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128-418: Private Dancer is the fifth solo studio album by American singer Tina Turner . It was released on May 29, 1984 by Capitol Records and was her first album released by the label. After several challenging years of going solo after divorcing Ike Turner , Private Dancer propelled Turner into becoming a viable solo star, as well as one of the most marketable crossover singers in the recording industry. It became
256-760: A Mobil card to the nearby Ramada Inn across the freeway. She filed for divorce on July 27 and it was finalized on March 29, 1978. After their separation, United Artists released two more albums credited to the duo: Delilah's Power (1977) and Airwaves (1978). In 1976 and 1977, Tina Turner earned income by appearing on TV shows such as The Hollywood Squares , Donny & Marie , The Sonny & Cher Show , and The Brady Bunch Hour . After her separation from Ike, lawsuits were mounting for canceled Ike & Tina Turner gigs. She resumed touring to pay off her debts, with finances given to her by United Artists executive Mike Stewart . In 1977, she re-emerged with new costumes created by Bob Mackie . She headlined
384-562: A freelance writer after a story he wrote about the death of a woman in New Jersey was published by New York magazine. He was among the first dedicated rock critics. He was asked to take over the dormant music column at Esquire , which he began writing in June 1967. He also contributed to Cheetah magazine at the time. He then became a leading voice in the formation of a musical–political aesthetic combining New Left politics and
512-955: A B+ or higher to be a personal recommendation. He noted that in practice, grades below a C− were rare. In 1990, Christgau changed the format of the "Consumer Guide" to focus more on the albums he liked. B+ records that Christgau deemed "unworthy of a full review" were mostly given brief comments and star marks ranging from three down to one, denoting an honorable mention ", records which Christgau believed may be of interest to their own target audience. Lesser albums were filed under categories such as "Neither" (which may impress at first with "coherent craft or an arresting track or two", before failing to make an impression again) and "Duds" (which indicated bad records and were listed without further comment). Christgau did give full reviews and traditional grades to records he pans in an annual November "Turkey Shoot" column in The Village Voice , until he left
640-665: A B.A. degree in English . At college, his musical interests turned to jazz , but he quickly returned to rock after moving back to New York. He has said that Miles Davis 's 1960 album Sketches of Spain initiated "one phase of the disillusionment (in him) with jazz that resulted in my return to rock and roll." He was deeply influenced by New Journalism writers including Gay Talese and Tom Wolfe . "My ambitions when I went into journalism were always, to an extent, literary", Christgau said later. I am interested in those places where popular culture and avant-garde culture intersect. As
768-714: A bona fide American institution. For music writers, his year-end essays and extensive 'Dean's List' are like watching the big ball drop in Times Square ." These are Christgau's choices for the number-one album of the year, including the point score he assigned for the poll. Pazz & Jop's rules provided that each item in a top ten could be allotted between 5 and 30 points, with all ten items totaling 100, allowing critics to weight certain albums more heavily if they chose to do so. In some years, he often gave an equal number of points to his first- and second-ranked albums, but they were nevertheless ranked as first and second, not as
896-744: A brief diversion to disco music, failed to chart, so United Artists Records and Turner parted ways. Without the premise of a hit record, she continued performing and headlined her second tour. In 1979, Australian manager Roger Davies agreed to manage Turner after seeing her perform at the Fairmont Hotel in San Francisco. In early 1979, Turner worked in Italy as a regular performer on the Rete 1 TV series Luna Park , hosted by Pippo Baudo and Heather Parisi . Later that year, she embarked on
1024-440: A closet ' American Woman ' fan" (from Christgau's review of the 1983 Police album Synchronicity ). "Calling Neil Tennant a bored wimp is like accusing Jackson Pollock of making a mess" (reviewing the 1987 Pet Shop Boys album Actually ); and " Mick Jagger should fold up his penis and go home" (in a review of Prince 's 1980 album Dirty Mind ). In 1978, Lou Reed recorded a tirade against Christgau and his column on
1152-533: A concentrated, fragmented prose style featuring layered clauses , caustic wit, one-liner jokes , political digressions, and allusions ranging from common knowledge to the esoteric. Informed by leftist politics (particularly feminism and secular humanism ), his reviews have generally favored song-oriented musical forms and qualities of wit and formal rigor, as well as musicianship from uncommon sources. Originally published in his "Consumer Guide" columns during his tenure at The Village Voice from 1969 to 2006,
1280-569: A concert on home video. During this time, she also contributed vocals to the USA for Africa benefit song " We Are the World ". Turner's success continued when she traveled to Australia to star opposite Mel Gibson in the 1985 post-apocalyptic film Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome . The movie provided her with her first acting role in ten years; she portrayed the glamorous Aunty Entity, the ruler of Bartertown. Upon release, critical response to her performance
1408-462: A contributing editor at Rolling Stone (which first published his review of Moby Grape 's Wow in 1968). Late in 2007, Christgau was fired by Rolling Stone , although he continued to work for the magazine for another three months. Beginning with the March 2008 issue, he joined Blender , where he was listed as "senior critic" for three issues and then "contributing editor". Christgau had been
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#17327805265591536-714: A controversial five-week tour of South Africa during the apartheid regime. She later regretted the decision, stating that she was "naive about the politics in South Africa" at the time. In October 1981, Rod Stewart attended Turner's show at the Ritz in New York City and invited her to perform " Hot Legs " with him on Saturday Night Live . In November, Turner opened for the Rolling Stones during their 1981 American Tour . Turner performed in March 1982 in
1664-811: A cover of Iggy Pop 's " Tonight ". Released as a single in November, it peaked at No. 53 in both the UK and the US. Turner culminated her comeback when she won three Grammys at the 27th Annual Grammy Awards , including the Grammy Award for Record of the Year for "What's Love Got to Do with It". In February 1985, she embarked on her second world tour to support the Private Dancer album. Two nights were filmed at Birmingham, England 's NEC Arena and later released as
1792-472: A critic, I want to achieve a new understanding of culture in both its aesthetic and political aspects; as a journalist, I want to suggest whatever I figure out to an audience in an entertaining and provocative way. —Christgau (1977) Christgau wrote short stories, before giving up fiction in 1964 to become a sportswriter and later, a police reporter for the Newark Star-Ledger . He became
