78-777: Sugarloaf Ridge State Park is a state park in Northern California , United States . Located in the Mayacamas Mountains north of Kenwood , the park straddles the boundary between Sonoma and Napa counties. The park contains the 2,729-foot (832 m) Bald Mountain and the headwaters of Sonoma Creek including a 25-foot (8 m) tall seasonal waterfall. The park is also home to the volunteer-run Robert Ferguson Observatory . Camping, picnicking, horseback riding, mountain biking, stargazing, fishing and hiking are common attractions of Sugarloaf. The park boasts 25 miles of trails with trails ranging from less than
156-526: A land lease from the U.S. government , while Mackinac National Park was handed down to become the first of the Michigan state parks . As with national parks, facilities at state parks are often leased to concessionaires to operate. Breaks Interstate Park is operated under an interstate compact by Virginia state parks , although it is also one of the Kentucky state parks , straddling both sides of
234-514: A conservation advocacy group, are currently petitioning for an ESA listing on Chinook in several river basins in Washington state, including the Chehalis , Quinault, Queets, Hoh and Quillayute. The petition, filed in 2023, focuses on spring-run Chinook, the region's most vulnerable salmon population. In April 2008, commercial fisheries in both Oregon and California were closed in response to
312-589: A few exceptions such as Anza-Borrego Desert State Park in California, and Wood-Tikchik State Park in Alaska, the largest state park in the United States . In addition to preserving natural landscapes and providing recreational opportunities, many state parks also serve as important educational resources . They often offer guided tours, interpretive programs, and exhibits that help visitors learn about
390-698: A mile to 8.8 miles, and elevation gains reaching 2,500 feet. The ridge has two main peaks, the western one being 1,939 feet (591 m) above sea level and eastern one being 2,265 feet (690 m). The East peak contains an extensive microwave antenna. This site was featured in several articles of the Napa Valley Sentinel . Sugarloaf Ridge was one of the first parks to close under the California State Parks plan to close up to 70 of its 278 parks due to budget cuts. The closures were deemed necessary to achieve an $ 11 million reduction in
468-427: A pronounced curve or hook called a " kype ." Studies have shown that larger and more dominant male salmon have a reproductive advantage as female Chinook are often more aggressive toward smaller males. Chinook spawn in larger and deeper waters than other salmon species and can be found on the spawning redds (nests) from September to December. The female salmon may lay her eggs in four to five nesting pockets within
546-730: A redd. After laying eggs, females guard the redd from four to 25 days before dying, while males seek additional mates. Chinook eggs hatch 90 to 150 days after deposition, depending upon water temperature. Egg deposits are timed to ensure the young salmon fry emerge during an appropriate season for survival and growth. Fry and parr (young fish) usually stay in fresh water for 12 to 18 months before traveling downstream to estuaries , where they remain as smolts for several months. Some Chinook return to fresh water one or two years earlier than their counterparts and are referred to as "jack" salmon. "Jack" salmon are typically less than 60 cm (24 in) long but are sexually mature. The Yukon River has
624-699: A restaurant) for lodging at some parks. These typically use "Resort" in the name, such as "_____ Resort State Park" in West Virginia state parks and "_____ State Resort Park" in neighboring Kentucky state parks , which has 17 such resort parks, the most of any state. Other states use the Resort name inconsistently (like DeGray Lake Resort State Park , the only one out of three resorts in Arkansas state parks ), or have only one such park ( South Carolina state parks ' Hickory Knob State Resort Park ), or do not use
702-646: A result, progress is slowly being made to help restore the salmon habitats along the river. Many tribes, including the Hoopa Valley Tribe, Karuk Tribe , Yurok Tribe , and the Shasta Indian Nation, voiced support for the removal of dams on the Klamath River. Representatives of the Shasta Indian Nation claimed that the construction of Copco No 1 Dam caused the submerging of sites significant to them, including burial grounds. Un-Dam
