Misplaced Pages

#554445

86-830: The Sriram Sagar Project is also known as the Pochampadu Project is an Indian flood-flow project on the Godavari . The Project is located in Nizamabad district , 3 km away from National Highway 44 . It has been described by The Hindu as a "lifeline for a large part of Telangana ". Sriramsagar is an irrigation project across river Godavari in Telangana to serve irrigational needs in Karimnagar , Warangal , Adilabad , Nizamabad , and Khammam districts. It also provides drinking water to Warangal city. There

172-501: A Sanskrit sloka as follow: tulyātreyī bharadvāja gautamī vṛddhagautamī kauśikīca vaśiṣṭhaaca tathā sāgaraṃ gataḥ (Godavari becomes) Tulya, Ātreyi, Bharadvāja, Gautamī, Vṛddhagautamī, Kauśikī and Vaśiṣṭhaa and then passes into sea. Together they are referred as Sapta Godavari and the Godavari river before splitting is referred as Akhanda Godavari . However, there exists another eight mouth named as Vainateyam , which

258-485: A coverage area of 312,812 km (120,777 sq mi), which is nearly one-tenth of the area of India and is equivalent to the area of the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland put together. The river basin is considered to be divided into 3 sections: These put together account for 24.2% of the total basin area. The rivers annual average water inflows are nearly 110 billion cubic metres. Nearly 50% of

344-562: A fallout of dam construction. Said to further epitomise the insensitivity towards Godavari, is the Polavaram Project which is touted to be gigantic – both in terms of size and violations. Deemed as being pointless and politically driven, the project raises questions about environmental clearance, displacement of upstream human habitations, loss of forest cover, technicalities in the dam design which are said to play down flood threats and unsafe embankments. High alkalinity water

430-687: A second large affluent, brings considerable increase to the waters of the Godavari. The river begins its southeasterly course characteristic of rivers of the Deccan Plateau . The river exits the Niphad Taluka of Nashik and enters the Kopargaon taluka , Ahmednagar District . Within Ahmednagar District the river quickly completes its short course, flowing alongside the town of Kopargaon and reaching Puntamba . Beyond this,

516-629: A severe decline in vegetation coverage. Such phenomena indicate intensified deforestation and soil/rock erosion in the Deccan Plateau producing higher ferrimagnetic mineral inputs, which is in agreement with significant expansion of agricultural activities in the Deccan Chalcolithic cultural period. The Godavari River basin is endowed with rich mineral deposits such as oil and gas, coal, iron, limestone , manganese, copper, bauxite , granite, laterite , and others. The following are

602-428: A source of Ca ions to replace the sodium at the exchange complex. Gypsum also reacts with sodium carbonate to convert into sodium sulphate which is a neutral salt and does not contribute to high pH. There must be enough natural drainage to the underground, or else an artificial subsurface drainage system must be present, to permit leaching of the excess sodium by percolation of rain and/or irrigation water through

688-471: A state border with Maharashtra only to later enter into Bhadradri Kothagudem district . In this district, the river flows through an important Hindu pilgrimage town – Bhadrachalam . The river further swells after receiving a minor tributary Kinnerasani River and exits into Andhra Pradesh . Within the state of Andhra Pradesh , the river flows through hilly terrain of the Eastern Ghats known as

774-653: A state boundary separating the Mancherial , Telangana from Gadchiroli , Maharashtra. At the state border, it runs between Sironcha and Somnoor Sangam receiving one tributary at each of those nodal points – the Pranhita and subsequently the Indravati . Godavari enters into Telangana in Nizamabad district at Kandakurthy where Manjira, Haridra rivers joins Godavari and forms Triveni Sangamam. The river flows along

860-711: Is sodium chloride ), but they do not have a very high pH nor a poor infiltration rate. Upon leaching they are usually not converted into a (sodic) alkali soil as the Na ions are easily removed. Therefore, saline (sodic) soils mostly do not need gypsum applications for their reclamation. Since 1990s, research and experimentation have been conducted in China and elsewhere for remediation and utilization of alkali land via combined agriculture and aquaculture practices, with considerable success and experiences. Aquaculture technology of utilizing inland saline-alkali water for seafood production

946-461: Is a hydroelectric plant working at the dam site, with 4 turbines each with 9 MW capacity generating 36 MW. Irrigation in drought prone Telangana has existed for a few hundred years in small areas served by locally constructed village tanks. from 1942 to 1951, the erst while Government of Hyderabad submitted a scheme to Government of India, Planning Commission with a dam Proposal at Pochampadu village on river Godavari and Dams on its tributaries namely

