130-882: The Public Order Emergency Commission ( POEC ; French : Commission sur l'état d'urgence ), also known as the Rouleau inquiry or the Inquiry into Emergencies Act was a public inquiry in Canada that investigated the invoking of the Emergencies Act on February 14, 2022, by the government of Prime Minister Justin Trudeau during the Canada convoy protests . It was the first time the Emergencies Act had been invoked and it remained in place from February 14–23, 2022,
260-440: A Hill Times op-ed on 19 October 2022 that introduced readers to the word "grifters" underneath which he wrote: "The quasi-judicial setting of the inquiry will lend legitimacy to the destructive, extremist positions of the people who engineered the convoy revolt and they will be in a position to capitalize on a wholly unwarranted credibility." On 29 November 2022 Toronto Star contributing columnist Gillian Steward wrote that
390-453: A Globe and Mail article as the "creator" of a far-right , anti-government group, Diagolon , told the inquiry that an RCMP officer was leaking information to him during the protests. From November 7 through November 11 officials from Windsor, Coutts, the provinces of Ontario and Alberta, provided testimonies related to protests that blocked international borders. On November 16, Commission Counsel Jeffrey Leon announced that there would be
520-631: A Nuu-chah-nulth elder and a hoop dancer performance at the school violated the Charter rights of her children. Over 30% of students in School District No. 70 are indigenous. In his 2020 decision, BC Supreme Court Justice Douglas Thompson ruled that there was no Charter violation as both performances were educational, not religious. However, he also ordered that both the School District and the appellant should pay their own costs, as
650-419: A code of conduct , which is mandatory for all students to agree to. Unlike codes of conduct at many universities throughout Canada, however, TWU's Community Covenant Agreement requires explicit acceptance of an evangelical ethical framework including bans on gossip, vulgar language, pornography, and sexual conduct "that violates the sacredness of marriage between a man and a woman". As a result of opposition to
780-533: A "death watch" list, according to a CBC News report. Sulliman's students had disrupting CBU classes on International Women's Day , in March 2006. The CBU's 2014 low Campus Freedom Index cited this 2006 fine as the reason for the F rating. Writer Lindsay Shepherd , former Teaching Assistant at Wilfrid Laurier University joined the Justice Centre in 2019 to promote free speech on campuses. Carpay filed
910-598: A 2014 response to the annual Index, the Cape Breton University Students' Union president, Brandon Ellis, said that they no longer return the JCCF calls. Ellis said that the formulaire that JCCF's sends to universities and unions every year are "very politically motivated". The Students' Union had filled them in in previous years". In 2014, Ellis said, "I just didn't want our students union to have any part of it." In 2014, Dalhousie University —which
1040-527: A 5 November 2012, National Post opinion piece by Carpay and Michael Kennedy, Canadian universities and students' unions get a failing grade in the JCCF's Campus Freedom Index on adherence to principles of freedom of speech. Officials at Ryerson University received a low score in JCCF's 2012 Campus Freedom Index. In response the university said that the Index does not take into account legal anti-hate speech provisions under federal and provincial laws . In
1170-744: A French official to teachers in the department of Finistère , in western Brittany, included the following: "And remember, Gents: you were given your position in order to kill the Breton language". The prefect of Basses-Pyrénées in the French Basque Country wrote in 1846: "Our schools in the Basque Country are particularly meant to replace the Basque language with French..." Students were taught that their ancestral languages were inferior and they should be ashamed of them; this process
1300-431: A comprehensive academic study entitled "The World's 10 most influential languages". In the article, Weber ranked French as, after English, the second-most influential language of the world, ahead of Spanish. His criteria were the numbers of native speakers, the number of secondary speakers (especially high for French among fellow world languages), the number of countries using the language and their respective populations,
1430-555: A foreign language. Due to the rise of French in Africa, the total French-speaking population worldwide is expected to reach 700 million people in 2050. French is the fastest growing language on the continent (in terms of either official or foreign languages). French is increasingly being spoken as a native language in Francophone Africa, especially in regions like Ivory Coast , Cameroon , Gabon, Madagascar , and
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#17328015923191560-664: A fund raiser to assist her. The JCCF created the Campus Freedom Index and each year, the Centre rates about 52 Canadian universities using letter grades on their "policies and actions to protect freedom of speech". In 2014, the JCCF's 2014 gave the F rating to 13 Canadian universities and unions, according to The Chronicle Herald . Of the 13, three had "actively censored controversial or unpopular speech on campus,", according to JCCF—ten were cited for "not indicating they would deviate from past practice". According to
1690-563: A lawsuit in May 2020, challenging the constitutionality of Bill 2 introduced during the premiership of Jason Kenney , which was put in place to respond to the COVID-19 pandemic in Alberta . Carpay has been a member of Alberta's governing United Conservative Party (UCP), and a supporter of Premier Kenney . In December 2020, John Carpay and JCCF lawyer James Kitchen launched a lawsuit against
1820-705: A period of prosperity and prominence among European nations. Richelieu established the Académie française to protect the French language. By the early 1800s, Parisian French had become the primary language of the aristocracy in France. Near the beginning of the 19th century, the French government began to pursue policies with the end goal of eradicating the many minorities and regional languages ( patois ) spoken in France. This began in 1794 with Henri Grégoire 's "Report on
1950-661: A presentation of an overview summary of the estimated 9,500 public submissions sent in from August through October 31. The November 14 through November 18 hearings included testimonies from representatives of federal ministries and the Privy Council Office, along with the RCMP Commissioner, Brenda Lucki and RCMP Deputy Commissioners. Testimonies from representatives of the Canadian Security Intelligence Service and
2080-476: A province to deal with the urgent situation, was exceeded. It also reviewed whether Canada's sovereignty, security and territorial integrity" were "seriously threatened". A crucial question for the inquiry was whether the "national emergency" could not have been "effectively dealt with under any other law of Canada". Threats to Canada's security as defined by the Intelligence Service Act include