780-525: A short period until they are strong enough to journey out to the ocean and acquire more food. Chinook juveniles divide into two types: ocean-type and stream-type. Ocean-type Chinook migrate to salt water in their first year. Stream-type salmon spend one full year in fresh water before migrating to the ocean. After a few years in the ocean, adult salmon, then large enough to escape most predators, return to their natal streambeds to mate. Chinook can have extended lifespans, in which some fish spend one to five years in
858-591: A similar legend that has illustrated the importance of not messing up the Chinook salmon migration. The legend described three Skookums which can be related to the three dams on the Klamath river in California. It has been known that the creation of dams has negatively impacted the lives of many Native American Indians by disrupting their food supply and the flow of water. The impact on the salmon migration has been seen by not only tribal members but others as well, and as
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#1732775324268936-543: A single stocking of juveniles in the lower river around 1930. Sporadic efforts to introduce the fish to New Zealand waters in the late 19th century were largely failures and led to no evident establishments. Initially ova were imported from the Baird hatchery of the McCloud River in California. Further efforts in the early 20th century were more successful and subsequently led to the establishment of spawning runs in
1014-509: A sustainable manner. The planning and approval process for new salmon farms in New Zealand considers the farm's potential environmental effects, its effects on fishing activities (if it is a marine farm), and any possible cultural and social effects. In the interest of fish welfare, a number of New Zealand salmon farming operations anaesthetise salmon before slaughter using Aqui-S™, an organically based anaesthetic developed in New Zealand that
1092-491: A trip to catch Chinook salmon, $ 90 for lake trout , and $ 180 for walleye . Should the Chinook salmon fishery collapse and be replaced with a native lake trout fishery, the economic value would decrease by 80%. Since the later 1970s, the size and age range of Chinook salmon have been declining according to studies along the northwest Pacific coast from Alaska to California for the years of 1977 to 2015 which examined about 1.5 million Chinook salmon. Ocean-5 Chinook (which means
1170-469: A value of NZ$ 61 million in export earnings. For the year ended March 2011, this amount had increased to NZ$ 85 million. New Zealand accounts for about half of the global production of Chinook salmon, and about half of New Zealand's production is exported. Japan is New Zealand's largest export market, with stock also being supplied to other countries of the Pacific Rim , including Australia. Farming of
1248-469: Is a prized and sought-after catch for a sporting angler. The flesh of the salmon is also highly valued for its dietary nutritional content, which includes high levels of important omega-3 fatty acids . Some populations are endangered; however, many are healthy. The Chinook salmon has not been assessed for the IUCN Red List . According to NOAA , the Chinook salmon population along the California coast
1326-898: Is also conducting efforts to revegetate certain areas in the watershed with trees and native grasses. The Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife (ODFW), in cooperation with members of the Klamath and Yurok tribes, also finalized a two-phase plan to re-establish wild Chinook and other anadromous fishes in the Upper Klamath Basin. As of December 2022, the plan is in its monitoring phase, in which ODFW are studying 10,000 hatchery-born spring-run Chinook released in certain tributaries of Upper Klamath Lake . Introduced Chinook salmon in Lake Michigan are sought after by tourists enjoying chartered fishing trips . A 2016 survey of Wisconsin anglers found they would, on average, pay $ 140 for
1404-826: Is based on the Russian common name chavycha (чавыча). Chinook are anadromous fish native to the North Pacific Ocean and the river systems of western North America, ranging from California to Alaska , as well as Asian rivers ranging from northern Japan to the Palyavaam River in Arctic northeast Siberia. They have been introduced to other parts of the world, including New Zealand and Patagonia . Introduced Chinook salmon are thriving in Lake Michigan and Michigan 's western rivers. A large Chinook
1482-422: Is best to visit during the rainy winter season. The temperature in the region remains fairly moderate with a summer high in the 90s and low in the 40s. Winter experiences temperatures ranging from the 30s to 60s. An average of 40 inches of rain fall in the park per year, mostly between November and April, with occasional snowfall. State park State parks are parks or other protected areas managed at