SECTION 10

#1732779687555

1032-619: Is a local legend saying the Injaram and Patha (Old) Injaram (now on the other bank of Gautami river within Island Polavalam mandal of Konaseema district ) were split by Godavari river. Thus the Godavari passing between these two now referred as Gautami and the old passage being referred as Vriddha Gautami. In early British records, the Injaram Paragana (district) was counted along with Muramalla village (now located on

1118-591: Is able to reduce/leach the soil salts to comfortable levels if proper rainwater harvesting methods are followed. In some agricultural areas, the use of subsurface "tile lines" are used to facilitate drainage and leach salts. Continuous drip irrigation would lead to alkali soils formation in the absence of leaching / drainage water from the field. It is also possible to reclaim alkaline soils by adding acidifying minerals like pyrite or cheaper alum or aluminium sulfate . Alternatively, gypsum ( calcium sulfate , CaSO 4 · 2 H 2 O ) can also be applied as

1204-474: Is also used to reduce the soil alkalinity / salinity primarily. The ammonium ( NH 4 ) cation produced by urea hydrolysis which is a strongly sorbing cation exchanges with the weakly sorbing Na cation from the soil structure and Na is released into water. Thus alkali soils adsorb / consume more urea compared to other soils. To reclaim the soils completely one needs prohibitively high doses of amendments. Most efforts are therefore directed to improving

1290-482: Is becoming mature, covering wide-range of seafood species including shrimps, crabs, shellfish and fish such as sea bass and grouper. In recent years, aquaculture (or salt-alkali land aquaculture ) has been recommended by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China as a successful model for the transformation and utilization of saline-alkali land. FAO noted in a recent newsletter that alkaline land

1376-594: Is constructed across the Indravati river to divert Indravati water in to Sabari river for enhanced hydropower generation. Before merging into the Bay of Bengal, the Godavari has seven mouths in total and is considered sacred by local Hindus. As per their traditional belief, the holy waters of the Godavari are said to have been brought from the head of Shiva by the Rishi Gautama , and the seven branches by which it

1462-516: Is converting soils in to unproductive sodic alkali soils . The following are the few coal fired power stations located in the river basin: One of the ships of the Indian Navy has been named INS Godavari after the river. Godavari is also the codename of some variants of AMD APU chips. Alkali soil The causes of soil alkalinity can be natural or man-made: Alkaline soils are difficult to take into agricultural production. Due to

1548-550: Is created to utilize 140 tmc water. Stage II of this project is under advanced stage of construction to irrigate 440,000 acres (180,000 ha) using 25 tmc water. The flood flow canal project is also under implementation to irrigate 200,000 acres (81,000 ha) using 20 tmcft water available at Pochampadu dam site. The live storage capacity of SS dam is limited to 90 tmcft to reduce submergence area in Maharashtra up to FRL level 1,091 feet (333 m) above mean sea level as per

1634-503: Is discharged from the ash dump areas of many coal fired power stations into the river which further increases the alkalinity of the river water whose water is naturally of high alkalinity since the river basin is draining vast area of basalt formations. This problem aggravates during the lean flow months in entire river basin. Already the Godavari basin area in Telangana is suffering from high alkalinity and salinity water problem which

1720-554: Is impounded by the Vishnupuri Dam and thus with it, bringing Asia's largest lift irrigation projects to life. A little downstream from Nanded, the river receives Asna, a small stream, on its left bank. It then runs into the controversial Babli project soon ends its course within Maharashtra , albeit temporarily, at its merger with a major tributary – Manjira . The river after flowing into Telangana, re-emerges to run as

1806-672: Is in Tirthālamondi (now bordering Savithri Nagar of Yanam and before a Hamlet of Guttenadivi ) and the traditional Kauśika mouth is located at Rameswaram, a hamlet of Samathakurru village in Allavaram Mandal of Konaseema district. Traditional mouth of Jamadagni is not known and people instead take bath in the Vriddha Gautami branch at Kundaleswaram village in Katrenikona Mandal of Konaseema district. There