2210-494: A relic of the old nominal case system of Latin longer than most other Romance languages (with the notable exception of Romanian which still currently maintains a case distinction), differentiating between an oblique case and a nominative case. The phonology was characterized by heavy syllabic stress, which led to the emergence of various complicated diphthongs such as -eau which would later be leveled to monophthongs. The earliest evidence of what became Old French can be seen in
2340-683: A result of French and Belgian colonialism from the 16th century onward, French was introduced to new territories in the Americas, Africa, and Asia. French has a long history as an international language of literature and scientific standards and is a primary or second language of many international organisations including the United Nations , the European Union, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization ,
2470-545: A seven week leave of absence after hiring a private investigator to surveil Manitoba Chief Justice Glenn Joyal , who was presiding over a case the centre had brought. JCCF was one of the lead backers of the Freedom Convoy in early 2022, providing its legal support. Based in Calgary , Alberta , the libertarian legal organization was founded in 2010 by John Carpay, a former Alberta provincial director of
2600-401: A society where people have a legal right not to feel offended which means that there's less freedom of expression." The Canadian Civil Liberties Association expressed support for the plaintiffs in these cases. The Manitoba plates were "ASIMIL8", issued to a Star Trek fan, and "NDN CAR", issued to a First Nations man in reference to the song NDN Kar by Keith Secola . In October 2019,
2730-661: A teenage boy ring his doorbell to seek to confirm that he lived there. The Winnipeg Police Service and the Government of Manitoba's internal security and intelligence unit investigated the incident, and according to the National Post Justice Joyal stated that the investigator was hired, "for the clear purpose of gathering what was hoped would be potentially embarrassing information in relation to my compliance with COVID public health restrictions ... I am deeply concerned and troubled". Soon afterwards Carpay
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#17328015923192860-547: A variant of Canadian French , is spoken in parts of New England . Missouri French was historically spoken in Missouri and Illinois (formerly known as Upper Louisiana ), but is nearly extinct today. French also survived in isolated pockets along the Gulf Coast of what was previously French Lower Louisiana , such as Mon Louis Island , Alabama and DeLisle, Mississippi (the latter only being discovered by linguists in
2990-457: A working language along with English and German ; in some institutions, French is the sole working language (e.g. at the Court of Justice of the European Union ). French is also the 16th most natively spoken language in the world, the sixth most spoken language by total number of speakers , and is among the top five most studied languages worldwide, with about 120 million learners as of 2017. As
3120-449: Is transgender . In response to the complaints, several of the estheticians said that they lacked the required training to wax male genitalia , or that they were not comfortable doing so for religious or personal reasons. The Tribunal ruled against Yaniv and ordered her to pay $ 6,000 in restitution split equally among three of the service providers. The ruling was critical of Yaniv, stating that she "targeted small businesses, manufactured
3250-437: Is 95%, and in the French collectivity of Wallis and Futuna , it is 84%. In French Polynesia and to a lesser extent Wallis and Futuna, where oral and written knowledge of the French language has become almost universal (95% and 84% respectively), French increasingly tends to displace the native Polynesian languages as the language most spoken at home. In French Polynesia, the percentage of the population who reported that French
3380-472: Is a widespread second language among the Lebanese people , and is taught in many schools along with Arabic and English. French is used on Lebanese pound banknotes, on road signs, on Lebanese license plates , and on official buildings (alongside Arabic). Today, French and English are secondary languages of Lebanon , with about 40% of the population being Francophone and 40% Anglophone. The use of English
3510-489: Is also a working language in nonprofit organisations such as the Red Cross (alongside English, German, Spanish, Portuguese, Arabic and Russian), Amnesty International (alongside 32 other languages of which English is the most used, followed by Spanish, Portuguese, German, and Italian), Médecins sans Frontières (used alongside English, Spanish, Portuguese and Arabic), and Médecins du Monde (used alongside English). Given
3640-580: Is considered to be the 15th highest rating research universities in Canada— received an F rating on Campus Freedom Index, instead of a previous D rating, "because of its support for a group's move to have the university divest itself of investment in fossil fuels." Cape Breton University 's (CBU) 2014 F rating on the Index, protested the 2006 CAN$ 2,100 fine imposed by CBU on David George Mullan—an ordained Baptist minister, who taught History and Religious Studies at CBU from 1989 to 2016, for discriminating against
3770-652: Is enacted only in New Brunswick, where about one third of the population is Francophone. French is also an official language of all of the territories ( Northwest Territories , Nunavut , and Yukon ). Out of the three, Yukon has the most French speakers, making up just under 4% of the population. Furthermore, while French is not an official language in Ontario , the French Language Services Act ensures that provincial services are available in
3900-563: Is growing in the business and media environment. Out of about 900,000 students, about 500,000 are enrolled in Francophone schools, public or private, in which the teaching of mathematics and scientific subjects is provided in French. Actual usage of French varies depending on the region and social status. One-third of high school students educated in French go on to pursue higher education in English-speaking institutions. English
4030-404: Is known as Old French. The period of Old French spanned between the 8th and 14th centuries. Old French shared many characteristics with Latin. For example, Old French made use of different possible word orders just as Latin did because it had a case system that retained the difference between nominative subjects and oblique non-subjects . The period is marked by a heavy superstrate influence from
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4160-469: Is often considered to be a useful skill by business owners in the United Kingdom; a 2014 study found that 50% of British managers considered French to be a valuable asset for their business, thus ranking French as the most sought-after foreign language there, ahead of German (49%) and Spanish (44%). MIT economist Albert Saiz calculated a 2.3% premium for those who have French as a foreign language in
4290-828: Is one of the official languages of such major international and regional courts, tribunals, and dispute-settlement bodies as the African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights , the Caribbean Court of Justice , the Court of Justice for the Economic Community of West African States , the Inter-American Court of Human Rights , the International Court of Justice , the International Criminal Tribunal for