1920-519: A duet, " It's Only Love ", with Bryan Adams . It was nominated for a Grammy Award, and the music video won an MTV Video Music Award for Best Stage Performance. In 1986, Turner released her sixth solo album, Break Every Rule , which reached No. 1 in four countries and sold over five million copies worldwide within its first year of release. The album sold more than a million copies in the United States and Germany alone. The album featured
2048-659: A female artist in North America that year. In January 1988, Turner performed in front of approximately 180,000 at Maracanã Stadium in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil , setting a Guinness World Record at the time for the largest paying concert attendance for a solo artist. In April 1988, Turner released the Tina Live in Europe album, which won a Grammy Award for Best Female Rock Vocal Performance . After taking time off following
2176-621: A girl group, the Ikettes , as backing vocalists and dancers. He remained in the background as the bandleader. Ike Turner put the entire revue through a rigorous touring schedule across the United States, performing 90 days straight in venues around the country. During the days of the Chitlin' Circuit , the Ike & Tina Turner Revue built a reputation as "one of the hottest, most durable, and potentially most explosive of all R&B ensembles", rivaling
2304-636: A hospital or sing in Ike's band. I didn't know anything else. Or anyone else. And I wanted to sing. —Tina Turner (1986) Bullock and her sister began to perform frequently at nightclubs in St. Louis and East St. Louis . She first saw Ike Turner perform with his band the Kings of Rhythm at the Club Manhattan in East St. Louis. Bullock was impressed by his talent, recalling that she "almost went into
2432-420: A little interest in pop music, they're a treasure." While regarding the early columns as "a model of cogent, witty criticism", Dave Marsh in 1976 said "the tone of the writing is now snotty–it lacks compassion, not to mention empathy, with current rock." Fans of Christgau's "Consumer Guide" like to share lines from their favorite reviews. Wolk wrote, " Sting wears his sexual resentment on his chord changes like
2560-675: A long time he's been called the 'dean of American rock critics'", wrote New York Times literary critic Dwight Garner in 2015. "It's a line that started out as an offhanded joke. These days, few dispute it." Christgau married fellow critic and writer Carola Dibbell in 1974 and they have an adopted daughter, Nina, born in Honduras in 1986. He said that he grew up in a " born-again church" in Queens but has since become an atheist . Christgau has been long, albeit argumentative friends with critics Tom Hull , Dave Marsh , Greil Marcus and
2688-469: A lot of white guys in their 60s waving the flag for Lil Wayne 's Da Drought 3 , especially not in the same column as they wave the flag for a Willie Nelson / Merle Haggard / Ray Price trio album, an anthology of new Chinese pop, Vampire Weekend , and Wussy ..." Christgau reflected in 2004: "Rock criticism was certainly more fun in the old days, no matter how cool the tyros opining for chump change in netzines like PopMatters and Pitchfork think it
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#17327805265592816-475: A music video for "Ball of Confusion" that aired on the fledgling music video channel MTV , becoming one of the first black American artists to gain airtime on the channel. Also in 1982, Turner appeared as a special guest on Chuck Berry 's television special performed at The Roxy in West Hollywood . Until 1983, Turner was considered a nostalgia act, performing mostly at hotel ballrooms and clubs in
2944-798: A personal list of his favorite releases called the "Dean's List". Only his top ten count toward his vote in the poll, but his full lists of favorites usually numbered far more than that. These lists–or at least Christgau's top tens–were typically published in The Village Voice along with the Pazz & Jop results. After Christgau was dismissed from the Voice , he continued publishing his annual lists on his own website and at The Barnes & Noble Review . While Pazz & Jop's aggregate critics' poll are its main draw, Christgau's Deans' Lists are noteworthy in their own right. Henry Hauser from Consequence of Sound said Christgau's "annual 'Pazz & Jop' poll has been
3072-508: A political fundraiser for the 1972 presidential campaign of George McGovern , at Madison Square Garden in New York City. The duo's 1973 hit single " Nutbush City Limits " (No. 22 Pop, No. 11 R&B), penned by Tina Turner, reached No. 1 in Austria, No. 4 in the UK, and the top 5 in several other countries. It was certified silver by the BPI for selling a quarter of a million in the UK. As
3200-638: A press event for the 5th Dimension in the early 1970s. According to Rosen, "Christgau was in his late 20s at the time – not exactly an éminence grise –so maybe it was the booze talking, or maybe he was just a very arrogant young man. In any case, as the years passed, the quip became a fact." When asked about it years later, Christgau said that the title "seemed to push people's buttons, so I stuck with it. There's obviously no official hierarchy within rock criticism–only real academies can do that. But if you mean to ask whether I think some rock critics are better than others, you're damn straight I do. Don't you?" "For
3328-408: A range of songs that were all good in a "modern rock setting" that was "neither detached nor very fussy". Robert Christgau of The Village Voice felt that she embraced the "middlebrow angst of contemporary professional songwriting". He said that "four different production teams" on the project was a "sign of desperation", despite the resulting "seamless authority" of the album. Alex Henderson, in
3456-444: A regular contributor to Blender before he joined Rolling Stone . He continued to write for Blender until the magazine ceased publication in March 2009. In 1987, he was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship in the field of "folklore and popular culture" to study the history of popular music. Christgau has also written frequently for Playboy , Spin , and Creem . He appears in the 2011 rockumentary Color Me Obsessed , about
3584-584: A result of their success, they received the Golden European Record Award, the first ever given, for selling more than one million records of "Nutbush City Limits" in Europe. Their follow-up hits included " Sweet Rhode Island Red ", and " Sexy Ida " in 1974. In 1974, the duo released the Grammy-nominated album The Gospel According to Ike & Tina , which was nominated for Best Soul Gospel Performance . Ike also received
3712-502: A retrospective AllMusic review, says that the album was slicker than her R&B classics recorded with Ike & Tina , but she was still able to sing with a throaty passion to deliver her finest solo production. Stephen Holden has written in The New York Times that by using her English producers to soften her raw Southern soul style, discarding the "blaring horns, frenzied percussion and gospel calls and responses",
3840-521: A series of cabaret shows at Caesars Palace in Las Vegas and took her act to smaller venues in the United States. Later that year, she embarked on her first solo concert tour in Australia. In 1978, Turner released her third solo album, Rough , on United Artists with distribution in North America and Europe on EMI . That album, along with its 1979 follow-up, Love Explosion , which included