SECTION 20

#1732779687555

1892-518: Is increased as illustrated in the same figure. Na is more mobile and has a smaller electric charge than Ca so that the thickness of the DDL increases as more sodium ions occupy it. The DDL thickness is also influenced by the total concentration of ions in the soil moisture in the sense that higher concentrations cause the DDL zone to shrink. Clay particles with considerable ESP (> 16), in contact with non-saline soil moisture have an expanded DDL zone and

1978-640: Is locally referred as Chollangi Amavasya . That place where the river branch merges with sea is referred as Tulya Sāgara Sangamam . Secondly, they take bath in Coringa village in the Coringa river which is considered as Atreya branch of Godavari and the holy bathing place is called as Atreya Sāgara Sangamam . After bathing at different banks of the other branches the pilgrimage ends by bathing near Narsapuram or Antarvedi . Sites of pilgrimage include: The following are few other wildlife sanctuaries located in

2064-467: Is located in Maharashtra . This project is also locally known as Khustapuram dam. The Khustapuram project proposal was first mooted/investigated by erstwhile Hyderabad state under Nizam rule to utilize 227 tmcft of upper Godavari river water. This dam site is located in the Nizamabad district of Telangana State after the confluence of Manjira river with Godavari. Under stage I of this project nearly 1 million acres (400,000 ha) irrigation facility

2150-446: Is not one of these traditional seven mouths and is supposed to have been created by a rishi of that name who stole a part of Vasisththa branch. Godavari was frequently referred as Ganga or Ganges by ancient Indian writings. However, the original branches of Kauśika , Bhardwaja and Jamadagni does not exist any longer and the pilgrims bathe in the sea at the spots where they are supposed to have been. The traditional Bharadwāja mouth

2236-409: Is that the former types of clay have larger specific surface areas ( i.e. the surface area of the soil particles divided by their volume) and higher cation exchange capacity (CEC). The quality of the irrigation water in relation to the alkalinity hazard is expressed by the following two indexes: which must not be much higher than 1 and preferably less than 0.5. The above expression recognizes

2322-496: Is the biggest hydro power station which diverts Godavari River water to the Mahanadi River basin. The following is the list of hydro electric power stations excluding small and medium installations. Nearly 2490 tmcft of water has gone waste to the sea on average in a water year from 1 June 2003 to 31 May 2022 (19 years). The yearly water unutilized is given below There is least possibility to construct new reservoirs in

2408-597: Is to cultivate glasswort or saltwort or barilla plants. These plants sequester the sodium carbonate they absorb from alkali soil into their tissues. The ash of these plants contains good quantity of sodium carbonate which can be commercially extracted and used in place of sodium carbonate derived from common salt which is highly energy intensive process. Thus alkali lands deterioration can be checked by cultivating barilla plants which can serve as food source, biomass fuel and raw material for soda ash and potash , etc. Saline soils are mostly also sodic (the predominant salt

2494-543: Is traditionally supposed to have reached the sea are said have been made by seven great rishis known as Sapta Rishis . Thus, they are named after these seven great rishis and are named as Tulyabhāga (Tulya or Kaśyapa ), Ātreya ( Atri ), Gautamī ( Gautama ), Jamadagni (now replaced by Vṛddhagautamī i.e. Old Gautami), Bhardvāja ( Bharadvaja ), Kauśika ( Visvamitra ) and Vaśișțha ( Vasishtha ). So bathing in these mouths are considered an act of great religious efficacy by native Hindus. These mouths are remembered by

2580-583: The Arabian Sea . It flows for 1,465 km (910 mi), first eastwards across the Deccan Plateau then turns southeast, entering the Eluru district and Alluri Sitharama Raju district of Andhra Pradesh, until it splits into two distributaries that widen into a large river delta at Dhavaleshwaram Barrage in Rajamahendravaram and then flows into the Bay of Bengal. The Godavari River has

2666-671: The Nizam Sagar reservoir. Purna is a prime river in the water scarce Marathwada region of Maharashtra . Drainage basin of the Godavari Other than these seven principal tributaries, it has many smaller but significant ones draining into it. Indravati river floodwaters overflow into the Jouranala which is part of Sabari basin. A barrage at 19°7′19″N 82°14′9″E  /  19.12194°N 82.23583°E  / 19.12194; 82.23583  ( Jouranala barrage )

Sriram Sagar Project - Misplaced Pages Continue

2752-576: The Papi hills which explains the narrowing of its bed as it flows through a gorge for a few km, only to re-widen at Polavaram . The deepest bed level of a submarine plunge pool in Godavari River, located 36 km upstream of Polavaram dam, is at 45 meters below the sea level. Before crossing the Papi hills, it receives its last major tributary Sabari River on its left bank. The river upon reaching

