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73-634: The Sestra flows over the Karelian Isthmus . The source of the river is in swamps west of the settlement of Vaskelovo , and the Sestra flows in the general direction south, having its mouth in the town of Sestroretsk . It used to fall into the Gulf of Finland until the early 18th century. After the construction of a dam for the needs of the munitions factory in Sestroretsk, a part of the river

146-570: A huge area, 740 km (286 sq mi), encircled by the Road of Life , the roads Rzhevka – Novoye Devyatkino and Novoye Devyatkino – Matoksa and the coast of Lake Ladoga (available to visitors since 2003). In 2006 a Voronezh early warning radar was built in Lekhtusi , Vsevolozhsky District . The port of Vysotsk is a base of the Baltic Fleet . 138th Guards Motor Rifle Brigade

219-639: A number of others along the Vyborg-Hiitola railroad ). Vyborg Shipyard is one of the largest shipbuilding companies in Northwestern Russia . Roskar Battery Farm in Pervomayskoye is a leading producer of chicken and eggs . In Vsevolozhsky District state-owned Morozov Plant is located, which is an important producer of paints , adhesives , abrasives and other substances. In Kuzmolovsky, Vsevolozhsky District , near

292-690: A separate river basin. The Karelian Isthmus is located in two regions of the Russian Federation , Saint Petersburg and the Leningrad Oblast . Saint Petersburg is represented by seven districts, the Leningrad Oblast by three. Apart from the old towns of Vyborg and Priozersk , and churches on the Konevets island of Lake Ladoga , since the late 19th century a number of other archaeological sites have been discovered on

365-699: Is 4.8 kilometres (3.0 mi) long. The Sestra served as a natural border between Russia and Sweden (1323–1617) and between Russia and Finland (1812–1940). It currently serves as a border between Vsevolozhsky (east, formerly Soviet Union) and Vyborgsky (west, formerly Finland) districts of Leningrad Oblast. [REDACTED] Media related to Sestra River at Wikimedia Commons 60°21′33″N 30°04′24″E  /  60.35917°N 30.07333°E  / 60.35917; 30.07333 Karelian Isthmus The Karelian Isthmus ( Russian : Карельский перешеек , romanized :  Karelsky peresheyek ; Finnish : Karjalankannas ; Swedish : Karelska näset )

438-539: Is a popular summer resort for Saint Petersburg citizens since the late 19th century, served by trains of Finlyandsky Rail Terminal . The isthmus, especially the land along Saint Petersburg–Vyborg and Saint Petersburg–Priozersk railroads, hosts numerous dachas . A 20–35 km wide stretch of land in Vyborgsky District and Republic of Karelia to the west of the Vyborg–Hiitola railway , as well as

511-792: Is also an important supplier of sand . A plant of Ford Motor Company producing Ford Focus cars was opened in Vsevolozhsk in 2002. The Karelian Isthmus is included within Leningrad Military District of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation . The isthmus hosts airfields in Levashovo , Pribylovo and Gromovo . Other airfields in Veshchevo and Kasimovo (Vartemyagi) have been abandoned. In

584-418: Is an administrative and municipal district ( raion ), one of the seventeen in Leningrad Oblast , Russia . It is located in the northwest of the oblast on the Karelian Isthmus and borders with Priozersky District in the northeast, Vsevolozhsky District in the east, Kurortny District of the federal city of St. Petersburg in the south, Kymenlaakso and South Karelia regions of Finland in

657-917: Is an important link connecting inland waterways of Finland with the Gulf of Finland . The Karelian Isthmus is served by a number of railways; the trains arrive from Finlyandsky Rail Terminal and Ladozhsky Rail Terminal of Saint Petersburg : Also on the Karelian isthmus are all lines of the St. Petersburg metro . The pulp-and-paper , timber and woodworking industries ( JSC Svetogorsk , pulp and paper mill in Svetogorsk , Vyborgsky Pulp and Paper Mill in Vyborg , Priozersky Furniture and Woodworking Industrial Complex and Priozersky Woodworking Factory in Priozersk , as well as other smaller enterprises all over