3968-471: A significant amount of Native American ancestry until she participated in the PBS series African American Lives 2 with Henry Louis Gates Jr. Gates shared her genealogical DNA test estimates and traced her family timeline. Bullock had two older sisters, Evelyn Juanita Currie and Ruby Alline Bullock , a songwriter. She was the first cousin once removed of bluesman Eugene Bridges . As young children,
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4096-627: A solo nomination for his single " Father Alone " from the album. Tina Turner's first solo album, Tina Turns the Country On! , earned her a nomination for Best R&B Vocal Performance, Female . That year, Tina Turner filmed the rock opera Tommy in London. She played the Acid Queen, a drug-addicted prostitute; her performance was critically acclaimed. Shortly after filming wrapped, Turner appeared on Ann-Margret 's TV special. Following
4224-568: A television deal with CBS-TV . Ike made plans for them to leave United Artists Records for a five-year deal with Cream Records for $ 150,000 per year; the deal was to be signed on July 5. On July 1, the Turners flew from Los Angeles to Dallas , where the revue had a gig at the Statler Hilton in downtown. The couple got into a physical altercation on their way to the hotel. Shortly after arriving, Tina fled from Ike with only 36 cents and
4352-468: A three-volume book series, the first of which was published in 1981 as Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies ; it was followed by Christgau's Record Guide: The '80s (1990) and Christgau's Consumer Guide: Albums of the '90s (2000). In his original grading system from 1969 to 1990, albums were given a grade ranging from A+ to E−. Under this system, Christgau generally considered
4480-446: A tie for first. The list shows only his number-one picks. No one in this time and place has the time to sit and listen uninterrupted for sixty minutes to anybody's music. I think Robert Christgau is the last record reviewer on earth who listens to eight records a day twice before giving his opinion on it ... Christgau is the last true-blue record critic on earth. He gave us an A-plus. That's pretty much who I make my records for. He's like
4608-456: A trance" watching him play. She asked Turner to let her sing in his band despite the fact that few women had ever sung with him. Turner said he would call her but never did. One night in 1956, Bullock got hold of the microphone from Kings of Rhythm drummer Eugene Washington during an intermission and she sang the B.B. King blues ballad , " You Know I Love You ". Upon hearing Bullock sing, Ike Turner asked her if she knew more songs. She sang
4736-533: A worldwide commercial success, earning multi-platinum certifications , and remains her best-selling album in North America to date. In 2020, the album was selected by the Library of Congress for preservation in the National Recording Registry for being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant". A&R man John Carter of Capitol Records is credited with relaunching
4864-458: Is "hard" to write about in an "impressionistic way", that he is "not at all well-schooled in the jazz albums of the '50s and '60s", and that he has neither the "language nor the frame of reference to write readily about them." This was even while critiquing jazz artists like Miles Davis , Ornette Coleman , and Sonny Rollins ; he said "finding the words involves either considerable effort or a stroke of luck". Christgau has also admitted to disliking
4992-519: Is an American music journalist and essayist. Among the most well-known and influential music critics, he began his career in the late 1960s as one of the earliest professional rock critics and later became an early proponent of musical movements such as hip hop , riot grrrl , and the import of African popular music in the West. He was the chief music critic and senior editor for The Village Voice for 37 years, during which time he created and oversaw
5120-423: Is arguably one of the two most important American mass-culture critics of the second half of the 20th century... All rock critics working today, at least the ones who want to do more than rewrite PR copy, are in some sense Christgauians." Spin magazine said in 2015, "You probably wouldn't be reading this publication if Robert Christgau didn't largely invent rock criticism as we know it." Douglas Wolk said
5248-531: Is now." In a broad sense, Christgau says he responds to qualities of "tone, spirit, [and] music", disregarding, for instance, scholarly analysis of artists such as Bob Dylan . He readily admits to having prejudices and generally dislikes genres such as heavy metal , salsa , dance , art rock , progressive rock , bluegrass , gospel , Irish folk , jazz fusion , and classical music . "I admire metal's integrity, brutality, and obsessiveness", Christgau wrote in 1986, "but I can't stand its delusions of grandeur,
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5376-545: Is perhaps best known for his "Consumer Guide" columns, which have been published more-or-less monthly since July 10, 1969, in the Village Voice , as well as a brief period in Creem . In its original format, each edition of the "Consumer Guide" consisted of approximately 20 single-paragraph album reviews, each given a letter grade ranging from A+ to E−. The reviews were later collected, expanded, and extensively revised in
5504-539: Is still really intellectually active? It is tremendously flattering and gratifying that there are people who are ready to help support me." Between 1968 and 1970, Christgau submitted ballots in Jazz & Pop magazine's annual critics' poll. He selected Bob Dylan's John Wesley Harding (released late in 1967), The Who 's Tommy (1969), and Randy Newman 's 12 Songs (1970) as the best pop albums of their respective years, and Miles Davis 's Bitches Brew (1970) as
5632-819: The 100 Greatest Artists of All Time and the 100 Greatest Singers of All Time. Turner has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame and on the St. Louis Walk of Fame . She was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame twice: with Ike Turner in 1991 and as a solo artist in 2021. She was also a 2005 recipient of the Kennedy Center Honors and the Women of the Year award . Turner was born Anna Mae Bullock on November 26, 1939, in Brownsville, Tennessee . She
5760-521: The James Brown Revue in terms of musical spectacle. Due to their profitable performances, they were able to perform in front of desegregated audiences in Southern clubs and hotels. Between 1963 and 1965, the band toured constantly and produced moderately successful R&B singles. Tina Turner's first credited single as a solo artist, "Too Many Ties That Bind"/"We Need an Understanding",
5888-651: The John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts in Washington, DC, and was elected to join an elite group of entertainers. In February 2006, Turner released " Teach Me Again ", a duet single with Italian singer-songwriter Elisa that was recorded for the anthology film All the Invisible Children . The whole revenue from the single's sales was donated to charity projects for children led by