4420-639: Is taught in universities around the world, and is one of the world's most influential languages because of its wide use in the worlds of journalism, jurisprudence , education, and diplomacy. In diplomacy, French is one of the six official languages of the United Nations (and one of the UN Secretariat 's only two working languages ), one of twenty official and three procedural languages of the European Union , an official language of NATO ,
4550-553: Is the language of business and communication, with French being an element of social distinction, chosen for its emotional value. French is an official language of the Pacific Island nation of Vanuatu , where 31% of the population was estimated to speak it in 2023. In the French special collectivity of New Caledonia , 97% of the population can speak, read and write French while in French Polynesia this figure
4680-483: Is the native language of about 23% of the Swiss population, and is spoken by 50% of the population. Along with Luxembourgish and German, French is one of the three official languages of Luxembourg , where it is generally the preferred language of business as well as of the different public administrations. It is also the official language of Monaco . At a regional level, French is acknowledged as an official language in
4810-492: Is the second-most spoken language (after English) in the states of Maine and New Hampshire . In Louisiana , it is tied with Spanish for second-most spoken if Louisiana French and all creoles such as Haitian are included. French is the third most spoken language (after English and Spanish) in the states of Connecticut , Rhode Island , and New Hampshire . Louisiana is home to many distinct French dialects, collectively known as Louisiana French . New England French , essentially
4940-424: Is the sole official language in the province of Quebec , where some 80% of the population speak it as a native language and 95% are capable of conducting a conversation in it. Quebec is also home to the city of Montreal , which is the world's fourth-largest French-speaking city, by number of first language speakers. New Brunswick and Manitoba are the only officially bilingual provinces, though full bilingualism
5070-764: The Aosta Valley region of Italy where it is the first language of approximately 50% of the population, while French dialects remain spoken by minorities on the Channel Islands . It is also spoken in Andorra and is the main language after Catalan in El Pas de la Casa . The language is taught as the primary second language in the German state of Saarland , with French being taught from pre-school and over 43% of citizens being able to speak French. The majority of
5200-657: The Canadian Taxpayers Federation and a former candidate of the federal Reform Party and provincial Wildrose Party who later joined the United Conservative Party . After getting a boost in funding from its opposition to COVID-19 pandemic public health measures, the organisation saw a revenue slow down towards the end of 2022, causing it to reduce staff numbers. The organisation received approximately $ 6.5 million of funding in 2021. In response to internal concerns that
5330-757: The Court of Queen's Bench order the Board of Governors to allow an appeal. The court ruled in April 2014 that the Board of Governors' decision not to hear the appeal of the students "[lacked] justification, transparency and intelligibility" and ordered the board to hear the students' appeal. In 2019, the Justice Centre represented three individuals in cases related to licence plates that were revoked due to complaints — two in Manitoba, one in Nova Scotia. John Carpay stated that without such action, "we move closer to
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5460-640: The Court of Queen's Bench of Alberta , Court of Queen's Bench of Manitoba , and Ontario Superior Court of Justice . Allen v Alberta was a legal challenge to the Government of Alberta 's monopoly on health insurance within the province (as it applies to seeking out-of-province treatment) by Darcy Allen, who had elected to pay $ 77,000 to undergo surgery for his chronic back pain in Montana rather than wait for treatment in Alberta . The case closely mirrored
5590-409: The Court of Queen's Bench of Manitoba upheld the decision of Manitoba Public Insurance to take back the "ASIMIL8" because of the association of that word with the forced assimilation of Indigenous people. An agreement was reached between the owner and Manitoba Public Insurance to return the "NDN CAR" plate to its owner. The Nova Scotia plate was "GRABHER", which caused controversy as the surname of
5720-609: The Democratic Republic of Congo . There is not a single African French , but multiple forms that diverged through contact with various indigenous African languages . Sub-Saharan Africa is the region where the French language is most likely to expand, because of the expansion of education and rapid population growth. It is also where the language has evolved the most in recent years. Some vernacular forms of French in Africa can be difficult to understand for French speakers from other countries, but written forms of
5850-517: The Democratic Republic of the Congo . In some North African countries, though not having official status, it is also a first language among some upper classes of the population alongside indigenous languages, but only a second one among the general population. In 2015, approximately 40% of the Francophone population (including L2 and partial speakers) lived in Europe, 36% in sub-Saharan Africa and
5980-533: The European Union , French was the dominant language within all institutions until the 1990s. After several enlargements of the EU (1995, 2004), French significantly lost ground in favour of English, which is more widely spoken and taught in most EU countries. French currently remains one of the three working languages, or "procedural languages", of the EU, along with English and German. It is the second-most widely used language within EU institutions after English, but remains
6110-559: The Francien dialect is one that not only continued but also thrived during the Middle French period (14th–17th centuries). Modern French grew out of this Francien dialect. Grammatically, during the period of Middle French, noun declensions were lost and there began to be standardized rules. Robert Estienne published the first Latin-French dictionary, which included information about phonetics, etymology, and grammar. Politically,
6240-654: The Integrated Terrorism Assessment Centre , along with Ministers Bill Blair of the Emergency Preparedness and president of the King's Privy Council, Public Safety Minister Marco Mendicino , Intergovernmental Affairs Minister Dominic LeBlanc , Justice Minister, David Lametti , National Defence Minister Anita Anand , Transport Canada Minister Omar Alghabra , Deputy Prime Minister and Finance Chrystia Freeland were heard in
6370-877: The International Olympic Committee , the Council of Europe , the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development , Organization of American States (alongside Spanish, Portuguese and English), the Eurovision Song Contest , one of eighteen official languages of the European Space Agency , World Trade Organization and the least used of the three official languages in the North American Free Trade Agreement countries. It