730-567: Is located in Kamenka , and in the 56th District Training Centre in Sertolovo . The population of the Karelian isthmus today is slightly less than 3.1 million inhabitants. Of these, about 2.4 million live in St. Petersburg and a little less than 700 thousand in the Leningrad region. The population is growing solely due to migration, as the mortality rate is much higher than the birth rate, but

803-598: Is the approximately 45–110-kilometre-wide (30–70 mi) stretch of land situated between the Gulf of Finland and Lake Ladoga in northwestern Russia , to the north of the River Neva . Its northwestern boundary is a line from the Bay of Vyborg to the westernmost point of Lake Ladoga, Pekonlahti. If the Karelian Isthmus is defined as the entire territory of present-day Saint Petersburg and Leningrad Oblast to

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876-707: The 2002 census , the population of the Kurortny District of Saint Petersburg and the parts of Leningrad Oblast situated on the Karelian Isthmus amounts to 539,000. Many Saint Petersburg residents also decamp to the Isthmus during their vacations. The main population centers of the Isthmus are Vyborg ( Выборг ; Finnish : Viipuri ; Swedish : Viborg ), Priozersk ( Приозе́рск ; Finnish : Käkisalmi ; Swedish : Kexholm ) and Primorsk ( Примо́рск ; Finnish : Koivisto ; Swedish : Björkö ). The isthmus' terrain has been influenced dramatically by

949-873: The Grand Duchy of Finland , which had previously been ceded to Russia by Sweden. After 1812, it was known as the Viipuri Province . On July 17, 1919, the Viipuri Province became a part of independent Finland . The border between Finland and Soviet Union was drawn along the Sestra River . After the Winter War , Finland ceded this territory to the Soviet Union by the terms of the Moscow Peace Treaty . The territory

1022-681: The Great Northern War that started with the Russian conquest of Ingria where the new imperial capital , Saint Petersburg, was founded (1703) in the southern end of the isthmus, in place of old Swedish town Nyenskans . Then in 1812, the northwestern half was transferred, as a part of Old Finland , to the Grand Duchy of Finland , created in 1809 as an autonomous part of the Russian Empire. Due to its size, favorable climate, rich fishing waters and proximity to Saint Petersburg ,

1095-549: The Gulf of Finland . There are many lakes in the district, especially in the basin of the Vuoksi. Lake Glubokoye is the largest one. The western part of the Karelian Isthmus, inhabited by Karelians and Finns , historically lay between Russia and Sweden (later Russia and Finland) and changed hands on a regular basis. Vyborg was founded in 1293 as a Swedish fortress for protection from the Novgorod Republic . In 1323,

1168-931: The Leningrad Oblast , the winter here is usually milder due to the moderating influence of the Gulf of Finland , but longer. The city of Vyborg and the town of Priozersk are situated on the northwestern part of the isthmus. The Karelian Isthmus is a popular place for hiking , cycling , skiing ( Korobitsyno and Kavgolovo ), climbing (near Kuznechnoye ), canoeing ( Losevo ), fishing for consumption (of carp bream , northern pike , roach , European perch , ruffe , burbot and others), mushroom hunting (for porcini , red-capped scaber stalk , birch bolete , velvet bolete , slippery Jack , golden chanterelle , Lactarius resimus , woolly milk-cap , ugly milk-cap , saffron milk-cap , Lactarius rufus , various Russulas and others), berry picking (of bilberry , raspberry , woodland strawberry , cowberry , cranberry , cloudberry , bog bilberry and stone bramble ). It

1241-581: The Peace of Moscow of 12 March. According to the protocol appended to the Moscow Peace Treaty, the fighting was ended at noon (Leningrad time) on 13 March and by 26 March the Finnish troops had been completely withdrawn. The entire Karelian population of the ceded areas of about 422 thousand people was evacuated to other parts of Finland (see Evacuation of Finnish Karelia ). On 31 March most of