6016-813: The UK Albums Chart , where it was certified 3× platinum, remaining on the charts for 150 total weeks. It was certified 7× platinum for the shipment of over 700,000 copies in Canada by the Canadian Recording Industry Association . The album has sold more than 12 million copies worldwide. At the 1985 Grammy Awards , Private Dancer won four of the six awards for which it was nominated. Sales figures based on certification alone. Shipments figures based on certification alone. Tina Turner Tina Turner (born Anna Mae Bullock ; November 26, 1939 – May 24, 2023)
6144-412: The Voice dismissed Christgau after the paper's acquisition by New Times Media . He continued to write reviews in the "Consumer Guide" format for MSN Music , Cuepoint , and Noisey – Vice ' s music section–where they were published in his "Expert Witness" column until July 2019. In September of the same year, he launched a paid-subscription newsletter called And It Don't Stop , published on
6272-673: The World Food Programme and UNICEF . Turner made a public comeback in February 2008 at the Grammy Awards , where she performed alongside Beyoncé . In addition, she won a Grammy as a featured artist on River: The Joni Letters . In October 2008, Turner embarked on her first tour in nearly ten years with the Tina!: 50th Anniversary Tour . In support of the tour, Turner released a greatest hits compilation . The tour
6400-486: The counterculture . After Esquire discontinued the column, Christgau moved to The Village Voice in 1969, and he also worked as a college professor. From early on in his emergence as a critic, Christgau was conscious of his lack of formal knowledge of music. In a 1968 piece he commented: I don't know anything about music, which ought to be a damaging admission but isn't... The fact is that pop writers in general shy away from such arcana as key signature and beats to
6528-561: The murder of John Lennon : "Why is it always Bobby Kennedy or John Lennon? Why isn't it Richard Nixon or Paul McCartney ?" Similar criticism came from Sonic Youth in their song " Kill Yr Idols ". Christgau responded by saying "Idolization is for rock stars, even rock stars manqué like these impotent bohos –critics just want a little respect. So if it's not too hypersensitive of me, I wasn't flattered to hear my name pronounced right, not on this particular title track." Christgau has named Louis Armstrong , Thelonious Monk , Chuck Berry ,
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#17327805265596656-462: The top-grossing female tour of the 1980s and set a Guinness World Record for the then- largest paying audience in a concert (180,000). Turner also acted in the films Tommy (1975) and Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome (1985). In 1986, she published her autobiography I, Tina: My Life Story , which was adapted for the 1993 film What's Love Got to Do with It . In 2009, Turner retired after completing her Tina!: 50th Anniversary Tour . In 2018, she
6784-660: The " Wall of Sound ", to be his best work. It was successful overseas, reaching No. 3 on the UK Singles Chart and No. 1 on Los 40 Principales in Spain, but it failed to go any higher than No. 88 on the Billboard Hot 100. The impact of the record gave Ike & Tina Turner an opening spot on the Rolling Stones UK tour in the fall of 1966. In November 1967, Turner became the first female artist and
6912-473: The 1978 live album, Take No Prisoners : "What does Robert Christgau do in bed? I mean, is he a toe fucker? [...] Can you imagine working for a fucking year, and you get a B+ from some asshole in The Village Voice ?" Christgau rated the album C+ and wrote in his review, "I thank Lou for pronouncing my name right." In December 1980, Christgau provoked angry responses from Voice readers when his column approvingly quoted his wife Carola Dibbell 's reaction to
7040-536: The Beatles , and the New York Dolls as being his top five artists of all time. In a 1998 obituary, he called Frank Sinatra "the greatest singer of the 20th century". He considers Billie Holiday "probably [his] favorite singer". In his 2000 Consumer Guide book, Christgau said his favorite rock album was either The Clash (1977) or New York Dolls (1973), while his favorite record in general
7168-613: The Hot 100 and No. 2 on the R&;B chart in 1961, earning them a Grammy nomination for Best Rock and Roll Performance . Other singles Ike and Tina Turner released between 1960 and 1962 included the R&B hits " I Idolize You ", " Poor Fool ", and " Tra La La La La ". After the release of "A Fool in Love", Ike Turner created the Ike & Tina Turner Revue, which included the Kings of Rhythm and
7296-581: The Hot 100 and sold more than a million copies, winning them a Grammy for Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group . In July 1971, their live album, What You Hear Is What You Get , was released . It was recorded at Carnegie Hall and became their first certified Gold album. Later that year they had a top 40 R&B hit with " Ooh Poo Pah Doo ". Their next three singles to chart, " I'm Yours (Use Me Anyway You Wanna) ", " Up in Heah ", and " Early One Morning " (a Little Richard cover) all peaked at No. 47 on
7424-530: The Hot 100, whereas the original by Sly and the Family Stone had peaked at No. 38. The Come Together and Workin' Together albums marked a turning point in their careers in which they switched from their usual R&B repertoire to incorporate more rock tunes such as " Come Together ", " Honky Tonk Woman ", and " Get Back ". In early 1971, their cover of Creedence Clearwater Revival 's " Proud Mary " became their biggest hit. The single reached No. 4 on
7552-474: The July 2010 installment would be the last on MSN. On November 22, he launched a blog on MSN, called "Expert Witness", which featured reviews only of albums that he had graded B+ or higher, since those albums "are the gut and backbone of my musical pleasure"; the writing of reviews for which are "so rewarding psychologically that I'm happy to do it at blogger's rates". He began corresponding with dedicated readers of
7680-467: The R&B chart. In 1972, the Turners opened Bolic Sound recording studio near their home in Inglewood . After Liberty was absorbed into United Artists Records , they were assigned to that label. Around this time, Tina Turner began writing more songs. She wrote nine out of the ten tracks on their 1972 album Feel Good . In October 1972, Turner and the Ikettes performed at Star-Spangled Women ,
7808-712: The Replacements . He previously taught during the formative years of the California Institute of the Arts . As of 2007, he was an adjunct professor in the Clive Davis Department of Recorded Music at New York University . In August 2013, Christgau revealed in an article written for Barnes & Noble 's website that he was writing a memoir. On July 15, 2014, Christgau debuted a monthly column on Billboard ' s website. Christgau
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#17327805265597936-760: The Swiss Beyond Foundation remains active and enables the collaboration of musical artists from different parts of the world. In April 2010, mainly due to an online campaign by fans of Rangers Football Club , Turner's 1989 hit, " The Best ", returned to the UK singles chart, peaking at No. 9. This made Turner the first female recording artist in UK chart history to score top 40 hits in six consecutive decades (1960s–2010s). In 2011, Beyond 's second album Children – With Children United in Prayer followed and charted again in Switzerland. Turner promoted
