167-487: Robert Michael Schneider ( / ˈ ʃ n aɪ d ər / ; born October 31, 1963) is an American actor, comedian and anti-vaccine activist . After several years performing stand-up comedy, Schneider achieved wider success as a cast member and writer for the NBC sketch comedy series Saturday Night Live from 1988 to 1994, which earned him three Primetime Emmy Award nominations. Following his departure from SNL , he went on to
334-618: A Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Actress in a Miniseries or Movie nomination. She made her Broadway debut in the Amy Herzog play Mary Jane (2024) for which she was nominated for a Tony Award . Rachel Anne McAdams was born on November 17, 1978, in London, Ontario , Canada, to nurse Sandra ( née Gale) and truck driver Lance McAdams. She grew up in St. Thomas in a Protestant household. The eldest of three children, she has
501-567: A Palestinian cab driver who serves as the title character's nemesis in the 2008 Sandler film You Don't Mess with the Zohan . Schneider played a variety of roles in the 2005 television special Back to Norm , starring another former SNL player Norm Macdonald , and appeared on episodes of the popular television shows Seinfeld and Ally McBeal . Schneider hosted the Sports Illustrated: Swimsuit '97 TV special, and
668-546: A Rising Star Award nomination from the British Academy of Film and Television Arts and hosted the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement . McAdams returned to her film career in 2008. She starred with Pierce Brosnan and Chris Cooper in the 1940s film noir Married Life where she played Kay Nesbitt, a young widow who wins the affections of Brosnan and Cooper's older characters. In preparation for
835-681: A USO tour in support of U.S. troops two months after the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks . Schneider starred as the title character in the CBS sitcom Rob , which was loosely based on his real life. The series ran for eight episodes starting on January 12, 2012 and was canceled in May. In 2015, he produced, directed and starred in Real Rob , a sitcom that follows his life and includes his real-life wife Patricia and daughter Miranda. Netflix released
1002-496: A 2002 paper in the British Medical Journal , two medical historians suggested that the arguments made against the safety and effectiveness of vaccines in the late 20th century are similar to those of the early anti-vaccinationists. Both the 19th and 20th century arguments included "vaccine safety issues, vaccine failures, infringement of personal liberty, and an unholy alliance between the medical establishment and
1169-675: A McConaughaissance here it's probably McAdams – an actor whose characters are more usually associated with the death of the romcom than murders involving people with eyes burned out by acid. Here, her Ani is a convincing mess." She received a nomination for the Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Actress in a Movie/Miniseries for her role. Also in 2015, McAdams played Buttercup in a one-off, staged LACMA Live Read of The Princess Bride . The following year, McAdams voiced The Mother of The Little Girl in an animated version of The Little Prince , and co-starred with Benedict Cumberbatch in
1336-702: A U.S. limited release in December 2015. Guy Lodge of Variety remarked: "Poor McAdams, sporting sensible hair and a truly mystifying cod-Continental accent, continues her thankless run of needy, tossed-aside love interests in big-name auteur projects." That same year, McAdams returned to television and starred as Det. Ani Bezzerides in the second season of HBO 's anthology crime drama True Detective with her Wedding Crashers co-star Vince Vaughn, Colin Farrell and Taylor Kitsch . Richard Vine of The Guardian remarked: "If there's anyone with any chance of enjoying
1503-441: A boating sequence because her character was said to be an accomplished sailor. Manohla Dargis of The New York Times felt McAdams "makes the most of her underdeveloped character" and "grows more appealing with every new role". Brian Lowry of Variety found her "a beguiling presence" who "actually creates a real character – a rarity for females in one of these lad-mag escapades". From a production budget of $ 40 million,
1670-411: A captivating three-dimensional character that feels like an integral part of the storyline even when she isn't." Also in 2016, McAdams narrated an audiobook version of L. M. Montgomery 's novel Anne of Green Gables , released by Audible . After a year-long absence from the screen, McAdams co-starred with Jason Bateman in the comedy Game Night (2018). Glenn Kenny of The New York Times said
1837-651: A car, but drives when in Los Angeles because it is "a harder town to cycle in". She volunteered in Biloxi, Mississippi , and Louisiana in fall of 2005, as part of the clean-up effort following Hurricane Katrina . McAdams sat on a TreeHugger / Live Earth judging panel in 2007. She appealed for donations during the Canada for Haiti telethon in 2010. She was involved in Matter of Trust's "hair boom" efforts following
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#17327873538362004-502: A career in feature films, including starring roles in the comedy films Deuce Bigalow: Male Gigolo (1999) and its 2005 sequel , The Animal (2001), The Hot Chick (2002), The Benchwarmers (2006), and Big Stan (2007). Schneider is the father of singer Elle King . Schneider was born in San Francisco , California on October 31, 1963, and grew up in the nearby suburb of Pacifica . His parents were Pilar (née Monroe),
2171-598: A child. From age 12, she participated in Original Kids Theatre Company, London productions, and in her late teens directed children's theatre productions. She was also involved in school stage productions, and won a performance award at the Sears Ontario Drama Festival . She was inspired by two of her teachers, who taught her English and drama, respectively, in grades 11 and 12. She intended to take cultural studies at
2338-584: A comedy mini-series about backstage theatre life at the fictional New Burbage Shakespearean Festival. She was written out of the second season of the program following her success in the United States. She received two Gemini Award nominations for her work on the program, winning one. McAdams's break-out role came in 2004, when she starred in the comedy film Mean Girls opposite Lindsay Lohan , Lacey Chabert , and Amanda Seyfried , based on Rosalind Wiseman 's book Queen Bees and Wannabes . McAdams
2505-476: A compulsory school vaccination law in Massachusetts in 1855. The Anti-Vaccination Society of America was founded in 1879, after a visit to the United States by British anti-vaccine activist William Tebb , and opposed compulsory smallpox vaccination for smallpox from the final decades of the 19th century through the 1910s. During this period, smallpox vaccination was the only form of vaccination that
2672-458: A debate on the podcast. Upon declining the invitation, Hotez was harassed by their fans, with anti-vaccine activist Alex Rosen confronting him at his home. In his book The Deadly Rise of Anti-science: A Scientist's Warning , Hotez describes how he and other scientists who publicly defend vaccines have been attacked on social media, harassed with threatening emails, intimidated, and confronted physically by opponents of vaccination. He attributes
2839-498: A family dating syphilitic symptoms from the time of vaccination, when all the other members of the family have been clear. We strongly advise parents to go to prison, rather than submit to have their helpless offspring inoculated with scrofula, syphilis, and mania". Notable members of the Anti-Compulsory Vaccination League included James Burns , George Dornbusch and Charles Thomas Pearce . After
3006-544: A film actor. She's not pushing. And so I kind of learned that lesson from watching her." Later in 2004, McAdams starred opposite fellow Canadian Ryan Gosling in the romantic drama The Notebook , based on Nicholas Sparks ' novel of the same name . She played Allie Hamilton, a wealthy Southern belle who has a forbidden love affair with Gosling's poor labourer, Noah Calhoun. McAdams spent time in Charleston, South Carolina , prior to filming to familiarize herself with
3173-643: A former kindergarten teacher and ex-school board president, and Marvin Schneider, a real estate broker. His father was Jewish and his mother was Catholic . Schneider's maternal grandmother was a Filipina who met and married his grandfather, a white American army private, while he was stationed in the Philippines . His mixed background has been a common theme throughout his career. Schneider graduated from Terra Nova High School in 1982 and then attended San Francisco State University . His older brother, John ,
3340-577: A getaway scene. Later in 2018, McAdams starred opposite Rachel Weisz in Sebastián Lelio 's romantic drama Disobedience , based on Naomi Alderman 's novel. Manohla Dargis of The New York Times said McAdams "does some lovely work here to convey a woman agonizing over her existential situation". In 2020, she co-starred with Will Ferrell in the Netflix musical comedy film Eurovision Song Contest: The Story of Fire Saga . McAdams reprised
3507-474: A group of linked websites, attracting visitors with one site and appealing for money and selling merchandise on others. Their activities to gain attention and obtain funding displayed a "hybrid monetization strategy". They attracted attention by combining eye-catching aspects of "junk news" and online celebrity promotion. At the same time, they developed campaign-specific communities to publicize and legitimize their position, similar to radical social movements. In
