The Russo-Crimean Wars were fought between the forces of the Tsardom of Russia and the Crimean Khanate during the 16th century over the region around the Volga River .
64-740: In the 16th century, the Wild Steppes in Russia were exposed to the Khanate. During the wars, the Crimean Khanate (supported by the Turkish army) invaded central Russia, devastated Ryazan , and burned Moscow . However, the next year they were defeated in the Battle of Molodi . Despite the defeat, the raids continued. As a result, the Crimean Khanate was invaded several times, and conquered in
128-485: A Russian army stationed to the south. The Crimean and Nogai cavalry were moderately successful, but the infantry faced immense hardships on the arid steppe. In addition, a significant portion of the naval forces were destroyed in a storm at Azov. See Russo-Turkish War (1568–1570) . In the spring of 1571, after earlier failed attempts along the Oka River, Devlet led 40,000 men north to attack Kozelsk and Bolkhov, south of
192-725: A battle with his brother Yusuf. As a result, the Russians took control of Astrakhan in his absence. Ismail eliminated Yusuf and assumed leadership of the Nogais. Kazi-Mirza united those who opposed the pro-Russian family conflict and formed the Small Nogai Horde, a close ally of Crimea, in the Kuban region. Around this time, Russia briefly became involved in the North Caucasus . In the spring of 1555, Devlet led an army into
256-704: A canal between the Don and Volga rivers to transport ships from the Black Sea to the Caspian Sea and launch an attack on Persia. Devlet resented the prospect of being encircled by Turkish-held territories and took various steps to discourage the Sultan. Some scholars suggest that he may have sabotaged the campaign despite his participation in it. On 31 May 1569, Kasim Pasha went to Astrakhan with 15,000 janissaries, thousands of other Turkish soldiers, and 30,000 workers to dig
320-657: A long and eventful period marked by significant historical events. These events included the fall of Kazan to Russia in 1552, the fall of the Astrakhan Khanate to Russia in 1556, and the burning of Moscow by the Crimean Tatars in 1571. Another notable event during Devlet's reign was the defeat of the Crimeans near Moscow in 1572. However, Cossack raids into the Crimea were also common during his reign. Devlet
384-703: A long period of raids and fighting between the Crimean Tatars and Nogai Horde on one side and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Grand Duchy of Moscow on the other side, caused considerable devastation and depopulation in the area before the rise of the Zaporozhian Cossacks, who periodically sailed down the Dnieper in dugouts from their base at Khortytsia and raided the coast of the Black Sea. The Turks built several fortress towns to defend
448-606: A new state of Cossack Hetmanate was established on the territory of the Wild Fields. Hetman Khmelnytsky made a triumphant entry into Kiev on Christmas 1648, where he was hailed as a liberator of the people from Polish captivity. As ruler of the Hetmanate, Khmelnytsky engaged in state-building across multiple spheres: military, administration, finance, economics, and culture. He invested the Zaporozhian Host under
512-515: A raid through Mtsensk, Odoev, Novosil, Bolkhov, Cherny, and Belyov. In the spring of 1563, Devlet's sons Mehmed and Adil led raids in Dedilov, Pronsk, and Ryazan. In October 1564, Devlet and his two sons raided Ryazan for six days. In the fall of 1565, Devlet led a small army to raid Bolkhov, but they were repulsed. After the Astrakhan campaign of 1569, Devlet's sons Mehmed and Adil Geray devastated
576-557: A result of the treaty, the Zaporozhian Host became an autonomous Hetmanate within the Tsardom of Russia . The period of Hetmanate history known as "the Ruin ", lasting from 1657 to 1687, was marked by constant civil wars throughout the state. The newly re-installed Yurii Khmelnytsky signed the newly composed Pereyaslav Articles that were increasingly unfavorable for the Hetmanate and later led to introduction of serfdom rights. In 1667,