2838-516: The Purna , Pranhita , Indravati , and Sabari River , covering nearly 59.7% of the total catchment area of the basin. The right bank tributaries Pravara , Manjira , and Manair contribute 16.1% of the basin. The Pranhita River is the largest tributary of the Godavari River, covering about 34% of its drainage basin. Though the river proper flows only for 113 km (70 mi), by virtue of its extensive tributaries Wardha , Wainganga , Penganga ,

2924-564: The Pushkaram fair is held on the banks of the river. A legend has it that the sage Gautama lived in the Brahmagiri Hills at Tryambakeshwar with his wife Ahalya . The couple lived the rest of their lives in the then village called Govuru , now known as Kovvur ("cow") since British rule. Ahalya lived in a nearby place called Thagami (now Thogummi ). The sage, as a reason for the practice of annadanam ("giving away food" to

3010-428: The soil profile . Calcium chloride is also used to reclaim alkali soils. CaCl 2 converts Na 2 CO 3 into NaCl precipitating CaCO 3 . NaCl is drained off by leaching water. Calcium nitrate has a similar effect, with NaNO 3 in the leachate. Spent acid (HCl, H 2 SO 4 , etc.) can also be used to reduce the excess Na 2 CO 3 in the soil/water. Where urea is made available cheaply to farmers, it

3096-510: The Kaddam and Manair Rivers. The Pochampadu site was located 54.50 km below the entry point of Godavari River into AP Territory (now Telangana). The Project was further revised in the year 1958. The foundation was laid on 26 July 1963 by the late Jawaharlal Nehru , first Prime Minister of India. The Pochampadu Project was cleared by the planning commission and Central Water Commission, vide Lr. No. NPII-2(13)/1964, I&P Dt: 07.08.1964 for

3182-693: The Vasishta splits into two branches named Vasishta and Vainateya. These four branches which join the Bay of Bengal at different places, form a delta of length 170 km (110 mi) along the coast of the Bay of Bengal and is called the Konaseema region. This delta along with the delta of the Krishna River is called the Rice Granary of South India . The Gautami which is the largest branch of

3268-502: The above chemical reaction. The remaining sodium carbonate, and hence the presence of CO 3 ions, causes CaCO 3 (which is only slightly soluble) to precipitate as solid calcium carbonate (limestone), because the product of the CO 3 concentration and the Ca concentration exceeds the allowable limit. Hence, the calcium ions Ca are immobilized. The presence of abundant Na ions in

3354-441: The adjusted SAR for calculating water sodicity. Alkaline soils with solid CaCO 3 can be reclaimed with grass cultures , organic compost, waste hair / feathers, organic garbage, waste paper, rejected lemons/oranges, etc. ensuring the incorporation of much acidifying material (inorganic or organic material ) into the soil, and enhancing dissolved Ca in the field water by releasing CO 2 gas. Deep ploughing and incorporating

3440-505: The agreement between Maharashtra and Telangana. In the catchment area of this dam, Maharashtra has constructed many medium and minor irrigation projects in excess of its water use entitlements under Godavari Water Disputes Tribunal ( GWDT ). In last nine years, the dependable water availability has reduced to 33% (i.e. adequate water is available once in three years) against the designed dependability of 75% under GWDT. This major irrigation project has become many years unproductive / idle in

3526-542: The border between Nirmal and Mancherial districts in the north and Nizamabad , Jagtial , Peddapalli districts to its south. About 12 km (7.5 mi) after entering Telangana it merges with the back waters of the Sriram Sagar Dam . The river after emerging through the dam gates, enjoys a wide river bed, often splitting to encase sandy islands. The river receives a minor but significant tributary Kadam river . It then emerges at its eastern side to act as

Sriram Sagar Project - Misplaced Pages Continue

3612-401: The calcareous subsoil into the top soil also helps. Many times salts' migration to the top soil takes place from the underground water sources rather than surface sources. Where the underground water table is high and the land is subjected to high solar radiation, ground water oozes to the land surface due to capillary action and gets evaporated leaving the dissolved salts in the top layer of