1314-626: The Soviet Union by Finland following the Winter War (1939–1940) and Continuation War (1941–1944). In 1940–1941, during the Interim Peace , most of the ceded territories in the isthmus were included within the Karelo-Finnish SSR . However, since World War II the entire isthmus has been divided between the city of Saint Petersburg (mostly Kurortny District ), as well as Priozersky District , Vsevolozhsky District and Vyborgsky District of Leningrad Oblast . According to

1387-754: The Soviet Union staged the Shelling of Mainila and invaded Finland in what became known as the Winter War , which took a disproportionally heavy death toll on the Red Army . Only in February 1940 did the Soviet forces manage to penetrate the Mannerheim Line across the isthmus, the strength of which is often exaggerated. Finland ceded the Karelian Isthmus and Ladoga Karelia to the Soviet Union in

1460-521: The Treaty of Nöteborg established the border between Novgorod and Sweden along the Sestra River. This border corresponds to the current southern limits of Vyborgsky District. In 1403, Vyborg was chartered. The Novgorod Republic besieged Vyborg in 1411, and the Grand Duchy of Moscow , which by then annexed Novgorod, besieged it in 1495, but on both occasions the fortress was not conquered. According to

1533-457: The Treaty of Stolbovo , the whole Karelian Isthmus was ceded to Sweden and the border moved southeast. In 1710, during the Great Northern War , the troops of Tsar Peter the Great conquered Vyborg, and eventually the whole area was annexed to Russia. This was confirmed by the Treaty of Nystad in 1721. In the course of the administrative reform carried out in 1708 by Peter the Great, the area

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1606-632: The Vyborg Offensive and pushed the front from the pre-1939 border to Vyborg in ten days. The returned Karelians were evacuated to Finland again. In the Battle of Tali-Ihantala , 25 June–9 July, the Finns concentrated their military strength and brought the offensive to a halt at the River Vuoksi , in the northwesternmost part of the isthmus, at the closest point only 40 kilometres from

1679-560: The Weichselian glaciation . Its highest point lies on the Lembolovo Heights moraine at about 205 m (670 ft). There are no mountains on the isthmus, but steep hills occur in some places. The Vuoksi , the largest river, runs southeastwards from Lake Saimaa of Finland to Lake Ladoga , dividing the isthmus into two uneven parts. Saimaa Canal opened in 1856 links Lake Saimaa to the Bay of Vyborg passing through

1752-806: The administrative center in Vyborg was established in March 1940 as a part of the Karelian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (Karelian ASSR). On March 31, 1940, the Karelian ASSR was transformed into the Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic . On November 24, 1944, Vyborgsky District was transferred from Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic to Leningrad Oblast. Another district established in March 1940

1825-587: The 11th century, Sweden and Novgorod Republic started to compete tax holding rights. The Treaty of Nöteborg of 1323 established a border between them along the rivers now known as the Sestra and the Volchya . During 17th century Sweden gained the whole isthmus and also Ingria . In this time many Karelians escaped to Tver's Karelia . From 1721–1917 the isthmus belonged to the Russian Empire , won in

1898-605: The 12th century AD. The connection disappeared due to ongoing land uplift in the 2nd millennium AD. In 1818 a canal, which was dug to drain spring flood waters from Lake Suvanto (now Lake Sukhodolskoye, a 40-km long narrow lake in the eastern part of the Isthmus) into Lake Ladoga , unexpectedly eroded and turned into the Taipaleenjoki (now Burnaya River). The Taipaleenjoki started draining Suvanto and decreased its level by 7 m. Originally waters of Lake Suvanto flowed into

1971-473: The Baltic Sea, retreated, and many lowland lakes were also isolated in depressions formed earlier by glacial exaration and fluvioglacial activity. Lake Ladoga was separated from the sea as well. Due to land uplift, around 5000 BP the River Vuoksi started emptying into Lake Ladoga as a new outlet of Lake Saimaa . Lake Ladoga transgressed , flooding lowland lakes and the Vuoksi, and became connected with