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#17327873538363674-532: A hiatus, McAdams gained further prominence starring in the films The Time Traveler's Wife (2009), Sherlock Holmes (2009), Morning Glory (2010), Midnight in Paris (2011), The Vow (2012), and About Time (2013). For her portrayal of journalist Sacha Pfeiffer in the drama Spotlight (2015), she was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress . This was followed by roles in
3841-510: A horse ranch worker in Oklahoma and the love interest of Affleck's character. She found Malick to be an "incredibly helpful" director; they discussed her character in detail and he took her on a tour of the local town, pointing out which house she would have grown up in and where she would have attended school. Upon its limited theatrical American release, the film polarized film critics. Oliver Lyttelton of IndieWire noted that "McAdams has
4008-469: A lightness that conflates optimism, amusement, and resignation. She's never seemed lovelier, more instinctive, or more present." Mark Olsen of the Los Angeles Times felt she "plays likely the strongest, most rounded female character Crowe has ever written, a woman suddenly lips to lips with the life she has and the one she might have had, and the actress brings a grounded, unforced earthiness to
4175-460: A lovely girl, and I really respect her for doing that." When asked about the incident in 2008, McAdams had "no regrets". McAdams took a break from her film career from 2006 to 2007. "There were a lot of cooks in the kitchen, a lot of voices around me, and I wanted to step away so I could hear my own voice again", McAdams said in 2013. "Truthfully, I never really wanted to be a big movie star. I never even wanted to work outside of Canada, or outside of
4342-425: A man given animal powers by a mad scientist; The Hot Chick , wherein the body of a petty thief named Clive Maxtone (played by Schneider) is mystically switched with the body of a pretty, but mean-spirited high school cheerleader named Jessica Spencer (played by Rachel McAdams in her film debut); and the sequel Deuce Bigalow: European Gigolo . The latter movie was not well received by critics or moviegoers, and as
4509-401: A melodramatic moment hostage." The film was a commercial success, earning over $ 101 million worldwide. In late 2009, McAdams starred in the mystery/action-adventure film Sherlock Holmes with Robert Downey, Jr. and Jude Law . She played Irene Adler , an antagonist and love interest of Downey's title character Sherlock Holmes , and welcomed the opportunity to play a character who
4676-533: A much more versatile and clever actress" than such projects would suggest. The film, financed for $ 30 million, was a major commercial success and became her biggest box-office hit in a leading role. It topped the U.S. box office and has grossed over $ 196 million worldwide. In 2013, McAdams co-starred opposite Ben Affleck in Terrence Malick 's romantic drama To the Wonder . McAdams played
4843-449: A particular viewpoint. Particularly on social media, beware of sensational headlines that appeal to emotion, fact-check information broadly (not just through your usual sources), and consider possible agendas or conflicts of interest of those relaying information. Other suggestions for countering anti-vaccine activism focus on changing the operation of social media platforms. Interventions such as accuracy nudges and source labeling change
5010-418: A performance of "tender feeling", "her natural vivaciousness and spontaneity are straitjacketed" by the film noir format. The film had a limited release and was a box-office failure. It grossed just over $ 2 million worldwide, failing to recoup its production budget of $ 12 million. Afterwards, McAdams starred with Tim Robbins and Michael Peña in the road trip comedy-drama The Lucky Ones ,
5177-526: A presence as ever". In late 2014, McAdams received a star on Canada's Walk of Fame . In 2015, McAdams starred with Michael Keaton , Mark Ruffalo and Stanley Tucci as journalist Sacha Pfeiffer in Tom McCarthy 's Spotlight , a drama about the child-abuse scandal in Boston's Catholic Church. To prepare for her role, McAdams spent time with Pfeiffer. The film garnered critical acclaim and won
Rob Schneider - Misplaced Pages Continue
5344-433: A recurring part on the television series Coach . In 1996, he co-starred in the NBC sitcom Men Behaving Badly , an American take on the hit British series of the same name. The U.S. version ran for two seasons. Schneider starred in the 1999 feature film Deuce Bigalow: Male Gigolo , a tale of a fish-tank cleaner who incurs a massive debt and is forced to become a "man-whore." This was followed by The Animal , about
5511-405: A result, Schneider won a 2005 Worst Actor Razzie Award for his role in the film. In 2006, Schneider co-starred in the baseball-themed family comedy The Benchwarmers , along with his fellow SNL alumnus David Spade as well as Jon Heder . Other film roles include Schneider's appearance with Jim Henson's Muppets in the 1999 film Muppets from Space , and his role as a San Francisco hobo in
5678-736: A season of 8 episodes, and a second season in 2017. Schneider is the official celebrity spokesperson for the Taiwan Tourism Bureau and the Ten Ren Tea company in Taipei . Schneider was spokesperson for State Farm Insurance, but was dropped in 2014 due to his anti-vaccination views . In May 2016, Schneider was featured as a special guest on the Let's Play webseries Game Grumps , alongside his wife Patricia, commentating over Midway 's Mortal Kombat Trilogy . They reappeared on
5845-411: A somewhat cynical commercial contrivance. She offers a little something for the ladies and also something for the lads, who, much as they may dig fights and explosions and guns and chases, also like girls." The film was a major commercial success, earning over $ 524 million at the worldwide box office. In 2010, McAdams starred with her The Family Stone co-star Diane Keaton and Harrison Ford in
6012-494: A son named Lucky, Schneider's first grandchild. In 1996, Schneider established the Rob Schneider Music Foundation. The foundation returned music education to Pacifica 's elementary schools by paying the teachers' salaries and providing funds for instruments and other equipment. Prior to Schneider's efforts, the school system had been without music education programs for years. Schneider once co-owned
6179-466: A son, born in 2018, and a daughter, born in 2020. McAdams has received numerous awards and nominations throughout her career. For her performance in Spotlight , she was awarded a Screen Actors Guild Award , Critics' Choice Movie Award , Satellite Award , and Independent Spirit Award , as well as a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress . McAdams has also been nominated for
6346-399: A story about three Iraq War soldiers on a brief road trip back in the United States. She trained at a real boot camp, at Fort Campbell , Kentucky, prior to filming. In 2011, McAdams said that Colee Dunn was "probably one of my favorite characters I've ever played". The film also had a limited release and Laura Kern of The New York Times found her "luminous as always" while Roger Ebert of
6513-511: A thorough and compelling picture of a woman of the era" in her portrayal of the titular Margaret's mother, Barbara. McAdams appeared as a cameo guest on Saturday Night Live in January 2024, introducing Reneé Rapp as musical guest and appeared as a look-a-like of herself in a comedy sketch where the look-a-like asked Jacob Elordi for acting advice. McAdams made her Broadway debut in 2024, starring in Amy Herzog 's play Mary Jane at
6680-821: A vaccine caused an adverse event, or how common the event might be. After Republicans gained a majority in the U.S. House of Representatives in January 2023, the House Judiciary Committee used legal action to oppose both disinformation research and government involvement in fighting disinformation. One of the projects targeted was the Virality Project, which has examined the spread of false claims about vaccines. The House Judiciary Committee sent letters, subpoenas, and threats of legal action to researchers, demanding notes, emails and other records from researchers and even student interns, dating back to 2015. Institutions subjected to such inquiries included
6847-577: A variation of his Townie character's "You can do it" line by quoting Hamster's final words "You can do it Masked Singer, all night long!" In 2022, he starred, produced, and directed in Daddy Daughter Trip , which served as his third film as a director and also starred his wife Patricia and daughter Miranda. The film was to be exclusively shown in Harkins Theaters . Rob Schneider has done different stand-up comedy gigs. During
Rob Schneider - Misplaced Pages Continue
7014-594: A veteran print journalist. McAdams visited The Washington Post ' s offices and met with politicians on Capitol Hill for her research. Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly felt she was "perfectly cast as an ambitious wonkette " while Sukhdev Sandhu of The Daily Telegraph noted that "McAdams, with her lively eyes and large, expressive forehead, holds her own against Crowe. Mercifully, she avoids any temptation to play girly and demure to his grizzled alpha male ." The film grossed over $ 87 million worldwide. Also in 2009, McAdams starred opposite Eric Bana in
7181-573: A younger sister who is a make-up artist and a younger brother who is a personal trainer. McAdams is of Scottish, English, Irish and Welsh descent. Her maternal fifth great-grandfather, James Gray, fought as a Loyalist Ranger during the American Revolution and fled to Upper Canada after the Battles of Saratoga . McAdams began figure skating when she was four, but turned down an opportunity to move to Toronto when she