6500-626: The Oaths of Strasbourg and the Sequence of Saint Eulalia , while Old French literature began to be produced in the eleventh century, with major early works often focusing on the lives of saints (such as the Vie de Saint Alexis ), or wars and royal courts, notably including the Chanson de Roland , epic cycles focused on King Arthur and his court , as well as a cycle focused on William of Orange . It
6630-605: The University of Calgary when they erected a graphic display as part of a "Genocide Awareness Project," which illustrated results of an abortion along with historical atrocities such as the Holocaust and the Rwandan genocide . This case was the ninth time in which the group had put on the display. University security staff requested that the students turn the graphic portions of their display inward, away from passers-by. When
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#17328015923196760-428: The Vulgar Latin of the Roman Empire . French evolved from Gallo-Romance , the Latin spoken in Gaul , and more specifically in Northern Gaul. Its closest relatives are the other langues d'oïl —languages historically spoken in northern France and in southern Belgium, which French ( Francien ) largely supplanted. French was also influenced by native Celtic languages of Northern Roman Gaul like Gallia Belgica and by
6890-436: The World Trade Organization , the International Olympic Committee , the General Conference on Weights and Measures , and the International Committee of the Red Cross . French is a Romance language (meaning that it is descended primarily from Vulgar Latin ) that evolved out of the Gallo-Romance dialects spoken in northern France. The language's early forms include Old French and Middle French . Due to Roman rule, Latin
7020-497: The provinces of Quebec, Ontario, and New Brunswick); Belgium ( Wallonia and the Brussels-Capital Region ); western Switzerland (specifically the cantons forming the Romandy region); parts of Luxembourg; parts of the United States (the states of Louisiana, Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont); Monaco; the Aosta Valley region of Italy; and various communities elsewhere. French is estimated to have about 310 million speakers, of which about 80 million are native speakers. According to
7150-409: The "Convoy protest lawyers didn’t do their clients any favours". A B C F G H K L M N O P S T Q French language French ( français [fʁɑ̃sɛ] or langue française [lɑ̃ɡ fʁɑ̃sɛːz] ) is a Romance language of the Indo-European family . Like all other Romance languages, it descended from
7280-409: The "Perversity" Centre. The website post included the diversity coordinator's personal contact information and place of work. Mullen also published a photo of himself holding an automatic weapon with the inscription, Nemo me impune lacessit —"No one provokes me with impunity. In 2004, Mullan had posted a series of letters that he had written to the Bishop of the Anglican Church of Canada , criticizing
7410-427: The ( Germanic ) Frankish language of the post-Roman Frankish invaders. Today, owing to the French colonial empire , there are numerous French-based creole languages , most notably Haitian Creole . A French-speaking person or nation may be referred to as Francophone in both English and French. French is an official language in 27 countries , as well as one of the most geographically widespread languages in
7540-455: The 1990s) but these varieties are severely endangered or presumed extinct. French is one of two official languages in Haiti alongside Haitian Creole . It is the principal language of education, administration, business, and public signage and is spoken by all educated Haitians. It is also used for ceremonial events such as weddings, graduations, and church masses. The vast majority of the population speaks Haitian Creole as their first language;
7670-518: The 2005 case of Chaoulli v Quebec (AG) where the Supreme Court of Canada ruled that a government monopoly on health insurance, when combined with extremely long wait lists before care could be provided, was a violation of the individual's right to life, liberty, and security of the person, all of which are guaranteed under section 7 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms . The Court of Queen's Bench ruled against Allen on 31 March 2014. A campus anti-abortion club caused controversy at
7800-420: The 2020 Supreme Court decision to waive the appellants costs. The appeals court ruled that she was responsible for the costs for both the supreme court and appeal court hearings for the School District and her own legal costs associated with "wasting judicial resources on minor complaints that would not usually justify a lawsuit". JCCF said they would not pay the court costs for the mother, but they would organize
7930-474: The 20th century, when it was replaced by English as the United States became the dominant global power following the Second World War . Stanley Meisler of the Los Angeles Times said that the fact that the Treaty of Versailles was written in English as well as French was the "first diplomatic blow" against the language. During the Grand Siècle (17th century), France, under the rule of powerful leaders such as Cardinal Richelieu and Louis XIV , enjoyed
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#17328015923198060-453: The 9,500 submissions made by the general public who had replied to the request for submissions from August through October 31. Videos and transcripts of all the public hearings were made available online. On November 28, the policy phase began with a series of discussions on potential recommendations. The five volumes of the Report of the Public Inquiry into the 2022 Public Order Emergency were released on February 17, 2023. The report found that
8190-504: The COVID-19 pandemic, the JCCF was able to expand its assets from $ 133,271 to about $ 1.7 million in 2020, through fundraising off the anti-public health lawsuits it pursued. In January 2022, the JCCF represented students in a lawsuit against Seneca College 's vaccine mandate instituted in 2021. After losing the case, the JCCF was ordered to pay slightly over $ 150,000 in legal costs to the college because of its substantial assets and their client's inability to pay legal costs. In July 2021,
8320-510: The Canadian capital, is also effectively bilingual, as it has a large population of federal government workers, who are required to offer services in both French and English, and is just across the river from the Quebecois city of Gatineau . According to the United States Census Bureau (2011), French is the fourth most spoken language in the United States after English, Spanish, and Chinese, when all forms of French are considered together and all dialects of Chinese are similarly combined. French
8450-614: The Caribbean that are collectively referred to as the French West Indies , namely Guadeloupe , Saint Barthélemy , Saint Martin , and Martinique . French is the official language of both French Guiana on the South American continent, and of Saint Pierre and Miquelon , an archipelago off the coast of Newfoundland in North America. French was the official language of the colony of French Indochina , comprising modern-day Vietnam , Laos , and Cambodia . It continues to be an administrative language in Laos and Cambodia, although its influence has waned in recent decades. In colonial Vietnam,