2044-510: The Karelian Isthmus is an important transport corridor linking Scandinavia and Central Russia . Primorsk , terminus of the Baltic Pipeline System , which has recently become one of the most efficient Russian sea ports , is also located here. The only motorway on the isthmus is the recently completed E18 "Scandinavia" (M10) going from Saint Petersburg through Vyborg and Vaalimaa . Saimaa Canal (opened in 1856)

2117-475: The Karelo-Finnish SSR). The border of the Moscow Peace Treaty (1940) was recognized by Finland again in the Peace of Paris , 1947. As a result of the war, the population of the Karelian Isthmus was almost completely replaced. After the war the isthmus was included in the Leningrad Oblast and people from other parts of the Soviet Union, mostly Russians, were settled there. The vast majority of

2190-554: The Saint Petersburg–Vyborg section had become popular place of summer resort for wealthy Saint Petersburgers. When Finland declared its independence in 1917, the isthmus (except for the territory roughly corresponding to present-day Vsevolozhsky District and some districts of Saint Petersburg) remained Finnish, part of the Viipuri province with its center in Viipuri , the fourth largest Finnish city. A considerable part of

2263-615: The Vuoksi River through a waterway at Kiviniemi (now Losevo), but as a result of the change, the waterway dried out. In 1857 the canal was dug there, but the stream reversed direction, revealed rapids and rendered navigation at Kiviniemi impossible. Since 1857 Suvanto and the Taipaleenjoki have constituted the southern armlet of the Vuoksi River, which has decreased the level of the original northern armlet emptying into Ladoga near Kexholm (now Priozersk) by 4 m, isolating it as

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2336-456: The border of 1940. The Moscow Armistice ending the war was signed on 19 September 1944. The entire isthmus became Soviet, although most of it had never been captured by the Soviets in battles. This time the ceded territories of the Karelian Isthmus (including the districts of Jääski , Kexholm and Vyborg ) were incorporated into Leningrad Oblast (unlike Ladoga Karelia, which remained within

2409-493: The capital of the Russian Empire , the Karelian Isthmus became the wealthiest part of Finland once the Industrial Revolution had gained momentum in the 19th century. The railroads Saint Petersburg–Vyborg–Riihimäki (1870), Vyborg–Hiitola–Sortavala (1893), Saint Petersburg–Kexholm–Hiitola (1917) crossed the isthmus, contributing to its economic development. By the end of the 19th century the nearby areas along

2482-586: The ceded territories were incorporated into Karelo-Finnish SSR by a decision of the Supreme Council of the Soviet Union (in the Karelian Isthmus the districts of Jääski , Kexholm and Vyborg ). The districts of Kanneljärvi , Koivisto and Rautu as well as the town of Terijoki were, however, included into Leningrad Oblast . In 1941, during World War II , Germany invaded the Soviet Union in Operation Barbarossa . A few days later

2555-907: The city of Lappeenranta in South Karelia , Finland. The Karelian Isthmus lies within the ecoregion of Scandinavian and Russian taiga . Geobotanically, it lies at the juncture of the Central European, Eastern European and Northern European floristic provinces of the Circumboreal Region of the Holarctic Kingdom . The isthmus is mostly covered by coniferous forests formed by Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris ) and Norway spruce ( Picea abies ), with numerous lakes (e.g. Lake Sukhodolskoye and Lake Glubokoye ) as well as small grass , fen and Sphagnum raised bogs . Forests cover approximately 11,700 km of

2628-556: The district. The main line between St. Petersburg and Helsinki , the Riihimäki – Saint Petersburg Railway , runs through Vyborg. Another line connecting St. Petersburg and Vyborg follows the coastline of the Gulf of Finland, passing Primorsk . Vyborg is connected to Khiytola via Kamennogorsk . This is the old Vyborg–Joensuu railroad . In Kamennogorsk, a railway branches up north to Svetogorsk ; its stretch beyond Svetogorsk to