640-503: A result, the Crimeans returned home. In the spring of 1556, Devlet's third attack on Muscow failed. In January 1558, he sent his eldest son Kalga Mehmed Geray with 100,000 soldiers to attack Tula, Ryazan, and Kashira. When they discovered a concentration of Russian troops on the Oka River, they retreated. Though pursued by Russian forces to the Oskol River, they managed to evade capture. In May–June 1562, Devlet sent 15,000 soldiers on
704-695: The Black Sea and Azov Sea . It was the traditional name for the Black Sea steppes in the 16th and 17th centuries. In a narrow sense, it is the historical name for the demarcated and sparsely populated Black Sea steppes between the middle and lower reaches of the Dniester in the west, the lower reaches of the Don and the Siverskyi Donets in the east, from the left tributary of the Dnipro — Samara , and
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#1732773387383768-660: The Crimean Khanate , a political entity controlled by the expanding Ottoman Empire from the 16th century onward. The 14th and 15th centuries were particularly favorable for Ukrainians to settle the Wild Fields, when these lands became part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania . Thus, the Wild Fields were partly inhabited by the Zaporizhian Cossacks , as reflected in works of the Polish theologian and Catholic bishop of Kiev Józef Wereszczyński, who settled there in
832-597: The Grand Duchy of Lithuania . As a result of the Battle of the Vorskla River in 1399, his successor Vytautas lost the territory to Temür Qutlugh , the khan of the Golden Horde. After the devastation of these lands by the Tatar-Mongols , the Black Sea steppes were called the "Wild Field" (wilderness) for a long time. In 1441, the western section of the Wild Fields, Yedisan , came to be dominated by
896-618: The Great Northern War broke out between Russia and Sweden . Mazepa and some Zaporozhian Cossacks allied themselves with the Swedes on October 28, 1708. The decisive battle of Poltava (in 1709) was won by Russia, putting an end to Mazepa's goal of independence, promised in an earlier treaty with Sweden. The Liquidation of the autonomy of the Cossack Hetmanate has begun. During the reign of Catherine II of Russia ,
960-526: The Historical Dictionary of Ukraine , "The population consisted of military colonists from hussar and lancer regiments, Ukrainian and Russian peasants, Cossacks, Serbs, Montenegrins, Hungarians, and other foreigners who received land subsidies for settling in the area." In the 20th century, after the collapse of the USSR, the region was divided among Ukraine, Moldova , and Russia . In 1917,
1024-842: The Nogai Horde in the region between the Volga and Ural rivers, the Volga cities of Samara (1586), Tsaritsyn (1589), and Saratov (1590) were founded. The most damaging invasions occurred in 1517, 1521 (supported by the Khanate of Kazan ), 1537 (supported by the Khanate of Kazan, the Lithuanians , and the Ottoman Empire ), 1552, 1555, 1570–72 (supported by Sweden and the Ottoman Empire), 1589, 1593, 1640, 1666–67 (supported by Poland–Lithuania ), 1671, and 1688. In 1570
1088-454: The Ottoman Empire , invaded Russia again in 1572. A combined force of Tatars and Turks, however, this time they were repelled in the Battle of Molodi . In July–August, the 60,000-strong horde of Devlet I Giray of Crimea was also defeated by the Russian army, led by Prince Mikhail Vorotynsky and Prince Dmitriy Khvorostinin. Later, the Russian expansion turned to the Black Sea region and
1152-871: The Sich and razed it to the ground. The Russian troops disarmed the Cossacks, and the treasury archives were confiscated. This marked the end of the Zaporozhian Cossacks . After a series of Russo-Turkish wars waged by Catherine the Great , the area formerly controlled by the Ottomans and the Crimean Tatars was incorporated into the Russian Empire in the 1780s, during which nomadic life in these territories ceased to exist in its ancient version. The Russian Empire started active colonization and built many of
