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57-485: Among the notable peaks or hilltops are 1,518 metres (4,980 ft) high Mount Popa , a stratovolcano , Sinnamaung TAUNG 2,693 feet (820 m), Shwenape TAUNG 2,509 feet (765 m), TALAN TAUNG 2,050 feet (625 m), Binhontaung 2,003 feet (611 m), Kodittaung 1,885 feet (575 m), Phoe-Oo Taung and Singguttara Hill (Theingottara Hill). The Pegu Range consists of folded and faulted Paleogene marine sediments combined with more recent volcanics . The Shwedagon Pagoda

114-583: A " shandy sorrel" in which the tea is combined with beer. In Thailand, roselle is generally drunk as a cool drink, and it can be made into a wine. Roselle flowers are commonly found in commercial herbal teas, especially teas advertised as berry-flavoured, as they give a bright red colouring to the drink. Roselle flowers are sold as wild hibiscus flowers in syrup in Australia as a gourmet product. Recipes include filling them with goats cheese; serving them on baguette slices baked with brie; and placing one plus

171-550: A 1.6 km (0.99 mi) wide and 0.85 km (0.53 mi) deep caldera that is breached to the northwest and is thought to have formed due to failure of the volcano's slopes. A 3 km (0.72 cu mi) debris avalanche can be found to the north of the caldera's breach. It covers an area of 27 km (10 sq mi). Popa Mountain contains five separate forest ecosystems, including dry forest, Than-Dahat forest and Thorn forest . The sandalwood forest in Burma

228-535: A celebration of the emancipation of slaves. In the UK, the dried calyces and ready-made sorrel syrup are widely and cheaply available in Caribbean and Asian grocers. The fresh calyces are imported mainly during December and January to make Christmas and New Year infusions, which are often made into cocktails with rum. They are very perishable, rapidly developing fungal rot, and need to be used soon after purchase — unlike

285-464: A diuretic and mild laxative . The red calyces of the plant are increasingly exported to the United States and Europe, particularly Germany, where they are used as food colourings . It can be found in markets (as flowers or syrup ) in places, such as France, where there are Senegalese immigrant communities. The green leaves are used like a spicy version of spinach . They give flavour to

342-425: A little syrup in a champagne flute before adding the champagne — the bubbles cause the flower to open. In Dodoma, Tanzania, roselle juice is brewed to make roselle wine famous by the name of choya . In Nigeria, roselle jam has been made since colonial times and is still sold regularly at community fetes and charity stalls. It is similar in flavour to plum jam, although more acidic. It differs from other jams in that

399-499: A major festival is held annually in the month of Wagaung (August). Although all 37 Nats of the official pantheon are represented at the shrine on Mt Popa, in fact only four of them - the Mahagiri nats, Byatta and Me Wunna - have their abode here. Many Burmese pilgrims visit Mount Popa every year, especially at festival season on the full moon of Nayon (May/June) and the full moon of Nadaw (November/December). Local people from

456-653: A number of countries across West and Middle Africa, roselle is known as chia or foléré . It is known as bissap in Wolof, in Senegal. In Dagbani , it is known as birili and a sour seasoning made from the flowers is kananjuŋ . It is called wegda in the Mossi language, one of four official regional languages spoken in Burkina Faso. In Middle Africa, roselle is called ngaï-ngaï (from Lingala ) in

513-426: A popular infusion known by many names, including carcade . Roselle is an annual or perennial herb or woody-based subshrub , growing to 2–2.5 m (7–8 ft) tall. The leaves are deeply three- to five-lobed, 8–15 cm (3–6 in) long, arranged alternately on the stems. The flowers are 8–10 cm (3–4 in) in diameter, white to pale yellow with a dark red spot at the base of each petal, and have

570-536: A rice powder stew, known as galda gisi pura. In the Khasi Hills of Meghalaya, the plant is locally known as jajew , and the leaves are used in local cuisine, cooked with both dried and fresh fish. The Bodos and other indigenous Assamese communities of north east India cook its leaves with fish, shrimp or pork along with boiling it as vegetables which is much relished. Sometimes they add native lye called karwi or khar to bring down its tartness and add flavour. In