2701-457: The ice sheet retreated to Salpausselkä , the upland area of the Isthmus remained a large island and many upland lakes emerged. Prior to 12650 BP, the land was characterized by harsh Arctic conditions with permafrost and sparse vegetation . Steppe-tundra complexes developed after this point. Around 11000 BP climate began to warm and became humid, first pine and birch forests were established. Around 9000 BP Ancylus Lake , another stage of

2774-459: The islands and shores of the Gulf of Vyborg, belongs to the strictly guarded zone of the border control , reaching the shore of Lake Ladoga at Hiitola. In 1993–2006 the zone was formally 5 km wide, although in fact it has always been much wider. Visiting it is forbidden without a permit issued by the FSB (by KGB during the time of the Soviet Union ). Geologically the Karelian Isthmus lies on

2847-606: The isthmus) are well developed in Vyborgsky and Priozersky Districts. The pulp and paper industry , however, affects the environment adversely. The predecessor of the Priozersk facilities, Priozersky Pulp and Paper Mill , a major polluter of Lake Ladoga constructed in 1931, was closed down in 1986. Northern and western parts of the isthmus are also an important reserve of granite (quarries in Kuznechnoye , as well as

2920-596: The isthmus, more than three quarters of its total area. Swampy areas occupy 5.5 percent of the territory. In the large contiguous area along the shore of Lake Ladoga in Vsevolozhsky District , in the southeastern part of the isthmus, bogs occur much more frequently than in other parts. The same was once true of the lowland along the Neva River , which has since been drained. The soil is predominantly podsol , which contains massive boulders, especially in

2993-441: The isthmus. Numerous archaeological remnants of the Mesolithic , Neolithic , Copper Age and Bronze Age occur all over the isthmus. The eastern part of the Karelian Isthmus hosts a number of medieval remnants. There are many grave pits of Karelians of the 10th–15th centuries with metal and ceramic artifacts along the northern armlet of the Vuoksi, near Lake Sukhodolskoye and in a few other places in Priozersky District . On

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3066-518: The isthmus. See also the List of the vascular plants of the Karelian Isthmus . Red squirrel , moose , red fox , mountain hare and boar (reintroduced) are typical inhabitants of the forests. The climate of the isthmus is moderately continental , with 650–800 mm (25–32 in) average precipitation per year, long snowy winters lasting from November through mid-April and occasionally reaching about -40 °C (-40 F), moderately cool summers and short frost-free period. Compared to other parts of

3139-672: The migration attractiveness of St. Petersburg and the surrounding areas of the Leningrad region is very high. Thus, about 40% of the population of St. Petersburg and about 30% of the population of the Leningrad region live on the Karelian isthmus. There is strong growth in population in all the districts of the Karelian isthmus in addition to the Vyborg district and Priozersk district . 60°30′N 29°54′E  /  60.5°N 29.9°E  / 60.5; 29.9 Vyborgsky District, Leningrad Oblast Vyborgsky District ( Russian : Вы́боргский райо́н , romanized :  Výborgskiy raión , IPA: [ˈvɨbərkskʲɪj rɐˈjɵn] )

3212-783: The north and northwest, where large granite rocky outcrops occur. Pine forests (with Pinus sylvestris ) are the most widespread and occupy 51% of the forested area of the Karelian Isthmus, followed by spruce forests (with Picea abies , 29%) and birch forests (with Betula pendula and B. pubescens , 16%). Stands on more fertile soils and in more favorable locations are occasionally dominated by Norway maple , black alder , grey alder , common aspen , English oak , grey willow , dark-leaved willow , tea-leaved willow , small-leaved lime or European white elm . Common vegetation of various types of pine forests includes heather , crowberry , common juniper , eared willow , lingonberry , water horsetail , bracken , graminoids (i.e. grasses in