1216-466: The Ugra River , and rounded the flank of the 6,000-man Russian army. The sentry troops of Russians were crushed by the Crimeans. Not having forces to stop the invasion, the Russian army retreated to Moscow. The rural Russian population also fled to the capital. The Crimean army devastated unprotected towns and villages around Moscow, and then set fire to suburbs of the capital . Due to a strong wind,
1280-506: The 15th century under the condition that they would fight off expansion by the Nogai Horde and the growing danger from attacks by the Crimean Khanate . And in 1552 the first Ukrainian proto-state Zaporozhian Sich was established. The Wild Fields were traversed by the Muravsky Trail and Izyumsky Trail , important warpaths used by the Crimean Tatars to invade and pillage the Grand Duchy of Moscow . The Crimean-Nogai Raids ,
1344-610: The 17th century, the east part of the Wild Fields had been settled by runaway peasants and serfs , who made up the core of the Cossackdom . During the Bohdan Khmelnytsky Uprising (from 1648 to 1657) the north part of this area was settled by Cossacks from the Dnieper basin and came to be known as Sloboda Ukraine . After a successful uprising of Bohdan Khmelnytsky , in which he allied with Crimean Tatars ,
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#17327733873831408-612: The Cossack Hetmanate's autonomy was progressively destroyed. After several earlier attempts, the office of hetman was finally abolished by the Russian government in 1764, and his functions were assumed by the Little Russian Collegium, thus fully incorporating the Hetmanate into the Russian Empire . On May 7, 1775, Empress Catherine II issued a direct order that the Zaporozhian Sich was to be destroyed . On June 5, 1775, Russian artillery and infantry surrounded
1472-567: The Cossacks for the third time in 1653, Khmelnytsky realized he could no longer rely on Ottoman support against Poland, and he was forced to turn to Tsardom of Russia for help. Final attempts to negotiate took place in January 1654 in the town of Pereiaslav between Khmelnytsky with Cossack leaders and the Tsar's ambassador, Vasiliy Buturlin , in which the Pereiaslav agreement was signed. As
1536-575: The Crimean Giray dynasty were anti-Russian and pro-independence, namely Sahib I Giray , Safa Giray of Kazan , and Ötemish Giray . In 1551 they were replaced by the pro-Russian Shahgoli with the support of Russia. However, the Kazanians soon overthrew Shahgoli. Upon learning of the expulsion of Shahghali from Kazan, Ivan launched a major campaign against the Khanate in March 1552. Learning that
1600-645: The Crimean Khanate was invaded several times in the 18th century and finally conquered during the Russo-Turkish Wars . This list does not include raids into Poland-Lithuania (75 raids during 1474–1569) Wild Fields The Wild Fields is a historical term used in the Polish–Lithuanian documents of the 16th to 18th centuries to refer to the Pontic steppe in the territory of present-day Eastern and Southern Ukraine and Western Russia, north of
1664-419: The Crimean Khanate. Devlet had many sons, including Mehmed II Giray (1577–1584), İslâm II Giray (1584–1588), Ğazı II Giray (1588–1607), Fetih I Giray (1596–1597), Selâmet I Giray (1608–1610), Mehmed III Giray (1610, 1623–1627), Mubarak, Adil, Alp, Sahin, Akhmed and Haji (both killed by the Russians in 1555). Saadet II Giray (1584) was a son of Mehmed II. Canibek Giray (1610–1623, 1624, 1627–1635)
1728-564: The Crimean Tatars' horde devastated the Ryazan borderland of Russia. Russian victory In May 1571, the 60,000-strong Crimean and Turkish army (40,000 Tatars, 13,000 irregular Turks, and 7,000 janissaries) led by the khan of Crimea Devlet I Giray , and Big and Small Nogai hordes and troops of Circassians , bypassed the Serpukhov defensive fortifications on the Oka River , crossed
1792-594: The Crimean army, sated with its pillage, left on the Ryazan road to the steppes. Contemporaries counted up to 80,000 victims of the invasion in 1571, with 150,000 Russian taken as captives. Papal ambassador Possevin testified of the devastation: he counted in 1580 no more than 30,000 inhabitants of Moscow, although in 1520 the Moscow population was about 100,000. After the burning of Moscow, Devlet Giray Khan , supported by