1560-664: Is compromised, affected stock can decline. One Seattle Times article states, "Pacific salmon have disappeared from 40 percent of their historic range outside Alaska," and concludes it is imperative for people to realize the needs of salmon and try not to contribute to destructive practices that harm salmon runs. In the Pacific Northwest, the summer runs of especially large Chinook once common (before dams and overfishing led to declines) were known as June hogs . A Chinook's birthplace and later evolution can be tracked by looking at its otolith (ear) bone. The bone can record
1638-539: Is declining from factors such as overfishing, loss of freshwater and estuarine habitat, hydropower development, poor ocean conditions, and hatchery practices. Historically, the native distribution of Chinook salmon in North America ranged from the Ventura River in California in the south to Kotzebue Sound in Alaska in the north. Recent studies have shown that Chinook salmon are historically native to
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#17327753242681716-485: Is essential for algae and other water-filtering agents not to be destroyed in the oceans because they contribute to the well-being of the food chain . With some populations endangered, precautions are necessary to prevent overfishing and habitat destruction , including appropriate management of hydroelectric and irrigation projects. If too few fish remain because of fishing and land management practices, salmon have more difficulty reproducing. When one of these factors
1794-570: Is in the Middle Fork and Upper Salmon River in Idaho. These fish travel over 2,100 m (7,000 ft) in elevation, and over 1,400 km (900 mi), in their migration through eight dams and reservoirs on the Columbia and Lower Snake Rivers. Chinook eat amphipods and other crustaceans and insects while young, and primarily other fish when older. Young salmon feed in streambeds for
1872-571: Is known locally in New Zealand) have established sizeable pelagic runs. The Chinook is blue-green, red, or purple on the back and on the top of the head, with silvery sides and white ventral surfaces. It has black spots on its tail and the upper half of its body. Although spots are seen on the tail in pink salmon and silver on the tail in coho and chum salmon , Chinook are unique among the Pacific salmon in combining black spots and silver on
1950-793: Is safe for use in food and that has been favourably reported on by the British Humane Slaughter Association . In recognition of the sustainable, environmentally conscious practices, the New Zealand salmon farming industry has been acknowledged as the world's greenest by the Global Aquaculture Performance Index. Chile is the only country other than New Zealand currently producing significant quantities of farmed Chinook salmon. The United States has not produced farmed Chinook in commercial quantities since 1994. In Canada, most commercial Chinook salmon farming ceased by 2009. Fisheries in
2028-531: Is similar to how other tribes relied more on buffalo for food, and have many legends and spiritual ties to them. Chinook salmon were described and enthusiastically eaten by the Lewis and Clark Expedition . Lewis wrote that, when fresh, they tasted better than any other fish he had ever eaten. They did not particularly like dried or "pounded" salmon. Lewis and Clark knew about Pacific salmon but had never seen one. The Western world had known about Pacific salmon since
2106-573: Is vitally important for the fish to reach the oceans to grow into healthy adult fish to sustain the species without being impeded by man-made structures such as dams. The bodies of water for salmon habitat must be clean and oxygenated. One sign of high productivity and growth rate in the oceans is the level of algae . Increased algal levels lead to higher levels of carbon dioxide in the water, which transfers into living organisms, fostering underwater plants and small organisms, which salmon eat. Algae can filter high levels of toxins and pollutants. Thus, it
2184-660: The Australian states of Victoria and New South Wales . The equivalent term used in Canada, Argentina, South Africa, and Belgium, is provincial park . Similar systems of local government maintained parks exist in other countries, but the terminology varies. State parks are thus similar to national parks , but under state rather than federal administration. Similarly, local government entities below state level may maintain parks, e.g., regional parks or county parks . In general, state parks are smaller than national parks, with
