Tenk is a village in Heves County , Hungary .
118-484: The village first appears in writing in 1310 under then name "Thenky", but it is likely the settlement existed long before then. Under Turkish occupation , the village was continually the site of food and weapons shipments. Once the village came under Hungarian control again, it came under the domain of the Szentmáriay family. As a defenceless village of serfs , it was not a particularly attractive place to live, so by
236-538: A century later with the partitions of Poland . The Great Turkish War started in 1683, with a grand invasion force of 140,000 men marching on Vienna, supported by Protestant Hungarian noblemen rebelling against Habsburg rule. To stop the invasion, another Holy League was formed, composed of Austria and Poland (notably in the Battle of Vienna ), Venetians and the Russian Empire , Vienna had been besieged by
354-580: A few days later Mustafa took Kyrenia without having to fire a shot. Famagusta, however, resisted and put up a defense that lasted from September 1570 until August 1571. The fall of Famagusta marked the beginning of the Ottoman period in Cyprus. Two months later, the naval forces of the Holy League , composed mainly of Venetian, Spanish, and Papal ships under the command of Don John of Austria , defeated
472-421: A few hundred villages and towns, we reached Belső-Szolnok county. It was a cultivated and populous district, but it was destroyed without any trace of prosperity, and its inhabitants were taken prisoner. The next day we set fire to four towns and destroyed some villages, their inhabitants were partly taken prisoner and partly lost. Allahu Akbar! It is such a large plain and so populous countryside... However, when it
590-593: A letter. Since 1360s Hungary confronted with the Ottoman Empire. The Kingdom of Hungary led several crusades, campaigns and carried out several defence battles and sieges against the Ottomans. Hungary bore the brunt of the Ottoman wars in Europe during the 15th century and successfully halted the Ottoman advance. From 1490, after the death of King Matthias of Hungary , the royal power declined. In 1521, Hungary
708-694: A long tradition in the territory of present-day Hungary. No less than 75 hammams (steam baths) were built during the Ottoman age. During the 16th and 17th centuries, there were at least five Bektashi convents or dervish lodges established across Hungary: two in Buda, one in Eğri , another in Székesfehérvár , and a fifth one in Lippa. In the 17th century, 165 elementary ( mekteb ) and 77 secondary and academic theological schools ( medrese ) were operating in 39 of
826-467: A marshy place... The infidels all came out of the marshy place and there was massacre and fighting for three hours... When they arrived on the plain, the Tartars turned back at once and engaged the enemy [the local inhabitants] with the border warriors; some of them were put to the sword, all their possessions, as well as the children and women were taken and captured, and on the seventh day they returned to
944-483: A much narrower band of territory. Thus wartime dislocations in Hungary do not seem to have seriously affected mortality rates among the general civilian population. The breakdown of social order and other economic links between contiguous regions that is associated with prolonged warfare of the medieval pattern was largely absent in Ottoman warfare of the 17th century. The most severe destructions were experienced during
1062-830: A new Crusade against the Turks, although the Western Schism had split the papacy. Sigismund of Luxemburg , King of Hungary, led this Crusade which involved several French nobles including John the Fearless , the son of the Duke of Burgundy, who became the Crusade's military leader. Sigismund advised the Crusaders to focus on defence when they reached the Danube, but they besieged the city of Nicopolis . The Ottomans defeated them in
1180-474: A number of the Sultan's North African vassals. Since 1360s Hungary confronted with the Ottoman Empire. The Kingdom of Hungary led several crusades, campaigns and carried out several defence battles and sieges against the Ottomans. Hungary bore the brunt of the Ottoman wars in Europe during the 15th century and successfully halted the Ottoman advance. In the year of 1442, John Hunyadi won four victories against
1298-628: A small force. After a disease-ridden, nine-week siege, the Tunis crusade agreed to withdraw. After their victory at the Battle of Kosovo in 1389, the Ottomans had conquered most of the Balkans and had reduced Byzantine influence to the area immediately surrounding Constantinople , which they later besieged . In 1393, the Bulgarian Tsar Ivan Shishman lost Nicopolis to the Ottomans. In 1394, Pope Boniface IX proclaimed
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#17327760254061416-676: A total of 3,500,000 inhabitants for the whole of Hungary. The population growth in Ottoman Hungary during the 17th century was slight: from 900,000 to approximately 1,000,000 inhabitants, a rate similar to that experienced in Royal Hungary and Transylvania. Despite the continuous warfare with the Habsburgs, several Muslim cultural centres sprang up in this far northern corner of the Empire. Examples of Ottoman architecture of
1534-600: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Ottoman Hungary Ottoman Hungary ( Hungarian : Török hódoltság , literally "the Turkish subjugation") encompassed those parts of the Kingdom of Hungary which were under the rule of the Ottoman Empire from the occupation of Buda in 1541 for more than 150 years, until the liberation of the area under Habsburg leadership (1686–1699). The territory