1856-503: The Dnieper and Don rivers. The Cossacks destroyed Islyam-Kerman/ Kakhovka , then took its cannons back to Khortytsia. Then they attacked Ak-Chum/ Ochakov and Kerch, but retreated at the approach of Devlet's army. In the spring of 1557, Devlet besieged Vishnevetsky and the Zaporozhian Cossacks in Khortytsia. After 24 days he was forced to retreat. In 1558, Vishnevetsky, the Zaporozhian Cossacks, and 5,000 Russian soldiers took ships to
1920-475: The Muscovite army was absent, Devlet made the strategic decision to attack, ensuring an easy victory while securing Kazan. As Devlet approached Ryazan, he learned that Ivan was patiently waiting for him at Kolomna. Although Devlet decided to retreat, his men were unwilling to return empty-handed, and he was forced to lay siege to Tula on 21 June. After two days, however, the advancing Russian army and an attack by
1984-697: The North Caucasus to deal with some Circassians who had defected to the Russians. When Ivan learned of this, he sent 13,000 men under Sheremetev and Saltykov south to Perekop. On the way, however, they discovered that Devlet had changed direction, intending to attack Ryazan to the north. Ivan strengthened the Oka bank line, while Devlet withdrew and met Sheremetev at Sudbishchi, about 150 km south of Tula. Sheremetev seized his supply wagons, and Devlet launched an attack that resulted in heavy casualties, including his sons Kalga Akhmed Geray and Haji Geray. After that, Mehmed, another son of Devlet, went north and defeated Sheremetev. As
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2048-467: The Russians captured Deve-Bey, the leader of the Nogais. Devlet planned to starve the gulyay-gorods into submission, but the Nogais, without a leader, insisted on immediate action, forcing Devlet's hand. The final confrontation came on 11 August. When the cavalry stormed the fortifications, the walls collapsed, exposing the artillery and musketeers. The Tatars retreated, only to be ambushed by a Russian unit that outflanked them. Casualties were even higher than
2112-401: The Russians that ultimately led to their defeat. In response, Devlet sent 10,000 Nogai soldiers to engage the Russians, but they were unable to withstand the artillery fire. Devlet then stopped pursuing the enemy and instead redirected his large army to block the advancing Russians. The Russians then split into groups and surrounded each with gulyay-gorods . The initial skirmish proved even until
2176-881: The Russo-Polish war ended with the Treaty of Andrusovo , which split the Cossack Hetmanate along the Dnieper River: Left-bank Ukraine enjoyed a degree of autonomy within the Tsardom of Russia, while Right-bank Ukraine remained part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, and was temporarily occupied by the Ottoman Empire in the period of 1672-1699. After the defeat of the Ottomans at the Battle of Vienna in 1683, Poland managed to recover Right-bank Ukraine by 1690, except for
2240-558: The Tartars usually managed to penetrate 100–200 kilometers into Russian territory. Captives were subsequently sent to the Crimean city of Caffa to be sold into the Crimean slave trade . As a result, the Russian population in the border regions suffered heavily. Each spring, Russia mobilized up to several thousand soldiers for border service. The defensive lines consisted of a circuit of fortresses and cities. To protect from invasions by
2304-399: The Volga, expelled Yamghurchi, and appointed Dervish Ali Astrakhani in his place. Dervish then broke the alliance with Russia and allied himself with Crimea. Devlet provided some cannons, advisors, 300 Janissaries and 700 Crimeans. In 1556, Russia expelled Dervish and conquered Astrakhan. Meanwhile, in the steppe, Ismail had a conflict with his elder brother, Yusuf Bey, who was the father of
2368-485: The Volga, he crossed the steppe and ventured into Astrakhan. Although the city was easily accessible, taking the fortress was impossible without artillery. Despite the possibility of waiting for supplies to arrive in the spring, the troops had only enough food to last for 40 days and became rebellious at the idea of spending the winter in tents on the steppe. On 26 September, Kasim abandoned the siege and moved west. However, they encountered harassment from Circassian tribes and