2262-529: The California drought made them even more vulnerable. A study was done specifically on the California Delta over three years, and it was discovered that the Chinook salmon had a low survival rate for different reasons, and as a result, the Chinook salmon population here has been on a decline. Some of the factors affecting the populations include the route used during migration, drought conditions,
2340-616: The Civilian Conservation Corps and Works Progress Administration . Chinook salmon The Chinook salmon / ʃ ɪ ˈ n ʊ k / ( Oncorhynchus tshawytscha ) is the largest and most valuable species of Pacific salmon . Its common name is derived from the Chinookan peoples . Other vernacular names for the species include king salmon , Quinnat salmon , Tsumen , spring salmon , chrome hog , Blackmouth , and Tyee salmon . The scientific species name
2418-719: The Guadalupe River watershed in California, the southernmost major metropolitan area hosting salmon runs in the United States. Populations have disappeared from large areas where they once flourished, however, or shrunk by as much as 40 percent. In some regions, their inland range has been cut off, mainly by dams and habitat alterations: in Southern California , in some areas east of the Coast Ranges of California and Oregon , and in large areas in
Sugarloaf Ridge State Park - Misplaced Pages Continue
2496-499: The Klamath River , four dams on the Klamath ( Iron Gate Dam , Copco No 2 Dam , Copco No 1 Dam , and John C. Boyle Dam ) will be removed by the end of 2024. Klamath River Renewal Corporation (KRRC), who is in charge of the operation, cited the adverse effects of the dams on fish survivability and the blockage of fish habitat as major reasons for removal. In June 2023, Copco 2 Dam was torn down. In addition to dam removal, KRRC
2574-528: The Klamath tribes and the Yurok Tribe , have lived along the Klamath river , and the Chinook salmon have been an important part of their lives, spiritually and physically. An Indian legend of a tribe on the Klamath river describes how the construction of the dam has hurt the fish population and that the impact on them has gone unnoticed, and the destruction of the dam is what has brought back their food supply and made them happy again. The Klamath tribe had
2652-609: The Sierra Nevada Mountains can be seen. The San Francisco Bay Area, Mt. Diablo , and the Sugarloaf Ridge can be seen when facing the south. Mount Tamalpais lies southwest while the Coastal Range and a view of the distant Pacific Ocean lie to the west. Sonoma Creek falls down a 25-foot descent, landing on boulders and jagged rocks of the creek below with maple trees and ferns shading the area. It
2730-663: The Snake River and upper Columbia River drainage basins . In certain areas such as California's Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta , it was revealed that extremely low numbers of juvenile Chinook salmon (less than 1%) were surviving. In the western Pacific, the distribution ranges from northern Japan ( Hokkaido ) in the south to the Arctic Ocean as far as the East Siberian Sea and Palyavaam River in
2808-581: The Sonoma Creek 1500 years ago. They relied on various resources of the region especially acorns and berries, and are known for their farming and basketry abilities. Spaniards attempted to takeover the area in 1823, failing. Later, the cholera epidemic dwindled the numbers of the Wappos, who were ultimately relocated to Indian reservations by the American government. In the 1870s farming increased in
2886-525: The alewife , an invasive species of nuisance fish from the Atlantic Ocean. In the 1960s, alewives constituted 90% of the biota in these lakes. Coho salmon had been introduced the year before, and the program was successful. Chinook and Coho salmon thrived on the alewives and spawned in the lakes' tributaries. After this success, Chinook were introduced into the other Great Lakes , where sport fishermen prize them for their aggressive behaviour on
2964-403: The 2008 estimate was 66,000 fish. Scientists from universities and federal, state, and tribal agencies concluded the 2004 and 2005 broods were harmed by poor ocean conditions in 2005 and 2006, in addition to "a long-term, steady degradation of the freshwater and estuarine environment." Such conditions included weak upwelling, warm sea surface temperatures , and low densities of food. In Oregon,
