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47-765: The Rosebud Indian Reservation was established in 1889 after the United States' partition of the Great Sioux Reservation , which was created by the Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868) . The Great Sioux Reservation had covered all of West River, South Dakota (the area west of the Missouri River), as well as part of northern Nebraska and eastern Montana. Since its founding, the Rosebud reservation has been reduced considerably in size, as has happened with

94-402: A deeper cultural, spiritual and economic connection to bison and have agreed to contribute up to 170 bison to the herd. The World Wildlife Fund is assisting with technical assistance, fundraising guidance, and connections to other organizations. In order increase the genetic health of the species, they committed to supporting the establishment of five herds of at least 1,000 individuals each in

141-434: A tribal council that operated by consensus. Both women and male elders have continued to have influence within the nation, particularly among those who have followed more traditional lives. At times political factions have developed and continued along ethnic and cultural lines, with full-blood Sioux following traditional ways. Others, sometimes of mixed-blood or having had more urban or European-American experiences, support

188-632: Is 1,970.362 sq mi (5,103.214 km) with a population of 10,469 in the 2000 census . The main reservation (Todd County) has a land area of 1,388.124 sq mi (3,595.225 km) and a population of 9,050. The RIR is bounded on the south by Cherry County, Nebraska , on the west by the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation , on the north by the White River , and originally, on the east by the Missouri River . The Oyate capital

235-748: Is a nearly 28,000-acre native grassland (11,000 ha) for a bison herd on the Rosebud Indian Reservation in South Dakota , home of the federally recognized Sicangu Oyate (the Upper Brulé Sioux Nation) – also known as Sicangu Lakota , and the Rosebud Sioux Tribe, a branch of the Lakota people . The Rosebud Economic Development Corporation (REDCO), the economic arm of the Rosebud Sioux Tribe,

282-495: Is a nearly 28,000-acre native grassland (11,000 ha) for a bison herd on the reservation. The Rosebud Economic Development Corporation (REDCO), the economic arm of the Rosebud Sioux Tribe, is managing the land. Established in 2020, the herd will help develop ecological restoration , cultural practices, economic development, food security and public education. Under the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 ,

329-719: Is an ongoing, diverse effort to bring bison back from the brink of extinction. Public and private partners are supporting native-led efforts. The 2020 Bison Conservation Initiative by the Department of the Interior strengthened mechanisms for delivery of bison to Native American tribes and provided for the transfer of bison from the Interior's herds to Wolakota. The initiative that has five central goals: wild, healthy bison herds; genetic conservation; shared stewardship; ecological restoration ; and cultural restoration. American Prairie partners with native tribes who are working to restore

376-588: Is commonly used. On October 30, 2020, 100 wild bison from nearby national parks were released. This initial transfer included Theodore Roosevelt and Badlands National Parks each donating 50 bison. Sixty excess yearlings and two-year old bison from the Wind Cave bison herd were sent in October. The Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge donated some of their excess bison to the range in November in support of

423-448: Is managing the land. Established in 2020, the herd will help develop ecological restoration , cultural practices, economic development, food security and public education. Wolakota involves public and private partners coming together in support of native-led efforts. Bison is the correct taxonomic term but buffalo is the common vernacular term. Buffalo continues to hold a lot of cultural significance, particularly for Indigenous people and

470-759: Is one of the many tribal band communities established in the late 1870s. Another major town in the reservation is Saint Francis , located southwest of Rosebud. Saint Francis, with a current population of about 469 (2020 census) ., is the largest incorporated town in South Dakota without a state highway for access. Located on the Great Plains , just north of the Nebraska Sandhills , Rosebud Indian Reservation has large areas of Ponderosa Pine forest scattered in its grasslands. Deep valleys are defined by steep hills and ravines, often with lakes dotting

517-582: Is the unincorporated town of Rosebud where the tribal headquarters is located. It was established when the Spotted Tail Indian Agency territory extended to the banks of Rosebud Creek near its confluence with the Little White River . It was previously located in northwestern Nebraska. The largest town on the reservation is Mission , served by the intersections of US Highways 18 and 83. Mission's near neighbor of Antelope

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564-761: The Cheyenne and Belle Fourche rivers, including all of the Black Hills in modern South Dakota . In 1887, the United States Congress passed the General Allotment Act, also called the Dawes Act , to break up communal tribal lands on reservations and assign 160-acre (65 ha) plots in individual family households, in order to encourage subsistence farming. Among other problems, this plan did not take into account conditions on