7348-643: Is "effortlessly likable", it called on Hollywood to give her parts "worthy" of her talent. "Ms. McAdams has to rely on her dimples to get by. She does, but she could do better." The film was a modest commercial success, grossing $ 58 million worldwide from a production budget of $ 40 million. McAdams later expressed her disappointment that the film failed to find a larger audience. In 2011, McAdams starred in Woody Allen 's fantasy romantic comedy Midnight in Paris with her Wedding Crashers co-star Owen Wilson and Michael Sheen . The film opened
7515-434: Is "her own boss and a real free spirit". Todd McCarthy of Variety felt her character was "not very well integrated into the rest of the story, a shortcoming the normally resourceful McAdams is unable to do much about". A. O. Scott of The New York Times stated, "Ms. McAdams is a perfectly charming actress and performs gamely as the third wheel of this action-bromance tricycle. But Irene feels in this movie more like
7682-531: Is a "diabolical operation". It was customary at the time for popular preachers to publish sermons, which reached a wide audience. This was the case with Massey, whose sermon reached North America, where there was early religious opposition, particularly by John Williams . A greater source of opposition there was William Douglass , a medical graduate of Edinburgh University and a Fellow of the Royal Society , who had settled in Boston. Vaccination itself
7849-498: Is a Canadian actress. After graduating from a theatre degree program at York University in 2001, she worked in Canadian television and film productions, such as the drama film Perfect Pie (2002), for which she received a Genie Award nomination, the comedy film My Name Is Tanino (2002), and the comedy series Slings & Arrows (2003–2005), for which she won a Gemini Award . In 2002, she made her Hollywood film debut in
8016-422: Is a producer. Schneider began his career doing stand-up comedy in San Francisco . He made his debut appearance on television in 1987, on HBO 's 13th Annual Young Comedians special, which was hosted by comedian Dennis Miller . Schneider was part of the comedy team at NBC sketch comedy series Saturday Night Live from 1990 to 1994. He played such roles as "Tiny Elvis", "Orgasm Guy", and Richard Laymer ,
8183-424: Is being done to try to save iconic rivers. In 2021, she participated in a video produced by Stand.earth calling on the government of British Columbia, Canada to stop logging the last old growth rainforests across the province. In 2006, McAdams took part in the " Day Without Immigrants " demonstration in Los Angeles, protesting the federal government 's attempts to further criminalize immigrants living illegally in
8350-414: Is composed of audio sketches and songs, with Schneider himself doing all of the character voices on the recording. He also revived his stand-up comedy career in 2010 with an international tour of theaters, clubs, and casinos. Schneider appeared in the music video for country singer Neal McCoy 's " Billy's Got His Beer Goggles On ", as the song's title character. McCoy and Schneider met while the two went on
8517-694: Is less popular with Republicans than Democrats. While private entities like Facebook, Twitter and Telegram could legally establish guidelines for moderation of information and disinformation on their platforms (subject to local and international laws) such companies do not have strong incentives to control disinformation or to self-regulate. Algorithms that are used to maximize user engagement and profits can lead to unbalanced, poorly sourced, and actively misleading information. Criticized for its role in vaccine hesitancy , Facebook announced in March 2019 that it would provide users with "authoritative information" on
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#17327873538368684-719: Is one example of a successful direct outreach initiative. Another is the New York State Vaccine Equity Task Force. In line with the Strategic Advisory Group of Experts (SAGE)'s 3C's model, outreach to communities has focused on addressing mistrust and increasing Confidence, providing information to improve risk assessment (Complacency), and improving access to COVID-19 vaccines (Convenience). It has been necessary to counter disinformation in all three areas. Recommendations for combating vaccine disinformation include increasing
8851-485: Is part of its creative council. McAdams was listed on the Maxim Hot 100 in 2005 and 2013. McAdams had a relationship with her The Notebook co-star Ryan Gosling from 2005 to 2007, before they briefly reunited in 2008. From 2010 to 2013, McAdams was in a relationship with her Midnight in Paris co-star Michael Sheen . In 2016, McAdams started dating American screenwriter Jamie Linden . The couple has
9018-459: Is the least commercially successful film of McAdams's career as of 2012, having grossed just $ 266,967 worldwide. In 2009, McAdams starred with Russell Crowe , Helen Mirren and Ben Affleck in the political thriller State of Play , based on the BBC drama television series of the same name . McAdams played Della Frye, an online reporter who investigates a possible conspiracy with Crowe's character,
9185-470: The Journal of Communication published a study of the political economy underlying vaccine disinformation. Researchers identified 59 English-language "actors" that provided "almost exclusively anti-vaccination publications". Their websites monetized disinformation through appeals for donations, sales of content-based media and other merchandise, third-party advertising, and membership fees. Some maintained
9352-570: The 2010 Gulf of Mexico oil spill . In 2011, McAdams supported Foodstock, a protest against a proposed limestone mega quarry in Melancthon, Ontario . In 2013, she filmed two promotional videos for the Food & Water First Movement, aiming to preserve prime farmland and source water in Ontario, Canada. In 2014, she narrated the feature documentary Take Me To The River , which investigates what
9519-418: The 2011 Cannes Film Festival . McAdams played Inez, the shrewish fiancée of Wilson's character Gil. Allen wrote McAdams' part for her, after hearing "glowing reports" from his friend and her former co-star Diane Keaton. He said that he was "crazy about Rachel" and wanted to give her the opportunity to play something other than "beautiful girls". The film was shot on location in Paris and McAdams has said that
9686-496: The Chicago Sun-Times hailed the performance as "her coming of age as an actress". "Previously she has been seen mostly as a hot chick or an idealized sweetheart", he wrote. "Here she is feisty, vulnerable, plucky, warm, funny ... Watch the poignancy of the scene when she meets her boyfriend's family." Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly found her "feisty, gorgeous, and as mercurial as a mood ring". The Lucky Ones
9853-844: The DNA Lounge , a San Francisco nightclub. On April 23, 2011, Schneider married television producer Patricia Azarcoya Arce in Beverly Hills, California . Their first child, Miranda Scarlett Schneider, was born in 2012. The couple had their second daughter, Madeline Robbie Schneider, in September 2016. The family supports Mexican soccer club Tigres , which is based in Patricia's hometown of Monterrey , Mexico. In 2023, Schneider converted to Catholicism . He currently lives in Arizona. In 2013, Schneider switched political parties from
10020-563: The Democratic Party to the Republican Party , explaining: "The state of California is a mess, and the super majority of Democrats is not working. I've been a lifelong Democrat and I have to switch over because it no longer serves the people of this great state." He endorsed Republican candidate Tim Donnelly for the 2014 California gubernatorial election . In an interview on Larry King Now in 2017, Schneider said he
10187-512: The Los Angeles Times felt she "deftly handles a part that is less amiable than usual for her" and A. O. Scott of The New York Times found her "superbly speeded-up". It became Allen's highest-grossing film ever in North America and was the most commercially successful independent film of 2011. With a production budget of $ 17 million, the film has grossed over $ 151 million worldwide. McAdams, along with six other members of
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#173278735383610354-562: The MTV pilot Shotgun Love Dolls as Beth Swanson, which was filmed during March break from York University. She also made her Canadian film debut that year in the comedy My Name is Tanino . The Italian-Canadian co-production was filmed in Sicily when McAdams was 22 years old, and it marked her first time on an airplane. McAdams later earned a Genie Award nomination in Canada for her role in
10521-494: The Marvel Cinematic Universe superhero film Doctor Strange . Peter Debruge of Variety said McAdams played "the most competent—and human—of Marvel's window-dressing girlfriends," while Gregory Ellwood of Indiewire remarked: "It goes without saying that McAdams will never get the credit she deserves for transforming the barely sketched out role of Strange's former medical colleague Christine Palmer into
10688-473: The Samuel J. Friedman Theatre . Performances started April 2 with opening night set for April 23, 2024. Adrian Holden of The Guardian described her performance as "magnetic", adding, "The role of Mary Jane ... is a perfect fit for McAdams". Variety noted that McAdams' "projection was muted at a recent performance" but added "[She] masters her portrayal of a determined caregiver continually sitting in
10855-681: The Stanford Internet Observatory at Stanford University , the University of Washington , the Atlantic Council 's Digital Forensic Research Lab and the social media analytics firm Graphika. Researchers emphasized that they have academic freedom to study disinformation as well as freedom of speech to report their results. Despite conservative claims that the government acted to censor speech online, "no evidence has emerged that government officials coerced