3042-679: The 2010 spring Chinook run was forecast to increase by up to 150% over 2009 populations, growing from 200,000 to over 500,000, making this the largest run in recorded history. Lower temperatures in 2008 North Pacific waters brought in fatter plankton, which, along with greater outflows of Columbia River water, fed the resurgent populations. The Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife estimated 80% were hatchery-born. Chinook runs in other habitats have not recovered proportionately. In April 2016, Coleman National Fish Hatchery outside of Red Bluff, California , released 12 million juvenile Chinook salmon, with many salmon being tagged for monitoring. The release
3120-674: The Chinook are in highly impacts their survival rates, as some, like the Chinook in the Fraser River, only have a 30% survival rate. More studies and actions are needed for there to be an impact on the survival rates of the Chinook. Due to many of these reasons, the National Wildlife Federation has listed Chinook populations as endangered or threatened. The Chinook salmon is spiritually and culturally prized among certain First Nations peoples. For tribes on
3198-463: The Northwest coast, salmon were an important part of their culture for spiritual reasons and food. Many celebrate the first spring Chinook caught each year with "first-salmon ceremonies." While salmon fishing in general remains important economically for many tribal communities, it is especially the Chinook harvest that is typically the most valuable. The relation to salmon for the tribes in this area
Sugarloaf Ridge State Park - Misplaced Pages Continue
3276-552: The Sugarloaf region. Business owners in town began hiring "gentlemen farmers" to manage their ranches along the Sugarloaf Ridge while the business owners remained in the town. Some even made livings off burning trees of the Sugarloaf region to make and sell charcoal. By 1920, the California government had dammed the creek for public water use while the region attracted campers, picnickers, and Boy Scout troops. Land owners began leasing land for animal grazing in 1942. Finally in 1964,
3354-573: The U.S. and Canada are limited by impacts to weak and endangered salmon runs. Nine populations of Chinook salmon are listed under the U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA) as either threatened or endangered. In the Snake River , Spring/Summer Chinook and Fall Chinook are ESA listed as Threatened. The fall and late-fall runs in the Central Valley population in California is a U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) species of concern . The Center for Biological Diversity and Pacific Rivers,
3432-448: The amount of snowmelt, and infrastructure that affects the flow of water (such as dams and levees). Each of these factors has significantly impacted Chinook survival rates, as most have made it more challenging for Chinook to travel from their spawning grounds to the ocean and back. The fluctuation of water depth as well as temperature have made this more challenging, and as a result, Chinook populations are declining. Which rivers or streams
3510-592: The baby salmon are typically grown to the smolt stage (around six months of age) before they are transferred to the sea cages or ponds. Most sea cage farming occurs in the Marlborough Sounds , Stewart Island, and Akaroa Harbour, while freshwater operations in Canterbury , Otago , and Tasman use ponds, raceways, and hydro canals for grow-out operations. Low stocking densities, ranging between less than 1 kg/m and around 25 kg/m (depending on
3588-552: The blossoming of even more flowers including clarkias, scarlet larkspurs, farewell-to-springs, Mariposa lilies, monkey flowers, and Indian pinks and yellow star thistles and tarweeds. At least 400 plants species are found in Sugarloaf Ridge State Park. Deer , along with gray foxes , bobcats , coyotes , black bears , and mountain lions inhabit the park, as well as numerous racoons and an occasional badger . Turkey vultures can be seen swarming regions of
3666-416: The chaparral include manzanita , chamise, California lilac, coyote bush, toyon , and winebush. Sugarloaf experiences a colorful spring with a wide array of wildflowers: California poppies, cream cups, lupines, penstemons, buttercups, peas, shooting stars, trilliums, Indian warriors and mariposa lily. Golden fairy lantern, zigadene, and fritillarias are in certain regions of the enclosure as well. Summer boasts
3744-445: The chemical composition of the water the fish had lived in, just as a tree's growth rings provide hints about dry and wet years. The bone is built with the chemical signature of the environment that hosted the fish. Researchers were able to tell where different individuals of Chinook were born and lived in the first year of their lives. Testing was done by measuring the strontium in the bones. Strontium can accurately show researchers