3285-404: The north of the Neva and also a tiny part of the Republic of Karelia , the area of the isthmus is about 15,000 km (5,800 sq mi). The smaller part of the isthmus to the southeast of the old Russia-Finland border is considered historically as Northern Ingria , rather than part of the Karelian Isthmus itself. The rest of the isthmus was historically a part of Finnish Karelia . This

3358-401: The northern Vuoksi armlet near the Tiuri village (now Vasilyevo). A few treasures of silver adornments and medieval Arabian and Western European coins have also been found, as the isthmus laid on the Volga trade route (at that time, the Vuoksi River had a distributary emptying into the Bay of Vyborg ). Ancestors of Baltic Finns wandered to the Karelian Isthmus possibly around 8500BC. In

3431-517: The northern part of Vsevolozhsky District , to the south of the old Finnish border, Karelian Fortified Region (KaUR) is located, which was reconstructed as late as in the 1960s, but now is abandoned as well. There is Bobochinsky tank range (195.975 km², founded in 1913) between Kamenka and Kirillovskoye and a number of military facilities in Vsevolozhsky District in the lowlands between Lake Ladoga and Saint Petersburg-Hiitola railroad , including Rzhevsky artillery range (founded in 1879),

3504-474: The northwest, and Lakhdenpokhsky District of the Republic of Karelia in the north. From the southwest, the district is limited by the Gulf of Finland . The area of the district is 7,475.472 square kilometers (2,886.296 sq mi). Its administrative center is the town of Vyborg . Population (excluding the administrative center): 120,446 ( 2010 Census ) ; 113,748 ( 2002 Census ); 108,571 ( 1989 Soviet census ) . The district occupies

3577-427: The old Finnish toponyms in the conquered territories were renamed to invented Russian ones by the government around 1948. The Finnish toponyms of the territories included within Karelo-Finnish SSR and of the southern part of the isthmus (albeit assimilated) mostly remained. A lot of youth summer camps were built all over the isthmus during the time of the Soviet Union . Some of them still exist. The western part of

3650-564: The policy of national delimitation in the Soviet Union . However, in 1936 the entire Finnish population of the parishes of Valkeasaari , Lempaala , Vuole and Miikkulainen along the Finnish border was deported to Siberia and Central Asia , and replaced by a Russian-speaking population. A number of defensive lines crossed the isthmus during the Soviet-Finnish hostilities in World War II , such as Mannerheim Line , VKT-line , VT-line , Main line (Finnish) and KaUR (Soviet), and fronts moved back and forth over it. In November 1939,

3723-472: The railroad, and two more in the port terminals on the territory of the district. The Baltic Pipeline System crosses the district. In Primorsk, oil is pumped to the oil tankers . The district contains 130 cultural heritage monuments of federal significance (116 of which are in Vyborg) and additionally 146 objects classified as cultural and historical heritage of local significance (83 in Vyborg). The federally protected monuments include

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3796-422: The remaining area populated by Ingrian Finns seceded from Bolshevist Russia as the Finland-backed Republic of North Ingria , but was reintegrated with Russia in the end of 1920 according to the conditions of the Treaty of Tartu . In 1928–1939 parts of the isthmus which belonged to Russia constituted the Kuivaisi National District with its center in Toksova , with Finnish as the official language, according to

3869-414: The sea at Heinjoki (now Veshchevo), to the east of present-day Vyborg . Around 3100–2400 BP the Neva River emerged, draining Lake Ladoga into the Baltic Sea . Ladoga level gradually sank from 15–18 m to its modern position of 4–5 m above sea-level, and lowland lakes were isolated again. However, the Vuoksi still had a significant direct outflow connection to the Bay of Vyborg , possibly as late as in

3942-404: The southern edge of the Baltic Shield 's crystalline bedrock. During the final part of the last Weichselian glaciation , deglaciation in the central parts of the Isthmus started as early as 14000 BP , when it formed the bottom of a large lake dammed by the surrounding ice sheet . During further deglaciation, at the time of the Baltic Ice Lake , an early high water stage of the Baltic Sea , when