627-1048: A stout, conspicuous calyx at the base, 1–2 cm (0.39–0.79 in) wide, enlarging to 3–3.5 cm (1.2–1.4 in) and becoming fleshy and a deep crimson red as the fruit matures, which takes about six months. Roselle is known as karkadeh ( كركديه ) in Arabic, chin baung (ချဉ်ပေါင်) in Burmese , luòshénhuā ( 洛神花 ) in Chinese , Thai : กระเจี๊ยบ ( RTGS :  krachiap ) in Thai , ສົ້ມພໍດີ /sőm phɔː diː/ in Lao , ស្លឹក​ជូរ /slɜk cuː/ សណ្តាន់​ទេស /sɑndan tẹːh/, ម្ជូរ​បារាំង /məcuː baraŋ/, or ម្ជូរ​ព្រឹក /məcuː prɨk/ in Khmer , and cây quế mầu , cây bụp giấm , or cây bụt giấm in Vietnamese . Roselle

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684-512: Is endemic to and named after Mount Popa. Bird watchers that visit can observe birds such as the red-billed blue magpie , the chestnut-flanked white-eye , and the blue-throated barbet . Butterflies include the leopard lacewing and the magpie crow . The monkeys may be the most well known species on Popa Mountain, and the mountain is home to the largest population of the newly described and critically endangered Popa Langur monkey. Macaque monkeys also roam wild creating all sorts of havoc on

741-516: Is a big caldera , 610 metres (2,000 ft) wide and 914 metres (3,000 ft) in depth so that from different directions the mountain takes different forms with more than one peak. The surrounding areas are arid, but the Mt Popa area has over 200 springs and streams. It is therefore likened to an oasis in the desert-like dry central zone of Burma. This means the surrounding landscape is characterized by prickly bushes and stunted trees as opposed to

798-480: Is a cold drink made by soaking the dried roselle calyces in cold water overnight in a refrigerator with sugar and some lemon or lime juice added. It is then consumed with or without ice cubes after the flowers have been strained. In Lebanon, toasted pine nuts are sometimes added. Roselle is used in Nigeria to make a refreshing drink known as zobo and natural fruit juices of pineapple and watermelon are added. Ginger

855-520: Is a dormant volcano 1518 metres (4981 feet) above sea level, and located in central Myanmar in the region of Mandalay about 50 km (31 mi) southeast of Bagan (Pagan) in the Pegu Range . It can be seen from the Ayeyarwady (Irrawaddy) River as far away as 60 km (37 mi) in clear weather. Mount Popa is a pilgrimage site, with numerous Nat temples and relic sites atop

912-647: Is also a popular dish. Among the Paites tribe of the Manipur Hibiscus sabdariffa and Hibiscus cannabinus locally known as anthuk are cooked along with chicken, fish, crab or pork or any meat, and cooked as a soup as one of their traditional cuisines. In the Garo Hills of Meghalaya, it is known as galda and is consumed boiled with pork, chicken or fish. After monsoon, the leaves are dried and crushed into powder, then stored for cooking during winter in

969-454: Is also sometimes added to the refreshing drink. In the US, a beverage known as hibiscus cooler is made from the tea, a sweetener, and sometimes juice of apple, grape or lemon. The beverage is sold by some juice companies. With the increasing popularity of Mexican cuisine in the US, the calyces are sold in bags usually labeled "flor de Jamaica" and have long been available in health food stores in

1026-941: Is called kudrum or dhepa saag in Nagpuri (Sadri). It is also known by other names in different languages of this region, like ipil jongor , which means "star fruit" in the Mundari language . In southern and western India, it is known as pundi palle ( ಪುಂಡಿ ಪಲ್ಯ ) or pundi soppu ( ಪುಂಡಿ ಸೊಪ್ಪು ) in Kannada , mathippuli ( മത്തിപ്പുളി ) or pulivenda ( പുളിവെണ്ട ) in Malayalam , ambadi ( अंबाडी ) in Maharashtra , pulicha keerai ( புளிச்சகீரை ) in Tamil and gongura ( గోంగూర ) in Telugu . In Australia, roselle