3698-465: The confluence with Pranhita tributary is dammed fully to utilize the available water for irrigation. However, its main tributaries Pranhita, Indravati and Sabari which join in the lower reaches of the basin, carry three times more water compared to main Godavari. In 2015, the water surplus Godavari River is linked to the water deficit Krishna River by commissioning the Polavaram right bank canal with

3784-596: The construction of reservoir across Godavari River, Pochampadu Village Adilabad. which is about 5 km upstream of Soan Bridge on Hyderabad- Nagpur National highway No 7 to irrigate 5.7 Lakh Acres up to Manair valley under right bank canal named as Kakatiya Canal. The Administrative sanction for the Pochamopadu was accorded by the Government of Andhra Pradesh vide G.O. Ms. No 361 (PWD Irrigation Project wing) Dt 27.11.1964 for Rs, 40.10 Crores with SSR 1963–64. Water

3870-639: The cow. Shiva was pleased with the sage and diverted the Ganges, which washed away the cow and gave rise to the Godavari River in Nashik. The water stream flowed past Kovvur and ultimately merged with the Bay of Bengal. In olden days a pilgrimage named as sapta sāgara yātra was made by those desirous of offspring along the banks of the holy waters from the seven mouths. It starts with holy bathing at Tulyabhaga river at Chollangi village on Amavasya during Krishna Paksha of Pushya month as per Hindu calendar. That day

3956-623: The dam, some 8 km (5.0 mi) upstream from Nashik, flows on a rocky bed undulated by a series of chasms and rocky ledges, resulting in the formation of two significant waterfalls – the Gangapur and the Someshwar waterfalls. The latter, located at Someshwar is more popularly known as the Dudhsagar Waterfall. About 10 km (6.2 mi) east of Gangapur the river passes the town of Nashik where it collects its effluents in

4042-552: The delta is at a greater risk as the rate of sediment aggradation (raising the level of the delta through sediment deposition) no longer exceeds relative sea level rise . It further states that the suspended sediment load at the delta has reduced from 150·2 million tons during 1970–1979 to 57·2 million tons by 2000–2006, which translates into a three-fold decline in the past 4 decades. Impacts of this can be seen in destroyed villages like Uppada in Godavari delta, destruction of Mangrove forests and fragmentation of shoreline – possibly

4128-514: The delta regions and possibly in the Bay of Bengal off the Godavari, therefore, can be related to the intensive chemical weathering in the Deccan basalts. Abrupt increase in δ C values and decrease in TOC content accompanied with a significant increase in ferrimagnetic mineral concentration in Bay of Bengal sediments from ~3.2 to 3.1 cal. ka BP reflected a shift of organic carbon and sediment source and

4214-439: The equilibrium between calcium carbonate and dissolved carbon dioxide are in equilibrium in soil solution. H 2 CO 3 ( carbonic acid ) is unstable and produces H 2 O (water) and CO 2 ( carbon dioxide gas, escaping into the atmosphere). This explains the remaining alkalinity (or rather basicity ) in the form of soluble sodium hydroxide and the high pH or low pOH . Not all the dissolved sodium carbonate undergoes

4300-409: The equilibrium of carbonate-bicarbonate-carbon dioxide. The above reactions are similar to the dissolution of calcium carbonate , the solubility of the two salts being the only difference. Na 2 CO 3 is about 78 000 times more soluble than CaCO 3 , so it can dissolve far larger amounts of CO 3 , thus rising the pH to values higher than 8.5, which is above the maximum attainable pH when

4386-417: The few noted deposits: The frequent drying up of the Godavari River in the drier months has been a matter of great concern. Indiscriminate damming along the river has been cited as an obvious reason. Within Maharashtra sugarcane irrigation has been blamed as one of the foremost causes. In 2013, the river was at its all-time low in the Nizamabad district of Telangana. This had hit the growth of fish, making

SECTION 50

#1732779687555

4472-403: The field soon after cutting the crop is also advised to prevent salt migration to the top soil and conserve the soil moisture during the intense summer months. This is done to break the capillary pores in the soil to prevent water reaching the surface of the soil. Clay soils in high annual rain fall (more than 100 cm) areas do not generally suffer from high alkalinity as the rain water runoff

4558-476: The form of the river Nasardi on its right bank. About 0.5 km (0.31 mi) south of Nashik, the river bends sharply to the east, washing the base of a high cliff formerly the site of a Mughal fort, but which is now being eroded away by the action of floods. About 25 km (16 mi) below Nashik is the confluence of the Godavari and one of its tributaries, the Darna . The stream occupies, for nine months in