8580-547: The Charter's "robust protection" for protests has reasonable limits". A 2 December 2022 Globe and Mail op-ed written by Marcus Gee said that while, in the writer's opinion, the invocation of the Act was not necessary, the inquiry itself was a win for open democracy as Canadians were given an opportunity to see how "people they elect actually do their jobs." Top government officials had to explain in detail and in public their reasons for their actions with accompanying documents available for anyone to see. Les Whittington wrote
8710-426: The Community Covenant Agreement the memberships of the Law Society of Upper Canada (now the Law Society of Ontario), the Law Society of British Columbia , and the Nova Scotia Barristers' Society voted to not accredit the law school. Both the Ontario and BC rulings were appealed to the Supreme Court of Canada , with the Justice Centre intervening in both cases. On 15 June 2018 the Supreme Court ruled in favour of
8840-408: The Empire, this local elite had been slowly abandoning Gaulish entirely, but the rural and lower class populations remained Gaulish speakers who could sometimes also speak Latin or Greek. The final language shift from Gaulish to Vulgar Latin among rural and lower class populations occurred later, when both they and the incoming Frankish ruler/military class adopted the Gallo-Roman Vulgar Latin speech of
8970-404: The GLBTQ community as defined under CBU's Discrimination and Harassment Policy for discriminating against the GLBTQ community, which is also covered in Section 5 of the Nova Scotia Human Rights Act and adopted by CBU. On 15 February 2006, Mullan had posted on his UCB academic the contents of the email of a student—who was then a coordinator of the CBU's diversity centre—changing the spelling from to
9100-416: The Germanic Frankish language , which non-exhaustively included the use in upper-class speech and higher registers of V2 word order , a large percentage of the vocabulary (now at around 15% of modern French vocabulary ) including the impersonal singular pronoun on (a calque of Germanic man ), and the name of the language itself. Up until its later stages, Old French , alongside Old Occitan , maintained
9230-410: The Indian Ocean, 15% in North Africa and the Middle East, 8% in the Americas, and 1% in Asia and Oceania. French is the second most widely spoken mother tongue in the European Union . Of Europeans who speak other languages natively, approximately one-fifth are able to speak French as a second language. French is the second most taught foreign language in the EU. All institutions of the EU use French as
9360-454: The JCCF founder John Carpay retained a private investigator to follow Manitoba Chief Justice Glenn Joyal in an effort to catch him breaking COVID-19 rules. The JCCF sought to humiliate him while he presided over a JCCF constitutional challenge of The Public Health Act (Manitoba). Justice Joyal had been followed by a vehicle on July 8 after leaving a court building, and noted that the private investigator followed him to his private residence and had
9490-451: The OIF, approximately 321 million people worldwide are "able to speak the language" as of 2022, without specifying the criteria for this estimation or whom it encompasses. In Francophone Africa, it is spoken mainly as a second language. However it has also become a native language in a number of urban areas, especially in regions like Ivory Coast , Cameroon , Gabon, Madagascar , and
9620-516: The POEC investigated the rationale for invoking the Emergencies Act and the measures taken for dealing with the emergency". The inquiry was led by commissioner Justice Paul Rouleau , who was appointed by Prime Minister Justin Trudeau on April 25, 2022. Justice Rouleau had a surgical intervention which delayed the inquiry from September 19, 2022, to mid-October. The inquiry is independent of the parliamentary review committee. Public hearings were held at
9750-425: The Trudeau government met the "very high threshold" for invoking the Emergencies Act after failures by police and politicians to address the protests. A government press release said it is hoped investigations will "prevent these events from happening again". "Public Order Emergency Commission of Inquiry into the circumstances that led to the declaration of emergency that was in place from February 14–23, 2022, and
9880-493: The United States. The centre has been involved in cases including Allen v Alberta , Wilson v University of Calgary , Yaniv v. Various Waxing Salons , and the revocation of vanity licence plates . They have also intervened on behalf of Trinity Western University in their fight to retain anti-homosexual college rules, and the Alberta far-right news outlet Rebel News . In 2021, their founder John Carpay took
10010-530: The Winifred Bambrick Room in Ottawa from October 13 until December 2, 2022. During the 31 days of hearings which spanned six weeks, 77 witnesses provided testimonies and were questioned by lawyers. About 7,000 documents including "text and email messages, cabinet documents, transcripts and witness statements" were submitted. Along with these documents, on November 16, the inquiry heard summaries of
10140-723: The car's driver, Lorne Grabher, is similar to the phrase "grab her". A decision of the Nova Scotia Supreme Court upheld the province's decision to revoke the plate. In 2019, the Justice Centre represented five estheticians in Yaniv v. Various Waxing Salons before the British Columbia Human Rights Tribunal . The complainant, Jessica Yaniv , a trans woman , filed discrimination complaints against 13 waxing salons alleging that they refused to provide Brazilian waxes to her because she
10270-471: The case was of "general public interest". Justice Thompson said that because the plaintiff had limited means, her costs were waived. He added that schools had to ensure that parents knew participation at these events were optional. Both the appellant and the School District appealed the Supreme Court decision—the latter on the issue of costs. Jay Cameron, representing the mother, said that the decision
10400-478: The changing stance on homosexuality in the Anglican church. The Anglican church had been split apart, following the 2003 appointment of the first openly gay American Anglican bishop, Gene Robinson . Mullan was involved in another 2006 incident when a CBU communications professor, Celeste Sulliman, sought a peace bond against him—he had published her name and her department on a list he posted on his "Bear Blog", on
10530-409: The conditions for a human rights complaint, and then leveraged that complaint to pursue a financial settlement from parties who were unsophisticated and unlikely to mount a proper defence", and admonished her for using human rights law as a "weapon" to "penalize" marginalized women with a racial animus and for filing in such a volume for financial gain. On 7 January 2020, the Justice Centre announced it
10660-602: The country near French-speaking Quebec, however, it is the foreign language more commonly taught. Vowel phonemes in French Justice Centre for Constitutional Freedoms The Justice Centre for Constitutional Freedoms ( JCCF ) is a Canadian legal advocacy organization specializing in a social conservative approach to the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms . The libertarian organisation has partnered with several right-wing backers in