1083-706: Is called Sougri and it is used as a vegetable. It is generally cooked without oil by boiling with some other herbs and dried fish and is a favorite of the Manipuri people. Almost every household has this plant in their homes. In Burmese cuisine , called chin baung ywet ( lit.   ' sour leaf ' ), the roselle is widely used and considered affordable. It is perhaps the most widely eaten and popular vegetable in Myanmar. The leaves are fried with garlic, dried or fresh prawns and green chili or cooked with fish. A light soup made from roselle leaves and dried prawn stock

1140-589: Is commonly made into a type of pickle . "Sorrel jelly" is manufactured in Trinidad. Roselle jam is made in Queensland , Australia as a home-made or speciality product sold at fetes and other community events. In India, the plant is primarily cultivated for the production of bast fibre used in cordage, made from its stem. The fibre may be used as a substitute for jute in making burlap . Hibiscus , specifically roselle, has been used in folk medicine as

1197-468: Is eaten by tribals as breakfast to start their day. A dry dish or sukhi bajji is prepared with khate fule leaves. In Andhra cuisine , roselle is called gongura and is extensively used. The leaves are steamed with lentils and cooked with dal . Another unique dish is prepared by mixing fried leaves with spices and made into a gongura pacchadi , the most famous dish of Andhra and Telangana often described as king of all Andhra foods. In Manipuri , it

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1254-640: Is known as ìsápá among the Yoruba in southwest Nigeria and yakuwa by the Hausa people of northern Nigeria who also call the seeds gurguzu and the capsule cover zoborodo or zobo . In Igbo which is spoken in Southern Nigeria, as well as Cameroon and Equatorial Guinea, it is called ojō or ọkwọrọ-ozo . Among the Tiv people of Central Nigeria, the plant is called ashwe while

1311-580: Is known as chukur/chukai ( চুকুর/চুকাই ), and amlamadhur ( অম্লমধুর ) in Bengali . It is called ya pung by the Marma people of Bangladesh's Chittagong Hill Tracts . In north eastern India and environs, it is called tengamora ( টেঙামৰা ) by various indigenous ethnic groups of Assam . In addition, it is known as hoilfa ( হইলফা ) in Sylheti , dachang or datchang by Atongs , mwita among

1368-673: Is known as sorrel in many parts of the English-speaking Caribbean, including Trinidad and Tobago, Jamaica and most of the islands in the West Indies. In the French West Indies , it is known as groseille-pays , or as Gwozey-péi in Antillean Creole . In Brazil, it has a number of names, including vinagreira , and caruru-azedo , and is an important part of a dish regional to

1425-528: Is known as the rosella or rosella fruit . It is naturalised in Australia and its introduction is thought to have been from interactions with Makassar traders. Australia also has a native rosella, Hibiscus heterophyllus , known as wyrrung to Koori aboriginal people in New South Wales. It is indigenous to eastern parts of New South Wales and Queensland and is one of about 40 species of Hibiscus native to Australia. In West Africa, roselle

1482-483: Is not native. It is located approximately two miles away from the resort there is a regrowth of a planted forest that was cut down in the 1970s by poachers. Flora on the mountain includes the yellow, white, and green blooms of the Sagawa tree, as well as shrubs, and bamboo forests. Popa Mountain has known medicinal plants such as Plumbaginaceae , Tinospora cordifolia , and Withania somnifera bark. The soil around

1539-449: Is now a designated nature reserve and national park . The nearby Kyetmauk Taung Reservoir provides sufficient water for gardens and orchards producing jackfruit, banana, mango and papaya as well as flowering trees such as saga ( Champac ) and gant gaw ( Mesua ferrea Linn). A pozzolan mill to supply material for the construction of Yeywa Dam on Myitnge River near Mandalay is in operation. There are many Burmese myths about