4644-573: The gates of Babhali barrage remain lifted during the monsoon season, i.e., 1 July to 28 October and there is no obstruction to the natural flow of Godavari river during monsoon season below the three dams (Paithan, Siddheshwar and Nizamsagar dams) mentioned in Clause II (i) of the GWDT agreement dated 06.10.1975 towards Pochampad dam. Thus Pochampadu reservoir is accorded first priority over any other reservoir (major, medium, minor, barrage, etc.) to receive

4730-588: The help of Pattiseema lift scheme to augment water availability to the Prakasam Barrage located in Andhra Pradesh. More dams are constructed in the Godavari River basin than in any other river basin of India. The following are the few dams located in the river basin: The Godavari River in Maharashtra is one of the rivers whose water energy is least harnessed for generating hydro electricity. The 600 MW capacity Upper Indravati hydro power station

4816-647: The largest river basins in the Indian subcontinent , with only the Ganga and Indus rivers having a larger drainage basin. In terms of length, catchment area and discharge, the Godavari is the largest in peninsular India, and had been dubbed as the Dakshina Ganga (Southern Ganges ). The river has been revered in Hindu scriptures for many millennia and continues to harbour and nourish a rich cultural heritage . In

4902-416: The largest sediment load among the peninsular rivers and the majority of the mass transfer in Godavari occurs during the monsoon. Mineral magnetic studies of the Godavari River sediments suggest that the floodplains in the entire stretch of the river are characterized by a Deccan basalt source. The bed loads on the other hand are of sourced from local bedrock. Influx of Deccan source in the Godavari River up to

4988-446: The last decade. Due to complete utilization of river water in the upstream river basin area, the water quality in the reservoir has high alkalinity and salinity which is unsafe for human and cattle consumption. Also the ground water in the lower reaches of Pochampadu dam catchment area would gradually turn unsuitable for irrigation and human consumption. Supreme court verdict (section 83 ii b) on Babli Project dispute stipulated that

5074-492: The life of fishermen miserable. The water-level was so low that people could easily walk into the middle of the river. Shortage in rainfall and closure of the controversial Babli project gates in Maharashtra was thought to have affected the water flow in the river and water availability to the Sriram Sagar Project except during above 20% excess monsoon (i.e. one out of four years) years. A study has found that

5160-424: The low infiltration capacity , rain water stagnates on the soil easily and, in dry periods, cultivation is hardly possible without copious irrigated water and good drainage. Agriculture is limited to crops tolerant to surface waterlogging (e.g. rice , grass) and the productivity is lower. Soil alkalinity is associated with the presence of sodium carbonate (Na 2 CO 3 ) or sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO 3 ) in

5246-433: The needy), started cultivating rice crops and other crops. Once, the god Ganesha , on the wish of the sages, sent a miraculous cow mayadhenu , which resembled a normal cow. It entered the sage's abode and started spoiling the rice while he was meditating. Since cattle is sacred to Hindus and treated with respect, he put the darbha grass on the cow. But, to his surprise, it fell dead. Seeing what happened before their eyes,

SECTION 60

#1732779687555

5332-462: The other side of Gautami within Island Polavalam mandal) and said to have comprised 22 villages. Traditional The river is sacred to Hindus and has several places on its banks that have been places of pilgrimage for thousands of years. Amongst the huge numbers of people who have bathed in her waters as a rite of cleansing are said to have been the deity Baladeva 5000 years ago and the saint Chaitanya Mahaprabhu 500 years ago. Every twelve years,

5418-607: The past few decades, the river has been barricaded by several barrages and dams , keeping a head of water (depth) which lowers evaporation. Its broad river delta houses 729 persons/km – nearly twice the Indian average population density and has a substantial risk of flooding, which in lower parts would be exacerbated if the global sea level were to rise. The Godavari originates in the Western Ghats of central India near Nashik in Maharashtra , 80 km (50 mi) from

5504-571: The plains begins to widen out until it reaches Rajamahendravaram . Arma Konda (1,680 m (5,510 ft)) is the highest peak in the Godavari river basin as well as in Eastern Ghats. Dowleswaram Barrage was constructed across the river in Rajamahendravaram. At Rajamahendravaram, the Godavari splits into two large branches which are called Gautami (Gautami Godavari) and Vasishta Godavari and five smaller branches. Similarly,