11022-571: The University of Western Ontario before being persuaded by her drama teacher that a professional acting career was a viable option. She enrolled in York University 's four-year theatre program and graduated with a Bachelor of Fine Arts honours degree in 2001. While there, she worked with the Toronto-based Necessary Angel Theatre Company. In 2001, McAdams made her television debut in
11189-463: The ethical , legal, and medical matters related to vaccines), no serious sense of hesitancy or of debate (in the broad sense) exists within mainstream medical circles about the benefits of vaccination. One scholarly article from 2021 has described the present scientific consensus as "clear and unambiguous". At the same time, however, the anti-vax movement has partially succeeded in distorting common understandings of science in popular culture . In
11356-541: The " anti-vax " movement , is a set of organized activities proclaiming opposition to vaccination , and these collaborating networks have often fought to increase vaccine hesitancy by disseminating vaccine-based misinformation and/or forms of active disinformation . As a social movement , it has utilized multiple tools both within traditional news media and also through various forms of online communication . Activists have primarily (though far from entirely) focused on issues surrounding children , with vaccination of
11523-457: The "Medical Freedom Rally", where they urged California Governor Jerry Brown to veto Assembly Bill 2109, which would have made it more difficult for parents to use philosophical reasons for exemptions from mandatory childhood vaccinations. While the bill was not vetoed, Governor Brown added a signing message instructing the Department of Health to add a religious exemption and to make sure
11690-616: The 1930s. In the United Kingdom , the Compulsory Vaccination Act of 1853 required that every child be vaccinated within three or four months of birth. It set a precedent for the state regulation of physical bodies, and was fiercely resisted. The following year, in 1854, John Gibbs published the first anti-compulsory-vaccination pamphlet, Our Medical Liberties . By the 1860s, anti-vaccinationism in Britain
11857-459: The 1970s for a national level vaccination requirement for children entering schools. Joseph A. Califano Jr. appealed to state governors, and by 1980, all 50 states legally required vaccination for school entrance. Many of these laws allowed exemptions in response to lobbyists. In New York State, a 1967 law allowed exemptions from receiving polio vaccine for members of religious organizations such as Christian Scientists . Anti-vaccine activism in
12024-622: The 2000s regained prominence through exploratory research based on 12 cases that made claims about a link between the MMR vaccine and autism . These claims were subsequently extensively investigated and found to be false, and the original study turned out to be based on faked data. The scientific consensus is that there is no link between the MMR vaccine and autism, and that the MMR vaccine's benefits in preventing measles , mumps , and rubella greatly outweigh its potential risks. The idea of an autism link
12191-753: The 2004 remake of Around the World in 80 Days . Schneider's directorial debut, the comedy Big Stan , was released in some overseas markets during the fall of 2008, with a U.S. release in early 2009. In the film, he starred as a real estate con artist who is arrested for perpetrating real-estate scams. He is sentenced to prison, so he takes a crash-course in martial arts to survive incarceration. Schneider has also appeared in numerous comedies starring his SNL comrade Adam Sandler , including 1998's The Waterboy , 2010's Grown Ups , and 2020's Hubie Halloween . The comedic characters Schneider plays in these films include an overly enthusiastic Cajun man who proclaims
12358-559: The 2005 Teen Choice Awards , and was a frequent guest on NBC's late-night variety program The Tonight Show with Jay Leno . In Schneider's appearance with Leno on the July 24, 2007, episode of The Tonight Show, he showed up in drag as actress Lindsay Lohan after the latter cancelled following a controversial arrest for driving under the influence . Besides his efforts in movies and television, Schneider released his first comedy album Registered Offender in July 2010. Registered Offender
12525-507: The 2023 holiday season , Schneider was hired to perform a standup show at an event put on by the Senate Working Group . The performance was scheduled to last ½ an hour, but was cut short 10 minutes in due to offensive materials. Attendees were sent letters of apology after the performance. Schneider has a daughter with former model London King, musician Elle King , who was born in 1989. On September 1, 2021, King gave birth to
12692-568: The Academy Award for Best Picture. Though Justin Chang of Variety felt McAdams imbued her character with "sensitivity and grit", he was nonetheless surprised by her subsequent Academy Award nomination: "[The performance] has the sort of fine-grained subtlety that voters too rarely notice. Take another look at that scene in which she gently, skillfully encourages an abuse survivor to lay bare his most lacerating secrets—a small master class in how
12859-916: The Fifth Circuit "severely limits the ability of the White House, the surgeon general, [and] the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention... to communicate with social media companies about content related to Covid-19... that the government views as misinformation". In October 2023, this injunction was paused by the Supreme Court of the United States , pending further litigation. Algorithms and user data can be used to identify selected subgroups who can then be provided with specialized content. This type of approach has been used both by anti-vaccine activists and by health providers who hope to counter vaccine-related disinformation. For example, in
13026-662: The London Society for the Abolition of Compulsory Vaccination, with William Young as secretary. The Vaccination Inquirer , established by Tebb in 1879, was adopted as the official organ of the Society. A series of fourteen "Vaccination Tracts" was begun by Young in 1877 and completed by Garth Wilkinson in 1879. William White was the first editor of the Vaccination Inquirer and after his death in 1885, he
13193-469: The Southern accent, and took ballet and etiquette classes. Filming took place from late 2002 to early 2003. Although McAdams and Gosling became romantically involved in 2005, they had a combative relationship on set. "We inspired the worst in each other," Gosling has said. "It was a strange experience, making a love story and not getting along with your co-star in any way." At one point, Gosling asked
13360-646: The US. Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly noted that McAdams "uses her sexy billboard smile and emphatic delivery to nail a certain type of troublemaker boss who embeds her aggression in pert 'sincerity'" while Robert Abele of the Los Angeles Times remarked: "McAdams and Rapace are gesturally awkward and wildly miscast—more sorority sisters in a spat than cross-generational power antagonists." In 2013, McAdams starred in Richard Curtis ' romantic comedy-drama About Time opposite Domhnall Gleeson . Zooey Deschanel
13527-447: The United States to every person within its jurisdiction does not import an absolute right in each person to be, at all times and in all circumstances, wholly freed from restraint. There are manifold restraints to which every person is necessarily subject for the common good". In 1880, William Tebb enlarged and reorganized the Anti-Compulsory Vaccination League in the UK with the formation of
13694-548: The United States, the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) is used to gather information on potential vaccine adverse reactions, but is susceptible to unverified reports, misattribution, underreporting , and inconsistent data quality . Raw, unverified data from VAERS has often been used by the anti-vaccine community to justify misinformation regarding the safety of vaccines; it is generally not possible to find out from VAERS data if
13861-938: The United States, the CDC's Social Vulnerability Index (SVI) has been used to identify communities that have traditionally been under-served or are at elevated risk for infection, morbidity, and mortality. Programs have been developed in such communities to address disinformation and vaccine hesitancy. Steps have been taken to counter anti-vaccine messaging by directly engaging with communities. Outreach efforts include call centers and texting campaigns, partnering with local community leaders, and holding community-based vaccine clinics. Creating digital and science literacy resources and distributing them via schools, libraries, municipal offices, churches and other community groups can help to counter misinformation in under-resourced communities. The Black Doctors COVID-19 Consortium in Philadelphia
14028-665: The United States. In 2011, she attended the Occupy Toronto demonstration. In 2013, McAdams volunteered with Habitat for Humanity in her hometown of St. Thomas. She has also worked with charities including the Sunshine Foundation of Canada, the Alzheimer's Association , the READ Campaign, and United Way of Canada . She is a member of Represent.Us , an anti-corruption activist organisation, and
14195-674: The advertisements. The ads often linked to commercial products, such as natural remedies and books. Kennedy was suspended from Facebook in August 2022, but reinstated in June 2023. In 2023, however, state governments that were politically aligned with anti-vaccine activists successfully sought a preliminary injunction to prevent the Biden Administration from seeking to pressure social media companies into fighting misinformation. The order issued by United States Court of Appeals for