611-549: The Fort Berthold Reservation , which straddles the Missouri River in western North Dakota, were part of the original Great Sioux Reservation. After the boundaries of these five reservations were established, the government opened up approximately 9 million acres (36,000 km ), one-half of the former Great Sioux Reservation, for public purchase for ranching and homesteading. Much of the area

658-481: The U.S. Congress in 1877 and 1889 reduced Lakota territory to five reservations in western South Dakota, all remnants of the 1868 reservation. The Sioux nation successfully sued the United States for these encroachments, but the tribes have refused monetary compensation for illegally taken reservation lands. The United States used the Missouri River to form the eastern boundary of the Reservation, but some of

705-669: The 2020 Bison Conservation Initiative. The refuge is helping restore conservation herds when their herd grows beyond a comfortable carrying capacity. Excess bison from 2021 roundup at the Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Refuge were donated where for the first time Indigenous peoples joined refuge staff for the roundup. Thirty-five bison were donated in February 2021 from American Prairie in Montana. The conservation of bison

752-651: The Black Hills or Paha Sapa discovered gold. The public announcement attracted numerous miners to the region, resulting in open conflict with the Lakota. The US Army defeated the Lakota in the Black Hills War . Most of the Sioux reservation remained intact for another 13 years. Under a new treaty of 1877, the United States Congress forced the Sioux to cede a strip of land along the western border of Dakota Territory 50 miles (80 km) wide, plus all land west of

799-700: The Great Plains, and the allotments were generally too small to be successfully farmed in the arid conditions. On 2 March 1889, Congress passed another act (just months before North Dakota and South Dakota were admitted to the Union on 2 November 1889), which partitioned the Great Sioux Reservation, creating five smaller reservations: Neither the Crow Creek Reservation , east of the Missouri River in central South Dakota, nor

846-559: The Northern Great Plains. Toyota is working with the World Wildlife Fund by donating funds for fencing with a commitment to annual ecological monitoring to understand how buffalo restoration and management impacts land, soil, water, vegetation and biodiversity health. The range was previously overgrazed by cattle. With rotational grazing , the bison will be moved into different areas of the range to mimic

893-468: The Rosebud government decided to legalize alcohol sales on the reservation. It found that many residents went off reservation to buy alcohol in nearby towns. By legalizing the sale, the tribe can use sales taxes and other revenues generated for the welfare and health of the tribe. It can directly police and regulate the use of alcohol on the reservation in an effort to reduce abuses, and has established health programs for treatment. The Wolakota Buffalo Range

940-453: The United States ruled that the land had been taken illegally. The US government offered financial compensation in settlement. The Oglala Lakota are persisting in their demand to have the land returned to their nation; the account with their settlement compensation is earning interest. 42°59′N 102°37′W  /  42.98°N 102.62°W  / 42.98; -102.62 Wolakota Buffalo Range The Wolakota Buffalo Range

987-643: The abandoned land to federal agencies. For instance, the National Park Service took over part of the modern National grasslands and the Bureau of Land Management was assigned other land for management. In some cases, the United States appropriated more land from the reduced reservations, as in the case of the WW2 -era Badlands Bombing Range , taken from the Oglala Sioux of Pine Ridge. Although

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1034-647: The allotment process. In addition, the United States seized land as part of federal water-control projects, such as construction of Lake Oahe and other mainstream reservoirs on the Missouri River as part of the Pick-Sloan Missouri Basin Program . For instance, the Rosebud Reservation, which once included all of four counties and part of another, has been reduced to a single county: Todd County in south-central South Dakota. Much Indian-owned land remains in isolated sections of

1081-488: The basis of Lakota diet, now graze together with cattle and sheep. Bison ranching has been increasing on the Great Plains, in efforts to revive this important species. Numerous monuments honor Lakota and European-American heroes and events. Although many non-Native homesteads were abandoned during the Dust Bowl-era of the 1930s, rather than re-assigning the land to the Sioux, the federal government transferred much of

1128-404: The basis of historic documentation of membership.) Congress allocated 160-acre (65 ha) parcels to heads of families, and declared any remaining land to be "surplus" and available for sale to non-natives. This caused major losses in communal lands. After a period of time, Native Americans could sell their land individually, and did. The allotment of individual parcels and other measures reduced