10790-519: The demographic prospects of the French-speaking nations of Africa, researcher Pascal-Emmanuel Gobry wrote in 2014 that French "could be the language of the future". However, some African countries such as Algeria intermittently attempted to eradicate the use of French, and as of 2024 it was removed as an official language in Mali and Burkina Faso . Significant as a judicial language, French
10920-448: The economic power of the countries using the language, the number of major areas in which the language is used, and the linguistic prestige associated with the mastery of the language (Weber highlighted that French in particular enjoys considerable linguistic prestige). In a 2008 reassessment of his article, Weber concluded that his findings were still correct since "the situation among the top ten remains unchanged." Knowledge of French
11050-491: The eight students running the display refused to comply, the university initiated non-academic misconduct proceedings against them. The school's Vice-Provost ruled that the actions constituted misconduct and penalized the students with a formal written warning. This penalty was appealed to the University of Calgary's Board of Governors, which refused to hear the appeal and upheld the penalty. The students then requested that
11180-594: The elites primarily spoke French, while many servants who worked in French households spoke a French pidgin known as " Tây Bồi " (now extinct). After French rule ended, South Vietnam continued to use French in administration, education, and trade. However, since the Fall of Saigon and the opening of a unified Vietnam's economy, French has gradually been effectively displaced as the first foreign language of choice by English in Vietnam. Nevertheless, it continues to be taught as
11310-629: The final day of this stage, six constitutional law experts provided testimonies. The five volumes of the Report of the Public Inquiry into the 2022 Public Order Emergency were released on February 17, 2023 three days ahead of schedule. The first volume provides an overview and recommendations; volumes two and three include the analysis of evidence, the fourth volume explains of how the POEC worked, and volume five included commissioned papers by academic experts. In volume one, Rouleau clarified that
11440-420: The final week of hearings, from November 21 through November 25. The final testimony was that of Prime Minister Justin Trudeau . The policy phase of the inquiry began on November 28 with round-table discussions with experts in specific fields, such as social media, disinformation, and constitutional law to deepen Commissioner Rouleau's understanding of these issues and to suggest recommendations. On December 2,
11570-516: The first government authority to adopt Modern French as official was the Aosta Valley in 1536, while the Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts (1539) named French the language of law in the Kingdom of France . During the 17th century, French replaced Latin as the most important language of diplomacy and international relations ( lingua franca ). It retained this role until approximately the middle of
11700-675: The first week of public hearings, the focus was on documents and testimonies tracing the communication of CSIS, OPP, and OPS intelligence reports. Following Rouleau's opening statement, the parties who had been granted standing at the Commission delivered a brief opening statement. On October 14, the second day of hearings, four Ottawa residents, representatives of the Business Improvement Area (BIA), and two Ottawa city councillors provided their statements on how they and their constituents and people they represent, experienced
11830-915: The former Yugoslavia , International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda , the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea the International Criminal Court and the World Trade Organization Appellate Body . It is the sole internal working language of the Court of Justice of the European Union , and makes with English the European Court of Human Rights 's two working languages. In 1997, George Weber published, in Language Today ,
11960-829: The gender of the corresponding word in Gaulish. The estimated number of French words that can be attributed to Gaulish is placed at 154 by the Petit Robert , which is often viewed as representing standardized French, while if non-standard dialects are included, the number increases to 240. Known Gaulish loans are skewed toward certain semantic fields, such as plant life ( chêne , bille , etc.), animals ( mouton , cheval , etc.), nature ( boue , etc.), domestic activities (ex. berceau ), farming and rural units of measure ( arpent , lieue , borne , boisseau ), weapons, and products traded regionally rather than further afield. This semantic distribution has been attributed to peasants being
12090-806: The government of the province of Alberta alleging that the 24 November 2020 public health restrictions "interfere with Albertans' charter rights". Kitchen is representing James Coates, the pastor of the GraceLife Church near Edmonton, Alberta. Since his arrest on 17 February 2021, by the RCMP , Coates has remained in prison for refusing to comply with Alberta Health Services Public Health Act legislation introduced in 2020 in response to COVID-19. Coates refused to cap attendance capacity at 15% and did not comply with requirements for masking and physical distancing of congregants in his GraceLife Church. COVID-19 deniers have protested in support of Coates. During
12220-667: The head of the OPP's Provincial Operations Intelligence Bureau (POIB) Superintendent, Patricia Ferguson, acting deputy chief of the Ottawa Police Service., and Peter Sloly , who was questioned on October 28 and 31. OPP Superintendent Craig Abrams testified on October 20 and October 21. He was questioned by lawyers Tom Curry, Paul Champ. Convoy lawyer Alan Honner questioned Pardy about the numbers of OPP members deployed. OPP lawyer Chris Diana questioned Ferguson about "Project Hendon" reports. A full week from November 1 to November 5
12350-442: The hearings in the form of "text and email messages, cabinet documents, transcripts and witness statements". During the six weeks of the inquiry's public hearings from October 13 through December 2—the factual stage of the inquiry—testimonies from about 77 witnesses were heard. This includes "protest participants, law enforcement representatives, federal cabinet ministers and officials with provincial and municipal governments". During
12480-491: The hearings related to the role played by the police, included OPP retired Chief Superintendent Carson Pardy , RCMP Commissioner Brenda Lucki , CSIS head David Vigneault and the head of the Integrated Threat Assessment Centre . Public hearings began on October 13 and run until December 2, 2022. There were 31 days of testimony with 77 witnesses. About 7,000 documents were submitted to
12610-401: The language are very closely related to those of the rest of the French-speaking world. French is the second most commonly spoken language in Canada and one of two federal official languages alongside English. As of the 2021 Canadian census , it was the native language of 7.7 million people (21% of the population) and the second language of 2.9 million (8% of the population). French