3822-675: The country's state parks. The NASPD further counts over 43,000 miles (69,000 km) of trail, 217,367 campsites, and 8,277 cabins and lodges across U.S. state parks. The largest state park system in the United States is Alaska State Parks , with over 100 sites encompassing 3.3 million acres. Many states include designations beyond "state park" in their state parks systems. Other designations might be state recreation areas , state beaches, and state nature reserves . Some state park systems include long-distance trails and historic sites . To encourage tourism in rural areas, several states have simple lodges, inns, hotels, or motels (usually with
3900-478: The designation at all (such as the lodges of Georgia state parks ). The term "lodge" may also refer to a hiking lodge , essentially a large cabin for hikers rather than a large facility with private rooms and a restaurant. Other lodging may include yurts and tipis . Not all parks owned by a state are necessarily part of its state-park system, such as Stone Mountain Park near Atlanta. Some Texas state parks are
3978-545: The energy for migration. Later, they change physiologically to live in salt water. They rely on eelgrass and seaweeds for camouflage (protection from predators), shelter, and foraging habitat as they make their way to the open ocean. Adult fish need a rich, open ocean habitat to acquire the strength needed to travel back upstream, escape predators, and reproduce before dying. In his book King of Fish , David Montgomery writes, "The reserves of fish at sea are important to restocking rivers disturbed by natural catastrophes." Thus, it
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#17327753242684056-428: The exact location and time of a fish swimming in a river. The total North Pacific fisheries harvest of the Chinook salmon in 2010 was some 1.4 million fish, corresponding to 7,000 tonnes ; 1.1 million of the fish were captured in the United States, and others were divided by Canada and Russia. The share of Chinook salmon from the total commercial Pacific salmon harvest was less than 1% by weight and only about 0.3% of
4134-484: The fish has spent five years in the ocean) have declined from being up to 3–5% of the population to being almost none. Ocean-4 chinook are also seeing a rapid decline in their population. This means that Chinook are not living as long as they used to. This trend has mostly been seen in Alaska, but also Oregon and Washington. New trends have also been seen regarding the size of Ocean-1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 from 1975 to 2015. The size of Chinook who have spent one and two years in
4212-402: The harvestable size of 3–4 kilograms (7–9 pounds). The broodstock for the farms is usually selected from existing farm stock or sometimes sourced from wild populations. Eggs and milt are stripped manually from sexually mature salmon and incubated under conditions replicating the streams and rivers where the salmon would spawn naturally (at around 10–12 °C or 50–54 °F). After hatching,
4290-594: The hook. The species has also established itself in Patagonian waters in South America, where both introduced and escaped hatchery fish have colonized rivers and established stable spawning runs . Chinook salmon have been found spawning in headwater reaches of the Rio Santa Cruz , apparently having migrated over 1,000 km (620 mi) from the ocean. The population is thought to be derived from
4368-716: The largest of the Pacific salmon. In the Kenai River of Alaska, mature Chinook averaged 16.8 kg (37 lb 1 oz). The current sport-caught world record, 44.1 kg ( 97 + 1 ⁄ 4 lb), was caught on May 17, 1985, in the Kenai River. The commercial catch world record is 57 kg (126 lb) caught near Rivers Inlet , British Columbia, in the late 1970s. Chinook, like many other species of salmon, are considered euryhaline , and thus live in both saltwater and freshwater environments throughout their life. Once hatching, salmon spend one to eight years in
4446-420: The late 18th century. Maritime fur traders and explorers, such as George Vancouver , frequently acquired salmon by trade with the indigenous people of the Northwest coast. Lewis and Clark first encountered Chinook salmon as a gift from Chief Cameahwait , on August 13, 1805, near Lemhi Pass . Tasting it convinced Lewis they had crossed the continental divide. In Oregon, many Native American tribes, including