5590-408: The plants from water stress and leaf burns. Where the ground water quality is not alkaline / saline and ground water table is high, salts build up in the soil can be averted by using the land throughout the year for growing plantation trees / permanent crops with the help of lift irrigation. When the ground water is used at required leaching factor , the salts in the soil would not build up. Plowing

5676-425: The presence of bicarbonates ( HCO 3 ), the form in which most carbonates are dissolved. While calculating SAR and RSC, the water quality present at the root zone of the crop should be considered which would take into account the leaching factor in the field. The partial pressure of dissolved CO 2 at the plants root zone also decides the calcium present in dissolved form in the field water. USDA follows

5762-508: The river basin area due to land submergence and displacement of population. However, a freshwater coastal reservoir , located on the adjacent sea, with adequate storage capacity (nearly 29 billion m ) is economically feasible to harness the remaining unutilized water in the river. The primary and initial catchment of the Godavari drainage basin is largely represented by the basalt of the Deccan Volcanic Province (~50% of

5848-492: The river basin: Duduma Waterfalls is 175 metres (574 ft) high and one of the highest waterfalls in southern India. It is located on the Sileru River which forms boundary between Andhra Pradesh and Odisha states. The following are a few other waterfalls located in the river basin: There are 4 bridges spanning the river between East Godavari and West Godavari districts. Details: The main Godavari River up to

5934-448: The river serves as a natural boundary between the following districts: The river beyond, near the village Sonpeth, flows into Parbhani . In Parbhani district, the river flows through Gangakhed taluka. As mentioned above, the Godavari is also called Dakshinganga so the city is called as Gangakhed (meaning a village on the bank of Ganga). As per Hindu rituals this place is considered quite important for after death peace to flow ashes into

6020-418: The river. Its course is relatively non-significant except for receiving two smaller streams – Indrayani and Masuli – merging at its left and right banks, respectively. Within the last taluka of the district Parbhani, Purna , the river drains a major tributary of the same name: Purna . It then exits into the neighbouring district of Nanded where 10 km (6.2 mi) before reaching the town Nanded, it

6106-419: The sages and their wives cried out, "We thought that Gautama-maharishi is a righteous man, but he committed bovicide (killing of a cow or cattle)!". The sage wished to atone for this grievous sin. Therefore, he went to Nashik and observed tapas (penance) to propitiate Tryambakeshvara (a manifestation of the god Shiva), on the advice of the sages, praying for atonement and asking him to make the Ganges flow over

6192-446: The soil solution and the precipitation of Ca ions as a solid mineral causes the clay particles, which have negative electric charges along their surfaces, to adsorb more Na in the diffuse adsorption zone (DAZ, also more commonly called diffuse double layer (DDL), or electrical double layer (EDL), see the corresponding figure) and, in exchange, release previously adsorbed Ca , by which their exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP)

6278-645: The soil swells ( dispersion ). The phenomenon results in deterioration of the soil structure , and especially crust formation and compaction of the top layer. Hence the infiltration capacity of the soil and the water availability in the soil is reduced, whereas the surface-water-logging or surface runoff is increased. Seedling emergence and crop production are badly affected. Alkalinity problems are more pronounced in clay soils than in loamy, silty or sandy soils. The clay soils containing montmorillonite or smectite (swelling clays) are more subject to alkalinity problems than illite or kaolinite clay soils. The reason

6364-435: The soil, either as a result of natural weathering of the soil particles or brought in by irrigation and/or flood water. This salt is extremely soluble, when it undergoes hydration , it dissociates in: The carbonate anion CO 3 , is a weak base accepting a proton, so it hydrolyses in water to give the bicarbonate ion and a hydroxyl ion : which in turn gives carbonic acid and hydroxyl: See carbonate for

6450-399: The soil. Where the underground water contains high salts, it leads to acute salinity problem. This problem can be reduced by applying mulch to the land. Using poly-houses or shade netting during summer for cultivating vegetables/crops is also advised to mitigate soil salinity and conserve water / soil moisture. Poly-houses filter the intense summer solar radiation in tropical countries to save

6536-619: The state, cumulatively draining an area as large as 152,199 km (58,764 sq mi) – about half the area of Maharashtra. Within Nashik district , the river assumes a north-easterly course until it flows into the Gangapur Reservoir created by a dam of the same name. The reservoir along with the Kashypi Dam provides potable water to Nashik, one of the largest cities located on its banks. The river as it emerges through