14362-419: The cast, received a Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture nomination. Allen won the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay and the film itself was nominated for three other Academy Awards, including Best Picture . McAdams reprised her role as Irene Adler in the mystery/action-adventure sequel Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows , but the female lead role
14529-583: The cast. Since working with Keaton, McAdams has described her as a mentor figure. Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times said McAdams "gives the kind of performance we go to the movies for" while Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times felt she played "as lovable a lead as anyone since Amy Adams in Junebug " in an otherwise "routine" movie. Variety ' s Andrew Barker was impressed by her gift for physical comedy. While Manohla Dargis of The New York Times felt she "plays her role exceptionally well" and
14696-456: The catch-phrase, "You can do it!"; an amiable Middle Eastern delivery boy; a prison inmate; and Sandler's one-eyed Hawaiian sidekick, Ula. Schneider has uttered the line "You can do it!" as a running gag in Sandler's films The Waterboy , Little Nicky , 50 First Dates , The Longest Yard , and Bedtime Stories , as well as in a deleted scene from Click (a sample of Schneider saying
14863-445: The comedy Morning Glory . She played a television producer attempting to improve the poor ratings of a morning television program. The film was billed as a starring vehicle for McAdams. She initially felt she was unsuited to the role saying, "I'm not funny. So I said, 'if you need me to be funny, you might want to look somewhere else'". The film's director Roger Michell had a number of dinners with McAdams and persuaded her to join
15030-409: The comedy The Hot Chick . She rose to fame in 2004 with the comedy Mean Girls and the romantic drama The Notebook . In 2005, she starred in the romantic comedy Wedding Crashers , the psychological thriller Red Eye , and the comedy-drama The Family Stone . She was hailed by the media as Hollywood's new " it girl ", and received a BAFTA Award nomination for Best Rising Star . After
15197-496: The companies to take action against accounts". The actions of the House Judiciary Committee have been described as an "attempt to chill research,” creating a "chilling effect" through increased time demands, legal costs and online harassment of researchers. Persons undertaking efforts to counter vaccine misinformation, including public health experts who use social media, have been targeted for harassment by anti-vaccine activists. For example, Slovakian physician Vladimír Krčméry
15364-412: The context in which information is presented. For example, correct information can be directly presented to counter disinformation. Other possibilities include flagging or removing misleading information on social media platforms. Research suggests that a majority of individuals in the United States would support the removal of harmful misinformation posts and the suspension of accounts. This position
15531-417: The cultural and religious values of communities. In countering anti-vaccine disinformation, both factual and emotional aspects need to be addressed. Whether people will update a mistaken belief is complicated and involves psychological factors and social goals as well as accuracy of information. There is some evidence that both debunking and " pre-bunking " of disinformation can be effective, at least in
15698-619: The current model of US public health communication, which tends to rely on a single credible messenger (e.g. Anthony Fauci ) and is susceptible to disinformation attacks. To deal with disinformation, community networks would need to address issues of liberty and human rights as well as vaccine safety, effectiveness and access. Networks could also help to show support for those attacked by anti-vaccine activists. Ideas that would eventually coalesce into anti-vaccine activism have existed for longer than vaccines themselves. Some philosophical approaches (e.g. homeopathy , vitalism ) are incompatible with
15865-687: The death of Richard B. Gibbs in 1871, the Anti-Compulsory Vaccination League "languished" until 1876 when it was revived under the leadership of Mary Hume-Rothery and the Rev. W. Hume-Rothery. The Anti-Compulsory Vaccination League published the Occasional Circular which later merged into the National Anti-Compulsory Vaccination Reporter . In the United States, many states and local school boards established immunization requirements, beginning with
16032-674: The drama Perfect Pie . In 2002, she made her Hollywood film debut with Rob Schneider and Anna Faris in the comedy The Hot Chick , which McAdams has described as a "huge milestone" in her career. She played a catty high school student who swaps bodies with Schneider's character, a small-time criminal. Kevin Thomas of the Los Angeles Times felt she "emerges as a young actress of much promise". Afterwards, McAdams returned to Canada to star as Kate McNab in Slings and Arrows ,
16199-535: The efficacy of vaccination. The League dissolved after the death of Higgins in 1929. Anti-vaccine activism ebbed for much of the twentieth century, but never completely vanished. In the UK, the National Anti-Vaccination League continued to publish new issues of its journal until 1972, by which time the global campaign for smallpox eradication through vaccination had made the disease so uncommon that compulsory vaccination for smallpox
16366-402: The ex-girlfriend of Cooper's character, who is married to Krasinski's character with two children. While the film received a negative reaction and controversy from critics and audiences alike, Wesley Morris of Grantland remarked: "Someone who can speak Crowe's language really helps. McAdams might be the best he's ever had ... [She] puts the perfect amount of air in her lines, giving the words
16533-475: The experience "will always have a great place in my heart". The Guardian criticized that she "has morphed from the sweet thing in Wedding Crashers to the dream-crushing bitch that, according to American comedies, women become once they ensnare their man". Richard Corliss of Time "felt sorry for McAdams, whose usually winning presence is ground into hostile cliché". However, Kenneth Turan of
16700-458: The film aloft." The following year, McAdams starred opposite Philip Seymour Hoffman in an adaptation of John le Carré 's espionage thriller A Most Wanted Man , directed by Anton Corbijn . McAdams' attempt at a German accent was criticised by some reviewers. Richard Lawson of Vanity Fair noted that McAdams had a "little less success with her accent" than her co-star Hoffman but, nonetheless, she "proves as intelligent, soulful, and magnetic
16867-473: The film grossed over $ 285 million worldwide. Afterwards, McAdams starred opposite Cillian Murphy in Wes Craven 's psychological thriller Red Eye , where she played a young hotel manager who is held captive by Murphy's character while aboard a red-eye flight . Craven has said McAdams was the only actress he considered for the part. She was drawn to the relatable qualities of her character: "She
17034-422: The film served as a "reminder that Ms. McAdams is one of cinema's most accomplished and appealing comic actresses." Richard Lawson of Vanity Fair felt her character lacked "any real arc or motivation of her own", but "It's a testament to McAdams's talent and charm, then, that she doesn't get lost in the movie, asserting herself in every scene with a goofy brightness." She performed some of her own stunt driving in
17201-747: The film's director Nick Cassavetes to "bring somebody else in for my off-camera shot" because he felt McAdams was being uncooperative. Stephen Holden of The New York Times praised the "spontaneous and combustible" performances of the two leads while Roger Ebert was won over by the "beauty and clarity" of McAdams's performance. Michael Wilmington of the Chicago Tribune declared her "a real discovery" who "infuses young Allie with that radiant, breathlessly winning ingénue grace and charm that breaks hearts". The film grossed over $ 115 million worldwide. McAdams won an MTV Movie Award and four Teen Choice Awards . Entertainment Weekly has said that
17368-489: The film, which was made on a budget of $ 26 million, earned over $ 95 million at the worldwide box office. In late 2005, McAdams starred with Sarah Jessica Parker and Diane Keaton in the seasonal family comedy-drama The Family Stone , which gave McAdams an opportunity to play a dishevelled and sardonic sister, rather than the usual "obvious" girlfriend or wife roles. She was eager to work with Keaton and remarked, "It's never about line counts for me. It's about
17535-637: The government to reap huge profits for the medical establishment at the expense of the public." However, the authors only considered the use of "newspaper articles and letters, books, journals, and pamphlets to warn against the dangers of vaccination", and did not address the impact of the internet. Comments on YouTube videos during the COVID-19 pandemic clustered similarly around "concerns about side-effects, effectiveness, and lack of trust in corporations and government". In some instances, anti-vaccine organizations have used names intended to sound non-partisan on
17702-426: The incorrect explanation was previously thought to be correct. The cultivation of critical thinking, health and science awareness, and media literacy skills are all recommended to help people more critically assess the credibility of the information they see. People who seek out multiple reputable news sources at local and national levels are more likely to detect disinformation than those who rely on few sources from