4524-494: The life stage of the salmon), and the absence of disease in the fish mean New Zealand farmers do not need to use antibiotics or vaccines to maintain the health of their salmon stocks. The salmon are fed food pellets of fish meal specially formulated for Chinook salmon (typical proportions of the feed are: 45% protein, 22% fat, and 14% carbohydrate plus ash and water) that contain no steroids or other growth enhancers. Regulations and monitoring programmes ensure salmon are farmed in
4602-493: The local flora , fauna , geology , and cultural history of the area. These programs are designed not only to enhance the visitor experience but also to promote conservation awareness and encourage responsible enjoyment of natural resources. There are 6,792 state park units in the United States, according to the National Association of State Park Directors (NASPD). There are some 813 million annual visits to
4680-561: The longest freshwater migration route of any salmon, over 3,000 km (1,900 mi) from its mouth in the Bering Sea to spawning grounds upstream of Whitehorse, Yukon . Since Chinook rely on fat reserves for energy upon re-entering fresh water, commercial fish caught here are highly prized for their unusually high levels of heart-healthy omega-3 fatty acids . However, the high costs of harvest and transport from this rural area limits its affordability. The highest elevation Chinook spawn
4758-488: The low count of Chinook salmon present because of the collapse of the Sacramento River run, one of the biggest south of the Columbia. In April 2009, California again canceled the season. The Pacific Fishery Management Council's goal for the Sacramento River run is an escapement total (fish that return to freshwater spawn areas and hatcheries) of 122,000–180,000 fish. The 2007 escapement was estimated at 88,000, and
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#17327753242684836-469: The next fiscal year 2011/12, that amount increasing to $ 22 million in the following fiscal year 2012/13. The park was reopened by Team Sugarloaf in June 2012 to restore access to camping and hiking trails. Team Sugarloaf continues to operate the park. The park's official address is 2605 Adobe Canyon Road, Kenwood, CA 95452. The Onasáti ( Wappo ) were the first known inhabitants of the region, settling on along
4914-828: The north. Nevertheless, they are consistently present and the distribution is well known only in Kamchatka . Elsewhere, information is scarce, but they have a patchy presence in the Anadyr River basin and parts of the Chukchi Peninsula . Also, in parts of the northern Magadan Oblast near the Shelikhov Gulf and Penzhina Bay , stocks might persist but remain poorly studied. In 1967, the Michigan Department of Natural Resources introduced Chinook into Lake Michigan and Lake Huron to control
4992-447: The number of fish. The trend has been down in the captures compared to the period before 1990, when the total harvest had been around 25,000 tonnes. Global production has, however, remained at a stable level because of increased aquaculture. The world's largest producer and market supplier of Chinook salmon is New Zealand. In 2009, New Zealand exported 5,088 tonnes (5,609 short tons) of Chinook salmon, marketed as king salmon, equating to
5070-413: The ocean (averaging from three to four years) before returning to their home rivers to spawn. The salmon undergo radical morphological changes as they prepare for the spawning event ahead. Salmon lose the silvery blue they had as ocean fish, and their color darkens, sometimes with a radical change in hue. Salmon are sexually dimorphic , and the male salmon develop canine-like teeth, and their jaws develop
5148-431: The ocean has been rising, while the size of Chinook of three to five years has been declining. The size increase was seen mainly in hatchery fish, not wild, and hatchery fish were often larger than wild, but the decrease was seen in both types of populations. Factors have been discovered that have influenced the size of the Chinook. They include, but are not limited to, the years they spent in fresh water before migrating to
5226-530: The ocean, reaching age eight. More northerly populations tend to have longer lives. Salmon need suitable spawning habitat. Clean, cool, oxygenated, sediment-free fresh water is essential for egg development. Chinook use larger sediment (gravel) sizes for spawning than other Pacific salmon. Riparian vegetation and woody debris help juvenile salmon by providing cover and maintaining low water temperatures. Chinook also need healthy ocean habitats. Juvenile salmon grow in clean, productive estuarine environments and gain