1175-487: The deeper valleys. Major employers include Rosebud Sioux Tribe, Bureau of Indian Affairs , and Todd County School District. The RST owns and operates Rosebud Casino on U.S. Route 83 just north of the Nebraska border. Nearby is a fuel plaza, featuring truck parking and a convenience store. Power for the casino is furnished in part by one of the nation's first tribally owned wind turbines , which generate electricity. In

1222-401: The early 21st century, the tribe built a new residential development, Sicangu Village , along Highway 83 near the casino and the state line. The Tribe also owns QCredit, an online financial services company. The Tribe works with financial technology vendor Think Finance for assistance with compliance management, risk management, and loan services. Like numerous other Native American tribes,

1269-459: The elected government. Enrolled members living on reservation number 21,245. The RST population is estimated at 25,000 (2005). The short two-year terms of office can make it difficult for elected tribal officials to carry out projects over the long term. In addition, BIA officials and police retain roles on the reservations, which the historian Akim Reinhardt calls a form of "indirect colonialism". The tribe has developed Sinte Gleska University on

1316-588: The federally recognized Rosebud Sioux Tribe (RST) re-established self-government. It adopted a constitution and bylaws, to take back many responsibilities for internal management from the BIA. It followed the model of elected government: president, vice-president, and representative council, adopted by many Native American nations. At the time and since then, many tribal members opposed the elected government, preferring their traditional form of hereditary clan chiefs selected for life, contingent on approval by women elders, and

1363-470: The four adjacent counties, which were once within the Rosebud Sioux Tribe (RST) boundaries: Tripp , Lyman , Mellette , and Gregory counties, all in South Dakota. Mellette County, especially, has extensive off-reservation trust land , comprising 33.35 percent of its land area. Some 40.23 percent of the Sicangu Oyate population lives here. The total land area of the reservation and its trust lands

1410-628: The land within this area had already assigned to other tribes, such as the Ponca . The Lakota Nation considered the West River area central to their territory, as it had been since their discovery of the Paha Sapa ( Black Hills ) in 1765, and their domination of the area after they conquered and pushed out the Cheyenne in 1776. Paha Sapa was sacred to the Lakota, and they considered it their place of origin, thousands of years earlier. In addition to

1457-506: The legislation. In December 2020, the Jesuits returned 525 acres (212 ha) to the reservation. The scattered pieces had been given to them in the 1890s for religious use. The Rosebud Sioux Reservation has 20 communities represented on its tribal council: 43°17′40″N 100°39′22″W  /  43.29444°N 100.65611°W  / 43.29444; -100.65611 Great Sioux Reservation The Great Sioux Reservation

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1504-454: The newly available lands on the Plains. Self-styled experts recommended regular tilling the soil to "attract" moisture from the sky. The Plains were settled during what historians now know was a wetter than normal period, and farmers had some early success. But, as more normal drought conditions returned, many farms folded. The farmers did not know how to best preserve the limited moisture in

1551-725: The only emergency room on its reservation, which is operated by Indian Health Services . The ER was closed because of conditions so poor that Medicaid ( CMS ) would not reimburse for its services. The ER had been closed for nearly five months, leaving people on the reservation without services. They have to travel 50 miles to reach another hospital. The emergency department was re-opened after seven months on July 15, 2016. While in Congress before 2018, former Representative Kristi Noem (R-South Dakota), now governor of South Dakota, authored legislation to improve conditions and staff at IHS facilities. She testified before Congress to gain support for

1598-403: The other Lakota and Dakota reservations. Now, it includes Todd County, South Dakota , and certain communities and lands in the four adjacent counties. The Rosebud Indian Reservation is located in south central South Dakota. It includes within its recognized border all of Todd County , an unincorporated county of South Dakota. The Oyate also have communities and extensive lands and populations in

1645-510: The other counties. Similar reductions occurred in the other reservations. Both inside and outside the reservation boundaries in West River, the Lakota are an integral part of the region and its history: many towns have Lakota names, such as Owanka , Wasta , and Oacoma . Towns such as Hot Springs , Timber Lake , and Spearfish have English names translated from the original Lakota names. Some rivers and mountains retain Lakota names. The buffalo and antelope , indigenous game that were