17869-1136: The increase in aggressiveness of the anti-vaccination movement to the influence of the extreme wing of the Republican Party. Hotez estimates that roughly 200,000 preventable deaths from COVID-19, mainly among Republicans, occurred in the US because of refusal to be vaccinated. At the extreme end, opposition to vaccination has resulted in substantial violence against vaccinators. In Pakistan, "more than 200 polio team workers have lost their lives" (team members include not only vaccinators but police and security personnel) from "targeted killing and terrorism" while working on polio vaccination campaigns. Various efforts have been suggested and undertaken to address concerns about vaccines and counter anti-vaccine disinformation. Efforts include social media advertising campaigns, by public health organizations, in support of public health goals. Best practices for combating vaccine mis- and disinformation include addressing issues openly, clearly identifying areas of scientific consensus and areas of uncertainty, and being sensitive to
18036-993: The initial claims in 1998, multiple large epidemiological studies were undertaken. Reviews of the evidence by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , the American Academy of Pediatrics , the Institute of Medicine of the US National Academy of Sciences , the UK National Health Service , and the Cochrane Library all found no link between the MMR vaccine and autism. Physicians, medical journals, and editors have described Wakefield's actions as fraudulent and tied them to epidemics and deaths. Rachel McAdams Rachel Anne McAdams (born November 17, 1978)
18203-718: The internet have been argued to be characterized by a number of differences from medical and scientific literature. These include: For example, a 2020 study examined Instagram posts related to the HPV vaccine , which can prevent some types of cancer. Anti-vaccine posts were more likely than pro-vaccine posts to be sent by non-healthcare individuals, to include personal narratives, and to reference other Instagram users, links, or reposts. Anti-vaccine posts were also more likely to involve concealment or distortion, particularly conspiracy theories and unsubstantiated claims. In total, 72.3% of antivaccine posts made inaccurate claims, including exaggerating
18370-622: The issue: e.g. National Vaccine Information Center (USA), Vaccination Risk Awareness Network (Canada), Australian Vaccination Network. In November 2013 the Australian Vaccination Network was ordered by the New South Wales Administrative Decisions Tribunal to change their name so that consumers are aware of the anti-vaccination nature of the group. Lateline reported that former AVN president Meryl Dorey "claimed she
18537-559: The league's Secretary by 1909. In 1906, George Bernard Shaw wrote a supportive letter to the National Anti-Vaccination League, equating methods of vaccination with "rubbing the contents of the dustpan into the wound". In 1908, the Anti-Vaccination League of America was created by Charles M. Higgins and industrialist John Pitcairn Jr. , with anti-vaccination campaigns focused on New York and Pennsylvania . Members were opposed to compulsory vaccination laws. Higgins
18704-523: The least to do of the principals, but is wonderfully haunted and sad in her brief appearances". Afterwards, McAdams starred in Brian De Palma 's erotic thriller Passion opposite Noomi Rapace. They played two business executives engaged in a power struggle. De Palma saw McAdams' performance in Mean Girls and decided to cast her as Christine. The movie was released in selected theatres in
18871-615: The message to be disturbing, but upon calling back, she said, "he was actually much nicer to me, but let's be honest ... that is 20 mins of my life I'll never get back arguing that vaccines don't cause autism with Deuce Bigalow: Male Gigolo ." In June 2024, Schneider performed in Saskatchewan at a fundraising event for the Hospitals of Regina Foundation fundraiser (a Canadian medical not-for-profit organization), where he told jokes about vaccines, women, and transgender people. He
19038-422: The microbiological paradigm that explains how the immune system and vaccines work. Vaccine hesitancy and anti-vaccine activism exist within a broader context that involves cultural tradition, religious belief, approaches to health and disease, and political affiliation. Opposition to variolation for smallpox (a predecessor to vaccination) was organized as early as the 1720s around the premise that vaccination
19205-510: The movie contains the All-Time Best Movie Kiss while the Los Angeles Times has included a scene from the film in a list of the 50 Classic Movie Kisses. The Notebook has appeared on many Most Romantic Movies lists. "I'm so grateful to have a film that people respond to in that way", McAdams told Elle in 2011. "It was a big deal." In 2005, McAdams starred with Owen Wilson , Vince Vaughn , and Bradley Cooper in
19372-435: The nineteenth century, the principles, practices and impact of vaccination were matters of active scientific debate. The principles behind vaccination were not clearly understood until the end of the nineteenth century. The importance of hygiene in the preparation, storage, and administration of vaccines was not always understood or practiced. Reliable statistics on vaccine efficacy and side effects were difficult to obtain before
19539-603: The office worker beside the photocopier who addressed each of his fellow employees with an endless stream of annoying gossip. Schneider is featured in the video release The Bad Boys of Saturday Night Live , along with colleagues Adam Sandler , Chris Rock , David Spade , and Chris Farley . After leaving SNL , Schneider played supporting roles in a series of movies including Surf Ninjas , Judge Dredd , The Beverly Hillbillies , Home Alone 2: Lost in New York , Demolition Man , and Down Periscope . He also appeared in
19706-536: The people I get to work with." Justin Chang of Variety noted that "a deglammed but still radiant McAdams proves once again that she's the real deal, delivering a deliciously feisty performance". Manohla Dargis of The New York Times felt that her "engaging screen presence holds your attention and sympathy despite the handicap presented by her character's personality." The film was a commercial success: it cost $ 18 million to make and grossed over $ 92 million worldwide. At this point in her career, McAdams
19873-530: The phrase also turns up in the song " Original Prankster " by The Offspring ). Returning the favor, Sandler appeared in a cameo to spout the same line in Schneider's The Animal . Schneider narrated Sandler's 2002 animated movie Eight Crazy Nights , and voiced the part of a Chinese waiter. Schneider also had an uncredited cameo as a Canadian-Japanese wedding-chapel minister in the 2007 Sandler- Kevin James comedy I Now Pronounce You Chuck & Larry , and played
20040-612: The presence of trusted health agencies and credible information on social media, partnering with social media platforms to promote evidence-based public health information, and identifying and responding to emerging concerns and disinformation campaigns. Networked communities of public health officials and other stakeholders, connecting with the public through a variety of credible and trusted messengers, are recommended. Sharing of messages through such networks could help to debunk and counter highly networked and coordinated disinformation attacks. A networked community approach would differ from
20207-516: The procedure, and complaining that these petitions had not been made public. The journal reported the formation of the Anti-Compulsory Vaccination League "To overthrow this huge piece of physiological absurdity and medical tyranny", and quoted Richard Gibbs (a cousin of John Gibbs) who ran the Free Hospital at the same address as stating "I believe we have hundreds of cases here, from being poisoned with vaccination, I deem incurable. One member of
20374-421: The process was not overly burdensome to parents. While fighting California Senate Bill 277 , which removed exemptions to mandatory vaccinations due to personal beliefs, Schneider left a phone message to California state Assemblywoman and bill co-author Lorena Gonzalez saying that he would spend money against her in her next re-election. Gonzalez, in an interview with The Washington Times , said that she found
20541-612: The progress of the brightest discovery which has ever been made! But the contest is in vain! Time has drawn aside the veil which obstructed our knowledge of this invaluable blessing; and in the examples of the Emperor of Constantinople, of the Dowager Empress of Russia, and the King of Spain, we may date the downfall of further opposition." Coxe's expectation of an end to opposition to vaccination proved premature, and through much of
20708-495: The right hint of comic distance." The film grossed $ 129 million worldwide and earned McAdams two MTV Movie Awards . Mean Girls later reached No. 12 in an Entertainment Weekly list of the Greatest Ever High School Movies. Tina Fey , who co‑starred in the film and wrote the screenplay, has credited McAdams with teaching her how to act in front of a camera rather than an audience: "She's
20875-582: The risks of vaccines and minimizing risks of disease. A number of specific disinformation tactics have been noted in anti-vaccination messaging, including: Information is more likely to be believed after repeated exposure. Disinformers use this illusory truth effect as a tactic, repeating false information to make it feel familiar and influence belief. Anti-vaccine activists have leveraged social media to develop interconnected networks of influencers that shape people's opinion, recruit allies, impact policy and monetize vaccine-related disinformation. In 2022,
21042-600: The role of Christine Palmer in the superhero sequel Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness . Released in May 2022, it garnered mixed reviews. McAdams starred in Are You There God? It's Me, Margaret. , a film adaptation of Judy Blume 's novel of the same name . The film was released in April 2023 to positive reviews. Vanity Fair ' s Richard Lawson wrote in his review that McAdams "deftly paints
