all of these things are delineated by Takeuchi well after the character's introduction. In fact, almost nothing about her personal life or interests is ever revealed. It is not even clear whether she has a civilian history at all, as time travel and multiple deaths and reincarnations complicate any backstory. Her devotion to the life of a Sailor Guardian, too, may have cut her off from worldly dreams, as it did with Sailors Uranus and Neptune (which may be

23184-516: The team has six members, as the Three Lights summon their twin sisters instead of transforming, as the original depiction was very controversial in Italy . The Starlights are featured in several of the Sailor Moon musicals ( Sailor Stars , Eien Densetsu , and their revised editions, as well as Ryuusei Densetsu , Kakyuu-Ouhi Kourin and Le Mouvement Final). Despite being portrayed by women, it

23345-475: The turn of the 20th century, the assumption had been that the three-dimensional geometry of the universe (its description in terms of locations, shapes, distances, and directions) was distinct from time (the measurement of when events occur within the universe). However, space and time took on new meanings with the Lorentz transformation and special theory of relativity . In 1908, Hermann Minkowski presented

23506-447: The two groups separate. Later, Setsuna joins the Sailor Guardians in investigating the true identity of ChibiChibi . Sailor Pluto has additional, less cited spheres of dominion in her manga and Crystal incarnation, influences that are vaguely suggested in the anime, but never made explicit. Sailor Pluto is much darker in the black-and-white manga than in color illustrations and both anime series (something which has not gone unnoticed by

23667-447: The viewpoint of observer O. Since S and S′ are in standard configuration, their origins coincide at times t  = 0 in frame S and t ′ = 0 in frame S′. The ct ′ axis passes through the events in frame S′ which have x ′ = 0. But the points with x ′ = 0 are moving in the x -direction of frame S with velocity v , so that they are not coincident with the ct axis at any time other than zero. Therefore,

23828-406: The week Ail and An use to obtain energy to revive the Hell Tree. They are kept in cards until Ail summons them by playing a tune on his flute, causing it to come alive. When a Cardian is destroyed, it changes back into its card form and the picture of it on the card fades to black. The Black Moon Clan ( ブラック・ムーン一族 , Burakku Mūn Ichizoku , called Negamoon Family in the original English dub) are

23989-406: The whole ensemble of clocks associated with one inertial frame of reference. In this idealized case, every point in space has a clock associated with it, and thus the clocks register each event instantly, with no time delay between an event and its recording. A real observer, will see a delay between the emission of a signal and its detection due to the speed of light. To synchronize the clocks, in

24150-572: Was absent from the first anime. She is given specific titles throughout the various series, including Guardian of Change, Guardian of Revolution, Guardian of the Afterlife, and, most commonly, Guardian of Time. Her personality is not noticeably different in civilian form, much like the other Sailor Guardians seen. Sailor Pluto has power over both time and space and is ordinarily stationed at the Space-Time Door (a time travelling gate) to prevent its use. When charged with this duty by Queen Serenity , she

24311-657: Was also prominent in Codename: Sailor V . In Act 55 of the manga, Sailor Tin Nyanko , a false Guardian from Mau, attacks them. Artemis calls it a peace-loving world, but Tin Nyanko informs him that Sailor Galaxia wiped out its people after he and Luna left. She blasts them on their crescent moon symbols and they turn into ordinary cats, unable to speak. Later, as they care for the cats, Princess Kakyuu informs Usagi that they have powerful Star Seeds which are as brilliant as Sailor Crystals. In Act 56, they are brought to

24472-555: Was exactly what was necessary to explain the negative results of the Michelson–Morley experiment. No length changes occur in directions transverse to the direction of motion. By 1904, Lorentz had expanded his theory such that he had arrived at equations formally identical with those that Einstein was to derive later, i.e. the Lorentz transformation . As a theory of dynamics (the study of forces and torques and their effect on motion), his theory assumed actual physical deformations of

24633-433: Was fifth. In early 1996, with fifty one choices, Setsuna was the twenty-ninth most popular character and Pluto was the twenty-first. In her reviews of the second season of Sailor Moon Crystal , IGN writer Meghan Sullivan considered the introduction of Sailor Pluto as one of the exciting twists of Act 19, noting that she takes her duties as a Sailor Guardian so seriously, "she's willing to kill her own allies just to protect

24794-471: Was given three " taboos ", rules which she was forbidden to disobey: she must not travel through time, she must not abandon her post at the Door, and she must never cause time to stop. If she does stop time, her life is forfeit. Throughout the course of the series, Sailor Pluto breaks all three of these rules. As she grows stronger, Sailor Pluto gains additional powers and at key points her uniform changes to reflect this. The first change takes place in act 44 of

24955-460: Was going to happen". Nonetheless, she enjoyed watching the younger Pluto taking her duties seriously. Finally, the author said that the penultime episode of the season should not be named "Showdown, Death Phantom " but "Heroine, Sailor Pluto", since she "knew she was going to die once she left the Space-Time door and used her Garnet Rod to stop time, but she didn't care. All she could think about

25116-488: Was in the manga and the writers felt the need to include it, despite the circumstances not being as dire and heart-wrenching. Unlike Sailor Neptune and Sailor Uranus, she is sympathetic toward the Inners and assists them on several occasions. During the second story arc, she allows them to travel through time even though this is not ordinarily allowed. In the third story arc, she often extends help or advice to Sailor Moon and her companions even when Sailors Uranus and Neptune want

25277-501: Was instead called Trista (while her last name was kept as Meioh). In the Japanese dub of the first anime, she is voiced by Chiyoko Kawashima . In the Japanese dub of Crystal and all media since, she is voiced by Ai Maeda . In the stage musicals , Setsuna has been portrayed by Miwa Hosoki, Rei Saitou, Yuki Kamiya, Seiko Nakazawa, Teruyo Watanabe, Yuko Hosaka, Yukiko Nakae, Miho Yokoi, Mikako Ishii and Chisato Minami . In one show, Usagi * Ai no Senshi e no Michi , she appeared only as

25438-536: Was less than the sum of the speed of light in air plus the speed of the water by an amount dependent on the water's index of refraction. Among other issues, the dependence of the partial aether-dragging implied by this experiment on the index of refraction (which is dependent on wavelength) led to the unpalatable conclusion that aether simultaneously flows at different speeds for different colors of light. The Michelson–Morley experiment of 1887 (Fig. 1-2) showed no differential influence of Earth's motions through

25599-544: Was named "Eternal Sailor Pluto". In Silver Millennium, Sailor Pluto was also the princess of her home world. She was among those given the duty of protecting the Solar System from outside invasion. As Princess Pluto, she dwelt in Charon Castle and wore a black gown—she appears in this form in manga act 48 as well as in supplementary art. Setsuna is not shown using any special powers while in civilian form. She must first transform by either raising her hand or using

25760-551: Was saving her friends from eminent [ sic ] destruction." Sullivan also praised the voice acting of Ai Maeda during the episode. Spacetime In physics , spacetime , also called the space-time continuum , is a mathematical model that fuses the three dimensions of space and the one dimension of time into a single four-dimensional continuum . Spacetime diagrams are useful in visualizing and understanding relativistic effects, such as how different observers perceive where and when events occur. Until

25921-414: Was then assumed to require the existence of a waving medium; in the case of light waves, this was considered to be a hypothetical luminiferous aether . The various attempts to establish the properties of this hypothetical medium yielded contradictory results. For example, the Fizeau experiment of 1851, conducted by French physicist Hippolyte Fizeau , demonstrated that the speed of light in flowing water

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