12740-479: The language, although it has now given way to Tamil and English. A former French mandate , Lebanon designates Arabic as the sole official language, while a special law regulates cases when French can be publicly used. Article 11 of Lebanon's Constitution states that "Arabic is the official national language. A law determines the cases in which the French language is to be used". The French language in Lebanon
12870-612: The language. The Act applies to areas of the province where there are significant Francophone communities, namely Eastern Ontario and Northern Ontario . Elsewhere, sizable French-speaking minorities are found in southern Manitoba, Nova Scotia , Prince Edward Island and the Port au Port Peninsula in Newfoundland and Labrador, where the unique Newfoundland French dialect was historically spoken. Smaller pockets of French speakers exist in all other provinces. The Ontarian city of Ottawa ,
13000-479: The last to hold onto Gaulish. The beginning of French in Gaul was greatly influenced by Germanic invasions into the country. These invasions had the greatest impact on the northern part of the country and on the language there. A language divide began to grow across the country. The population in the north spoke langue d'oïl while the population in the south spoke langue d'oc . Langue d'oïl grew into what
13130-417: The law societies in 7–2 decisions for both Trinity Western University v Law Society of Upper Canada and Law Society of British Columbia v Trinity Western University . The majority decisions said that TWU's Community Covenant would deter LGBT students from attending the proposed law school and that equal access to legal education, diversity in the legal profession and preventing harm to LGBT students were in
13260-522: The measures taken for dealing with the emergency." The enquiry examined and assessed whether there was a threat to Canada's security as defined under the Canadian Security Intelligence Service Act that could be deemed to be a "national emergency"—an "urgent", "critical situation". Were there serious threats to the "lives, health or safety of Canadians"? The inquiry investigated whether the "capacity or authority" of
13390-420: The necessity and means to annihilate the patois and to universalize the use of the French language". When public education was made compulsory , only French was taught and the use of any other ( patois ) language was punished. The goals of the public school system were made especially clear to the French-speaking teachers sent to teach students in regions such as Occitania and Brittany . Instructions given by
13520-444: The organization was not in compliance with provincial law society rules, at the end of December 2022, the organization was planning to launch a separate legal entity to perform its legal activities. The organization was seeking to hire low profile litigators and to operate in a low profile manner to ensure that financial donations continued to flow toward the JCCF. The Justice Centre has argued cases in every province, including before
13650-534: The other main foreign language in the Vietnamese educational system and is regarded as a cultural language. All three countries are full members of La Francophonie (OIF). French was the official language of French India , consisting of the geographically separate enclaves referred to as Puducherry . It continued to be an official language of the territory even after its cession to India in 1956 until 1965. A small number of older locals still retain knowledge of
13780-471: The preferred language of certain institutions or administrations such as the Court of Justice of the European Union , where it is the sole internal working language, or the Directorate-General for Agriculture . Since 2016, Brexit has rekindled discussions on whether or not French should again hold greater role within the institutions of the European Union. A leading world language , French
13910-527: The protestors. David Migicovsky represented the Ottawa Police Service . The Canadian Civil Liberties Association was represented by Cara Zwibel . The Justice Centre for Constitutional Freedoms also appeared, in the persons of Keith Wilson and Eva Chipiuk who were hired to represent upwards of two dozen Freedom Convoy participants, including Tamara Lich . Prime Minister Justin Trudeau appeared as witness on November 25. Witnesses during
14040-655: The protests, including Victoria De La Ronde, Zexi Li , Nathalie Carrier, and Kevin McHale. De La Ronde, who described herself as having a visual impairment , said she felt "trapped and helpless." From October 17 through October 19 other City of Ottawa representative provided their testimonies. From October 19 through October 31, representatives of the Ontario Provincial Police (OPP) and the Ottawa Police Service (OPS) were questioned including retired Chief Superintendent Carson Pardy on October 20, Pat Morris,
14170-564: The province of British Columbia had adopted the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP) in 2019, which included the incorporation of "Indigenous culture and perspectives into the public school curriculum." The appeal court had learned that JCCF—described as a "special interest group" and "Christian activist organization"—had "secretly" funded her case. The lack of transparency had influenced
14300-589: The public interest. JCCF represented Candice Servatius, the mother of a primary school student in Port Alberni, British Columbia on Vancouver Island 's west coast on the traditional territory of the Nuu-chah-nulth people in Servatius v. Alberni School District No. 70 . In the lawsuit, which was launched in 2016, the plaintiff—an evangelical Protestant— claimed that a smudging ceremony performed by
14430-471: The rest largely speak French as a first language. As a French Creole language , Haitian Creole draws the large majority of its vocabulary from French, with influences from West African languages, as well as several European languages. It is closely related to Louisiana Creole and the creole from the Lesser Antilles . French is the sole official language of all the overseas territories of France in
14560-414: The total number of French speakers will reach approximately 500 million in 2025 and 650 million by 2050, largely due to rapid population growth in sub-Saharan Africa . OIF estimates 700 million French speakers by 2050, 80% of whom will be in Africa. In a study published in March 2014 by Forbes , the investment bank Natixis said that French could become the world's most spoken language by 2050. In
14690-754: The two official languages—along with Dutch —of the Brussels-Capital Region , where it is spoken by the majority of the population (approx. 80%), often as their primary language. French is one of the four official languages of Switzerland, along with German, Italian, and Romansh , and is spoken in the western part of Switzerland, called Romandy , of which Geneva is the largest city. The language divisions in Switzerland do not coincide with political subdivisions, and some cantons have bilingual status: for example, cities such as Biel/Bienne and cantons such as Valais , Fribourg and Bern . French
14820-568: The urban intellectual elite. The Gaulish language likely survived into the sixth century in France despite considerable Romanization . Coexisting with Latin, Gaulish helped shape the Vulgar Latin dialects that developed into French contributing loanwords and calques (including oui , the word for "yes"), sound changes shaped by Gaulish influence, and influences in conjugation and word order. Recent computational studies suggest that early gender shifts may have been motivated by