8064-421: The United States. During her second stint at the Ritz, she signed with Capitol Records in 1983. In November 1983, she released her cover of Al Green 's " Let's Stay Together ", which was produced by B.E.F. It reached several European charts, including No. 6 in the UK. In the US, the song peaked at No. 26 on the Billboard Hot 100, No. 1 on Hot Dance Club Songs , and No. 3 on Hot Black Singles . Following
8192-425: The United States]. I'm as big as Madonna in Europe. I'm as big as, in some places [in Europe], as the Rolling Stones [ sic ]. —Turner reflecting on her European success, Larry King Live , 1997 In 1991, Ike & Tina Turner were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Ike Turner was incarcerated at the time and Tina Turner did not attend. Turner stated through her publicist that she
8320-481: The Warner Bros. label, they achieved their first charting album with Live! The Ike & Tina Turner Show , peaking at No. 8 on the Billboard Hot R&B LP chart in February 1965. Their singles " Tell Her I'm Not Home ", released on Loma Records , and " Good Bye, So Long ", released on Modern Records , were top 40 R&B hits in 1965. Tina Turner's profile was raised after several solo appearances on shows such as American Bandstand and Shindig! while
8448-438: The Willem Ruis show (Netherlands), which resulted in the hit " Shame, Shame, Shame " (reaching No. 47 in the Netherlands). In 1982 Turner's recording of the Temptations ' " Ball of Confusion " for the UK production team B.E.F. became a hit in European dance clubs. In 1982, Turner also appeared on the album Music of Quality and Distinction Volume 1 by B.E.F., a side project of Heaven 17 , singing "Ball of Confusion". She filmed
8576-399: The album became a "landmark" in the "evolution of pop-soul music". Michael Lydon, in Robert Dimery's 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die , says that the album's lyrical themes embodied her persona of a "tough, sexy woman schooled in a tough world", and that her vocal delivery overcomes the slick production, with her "indomitable soul" unifying the multiple producers. In 1989, the album
8704-456: The album by performing on TV shows in Germany and Switzerland. In April 2013, Turner appeared on the cover of the German issue of Vogue magazine at the age of 73, becoming the oldest person to be featured on the cover of Vogue . In February 2014, Parlophone Records released a new compilation titled Love Songs . Robert Christgau Robert Thomas Christgau ( / ˈ k r ɪ s t ɡ aʊ / KRIST -gow ; born April 18, 1942)
8832-503: The album's second single, " What's Love Got to Do with It "; the song had previously been recorded by the pop group Bucks Fizz . Following the album's release, Turner joined Lionel Richie as the opening act on his tour. On September 1, 1984, Turner achieved her first and only No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 with "What's Love Got to Do with It". The follow-up singles " Better Be Good to Me " and " Private Dancer " were both US top 10 hits. The same year, she duetted with David Bowie on
8960-424: The album, Turner performed hits from her time with Ike & Tina , such as " River Deep – Mountain High ", " Nutbush City Limits ", and " Proud Mary ". The album received a positive reception from critics. The Los Angeles Times wrote that Turner's voice "melts vinyl". Debby Miller, in a July 1984 Rolling Stone review, felt that the album was a powerful comeback, with Turner's voice "rasping but strong", and
9088-404: The albums led to the revue headlining in Las Vegas , where their shows were attended by a variety of celebrities including Sly Stone , Janis Joplin , Cher , James Brown , Ray Charles , Elton John , and Elvis Presley . Sammy Davis Jr. was particularly fond of Turner, and after she filmed an episode of The Name of the Game with him in Las Vegas he surprised her with a Jaguar XJ6 . As
9216-476: The annual Pazz & Jop critics poll. He has also covered popular music for Esquire , Creem , Newsday , Playboy , Rolling Stone , Billboard , NPR , Blender , and MSN Music ; he was a visiting arts teacher at New York University . CNN senior writer Jamie Allen has called Christgau "the E. F. Hutton of the music world–when he talks, people listen." Christgau is best known for his terse, letter-graded capsule album reviews, composed in
9344-406: The best jazz album of its year. Jazz & Pop discontinued publication in 1971. In 1971, Christgau inaugurated the annual Pazz & Jop music poll, named in tribute to Jazz & Pop . The poll surveyed music critics on their favorite releases of the year. The poll results were published in the Village Voice every February after compiling "top ten" lists submitted by music critics across
9472-408: The best rock is treated condescendingly unless it conforms to Christgau's passion for leftist politics (particularly feminism ) and bohemian culture." Marsh named another prejudice of Christgau's to be " apolitical or middle-class performers" of rock music. Christgau has been widely known as the "dean of American rock critics", a designation he originally gave to himself while slightly drunk at
9600-535: The blogging platform Medium . In August 2015, he was hired by Vice to write the column for the magazine's music section, Noisey . In July 2019, the final edition of "Expert Witness" was published. In September 2019, at the encouragement of friend and colleague Joe Levy, Christgau began publishing the newsletter "And It Don't Stop" on the newsletter-subscription platform Substack . Charging subscribers $ 5 per month, it has his monthly "Consumer Guide" column, podcasts , and free weekly content like book reviews. He
9728-586: The career of Tina Turner in the 1980s. In 1983, despite opposition from within Capitol, he signed her and managed her first album for the label, Private Dancer . Recording sessions were overseen by four different production teams and took place at several studios in England , including Rupert Hine , and Martyn Ware of Heaven 17 . A radical departure from the rhythm and blues sound Turner had performed with her former husband and performing partner Ike Turner ,
9856-445: The column, named as "The Witnesses" after the column. On September 20, 2013, Christgau announced in the comments section that "Expert Witness" would cease to be published by October 1, 2013, writing, "As I understand it, Microsoft is shutting down the entire MSN freelance arts operation at that time ..." On September 10, 2014, Christgau debuted a new version of "Expert Witness" on Cuepoint , an online music magazine published on
9984-681: The decade came to an end, Ike & Tina Turner began performing at music festivals. Tina Turner's fashion evolved from formal dresses to minidresses and revealing outfits. She emerged as a sex symbol and was praised for her sensual performances. In the fall of 1969, Ike & Tina Turner's profile in their home country was raised after opening for the Rolling Stones on their US tour . They gained more exposure from performances on The Ed Sullivan Show , Playboy After Dark , and The Andy Williams Show . The duo released two albums in 1970, Come Together and Workin' Together . Their cover of " I Want to Take You Higher " peaked at No. 34 on