1692-766: The people of the Rosebud Sioux Reservation joined the Oglala Lakota and other Sioux nations in suing the federal government in a land claim for its taking of the Black Hills in the late 19th century. In 1980 the case was heard by the United States Supreme Court , which agreed with the nations that the US had acted illegally in 1877. The US government offered financial compensation, which the Sioux have refused. They still demand

1739-538: The range was declared surplus to USAF needs in the 1960s, it was transferred to the National Park Service rather than returned to the tribe's communal ownership. Considering the Black Hills sacred and illegally taken, in the 20th century, the Lakota pursued a suit against the US government for the return of the land. In the 1980 United States v. Sioux Nation of Indians , the Supreme Court of

1786-531: The reservation dedicated to the Lakota, the treaty gave the Sioux the right to hunt and travel in "unceded" territory in much of Wyoming and in the Sandhills and Panhandle of modern Nebraska . Because each band had its own territory, the United States established several agencies through the Bureau of Indian Affairs to regulate the Lakota in this vast area. Custer's 1874 Black Hills Expedition from Fort Abraham Lincoln (near Bismarck , Dakota Territory ) to

1833-508: The reservation had no access to ER services. Five babies were born in ambulances en route to the nearest hospitals -50 miles away- and nine people died during emergency transport to other health facilities. CMS announced on July 14, 2016, that the emergency department would re-open the next day. On April 28, 2016, members of the Rosebud Indian Reservation announced they were suing the federal government for its closure of

1880-488: The reservation. The tribal university is named after the 19th-century Sioux war chief and statesman, whose name in English was Spotted Tail . The Sun-Times is the only news outlet to cover political news on the reservation, along with police, court and community news. An economic decline forced the paper to cut back to a monthly edition in 2010. In United States v. Sioux Nation of Indians , 448 U.S. 371 (1980),

1927-536: The return of the land to their nation. The compensation fund is earning interest and has increased in value. The tribe has suffered from terrible conditions at the IHS hospital. Because the IHS did not maintain standards, in November 2015 the federal Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) said it would no longer reimburse for services at the ER, as conditions were so poor. The ER was closed. For seven months, citizens on

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1974-499: The soil, and their practices resulted in the Dust Bowl conditions of the 1930s. Huge dust clouds reached as far as eastern cities; much of the fertile topsoil was lost, and many farmers abandoned their land. Today most farming is done by large-scale industrial farms which use different techniques, such as winter planting, to raise wheat. By the 1960s, the five reservations had lost much of their territories, some through sales after

2021-477: The total land in Indian ownership, while the government tried to force the people to convert to the lifestyles of subsistence farmers and craftsmen. The allocations were not based on accurate knowledge of whether the arid lands could support the small family farms envisioned by the government. This was largely an unsuccessful experiment for the Lakota and most homesteaders alike. Numerous European immigrants homesteaded

2068-626: The tribes. By the Dawes Allotment Act , the federal government intended to break up the communal tribal lands in Indian Territory and other reservations and allocate portions to individual households to encourage subsistence farming on the European-American model. Federal registrars recorded tribal members in each tribe, as land was allotted to heads of households. (The Dawes Rolls have been used by some tribes as

2115-476: The way they moved across the plains. The bison eat the plentiful yucca plants by tearing them up by the roots which allows the native grasses to return. Bison management is used to improve the health and habitat quality for other wildlife. Cultural relevance includes designating a certain number of animals per year for ceremonial hunts including coming-of-age ceremonies and community harvests. The Lakota immersion school, Wakanyeja Tokeyahci (Children First) run by

2162-626: Was an Indian reservation created by the United States through treaty with the Sioux , principally the Lakota , who dominated the territory before its establishment. In the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868 , the reservation included lands west of the Missouri River in South Dakota and Nebraska , including all of present-day western South Dakota . The treaty also provided rights to roam and hunt in contiguous areas of North Dakota , Montana , Wyoming , and northeast Colorado . Later acts of

2209-594: Was not homesteaded until the 1910s, after the Enlarged Homestead Act increased allocations to 320 acres (1.3 km ) for what was recognized as "semi-arid land". Settlement was encouraged by the railroads. In addition, the US government issued publications of scientific instruction (since found to be incorrect) on how to farm the arid land. New United States immigrants came to the area. The Lakota tribes received $ 1.25 per acre, usually used to offset agency expenses in meeting federal treaty obligations to

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