21209-584: The role that is a joy to watch." She co-starred with Jake Gyllenhaal in the boxing drama Southpaw (2015), where she played the wife of Gyllenhaal's character. A.O. Scott of The New York Times conceded: "It features some pretty appealing players. There are worse things to see at the multiplex than Ms. McAdams playing a tough cookie standing by her man." She co-starred with James Franco , Charlotte Gainsbourg and Marie-Josée Croze in Wim Wenders ' drama Every Thing Will Be Fine . The film received
21376-408: The role, McAdams studied old films, particularly those of Kim Novak . She has said the film shoot re-energized and re-inspired her and made her eager to continue working more often again. Lisa Schwarzbaum of Entertainment Weekly found McAdams "a particularly delightful vision after her two-year intermission". Todd McCarthy of Variety criticized her break from the big screen but felt that, despite
21543-412: The romantic comedy Wedding Crashers . McAdams played a daughter of an influential politician, who is caught in a love triangle with Wilson and Cooper's characters. McAdams listened repeatedly to Fleetwood Mac 's 1975 song " Landslide " to prepare for emotional scenes, and Wilson has said the song made her cry immediately: "It was like turning on a faucet." She trained for a sailing certification for
21710-523: The romantic drama The Vow , based on a true story. McAdams and Tatum played a newlywed couple who try to rebuild their relationship after a car crash leaves the wife with no recollections of who he is or their marriage. McAdams was drawn to the "roller coaster" faced by her character and found it interesting that the story was told "through the guy's eyes". A. O. Scott of The New York Times stated that "the dimply and adorable Rachel McAdams" brings "enough physical charm and emotional warmth to distract from
21877-414: The science fiction romantic drama The Time Traveler's Wife , based on Audrey Niffenegger 's best-selling novel of the same name . McAdams fell "madly in love" with the novel, but was initially slightly hesitant to accept the role because she felt Clare Abshire, the long-suffering wife, was a "character that people have already cast in their heads". Peter Travers of Rolling Stone said, "I'd watch
22044-419: The short term. Elements that may help to correct inaccurate information include: warning people before they are exposed to misinformation; high perceived credibility of message sources, affirmations of identity and social norms; graphical presentation; and focusing attention on clear core messages. Alternative explanations of a situation need to fit plausibly into the original scenario and ideally indicate why
22211-535: The show in November 2017, then commentating over Konami 's Contra . In 2021, Schneider competed on season six of The Masked Singer as the wild card contestant "Hamster". A running gag is that "Hamster" would pantomime urinating on Nick Cannon and get affectionate with him. When unmasked on the fifth week, Schneider dedicated his performance of Luis Miguel 's Sabor a Mí to Patricia and his daughters Miranda, Madeline, and Elle . In addition, Schneider did
22378-605: The simple act of listening can become a conduit for compassion." For her role, McAdams received nominations for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress , Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Supporting Actress and Screen Actors Guild Award nominations in the categories of Outstanding Actress in a Supporting Role and Outstanding Cast in a Motion Picture. She next starred with her Wedding Crashers co-star Bradley Cooper, Emma Stone and John Krasinski in Cameron Crowe 's romantic comedy-drama Aloha . She played
22545-459: The six months before and after the policy changes. It found a moderate but significant decrease in the number of likes for anti-vaccine posts following the policy changes. Likes of pro-vaccine posts were unchanged. Facebook has been criticized for not being more aggressive in countering disinformation. In response to efforts to police misinformation, anti-vaccine communities on social media have adopted coded language to refer to vaccinated persons and
22712-490: The spirit of bright invention that made the previous film such a pleasant surprise." Scott Mendelson of The Huffington Post remarked that she "exhibits far more personality and roguish charm in her few moments here than she did in all of the previous film. Freed from the constraints of being the de-facto love interest, McAdams relishes the chance to go full-villain." The film has grossed over $ 543 million worldwide. In 2012, McAdams starred opposite Channing Tatum in
22879-504: The superhero film Doctor Strange (2016) and its sequel Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness (2022), the romantic drama Disobedience (2017), the comedies Game Night (2018) and Eurovision Song Contest: The Story of Fire Saga (2020), and the comedy-drama Are You There God? It's Me, Margaret. (2023). On television, she starred in the second season of the HBO anthology crime drama series True Detective (2015), earning
23046-532: The theatre." During that period, McAdams turned down roles in the films The Devil Wears Prada (2006), Casino Royale (2006), Mission: Impossible III (2006), Iron Man (2008), and Get Smart (2008). In February 2006, she made a one-off stage appearance in The Vagina Monologues at St. Lawrence Centre for the Arts , Toronto to raise funds for V-Day . That same year, McAdams received
23213-476: The threadbare setting and the paper-thin plot". Joseph Amodio of Newsday felt that McAdams, "exuding her usual uncanny warmth on-screen", "is the real draw". However, Betsy Sharkey of the Los Angeles Times felt she was "wasted" in the role: "She is such an appealing actress that it's hard not to wish someone could make better use" of her. Mary Pols of Time found the film an example of McAdams "coasting" in "unabashedly romantic" movies and asserted that "she's
23380-414: The topic of vaccines. Facebook introduced several policies chosen to reduce the impact of anti-vaccine content, without actually removing it. These included reducing the ranking of anti-vaccine sources in searches and not recommending them; rejecting ads and targeted advertising that contained vaccine misinformation; and using banners to present vaccine information from authoritative sources. A study examined
23547-594: The toxicity of these things – we're having more and more side effects. We're having more and more autism." Schneider's statements have been discredited as lacking any factual basis. He also views the actions from the state of California to mandate vaccinations as government overreach. In 2015, Schneider actively opposed the passage of two California laws, California Assembly Bill 2109 and California Senate Bill 277 , which both made childhood vaccination exemptions harder to obtain. On September 28, 2012, Schneider and California State Assemblyman Tim Donnelly spoke at
23714-426: The uncertainty of worry, despite constantly leaning toward positivity." For her performance, she earned a Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play nomination. McAdams is an environmentalist . She ran an eco-friendly lifestyle website, GreenIsSexy.org, with two of her friends for five years from 2007 to 2011. Her house is powered by Bullfrog renewable energy. She travels around Toronto by bicycle and does not own
23881-729: The vaccines themselves. Supply-side interventions reduce circulation of misinformation directly at their sources through actions such as application of social media policies, regulation, and legislation. A study published in the journal Vaccine examined advertisements posted in the three months prior to the Facebook's 2019 policy changes. It found that 54% of the anti-vaccine advertisements on Facebook were placed by just two organizations, funded by well-known anti-vaccination activists. The Children's Health Defense / World Mercury Project chaired by Robert F. Kennedy Jr. and Stop Mandatory Vaccination , run by campaigner Larry Cook, posted 54% of
24048-657: The vibrant Rachel McAdams and Eric Bana in anything, but The Time Traveler's Wife is pushing it." Betsy Sharkey of the Los Angeles Times found her "luminous [yet], sadly, her facility as an actress is mostly wasted." Writing in The Chicago Tribune , Michael Phillips , in an otherwise tepid review, said of her performance: "Every scene she's in, even the silly ones, becomes better—truer, often against long odds—because she's in it. Her work feels emotionally spontaneous yet technically precise. She has an unusually easy touch with both comedy and drama, and she never holds
24215-409: The young receiving pushback, and they have sought to expand beyond niche subgroups into national political debates . Although concepts such as various myths and conspiracy theories alongside outright disinformation and misinformation have been spread by the anti-vaccination movement and fringe doctors in a way that has significantly increased vaccine hesitancy (and altered public policy around
24382-526: Was 24 years old when she was cast as the mean high school queen bee Regina George , and she modelled her character on Alec Baldwin 's performance in the drama Glengarry Glen Ross (1992). Mike Clark of USA Today praised her "comic flair" while Jenny McCartney of The Daily Telegraph found her "delightfully hateful." Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle felt that "McAdams brings glamour and magnetism to Regina, but also