14950-485: The use of French in official government publications, public education except in specific cases, and legal contracts; advertisements must bear a translation of foreign words. In Belgium, French is an official language at the federal level along with Dutch and German. At the regional level, French is the sole official language of Wallonia (excluding a part of the East Cantons , which are German-speaking ) and one of
15080-479: The violent overthrow of the Canadian government, "foreign influenced activities", "espionage", "sabotage" threats of serious violence against individuals fuelled by ideology, politics, or religion. The Rouleau inquiry was not mandated to determine who was at fault or to assign liability for what happened during the Canada convoy protest in early 2022. The inquiry's role was to determine whether Prime Minister Trudeau
15210-536: The workplace. In 2011, Bloomberg Businessweek ranked French the third most useful language for business, after English and Standard Mandarin Chinese . In English-speaking Canada, the United Kingdom, and Ireland, French is the first foreign language taught and in number of pupils is far ahead of other languages. In the United States, French is the second-most commonly taught foreign language in schools and universities, although well behind Spanish. In some areas of
15340-402: The world's French-speaking population lives in Africa. According to a 2023 estimate from the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie , an estimated 167 million African people spread across 35 countries and territories can speak French as either a first or a second language . This number does not include the people living in non-Francophone African countries who have learned French as
15470-503: The world, with about 50 countries and territories having it as a de jure or de facto official, administrative, or cultural language. Most of these countries are members of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie (OIF), the community of 54 member states which share the official use or teaching of French. It is spoken as a first language (in descending order of the number of speakers) in France; Canada (especially in
15600-419: Was a disappointment for "citizens from any religion or cultural background, each of whom has a constitutional right to be free from state-compelled spirituality". On 12 December 2022, a panel of judges of the Court of Appeal for British Columbia agreed with Justice Thompson that there were no infringements on Charter rights. Justice Susan Griffin, writing on behalf of the appeal court panel judges, said that
15730-404: Was appropriate for it to have been invoked. Co-lead Commission Counsel were Shantona Chaudhury and Jeffrey Leon, and senior inquiry lawyers included Frank Au, Natalia Rodriguez, Gabriel Poliquin and Dan Sheppard. Other lawyers included Tom Curry who represented the former Ottawa police chief Peter Sloly . Paul Champ represented Ottawa citizens and businesses. Brendan Miller represented some of
15860-791: Was devoted to testimonies by protesters starting with the first person to allegedly conceive of the protests, Brigitte Belton, and then Chris Barber—who had travelled to Ottawa from Saskatchewan with Tamara Lich during the protests. Paul Champ, who represented Ottawa residents and business owners, said that Judge Rouleau had only allowed two hours for his clients' evidence in contrast to amount of time that he had allocated for Ottawa convoy protest leaders and organizers— Pat King , Benjamin Dichter , Tom Marazzo , Chris Barber , Lich, Jeremy MacKenzie . Protesters were given extra allowances to share lengthy monologues, grievances, conflicts, motivations, and to answer questions for several days. MacKenzie, described in
15990-819: Was during the period of the Crusades in which French became so dominant in the Mediterranean Sea that became a lingua franca ("Frankish language"), and because of increased contact with the Arabs during the Crusades who referred to them as Franj , numerous Arabic loanwords entered French, such as amiral (admiral), alcool (alcohol), coton (cotton) and sirop (syrop), as well as scientific terms such as algébre (algebra), alchimie (alchemy) and zéro (zero). Within Old French many dialects emerged but
16120-463: Was gradually adopted by the inhabitants of Gaul. As the language was learned by the common people, it developed a distinct local character, with grammatical differences from Latin as spoken elsewhere, some of which is attested in graffiti. This local variety evolved into the Gallo-Romance tongues, which include French and its closest relatives, such as Arpitan . The evolution of Latin in Gaul
16250-486: Was justified by law to invoke the Emergencies Act , which became part of his political legacy. It also determined "whether and how" the Emergencies Act could be used in the future. Conservatives had raised concerns in April, months before the Inquiry began, that investigations were too focused on the actions of protesters and their fundraising, and not on justifying the use of the Emergencies Act or determining whether it
16380-652: Was known in the Occitan-speaking region as Vergonha . Spoken by 19.71% of the European Union's population, French is the third most widely spoken language in the EU, after English and German and the second-most-widely taught language after English. Under the Constitution of France , French has been the official language of the Republic since 1992, although the Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts made it mandatory for legal documents in 1539. France mandates
16510-439: Was representing another salon in an additional complaint filed by Yaniv in early October 2019. In September 2020 it was announced that Yaniv had withdrawn her complaints against these salons. [1] In 2012 the private evangelical school Trinity Western University (TWU) completed a proposal to establish its own law school. Several groups objected to the establishment of this law school because of TWU's Community Covenant Agreement,
16640-594: Was shaped by its coexistence for over half a millennium beside the native Celtic Gaulish language , which did not go extinct until the late sixth century, long after the fall of the Western Roman Empire . The population remained 90% indigenous in origin; the Romanizing class were the local native elite (not Roman settlers), whose children learned Latin in Roman schools. At the time of the collapse of
16770-440: Was subject to misconduct complaints to various bar associations, and was "indefinitely suspected" before returning to work seven weeks later. The CBC next reported that the JCCF board said, "that an interim president would be appointed, and that there would be a review of operations and decision-making at the organization." Carpay was arrested for his role in the surveillance of the chief justice on 30 December 2022 and released
16900-570: Was the language they use the most at home rose from 67% at the 2007 census to 74% at the 2017 census. In Wallis and Futuna, the percentage of the population who reported that French was the language they use the most at home rose from 10% at the 2008 census to 13% at the 2018 census. According to a demographic projection led by the Université Laval and the Réseau Démographie de l'Agence universitaire de la Francophonie ,
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