2432-599: The besieged garrison forced the Tatars to retreat. As a result of the attack, all the Turkish artillery and wagons fell victim to the Russians. Finally, in October of the same year, the Kazan Khanate was conquered by Russia. After the fall of Kazan, Yamghurchi of Astrakhan broke with Russia and formed an alliance with Crimea. Devlet sent 13 cannons, but no soldiers. In the spring of 1554, Ivan sent 33,000 soldiers down
2496-463: The canal. He was accompanied by 40 to 50 thousand troops of Devlet. They traveled up the Don River to the point where the rivers were closest and began digging. Soon it became clear that the canal was not feasible, and there was no way to transport boats and artillery across the steppe. So the artillery was sent downriver. Kasim initially planned to leave, but after hearing rumors of available ships on
2560-470: The cities in the Wild Fields, including Odessa , Yekaterinoslav , and Nikolaev . The definition of Wild Fields does not include the Crimean Peninsula. The area was filled with Russian and Ukrainian settlers, and the name "Wild Fields" became outdated; it was instead referred to as New Russia ( Novorossiya ). At the end of the 18th century, the name "Wild Fields" ceased to be used. According to
2624-456: The city of Kiev , and reincorporated it into their respective voivodeships of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, while all the Hetmanate administration was abolished between 1699 and 1704. The period of the Ruin effectively ended when Ivan Mazepa was elected hetman, serving from 1687 to 1708. He brought stability to the Hetmanate, which was again united under a single hetman. During his reign,
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2688-411: The course of the 16th century, the outer border of the Wild Steppes was near the city of Ryazan , outside the Oka River . The main path for the invading forces to Moscow was the Muravsky Trail , running from the Crimean Isthmus of Perekop , between the basins of the Dnieper and Seversky Donets rivers, and finally up to Tula . The Tatars would turn back only after extensive looting and kidnapping,
2752-557: The day before, with Devlet losing a son and a grandson. At the same time, the Tatars intercepted a message from Ivan claiming that he was approaching with a massive force. The message was a trick, and Devlet was deceived. As a result, he withdrew his army and suffered heavy casualties. Reports indicate that between 5,000 and 20,000 troops survived. In the following years, Devlet's sons and several Crimean and Nogai mirzas conducted smaller raids on Muscovy. As he aged, complex relationships developed between his sons Mehmed and Adil. Devlet died of
2816-439: The fire quickly expanded. The townspeople, chased by a fire and refugees, rushed to the northern gate of the capital. At the gate and in the narrow streets, there was a crush, people "went in three lines went on heads one of another, and top pressed those who were under them". The army, having mixed up with refugees, lost order, and general prince Belsky died in a fire. Within three hours, Moscow burnt completely. In one more day,
2880-444: The late 18th century. The Tatars eventually lost their influence in the regions. The raids began shortly after the establishment of the Russian buffer state, Qasim Khanate , and the domination of Russia in the Russo-Kazan Wars of the late 15th century. The Crimean invasions of Russia began in 1507, after the death of Moscow's grand duke Ivan III , with the Crimean Khanate attacking the Russian towns of Belev and Kozelsk . Over
2944-402: The leadership of its Hetman with supreme power in the new Ruthenian state, and he unified all the spheres of Ukrainian society under his authority. This involved building a government system and a developed military and civilian administration out of Cossack officers and Ruthenian nobles, as well as the establishment of an elite within the Cossack Hetman state. After the Crimean Tatars betrayed