10112-498: The earliest "Consumer Guide" columns were generally brief and detailed, but "within a few years... he developed his particular gift for 'power, wit and economy', a phrase he used to describe the Ramones in a dead-on 37-word review of Leave Home ". In his opinion, the "Consumer Guide" reviews were "an enormous pleasure to read slowly, as writing, even if you have no particular interest in pop music... if you do happen to have more than
10240-659: The email-newsletter platform Substack and featuring a monthly "Consumer Guide" column, among other writings. Christgau was born in Greenwich Village in Manhattan , New York City, on April 18, 1942. He grew up in Queens , the son of a fireman. He has said he became a rock and roll fan when disc jockey Alan Freed moved to the city in 1954. After attending public school in New York City , Christgau attended Dartmouth College graduating in 1962 with
10368-470: The end of the tour, she emerged with the Foreign Affair album in 1989. It reached No. 1 in eight countries, including in the UK (5× Platinum), her first number-one album there. The album sold over six million copies worldwide and included the international hit single " The Best ". In 1990, Turner embarked on her Foreign Affair European Tour , which drew in nearly four million spectators—breaking
10496-505: The end of the tour. In November 2004, Turner released All the Best , which debuted at No. 2 on the Billboard 200 in 2005, her highest charting album in the United States. The album went platinum in the US three months after its release and reached platinum status in seven other countries, including the UK. In December 2005, Turner was recognized by the Kennedy Center Honors at
10624-483: The entire revue appeared on Hollywood a Go-Go . In 1965, music producer Phil Spector attended an Ike & Tina Turner show at a club on the Sunset Strip , and he invited them to appear in the concert film The Big T.N.T. Show . Impressed by the duo's performance on The Big T.N.T. Show , Phil Spector was eager to produce Tina Turner. Working out a deal with Ike & Tina Turner's manager Bob Krasnow, who
10752-498: The family returned to Nutbush to live in the Flagg Grove community, where Bullock attended Flagg Grove Elementary School from first through eighth grade. As a young girl, Bullock sang in the church choir at Nutbush's Spring Hill Baptist Church. In 1950, when she was 11, her mother Zelma left without warning, seeking freedom from her abusive relationship with Floyd by relocating to St. Louis . Two years after her mother left
10880-459: The family, her father married another woman and moved to Detroit. Bullock and her sisters were sent to live with their maternal grandmother, Georgeanna Currie, in Brownsville, Tennessee. She stated in her autobiography I, Tina that she felt her parents did not love her and that she was not wanted. Zelma had planned to leave Floyd but stayed once she became pregnant. Bullock recalled: "She
11008-436: The female basketball team at Carver High School in Brownsville, and "socialized every chance she got". When Bullock was 16, her grandmother died, so she went to live with her mother in St. Louis. She graduated from Sumner High School in 1958. After high school, Bullock worked as a nurse's aide at Barnes-Jewish Hospital . I would have been lost in my life at that point without him. I mean, I could do two things: work in
11136-467: The first black artist to appear on the cover of Rolling Stone magazine. The duo signed with Blue Thumb Records in 1968, releasing the album Outta Season in 1969. The album produced their charted cover of Otis Redding 's " I've Been Loving You Too Long ". Later that year they released The Hunter album. The title track, Albert King 's " The Hunter ", earned Turner a Grammy nomination for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance . The success of
11264-483: The hit single " A Fool in Love ". The Ike & Tina Turner Revue became "one of the most formidable live acts in history". The duo released hits such as " It's Gonna Work Out Fine ", " River Deep – Mountain High ", " Proud Mary ", and " Nutbush City Limits " before disbanding in 1976. In the 1980s, Turner launched "one of the greatest comebacks in music history". Her 1984 multi-platinum album Private Dancer contained
11392-593: The hit song " What's Love Got to Do with It ", which won the Grammy Award for Record of the Year and became her first and only number-one song on the Billboard Hot 100 . Her chart success continued with " Better Be Good to Me ", " Private Dancer ", " We Don't Need Another Hero (Thunderdome) ", " Typical Male ", " The Best ", " I Don't Wanna Fight ", and " GoldenEye ". She embarked on the Break Every Rule World Tour (1987–1988), which became
11520-588: The last of that whole Lester Bangs generation of record reviewers, and I still heed his words. He gets my vision, and I'm cool with that. But half these people, they read Pitchfork , and they base half their opinion and quotes on that. — Questlove , 2008 "Christgau's blurbs", writes Slate music critic Jody Rosen , "are like no one else's–dense with ideas and allusions, first-person confessions and invective, highbrow references and slang". Rosen describes Christgau's writing as being "often maddening, always thought-provoking... With Pauline Kael , Christgau
11648-415: The measure ... I used to confide my worries about this to friends in the record industry, who reassured me. They didn't know anything about music either. The technical stuff didn't matter, I was told. You just gotta dig it. In early 1972, Christgau accepted a full-time job as music critic for Newsday . He returned to The Village Voice in 1974 as music editor. In a 1976 piece for the newspaper, he coined
11776-438: The nation. Throughout his career at the Voice , every poll was accompanied by a lengthy Christgau essay analyzing the results and pondering the year's overall musical output. The Voice continued the feature after Christgau's dismissal. Although he no longer oversaw the poll, Christgau continued to vote and, since the 2015 poll, also contributed essays to the results. Each year that Pazz & Jop has run, Christgau has created
11904-489: The newspaper in 2006. In 2001, robertchristgau.com–an online archive of Christgau's "Consumer Guide" reviews and other writings from his career – was set up as a co-operative project between Christgau and longtime friend Tom Hull ; the two had met in 1975 shortly after Hull queried Christgau as The Village Voice ' s regional editor for St. Louis. The website was created after the September 11, 2001, attacks when Hull
12032-416: The other songs. John Carter produced " Private Dancer ", which was written by Mark Knopfler and has a guitar solo by Jeff Beck . " Help! " was recorded with The Crusaders . In 1997, EMI , the parent label of Capitol Records , released a digitally remastered Centenary Edition of the Private Dancer album on CD. This version includes four additional demo tracks recorded in late 1983 and early 1984 with
12160-791: The producer John Carter , first released as B-sides to some of the Private Dancer singles; it also includes three extended 12" remixes. In 2015, the 30th Anniversary edition of this album was released by the Parlophone Records unit of Warner Music Group which now controls this album. A 177 date tour to promote the album took place from February 8, 1985, to December 28, 1985. Called the Private Dancer Tour, there were 60 shows in Europe, 105 in North America, 10 in Australia, and 2 in Japan. Opening acts in North America included Glenn Frey and Mr. Mister . As well as songs from