1596-695: Is often served chilled. This is done in St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana, Antigua , Barbados, Belize, St. Lucia, Dominica, Grenada, Jamaica, the US Virgin Islands and St. Kitts and Nevis where the plant or fruit is called sorrel . The drink is one of several inexpensive beverages ( aguas frescas ) commonly consumed in Mexico and Central America; they are typically made from fresh fruits, juices or extracts. In Mexican restaurants in

1653-530: Is over 80 inches of rainfall a year. The hills of the Pegu Range were originally heavily forested with teak and other commercially exploitable hardwoods. The southern forests were "ironwood forests", while the central and northern forests were teak. Extensive logging has caused the present deforestation and increased erosion in the area. Mount Popa Mount Popa ( Burmese : ပုပ္ပားတောင် ; MLCTS : puppa: taung , IPA: [pòpá tàʊɰ̃] )

1710-502: Is possible that the legends about Nats represent a heritage of earlier animist religions in Burmese countryside, which were syncreticised with Buddhist religion in the 11th century. Mount Popa is considered the abode of Burma's most powerful Nats and as such is the most important nat worship center. It has therefore been called Burma's Mount Olympus . One legend tells about brother and sister MinMahagiri (Great Mountain) nats, from

1767-493: Is slowly cooked in a broth containing the leaves and lamb, and the other dish is called djissima-mafé , where the leaves are cooked in a tomato sauce, also including lamb. Note that djissima-gounday is also considered an affordable dish. In Namibia, it is called mutete , and it is consumed by people from the Kavango region in northeastern Namibia. In the central African nations of Congo-Kinshasa , Congo-Brazzaville and Gabon

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1824-525: Is the name of the actual volcano that caused the creation of the volcanic plug, to avoid confusion, the volcano (with its crater blown open on one side) is generally called Taung Ma-gyi (mother hill). The volcanic crater itself is a mile in diameter. From the top of Taung Kalat one can enjoy a panoramic view. One can see the ancient city of Bagan ; behind it to the north, the massive solitary conical peak of Taung Ma-gyi rises like Mount Fuji in Japan . There

1881-679: The Bodo , amile among Chakmas mostly in Chittagong , gal•da among Garos , Khandrong among Tiwa , hanserong among Karbi (an indigenous group of Asaam), hantserup among Lotha of Nagaland. Other names are okhreo among Maos , sillo sougri among Meitei and belchanda ( बेलचण्डा ) among Nepalis . Anthur sen (roselle red) in Hakha Chin , lakher anthur in Mizo and hmiakhu saipa (roselle red) or matu hmiakhu in

1938-836: The Mara language are names used in Mizoram , India and Chin State , Myanmar. In eastern and central India, roselle in Odia is known as kaaunria saga ( କାଊଂରିଆ ଶାଗ ) in Koraput and Malkangiri districts of Odisha , khata palanga ( ଖଟାପାଳଙ୍ଗ ) in the Jagatsinghpur and Cuttack districts and takabhendi ( ଟକଭେଣ୍ଡି ) in the Balasore district . In the Chota Nagpur region , it

1995-445: The flavonoids gossypetin , hibiscetine and sabdaretine . The major pigment is not daphniphylline . Small amounts of myrtillin (delphinidin 3-monoglucoside), chrysanthenin (cyanidin 3-monoglucoside), and delphinidin are present. Roselle seeds are a good source of lipid-soluble antioxidants, particularly gamma-tocopherol . In Bihar and Jharkhand roselle is also known as "kudrum" in local language. The bright red petal of

2052-401: The pectin is obtained from boiling the interior buds of the roselle flowers. It is thus possible to make rosella jam with nothing but roselle buds and sugar. In Burma, the buds of the roselle are made into 'preserved fruits' or jams. Depending on the method and the preference, the seeds are removed or included. The jams, made from roselle buds and sugar, are red and tangy. In India, Roselle

2109-911: The Democratic Republic of Congo, while in the Central African Republic, it is dongö or ngbe in Sango . In East Africa, roselle is called kärkädē ( ከርከዴ ) in Amharic and Tigrinya, while in Swahili , one of the official languages of the East African Community , it is named choya . Roselle is also known as Florida Cranberry or Jamaica sorrel in the United States. It is called saril or flor de Jamaica in Spanish across Central America. It