3008-402: The least populated in Europe. However, from the beginning of the first millennium BC to the middle of the second millennium AD, it became an arena of intense struggle between settled agricultural tribes and steppe nomads. Since ancient times, the nomadic way of life has prevailed in the Wild Fields, and settled life (civilization) was established with great difficulty. For centuries, the region
3072-527: The littoral, including Kara Kerman and Khadjibey . What made the "wild field" so forbidding were the Tatars. Year after year, their swift raiding parties swept down on the towns and villages to pillage, kill the old and frail, and drive away thousands of captives to be sold as slaves in the Crimean port of Kaffa , a city often referred to by Russians as "the vampire that drinks the blood of Rus'...For example, from 1450 to 1586, eighty-six raids were recorded, and from 1600 to 1647, seventy. Although estimates of
3136-561: The lower Don, raided deep into Crimean territory, besieged Azak/Azov, and defeated a Crimean army. At the same time, 8,000 Russians under Adashev went down the Dnieper, raided the west coast of Crimea, plundered villages, and freed many prisoners from Russia and Lithuania. The captured Turks were released because they were not in conflict with the Sultan. Invasions by Circassians crossed the Kerch Strait into Crimea, but Devlet defeated them and captured their leaders. Ismail repeatedly tried to break through Perekop during this period. Many Nogai from
3200-401: The mainland fled to the Crimea or joined Ismail. There were also droughts that caused famine and outbreaks of plague. When Vishnevetsky defected from Ivan and Ivan focused on the Livonian War (1558–1563), the pressure eased. As early as 1563, the Ottoman Empire formulated an ambitious plan to regain control of Astrakhan, reopen the trade and pilgrimage route north of the Caspian Sea, and build
3264-523: The number of captives taken in a single raid reached as high as 30,000, the average figure was closer to 3000...In Podilia alone, about one-third of all the villages were devastated or abandoned between 1578 and 1583. In the 16th and 17th centuries, the government of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth considered the Ukrainian lands to the east and south of Bila Tserkva to be the Wild Fields, and distributed them to magnates and nobility as private property as uninhabited, although Ukrainians lived there. By
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#17327733873833328-417: The plague on 29 June 1577, and was buried in Bakhchisarai. He was succeeded by his eldest son, Mehmed II Geray (1577–1584). Devlet's wives were: Aisha Fatima Khatun, a Circassian princess; Khansuret Khatun, daughter of Circassian Prince Kambulat Cherkasski; Khanbike Khatun; Farkhan Khatun; Jamali Khatun. One of his wives were Ayse Sultan, who are one of only three women known to have played a political role in
3392-402: The regions around Ryazan and Kashira in the spring of 1570. After his unsuccessful efforts, Devlet tried to make peace with Moscow, but his nobles refused. At this time, Dmytro Vyshnevetsky was transforming the Zaporozhian Cossacks into an effective military force. In 1556, Devlet led his army into Circassia, but quickly turned back when he discovered that pro-Russian Cossacks were descending
3456-428: The term appeared sometime in the 15th century for territory between the Dniester and mid- Volga when colonization of the region by Zaporozhian Cossacks started. Shcherbak notes that the term's contemporaries, such as Michalo Lituanus , Blaise de Vigenère , and Józef Wereszczyński , wrote about the great natural riches of the steppes and the Dnieper basin . Due to its location, this region has long been among
3520-407: The unfortunate Söyembikä of Kazan . Ismail sought the support of the Turks, but the Sultan referred the matter to the Crimeans who were in charge of steppe affairs. Devlet refused, prompting Ismail to approach Moscow and propose a joint attack on Astrakhan to place his protégé, Dervish Ali, on the throne. Ismail's cavalry was to rendezvous with Russian ships on the Volga, but he failed to appear due to