12288-553: The record for a European tour that was previously set by the Rolling Stones . In October 1991 Turner released her first greatest hits compilation Simply the Best , which sold seven million copies worldwide. The album is her biggest seller in the UK, where it is certified 8× Platinum with more than two million copies sold. Private Dancer was the beginning of my success in England and basically Europe has been very supportive of my music. ... [I am] not as big as Madonna [in
12416-540: The records of Jeff Buckley and Nina Simone , noting that the latter's classical background, "default gravity and depressive tendencies are qualities I'm seldom attracted to in any kind of art." Writing in a two-part feature on music critics for Rolling Stone in 1976, Dave Marsh bemoaned Christgau as a "classic, sad example" of how "many critics... superimpos[ed] their own, frequently arbitrary, standards upon performers." Marsh accused him of becoming "arrogant and humorless–the raves are reserved for jazz artists, while even
12544-568: The release of Tommy in 1975, Tina Turner released another solo album: Acid Queen . The album reached No. 39 on the Billboard R&;B chart. It produced the charting singles " Baby, Get It On " and a cover of Led Zeppelin 's " Whole Lotta Love ". By the mid-1970s, Ike was heavily addicted to cocaine , which hindered his relationship with Tina. In 1976, they headlined at the Waldorf Astoria New York and signed
12672-437: The rest of the night and became a featured vocalist with his band. During this period, he taught her the finer points of vocal control and performance. Bullock's first recording was in 1958 under the name Little Ann on the single " Boxtop ". She is credited as a vocalist on the record alongside Ike and fellow Kings of Rhythm singer Carlson Oliver. In 1960, Ike Turner wrote " A Fool in Love " for singer Art Lassiter . Bullock
12800-416: The reviews were collected in book form across three decade-ending volumes– Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies (1981), Christgau's Record Guide: The '80s (1990), and Christgau's Consumer Guide: Albums of the '90s (2000). Multiple collections of his essays have been published in book form, and a website published in his name since 2001 has freely hosted most of his work. In 2006,
12928-456: The single " A Fool in Love " in July 1960. It reached No. 2 on the Hot R&;B Sides chart and No. 27 on the Billboard Hot 100 . Journalist Kurt Loder described the track as "the blackest record to ever creep into the white pop charts since Ray Charles 's gospel-styled ' What'd I Say ' that previous summer". Another single from the duo, " It's Gonna Work Out Fine ", reached No. 14 on
13056-658: The single and the following tour helped the album become certified Gold by the RIAA . The Twenty Four Seven Tour was the highest-grossing tour of 2000, grossing over $ 120 million. Her two concerts at Wembley Stadium were recorded by the director David Mallet and released in the DVD One Last Time Live in Concert . At a July 2000 concert in Zurich , Switzerland, Turner announced that she would retire at
13184-584: The single's surprise success, Capitol Records approved a studio album. Turner had two weeks to record her Private Dancer album, which was released in May 1984. It reached No. 3 on the Billboard 200 and No. 2 in the United Kingdom. Private Dancer was certified 5× Platinum in the United States, and sold 10 million copies worldwide, becoming her most successful album. Also in May 1984, Capitol issued
13312-538: The singles " Typical Male ", " Two People ", " What You Get Is What You See ", and the Grammy-winning " Back Where You Started ". Prior to the album's release, Turner published her autobiography I, Tina , which became a bestseller. That year, she received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame . Her Break Every Rule World Tour , which began in March 1987 in Munich , Germany, was the third highest-grossing tour by
13440-691: The studio, releasing " GoldenEye ", which was written by Bono and the Edge of U2 for the James Bond film GoldenEye . In 1996 Turner released the Wildest Dreams album, accompanied by her " Wildest Dreams Tour ". In September 1999, before celebrating her 60th birthday, Turner released the dance-infused song " When the Heartache Is Over " as the leading single from her tenth and final solo album, Twenty Four Seven . The success of
13568-468: The tape to Juggy Murray , president of R&B label Sue Records . Upon hearing the song, Murray was impressed with Bullock's vocals, later stating that "Tina sounded like screaming dirt. It was a funky sound". Murray bought the track and paid Turner a $ 25,000 advance for the recording and publishing rights. Murray also convinced Turner to make Bullock "the star of the show". Turner responded by renaming Bullock "Tina" because it rhymed with Sheena. He
13696-469: The term "Rock Critic Establishment" to describe the growth in influence of American music critics. His article carried the parenthesized subtitle "But Is That Bad for Rock?" He listed Dave Marsh , John Rockwell , Paul Nelson , Jon Landau and himself as members of this "establishment". Christgau remained at The Village Voice until August 2006, when he was fired shortly after the paper's acquisition by New Times Media . Two months later, Christgau became
13824-517: The three sisters were separated when their parents relocated to Knoxville, Tennessee , to work at a defense facility during World War II . Bullock went to stay with her strict, religious paternal grandparents, Alex and Roxanna Bullock, who were deacon and deaconess at the Woodlawn Missionary Baptist Church . After the war, the sisters reunited with their parents and moved with them to Knoxville. Two years later,
13952-460: The tracks in the album are a mixture of uptempos and ballads , inspired by pop and rock genres; it also features elements of smooth jazz and R&B . " Let's Stay Together " was produced by Martyn Ware of British band Heaven 17 . Terry Britten produced the reggae-tinged " What's Love Got to Do with It ". Rupert Hine produced " Better Be Good to Me ", which had been written by Holly Knight , Mike Chapman , and Nicky Chinn, and most of
14080-418: The way it apes and misapprehends reactionary notions of nobility". In a 2015 interview, he described heavy metal as "symphonic bombast without the intelligence and complexity, although there's a lot of virtuosity.[...] That music is so masculine in a really retrograde way; I don't like that at all. It seems to me to have a very 19th-century notion of power." He said in 2018 that he rarely writes about jazz as it
14208-403: The web site, especially its high searchability and small interest in graphics, are his idea of what a useful music site should be". In December 2006, Christgau began writing his "Consumer Guide" columns for MSN Music , initially appearing every other month, before switching to a monthly schedule in June 2007. On July 1, 2010, he announced in the introduction to his "Consumer Guide" column that
14336-588: Was Monk's 1958 Misterioso . In July 2013, during an interview with Esquire magazine's Peter Gerstenzang, Christgau criticized the voters at the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame , saying that "they're pretty stupid" for not voting in the New York Dolls. When asked about Beatles albums, he said he most often listens to The Beatles' Second Album –which he purchased in 1965–and Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band . Wolk wrote: "When he says he's 'encyclopedic' about popular music, he means it. There are not