2166-568: The Philippines, the leaves and flowers are used to add sourness to the chicken dish tinola (chicken stew). In Vietnam, the young leaves, stems and fruits are used for cooking soups with fish or eel. In Mali, the dried and ground leaves, also called djissima , are commonly used in Songhaï cuisine, in the regions of Timbuktu, Gao and their surroundings. It is the main ingredient in at least two dishes, one called djissima-gounday , where rice

2223-532: The U.S. for making tea. In addition to being a popular homemade drink, Jarritos , a popular brand of Mexican soft drinks, makes a flor de Jamaica flavored carbonated beverage. Imported Jarritos can be readily found in the U.S. Beverages made from the roselle fruit are included in a category of "red drinks" associated with West Africa consumed by African Americans . Such red drinks, now usually carbonated soft drinks, are commonly served in soul food restaurants and at African-American social events, including Juneteenth,

2280-669: The US, the beverage is sometimes known simply as Jamaica ( Spanish pronunciation: [xaˈmajka] hah- MY -cah ). It is very popular in Trinidad and Tobago especially as a seasonal drink at Christmas where cinnamon, cloves and bay leaves are preferred to ginger. It is also popular in Jamaica, usually flavored with rum. In Ghana, Mali, Mauritania, Senegal, The Gambia, Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast and Benin, calyces are used to prepare cold, sweet drinks popular in social events, often mixed with mint leaves, dissolved menthol candy, and/or fruit flavors. The Sudanese karkadeh ( كركديه )

2337-401: The capsule is referred to as agbende ashwe . It is primarily consumed as a soup in three forms: The leaves are either cooked, or steamed and crushed on a grinding stone, in which form it is considered a delicacy due to its preservation of the characteristic tang (slightly sour taste) of the leaves. The outer covering of the capsule (green variety) is also cooked as a soup which does not have

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2394-579: The dried product, which has a long shelf-life. In Africa, especially the Sahel , roselle is commonly used to make a sugary herbal tea that is sold on the street. The dried flowers can be found in every market. Roselle tea is quite common in Italy where it spread during the first decades of the 20th century as a typical product of the Italian colonies . The Carib Brewery , a Trinidad and Tobago brewery, produces

2451-474: The foot of Mount Popa, at Kyaukpadaung (10-miles), go mass-hiking to the peak during December and also in April when the Myanmar new year called Thingyan festival is celebrated. Before King Anawrahta 's time , hundreds of animals were sacrificed to the nats during festivals. Burmese superstition says that on Mount Popa, one should not wear red or black or green or bring meat, especially pork, as it could offend

2508-413: The fruit is used for chutney which is sweet and sour in taste. In Saputara region (near Maharashtra / Gujarat MP border), roselle is called khate fule also called as 'ambade fule' by local tribal language. The khate fule leaves are mixed with green chillies, salt, some garlic to prepare a chutney and bhaji which is served with jowar (sorghum) or bajra (millet) made bakho (a flat bread). This

2565-520: The kingdom of Tagaung at the upper reaches of the Irrawaddy, who sought refuge from King Thaylekyaung of Bagan (344-387). Their wish was granted and they were enshrined on Mt Popa. Another legend tells about Popa Medaw (Royal Mother of Popa), who according to legend was a flower-eating ogress called Me Wunna; she lived at Popa. She fell in love with Byatta, whose royal duty was to gather flowers from Popa for King Anawrahta of Bagan (1044–1077). Byatta

2622-434: The leaves are referred to as oseille or ngaï-ngaï , and are used puréed, or in a sauce, often with fish and/or aubergines. In the Caribbean, a drink is made from the roselle fruit (the calyces with the seed pods removed). It is prepared by boiling fresh, frozen or dried roselle fruit in water for 8 to 10 minutes (or until the water turns red), then adding sugar. Bay leaves and cloves may also be added during boiling. It