4015-407: The southern shore of Lake Sukhodolskoye small medieval burial mounds are abundant as well. A lot of large cult stones have been found along these bodies of water, as well as agglomerations of cairns . Remnants of several rural settlements were also discovered there as well as on the shore of Lake Ladoga. Remnants of the Tiuri ( Tiversk ) town (10th–15th centuries) were excavated on a former island in

4088-400: The southwestern part of the Karelian Isthmus . The landscape is hilly and forested, with many rock formations. The northern part of the district lies in the basin of the Vuoksi River , which drains into Lake Ladoga . The Vuoksi itself crosses the district from northwest to southeast. Other rivers in the district, the largest of which are the Gryaznovka and the Sestra , drain directly into

4161-409: The state border is disused. All these railways are served by suburban trains originating from the Finland Station of St. Petersburg and from Vyborg. In addition, there are daily connections between St. Petersburg and Helsinki. The M10 highway which connects Moscow and St. Petersburg with Finland crosses the district and passes Vyborg, where it sharply turns to the west and proceeds to

4234-422: The state border. The road network in the district was mostly constructed when Vyborg region was a part of Finland before 1940 and is sufficiently dense and reliable. In particular, several roads connect Vyborg with St. Petersburg and one of these roads follows the coastline. Other roads connect Kamennogorsk with Vyborg and Melnikovo , as well as the coastal areas with Sosnovo and Melnikovo. The Saimaa Canal

4307-443: The station Kapitolovo of the Saint Petersburg–Hiitola railroad , a facility of the Saint Petersburg nuclear enterprise Izotop is located, which specializes in transportation of nuclear materials and radioactive waste . Bogs of Vsevolozhsky District along the shores of Lake Ladoga and the Neva River were major sources of peat for fuel. Now it is extracted in smaller quantities, mostly for agricultural purposes. The district

4380-650: The wider sense) Avenella flexuosa and Carex globularis , mosses Pleurozium schreberi , Sphagnum angustifolium and S. russowii , and lichens Cladonia spp. Prominent in various spruce forests are wood horsetail , common wood sorrel , bilberry , lingonberry, graminoids Avenella flexuosa , Calamagrostis arundinacea , Carex globularis , and mosses Polytrichum commune and Sphagnum girgensohnii . Prominent vegetation of various birch forests include meadowsweet , common wood sorrel, bilberry and graminoids Calamagrostis arundinacea and C. canescens . 1184 species of wild vascular plants are recorded in

4453-542: Was Yaskinsky District with the administrative center in the work settlement of Yaski (Jääski). It was a part of the Karelian ASSR, and of the Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic after March 31, 1940. On November 24, 1944, Yaskinsky District was transferred from Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic to Leningrad Oblast. On October 1, 1948, the district was renamed Lesogorsky, and on January 13, 1949, all localities whose names originated in Finnish were renamed using Russian names. In particular, Yaski

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4526-417: Was abolished and merged into Vyborgsky District. On May 16, 1940, Rautovsky District with the administrative center in the suburban settlement of Rautu was also established. It was a part of Leningrad Oblast. On October 1, 1948, the district was renamed Sosnovsky and on January 13, 1949, all localities whose names originated in Finnish were renamed using Russian names. In particular, Rautu

4599-421: Was built in the mid-19th century to provide passenger and cargo navigation between Lake Saimaa and the Gulf of Finland. After having been reconstructed several times the canal is still in use today. The Russian part of the canal, which begins in the town of Vyborg, lies in Vyborgsky District. Vyborg, Primorsk, and Vysotsk are major sea port terminals. There are three border control points for vehicles, one on

4672-407: Was conquered by the Russian Empire during the Great Northern War in 1712 and included within the autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland (1809–1917) of the Russian Empire. When Finland became independent in 1917, the isthmus (except for the territory roughly corresponding to present-day Vsevolozhsky District and some districts of Saint Petersburg) remained Finnish. Finnish Karelia was partly ceded to