6622-518: The sub-basin drains all of Vidharba region as well as the southern slopes of the Satpura Ranges . Indravati is the 2nd largest tributary, known as the "lifeline" of the Kalahandi , Nabarangapur of Odisha and Bastar district of Chhattisgarh . Due to their enormous sub-basins both Indravati and Pranhita are considered rivers in their own right. Manjira is the longest tributary and holds

6708-632: The third largest basin in India, covering about 10% of India's total geographical area. Its source is in Trimbakeshwar , Nashik , Maharashtra . It flows east for 1,465 kilometres (910 mi), draining the states of Maharashtra (48.6%), Telangana (18.8%), Andhra Pradesh (4.5%), Chhattisgarh (10.9%) and Odisha (5.7%). The river ultimately empties into the Bay of Bengal through an extensive network of distributaries. Measuring up to 312,812 km (120,777 sq mi), it forms one of

6794-732: The top layer only (say the first 10 cm of the soils), as the top layer is most sensitive to deterioration of the soil structure . The treatments, however, need to be repeated in a few (say 5) years' time. Trees / plants follow gravitropism . It is difficult to survive in alkali soils for the trees with deeper rooting system which can be more than 60 meters deep in good non-alkali soils. It will be important to refrain from irrigation (ground water or surface water) with poor quality water. In viticulture, adding naturally occurring chelating agents such as tartaric acid to irrigation water has been suggested, to solubilize calcium and magnesium carbonates in sodic soils. One way of reducing sodium carbonate

6880-704: The total basin area). This is followed by the Precambrian granites and gneisses of the eastern Dharwar Craton , sandstones , shales and limestones of the Gondwana Supergroup, various sedimentary units of Cuddapah and Vindhyan basins, charnockites and khondalites of the Proterozoic Eastern Ghats Mobile Belt and the sandstones of the Rajahmundry Formation. The Godavari River carries

6966-577: The water availability is being harnessed. The water allocation from the river among the riparian states are governed by the Godavari Water Disputes Tribunal . The river has highest flood flows in India and experienced recorded flood of 3.6 million cusecs in the year 1986 and annual flood of 1.0 million cusecs is normal. The river originates in Maharashtra state and has an extensive course. The upper basin (origin to its confluence with Manjira ) of which lies entirely within

7052-474: The water generated from the Godavari basin area located below these three dams. As stipulated by Supreme court, central government has set up monitoring committee to implement / supervise the water sharing as per agreement dated 06.10.1975 and supreme court verdict. Godavari The Godavari ( IAST : Godāvarī , [ɡod̪aːʋəɾiː] ) is India 's second longest river after the Ganga River and drains

7138-511: The whole passes along Yanam enclave of Union territory of Puducherry and empties itself into sea at Point Godavery . In fact, Yanam is bounded on south by Gautami branch and the Coringa River originates at Yanam which merges into the sea near Coringa village in Andhra Pradesh. Mean annual, minimum and maximum discharge (Q – m /s) at Rajahmundry (period from 1998/01/01 to 2023/12/31): The major left bank tributaries include

7224-479: The year 1983.The engineers responsible for the construction were wide, among them was Mohammed Moin Ahmed (R&b) Nizamabad later in the 1980s. Sriram Sagar Reservoir 's capacity is 90 tmcft and it has 42 floodgates. It also includes Kakatiya Canal covering 346 km, Laxmi Canal, Sarswati Canal, and Flood flow canal . Construction of this dam was started in 1957. Most of the catchment area upstream of this dam

7310-568: The year, a small space in a wide and gravelly bed, the greyish banks being 4 to 6 m (13 to 20 ft) high, topped with a deep layer of black soil. A few kilometres after its meeting with the Darna, the Godavari swerves to the north-east, before the Banganga , from the north-west, meets it on the left. The course of the main stream then tends more decidedly south. At Nandur-Madhmeshwar, the Kadva ,

7396-517: Was first impounded and released in July 1970 and in July 1973 into Kakatiya Main Canal up to 36 km and 68 km creating an Irrigation potential of 25000 acres and 58000 acres respectively. The Pochampadu project was renamed as Sriramasagar Project, vide G.O.Ms. No. 355 Irrigation & Power (Projects wing) Dept., Dt 20.11.1978. The Reservoir was first filled to its fillcapacity i.e. (+)1091 ft in

#554445