2679-414: The lush forests and rivers Burma is famous for. Plenty of trees, flowering plants and herbs grow due to the fertile soil from the volcanic ash . Prominent among the fauna are macaque monkeys that have become a tourist attraction on Taung Kalat. Many legends are associated with this mountain including its dubious creation from a great earthquake and the mountain erupted out of the ground in 442 BC. It

2736-515: The mountain is rich due to the past volcanic activity. Crops grown include cauliflower, capsicum , celery leaf, chili, coriander , citron , eggplant , kalian, lemongrass , lime, lemon, mint, green mustard, pennywort, radish, roselle , tomato, jackfruit , papaya , strawberry, banana, lettuce, broccoli and Thai ginger. The dry season is used for vegetable growing, while the rainy season is used for fruits. Mount Popa has an assortment of butterflies and birds. A species of lizard, Lygosoma popae ,

2793-425: The mountain, including one which says that any man who collected their army on the slopes of the mountain was guaranteed victory. People travel great distances to Mount Popa in the hope of securing good luck, and the mountain hosts an annual festival which takes place in the temple on its summit. The festival involves a transgender medium being possessed by a nat spirit which give him the ability to communicate between

2850-494: The mountain. Southwest of Mount Popa is Taung Kalat (pedestal hill), a sheer-sided volcanic plug , which rises 657 metres (2,156 ft) above the sea level. A Buddhist monastery is located at the summit of Taung Kalat. At one time, the Buddhist hermit U Khandi maintained the stairway of 777 steps to the summit of Taung Kalat. The Taung Kalat pedestal hill is sometimes itself called Mount Popa and given that Mount Popa

2907-462: The mountain. The name Popa is believed to come from the Pali / Sanskrit word puppha meaning flower. The main edifice of the volcano is composed of basalt and basaltic andesite lava flows , along with pyroclastic deposits and scoriaceous material, originating from strombolian eruptions which are thought to have made up the later stages of the volcano's growth. The volcano also contains

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2964-458: The nats and the people. Roselle (plant) Roselle ( Hibiscus sabdariffa ) is a species of flowering plant in the genus Hibiscus that is native to Africa, most likely West Africa. In the 16th and early 17th centuries it was spread to Asia and the West Indies, where it has since become naturalized in many places. The stems are used for the production of bast fibre and the dried cranberry-tasting calyces are commonly steeped to make

3021-432: The resident nats. A monkey that is new to science has recently been discovered in the forests of Mount Popa. The Popa langur , named after its home on Mount Popa, is critically endangered with numbers down to about 200 individuals. Langurs are a group of leaf-eating monkeys that are found across Southeast Asia. The newly described animal is known for its distinctive spectacle-like eye patches and greyish fur. Mount Popa

3078-433: The state of Maranhão , Arroz de cuxá . The Hibiscus leaves are a good source of polyphenolic compounds . The major identified compounds include neochlorogenic acid , chlorogenic acid , cryptochlorogenic acid , caffeoylshikimic acid and flavonoid compounds such as quercetin , kaempferol and their derivatives. The flowers are rich in anthocyanins , as well as protocatechuic acid . The dried calyces contain

3135-408: The tang of the leaves. The red variant of the capsule are rarely (if ever) cooked, but instead boiled and the extract cooled and drunk (like tea or soda when sugar is added). This form is known as zobo , which is actually a borrowed name, just as this method of preparation is borrowed. Traditionally the red variant was used as a dye to color wood, and similar materials. In Fula language , spoken in

3192-637: Was built sometime before 1000 A.D. on Singguttara Hill. The Pegu Range was the original site of the 1930-1931 Saya San uprising against the British . Saya San raised the flag of independence on Alantaung Hill near Tharrawaddy . Later the Pegu Range became a center for the Communist Party of Burma . The northern end of the Pegu merges into the Burmese Dry Belt , while in the south there

3249-480: Was executed for disobeying the king who disapproved of the liaison, and their sons were later taken away to the palace. Me Wunna died of a broken heart and, like Byatta, became a nat. Their sons also became heroes in the king's service but were later executed for neglecting their duty during the construction of a pagoda at Taungbyone near Mandalay . They too became powerful nats but they remained in Taungbyone where

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