4745-508: Was further expanded in 2006. Visiting the zone is forbidden without a permit issued by the Federal Security Service . The economy of the district is dominated by timber industry, including several paper mills. Additionally, construction and food industries are present, as well as a shipyard in Vyborg. The main agricultural specializations in the district are cattle breeding with meat and milk production, poultry breeding with egg production, and fish farming. A number of railways pass through

4818-429: Was included into Ingermanland Governorate (known since 1710 as Saint Petersburg Governorate ). In 1719, it became a part of Vyborg Province , and in 1744, Vyborg Governorate with the seat in Vyborg was established. In 1783, it was transformed into Vyborg Viceroyalty , then in 1801 back into Vyborg Governorate. In 1801, Vyborg Governorate was renamed Finland Governorate, and in 1812, it was renamed back and included into

4891-453: Was moved from Kennelyarvi to the selo of Rayvola (Raivola) and the district was renamed Rayvolovsky. On October 1, 1948, the district was renamed Roshchinsky, and on January 12, 1949, all localities whose names originated in Finnish were renamed using Russian names. In particular, Rayvola was renamed Roshchino . On July 31, 1959, Roshchino was granted urban-type settlement status. On February 1, 1963, Roshchinsky District

4964-449: Was recaptured by Finns between 1941 and 1944 during the Continuation War but was again ceded to the Soviets after the Moscow Armistice . The secession was formalized after signing of the Paris Peace Treaty in 1947. Viipuri Province was divided, with the larger part ceded to Soviet Union and the smaller part remaining in Finland. The population was resettled to Finland and replaced by migrants from Central Russia. Vyborgsky District with

5037-425: Was renamed Primorsk . On April 3, 1954, Primorsky District was abolished and merged into Roshchinsky District. A 20–35-kilometer (12–22 mi) wide stretch of land in the district to the west of the Vyborg–Khiytola railway , as well as the islands and shores of the Vyborg Bay , belong to the strictly guarded zone of the border control . In 1993-2006, the zone was formally 5-kilometer (3.1 mi) wide, and

5110-519: Was renamed Sosnovo . On December 9, 1960, Sosnovsky District was abolished and split between Roshchinsky and Priozersky Districts. Another district established on May 16, 1940 was Koyvistovsky District with the administrative center in the town of Koyvisto (Koivisto). It was a part of Leningrad Oblast. On October 1, 1948, the district was renamed Primorsky and on January 13, 1949, all localities whose names originated in Finnish were renamed using Russian names. In particular, Koyvisto

5183-408: Was renamed Lesogorsky and Enso was renamed Svetogorsk . On December 9, 1960, Lesogorsky District was abolished and merged into Vyborgsky District. On May 16, 1940, Kannelyarvsky District with the administrative center in the selo of Kennelyarvi (Kanneljärvi) was established as well. It was a part of Leningrad Oblast. On August 22, 1945, the administrative center of the district

5256-797: Was the beginning of the Continuation War as it is known in Finland. (It is considered to be a front of the Great Patriotic War in the Soviet Union and Russia.) Finland initially regained the lost territory, reaching the Russian side of the border of 1939 in what was seen by the Russians as indirectly contributing to the Siege of Leningrad (see Finnish reconquest of the Karelian Isthmus (1941) ). Some 260,000 Karelian evacuees returned home. On 9 June 1944, strong Soviet forces opened

5329-412: Was turned into a reservoir called Sestroretsky Razliv (Sestroretsk Overflow), 2 metres (7 ft) deep with an area of 10.6 square kilometres (4.1 sq mi). Since then, the Sestra River has been flowing into this reservoir. The Sestroretsk Overflow is separated from the Gulf of Finland with a ridge of artificial sand dunes . Excess water is dumped into the Gulf of Finland through a canal , which

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