24549-707: Was a prominent member of the government advisory team during the COVID-19 pandemic in Slovakia , and was the first person in that country to receive a COVID-19 vaccine . Due to his prominent role in the vaccination campaign, Krčméry and his family became a target of anti-vaccine activists, who physically threatened him and his family. In June 2023, Texas-based physician and researcher Peter Hotez tweeted his concerns about Robert F. Kennedy Jr. sharing misinformation about vaccines on Joe Rogan 's podcast. Rogan, Kennedy, and Twitter owner Elon Musk asked Hotez to participate in
24716-623: Was a victim of hate groups and vested interests" in response to the ruling. Although physicians and nurses are still rated as the most trusted source for vaccine information, some vaccine-hesitant individuals report being more comfortable discussing vaccines with providers of complementary and alternative (CAM) treatments. With the rise of the internet, many people have turned online for medical information. In some instances, anti-vaccine activists seek to steer people away from vaccination and health-care providers and towards alternative medicines sold by certain activists. Anti-vaccination writings on
24883-660: Was active in student life. In addition to playing sports (including volleyball, badminton, and soccer), she was on the student council , participated in the Crime Stoppers program, and was a member of the Peer Helping Team . She worked at a McDonald's restaurant during summer holidays for three years. She developed an interest in performing when she was seven, and while her parents did not discourage her, they did not "go out and find me an agent." She attended Disney and William Shakespeare summer camps as
25050-612: Was active in the working class, labor aristocracy, and lower middle class. It had become associated with alternative medicine and was part of a larger culture of social and political dissent that included both labor unions and religious dissenters. In June 1867, the publication "Human Nature" campaigned in the United Kingdom against "The Vaccination Humbug", reporting that many petitions had been presented to Parliament against Compulsory Vaccination for smallpox , including from parents who alleged that their children had died through
25217-594: Was an independent but leaned more conservative . In July 2023, Schneider endorsed candidate Robert F. Kennedy Jr. in the 2024 U.S. presidential election . In August 2024, following Kennedy's suspension of his campaign , Schneider endorsed candidate Donald Trump . Schneider was a headliner at the 2024 Moms for Liberty convention. Schneider has been a critic of childhood vaccinations . In an interview with News10 in Sacramento, Schneider opined that "The efficacy of these shots have not been proven ... And
25384-522: Was described as the "Mecca of antivaccination". The UK movement grew, and as the influence of the London Society overshadowed the Hume-Rotherys and it took the national lead, it was decided in February 1896 to re-form the Society as The National Anti-Vaccination League . Arthur Phelps was elected as president. In 1898, the league took on a school leaver named Lily Loat , who was elected as
25551-565: Was first suggested in the early 1990s and came to public notice largely as a result of the 1998 Lancet MMR autism fraud, which Dennis K Flaherty at the University of Charleston characterized as "perhaps the most damaging medical hoax of the last 100 years". The fraudulent research paper authored by Andrew Wakefield and published in The Lancet falsely claimed the vaccine was linked to colitis and autism spectrum disorders. The paper
25718-516: Was hailed as "the next Julia Roberts " and the new "Hollywood it girl ". Vanity Fair invited McAdams, along with actresses Scarlett Johansson and Keira Knightley , to appear on its March 2006 cover, the annual Hollywood issue . Upon arrival on the photo set, McAdams discovered it was a nude session, declined and left. She later parted ways with her publicist at the time, who had not informed her in advance. Knightley later recounted, "Quite early on Rachel just said, 'No, I'm not into that.' She's
25885-647: Was in reaction to the 2024 Summer Olympics opening ceremony , which included drag queen performers burlesquing The Last Supper painting . In 2023, Schneider made posts on social media criticizing the transgender TikTok influencer Dylan Mulvaney , calling her transgender identity "cultural appropriation". In August 2024, Schneider was a speaker at the 2024 national summit for the anti-LGBT group, Moms for Liberty . In September 2024, Schneider's daughter, Elle King distanced herself from Schneider and criticized his anti-LGBT comments. Anti-vaccine activist Anti-vaccine activism , which collectively constitutes
26052-417: Was invented by British physician Edward Jenner , who published his findings on the efficacy of the practice for smallpox in 1798. By 1801, the practice had been widely endorsed in the scientific community, and by several world leaders. Philadelphia physician John Redman Coxe , noting that even then false accounts were circulated of negative effects of vaccination, wrote, "Such are the falsehoods which impede
26219-490: Was nine for pair skating training. She skated competitively until she was 18, winning regional awards. She has said that skating prepared her for acting by teaching her to be "in tune" with her body. McAdams attended Myrtle Street Public School and Central Elgin Collegiate Institute . She said that she did not enjoy academic work and often pretended to be sick to avoid going to school. Nonetheless, she
26386-519: Was no longer required in the United Kingdom. New vaccines were developed and used against diseases such as diphtheria and whooping cough . In the UK, these were often introduced on a voluntary basis, without arousing the same kind of anti-vaccination response that had accompanied compulsory smallpox vaccination. In the United States, numerous measles outbreaks occurred in the 1960s and 1970s, and were shown to be more frequent in states that lacked mandatory vaccination requirements. This led to calls in
26553-417: Was not some sweaty, tank-top-wearing, Uzi -carrying super woman". Robert Koehler of Variety found her "increasingly impressive" while Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times asserted that "she brings more presence and credibility to her role than is really expected; she acts without betraying the slightest awareness that she's inside a genre. Her performance qualifies her for heavy-duty roles." Upon release,
26720-444: Was originally slated to play McAdams's role but dropped out shortly before filming began. A fan of Curtis for years, McAdams wanted to work with him on what he stated would be his last project as a director. The film was a commercial success at the international box office, and McAdams had a positive reception among critics, with Leslie Felperin of Variety praising her and Gleeson for their "radiant, believable chemistry" which "keeps
26887-454: Was played by Noomi Rapace . Joel Silver , the film's producer, has said that "we always intended to have a different kind of girl for each movie" in the vein of Bond girls . He found it "complicated" to persuade McAdams to return in a smaller role: "She loved being with us, but she hoped to have a bigger role." Joe Morgenstern of The Wall Street Journal felt "she vanishes all too soon in this overproduced, self-enchanted sequel, and so does
27054-430: Was removed from the stage in the middle of his set by event organizers, who later apologized for his behaviour. In July 2024, Schneider posted on the social media platform X, "I am sorry to say to ALL the world's GREATEST ATHLETES, I wish you ALL THE BEST, but I cannot watch an Olympics that disrespects Christianity and openly celebrates Satan. I sincerely hope THESE @Olympics get the same amount of viewers as @cspan". This
27221-464: Was retracted in 2010 but is still cited by anti-vaccine activists. The claims in the paper were widely reported, leading to a sharp drop in vaccination rates in the UK and Ireland. Promotion of the claimed link, which continued in anti-vaccination propaganda for the next three decades despite being refuted, was estimated to have led to an increase in the incidence of measles and mumps , resulting in deaths and serious permanent injuries. Following
27388-479: Was succeeded by Alfred Milnes. Frances Hoggan and her husband authored an article for the Vaccination Inquirer in September 1883 which argued against compulsory vaccination. The London Society focused on lobbying parliamentary support in the 1880s and early 1890s. They gained support from several members of the House of Commons of which the most prominent was Peter Alfred Taylor , the member for Leicester , which
27555-594: Was the League's chief spokesman and pamphleteer. Historian James Colgrove noted that Higgins "attempted to overturn the New York State's law mandating vaccination of students in public schools". The League should not be confused with the Anti-Vaccination Society of America , that was formed in 1879. Higgins was criticized by medical experts for spreading misinformation and ignoring facts as to
27722-464: Was unnatural and an attempt to thwart divine judgment. Religious arguments against inoculation , the earliest arguments against vaccination, were soon advanced. For example, in a 1722 sermon entitled "The Dangerous and Sinful Practice of Inoculation", the English theologian Reverend Edmund Massey argued that diseases are sent by God to punish sin and that any attempt to prevent smallpox via inoculation
27889-529: Was widely practiced, and the society published a periodical opposing it, called Vaccination . A series of American legal cases, beginning in various states and culminating with that of Henning Jacobson of Massachusetts in 1905, upheld the mandating of compulsory smallpox vaccination for the good of the public. The court ruled in Jacobson v. Massachusetts that "the liberty secured by the Constitution of
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