14464-515: Was a huge success and became one of the bestselling tours in history. In 2009, Turner officially retired from performing. In 2009, Turner co-founded a global music foundation, Beyond Foundation, with Swiss Christian musician Regula Curti and Swiss Tibetan Buddhist Dechen Shak-Dagsay . Turner co-released four albums of spiritual or uplifting music released through projects with Beyond : Buddhist and Christian Prayers (2009), Children (2011), Love Within (2014), and Awakening (2017). As of 2023,
14592-463: Was a singer, songwriter, and actress. Known as the " Queen of Rock 'n' Roll ", she rose to prominence as the lead singer of the husband-wife duo Ike & Tina Turner before launching a successful career as a solo performer. Turner began her musical career with her future husband Ike Turner 's band, the Kings of Rhythm , in 1956. Under the name Little Ann, she appeared on her first record, " Boxtop ", in 1958. In 1960, she debuted as Tina Turner with
14720-530: Was a very young woman who didn't want another kid." As a teenager, Bullock worked as a domestic worker for the Henderson family in Ripley, Tennessee . She was at the Henderson house when she was notified that her half-sister Evelyn had died in a car crash alongside her cousins Margaret and Vela Evans, while Vela survived the car crash. A self-professed tomboy, Bullock joined both the cheerleading squad and
14848-490: Was also head of Loma, Spector offered $ 20,000 for creative control over the sessions to produce Turner and have Ike & Tina Turner released from their contract with Loma. They signed to Spector's Philles label in April 1966 after Tina Turner had already recorded with him. Their first single on his label, " River Deep – Mountain High ", was released in May 1966. Spector considered that record, with Turner's maximum energy over
14976-703: Was generally positive. The film was a global success, grossing more than $ 36 million in the United States. Turner later received the NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress for her role in the film. She recorded two songs for the film, " We Don't Need Another Hero (Thunderdome) " and " One of the Living "; both became hits, with the latter winning her a Grammy Award for Best Female Rock Vocal Performance . In July 1985, Turner performed at Live Aid alongside Mick Jagger . Their performance shocked observers when Jagger ripped her skirt off. Turner released
15104-538: Was inspired by Sheena, Queen of the Jungle and Nyoka the Jungle Girl to create her stage persona. Turner added his last name and trademarked the name "Tina Turner" as a form of protection; his idea was that if Bullock left him like his previous singers had, he could replace her with another "Tina Turner". However, family and friends still called her Ann. Bullock was introduced to the public as Tina Turner with
15232-475: Was not heavily involved in the film, Turner contributed to the soundtrack for What's Love Got to Do with It , re-recording old songs and several new songs. The single " I Don't Wanna Fight " from the soundtrack was a top 10 hit in the US and UK. In 1993 Turner embarked on her What's Love? Tour , which visited primarily North America with a few shows in Australasia and Europe. In 1995, Turner returned to
15360-447: Was ranked number 46 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of The 100 Greatest Albums of the '80s. In 2001, VH1 named Private Dancer the 95th greatest album of all time. Slant Magazine listed the album at number 63 on its list of "Best Albums of the 1980s", saying, "Both a personal liberation and sonic redemption, Private Dancer established Turner not only as a genuine diva, but a bona fide force of nature". Production The album
15488-465: Was released from Ike Turner's label Sonja Records in 1964. Another single by the duo, " You Can't Miss Nothing That You Never Had ", reached No. 29 on the Billboard R&B chart. After their tenure at Sue Records, the duo signed with more than ten labels during the remainder of the decade, including Kent , Cenco, Tangerine , Pompeii , A&M , and Minit . In 1964, they signed to Warner Bros. Records and Bob Krasnow became their manager. On
15616-408: Was released on May 29, 1984, and became an outstanding global commercial success. The album peaked at number three on the Billboard 200 chart for ten consecutive weeks and remained in the top ten for 39 weeks from August 1984 to May 1985. In the United States it was certified 5× platinum. In Germany, the album went 5× gold becoming one of the best selling albums in history . It peaked at number two on
15744-468: Was skeptical of the platform at first: "Basically I told Joe that if I didn't have enough subscribers to pay what I made at Noisey by Christmas I was going to quit. I wasn't going to do it for less than that money. I had that many subscribers inside of three days." By May 2020, "And It Don't Stop" had more than 1,000 subscribers. Christgau was ambivalent about the platform at first, but has since found it "immensely gratifying" explaining that, "A man my age, who
15872-482: Was stuck in New York while visiting from his native Wichita . While Christgau spent many nights preparing past Village Voice writings for the website, by 2002 much of the older "Consumer Guide" columns had been inputted by Hull and a small coterie of fans. According to Christgau, Hull is "a computer genius as well as an excellent and very knowledgeable music critic, but he'd never done much web site work. The design of
16000-501: Was taking a leave of absence following her tour and she felt "emotionally unequipped to return to the U.S. and respond to the night of celebration in the manner she would want". Phil Spector accepted the award on their behalf. In 1993, the semi-autobiographical film What's Love Got to Do with It was released. The film starred Angela Bassett as Tina Turner and Laurence Fishburne as Ike Turner; they received Best Actress and Best Actor Oscar nominations for their roles. While she
16128-450: Was the subject of Tina , a jukebox musical . Turner sold more than 100 million records worldwide, becoming one of the best-selling recording artists of all time . She received 12 Grammy Awards , which include eight competitive awards, a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award and three Grammy Hall of Fame inductions. She was the first black artist and first woman to be on the cover of Rolling Stone . Rolling Stone ranked her among
16256-411: Was the youngest daughter of Floyd Richard Bullock and his wife Zelma Priscilla (née Currie). The family lived in the rural unincorporated community of Nutbush, Tennessee , where Bullock's father worked as an overseer of the sharecroppers at Poindexter Farm on Highway 180 ; she later recalled picking cotton with her family at an early age. Bullock was African American , but she believed she had
16384-493: Was to sing background with Lassiter's backing vocalists, the Artettes. Lassiter failed to show up for the recording session at Technisonic Studios . Since Turner had already paid for the studio time, Bullock suggested that she sing the lead. He decided to use Bullock to record a demo with the intention of erasing her vocals and adding Lassiter's at a later date. Local St. Louis disc jockey Dave Dixon convinced Turner to send
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