5304-423: The ocean, the time of year they were caught, which season run they participated in, and where they were caught. However, what is causing these negative trends is still not fully known or researched. Some possibilities can be climate change, pollution, and fishing practices. In California specifically, Chinook populations in the rivers have been declining. Chinook that are migratory are already more vulnerable, and
5382-463: The park as well. Trout are present in the streams and are a common attraction for visitors, especially beginning in late spring to early summer. Chinook salmon have also been recently sighted in Sonoma Creek in the park. As the main attraction for hikers, this peak can be reached by hiking the park's trails. Upon reaching the summit, Mount Saint Helena , Napa Valley , and a distant view of
5460-879: The rivers of Canterbury and North Otago: Rangitata River , the Opihi River , the Ashburton River , the Rakaia River , the Waimakariri River , the Hurunui River , and the Waiau Uwha River . The success of the latter introductions is thought to be partly attributable to the use of ova from autumn-run populations as opposed to ova from spring-run populations used in the first attempts. Whilst other salmon have also been introduced into New Zealand, only Chinook salmon (or king salmon as it
5538-608: The species in New Zealand began in the 1970s when hatcheries were initially set up to enhance and support wild fish stocks, with the first commercial operations starting in 1976. After some opposition against their establishment by societal groups, including anglers, the first sea cage farm was established in 1983 at Big Glory Bay in Stewart Island by British Petroleum NZ Ltd. Today, the salmon are hatched in land-based hatcheries (several of which exist) and transferred to sea cages or freshwater farms, where they are grown out to
5616-474: The state line. Other multi-state parks are legally two separate parks with the same name and more informal cooperation between them. The title of oldest state park in the United States is claimed by Niagara Falls State Park in New York , established in 1885. Several public parks previously or currently maintained at the state level pre-date it. Indian Springs State Park has been operated continuously by
5694-454: The state of Georgia as a public park since 1825, although it did not gain the title "State Park" until 1931. In 1864 Yosemite Valley and Mariposa Grove were ceded by the federal government to California until Yosemite National Park was proclaimed in 1890. In 1878 Wisconsin set aside a vast swath of its northern forests as "The State Park" but, needing money, sold most of it to lumber companies within 20 years. Mackinac National Park
5772-412: The state of California admitted Sugarloaf as a California State Park. Sugarloaf Ridge State Park's forests consist of bay laurel, Douglas firs , big-leaf maple, madrone , coastal redwoods, California buckeye and alder trees as well as an abundance of oaks including live, valley, and mixed oaks. Poison oak and stinging nettles are found along the Sonoma Creek and can be a threat to hikers. Shrubs of
5850-506: The sub-national level within those nations which use "state" as a political subdivision. State parks are typically established by a state to preserve a location on account of its natural beauty, historic interest, or recreational potential. There are state parks under the administration of the government of each U.S. state , some of the Mexican states , and in Brazil . The term is also used in
5928-437: The tail. Another distinctive feature is a black gum line that is present in both salt and fresh water. Adult fish typically range in size from 60 to 90 cm (24 to 36 in), but may be up to 150 cm (58 in) in length; they average 4.5 to 22.7 kg (10 to 50 lb), but may reach 59 kg (130 lb). The meat can be either pink or white, depending on what the salmon have been feeding on. Chinook salmon are
6006-591: Was done in hopes of helping restore the salmon population of Battle Creek . In June 2021, the California State Water Resources Control Board approved a plan by the United States Bureau of Reclamation to release water from Lake Shasta for irrigation use, which "significantly" increased the risk of extinction of winter-run Chinook in the Sacramento River. In an effort to restore the fish habitat of
6084-473: Was established in 1875 as the second U.S. national park before being converted to a state park in 1895. The first state park with the designation of "state park" was Itasca State Park in Minnesota , established in 1891. Many state park systems date to the 1930s, when around 800 state parks (and several national ones) across the country were developed with assistance from federal job-creation programs like
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