3584-436: The upper reaches of the Southern Bug — Syniukha and Ingul in the north, to the Black and Azov Seas and Crimea in the south. In a broad sense, it is the name of the entire Great Eurasian Steppe , which was also called Great Scythia in ancient times or Great Tartary in the Middle Ages in European sources and Desht-i-Kipchak in Eastern (mainly Persian) sources. According to Ukrainian historian Vitaliy Shcherbak,
3648-404: The west bank of the Oka. As he approached Muscovy, he encountered six boyars who had fled the escalating madness of Ivan the Terrible. They promised to reveal to the Tatars an unguarded area along the Oka River and claimed that most of the Russian army was in Livonia. In addition, the country was weakened by crop failures and plague. When Devlet crossed the Oka, Ivan fled to Rostov. By 24 May, Devlet
3712-517: The world's first anarchist state was formed on the territory of Wild Fields — Makhnovia . The territory of Wild Fields is located in the modern Dnipro , Donetsk , Zaporizhzhia , Kirovohrad , Luhansk , Mykolaiv , Odesa , Poltava , Kharkiv and Kherson oblasts of Ukraine . Devlet I Giray Devlet I Giray (1512–1577, r. 1551–1577, Crimean Tatar : I Devlet Geray , دولت كراى ; Taht Alğan Devlet Geray , تخت آلغان دولت كراى ) ruled as Crimean Khan during
3776-428: Was imprisoned and followed his uncle to Istanbul. Girays in the Turkish military had the potential to become Crimean Khans. In 1551, Sahib I Giray refused a Turkish order to fight in Persia, leading to his replacement by Devlet. The Crimean army swore allegiance to Devlet, and Sahib was subsequently captured and executed. On Devlet's orders, Sahib's children and grandchildren were also executed. The rulers of Kazan from
3840-425: Was near Moscow, commanding raiding parties. A fire broke out in Moscow, and a strong wind aggravated it, resulting in the complete destruction of the wooden city, except for the Kremlin walls, within a few hours. Those who fled the fire were captured. Devlet then traveled back to Crimea, taking more prisoners along the way. Sources indicate that tens of thousands of Russians were killed and 150,000 were enslaved. There
3904-429: Was only sparsely populated by various nomadic groups such as Scythians , Sarmatians , Alans , Huns , Cumans , Khazars , Bulgars , Pechenegs , Kipchaks , Turco-Mongols , Tatars and Nogais . There were Pontic Greek colonies on the Pontic steppes of the Wild Fields — Tanais , Olbia , Borysthenes , Nikonion , Tyras . The rule of Great Khazaria on these lands was replaced by Kievan Rus , and Kievan Rus
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#17327733873833968-464: Was replaced by the Mongol Empire . The steppes of the Wild Fields were suitable for the development of agriculture, animal husbandry, and crafts, which led to their colonization as early as the Kievan state. This was hindered by the raids of steppe nomads that roamed these lands in waves. After the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus' , the territory was ruled by the Golden Horde until the Battle of Blue Waters (1362), which allowed Algirdas to claim it for
4032-592: Was some discussion about diplomatic advantage after the unexpected victory, but Devlet decided to launch a decisive attack. By 5 August, he commanded 120,000 troops at the Oka River—including 80,000 Crimeans and Nogais, 33,000 Turks, and 7,000 janissaries. A detachment of Nogais crossed the river and the rest of the army followed. Ivan fled to Novgorod, while the troops on the Oka pursued Devlet and prevented his escape. Devlet ordered his troops to concentrate on capturing Ivan and ignore any other distractions. However, his sons, Mehmed and Adil, disobeyed and launched an attack on
4096-416: Was the son of Mubarek and the grandson of Meñli I Giray (1478–1515). After Meñli's death, the throne was held by Mubarak's brothers and their sons until Devlet's accession. Thus, Devlet belonged to a collateral branch. Mubarak served Sultan Selim I the Grim and died fighting in Egypt in 1516–17. Devlet became Kalga to his uncle Saadet I Giray (1524–1532) in 1530. After Saadet's abdication in 1532, Devlet
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