1652-534: The Austro-Turkish War (1716–1718) , in which Austria conquered the remaining areas of the former Hungarian Kingdom, ending with the Treaty of Passarowitz in 1718. A war erupted again with Russia in 1735 and Austria in 1737. It lasted until 1739 when the Treaty of Belgrade was signed with Austria and the Treaty of Niš with Russia. The Sixth Russo-Turkish War started in 1768 and ended in 1774 with
1770-613: The Battle of Albulena in 1457 where the Albanian Army under Skanderbeg won a decisive victory over the Ottomans. In 1465 Ballaban's Campaign against Skanderbeg took place. Its goal was to crush the Albanian Resistance, but it was not successful and it ended in an Albanian victory. With the death of Skanderbeg on 17 January 1468, the Albanian Resistance began to fall. After the death of Skanderbeg,
1888-570: The Battle of Bileća and then were forced to retreat. After the fall of Serbia in 1389 Battle of Kosovo , where the Bosnians participated through Vlatko Vuković , the Turks began various offensives against the Kingdom of Bosnia . The Bosnians defended themselves but without much success. The Bosnians resisted strongly in the Bosnian Royal castle of Jajce (the siege of Jajce ), where the last Bosnian king Stjepan Tomašević tried to repel
2006-584: The Battle of Djerba (1560). The Mediterranean campaign , which lasted from 1570 to 1573, resulted in the Ottoman conquest of Cyprus . A Holy League of Venice, the Papal States , Spain , the Knights of Saint John in Malta and initially Portugal was formed against the Ottoman Empire during this period. The League's victory in the Battle of Lepanto (1571) briefly ended Ottoman predominance at sea. In
2124-537: The Battle of Nicopolis on 25 September, capturing 3,000 prisoners. As the Ottomans pressed westward, Sultan Murad II destroyed the last Papal-funded Crusade at Varna on the Black Sea in 1444 and four years later crushed the last Hungarian expedition. John Hunyadi and Giovanni da Capistrano organised a 1456 Crusade to lift the Siege of Belgrade . Æneas Sylvius and John of Capistrano preached
2242-607: The Battle of Varna (1444) and the Second Battle of Kosovo (1448). The remaining Greek states fell in 1461 ( Despotate of the Morea and Empire of Trebizond ) (see: Ottoman Greece ). In the latter half of the 14th century, the Ottoman Empire proceeded to advance north and west in the Balkans, completely subordinating Thrace and much of Macedonia after the Battle of Maritsa in 1371. Sofia fell in 1382, followed by
2360-614: The Hundred Years' Croatian–Ottoman War . The Viceroy's army, chasing the fleeing remnants at Petrinja in 1595, sealed the decisive Croatian victory. As a result of heavy losses inflicted by the Ottomans in the Battle of Maritsa in 1371, the Serbian Empire had dissolved into several principalities. In the Battle of Kosovo in 1389, Serbian forces were again annihilated. Throughout the 15th and 16th centuries, constant struggles took place between various Serbian kingdoms and
2478-487: The Long Turkish War , there were armed conflicts involving large military forces. From 1660 and between 1663 and 1664, during the Austro-Turkish War , also between 1683 and 1699 during Hungary's War of Liberation from the Ottoman occupation, the opposing sides fielded armies of about 50,000 soldiers in every year. During the Ottoman rule, the relative calm periods were also not peaceful, the wars were ongoing at
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#17327760254062596-788: The Ottoman Empire for two months. The battle marked the first time the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Holy Roman Empire had cooperated militarily against the Ottomans, and it is often seen as a turning point in history, after which "the Ottoman Turks ceased to be a menace to the Christian world". In the ensuing war that lasted until 1699, the Ottomans lost almost all of Hungary to the Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I . After winning
2714-684: The Pope formed a coalition between the Papal States , Malta , Spain , Venice and several other Italian states, with no real result. In 1573 the Venetians left, removing the influence of the Roman Catholic Church . Wars fought over Moldavia. The Polish army advanced into Moldavia and was defeated in the Battle of Ţuţora . The next year, the Poles repelled the Turkish invasion in the Battle of Khotyn . Another conflict started in 1633 but
2832-672: The Principality of Transylvania , which was established by the Treaty of Speyer in 1570 and the Eastern Hungarian King became the first Prince of Transylvania . The Principality of Transylvania was a semi-independent state, and a vassal state of the Ottoman Empire, it continued to be part of the Kingdom of Hungary in the sense of public law, John Sigismund's possessions belonged to the Holy Crown of Hungary , and
2950-587: The Republic of Venice began in 1463. A favorable peace treaty was signed in 1479 after the lengthy siege of Shkodra (1478–79). In 1480, now no longer hampered by the Venetian fleet, the Ottomans besieged Rhodes and captured Otranto . War with Venice resumed from 1499 to 1503 . In 1500, a Spanish–Venetian army commanded by Gonzalo de Córdoba took Kefalonia , temporarily stopping the Ottoman offensive on eastern Venetian territories. The offensive resumed after
3068-606: The Second Siege of Vienna in 1683, at the hands of the combined armies of Poland and the Holy Roman Empire under John III Sobieski swung the balance of power in the region. Still, in 1686, Buda was recaptured by the Ottomans. In 1699, under the terms of the Treaty of Karlowitz , which ended the Great Turkish War , the Ottomans ceded to Habsburgs much of the territory they had previously taken from
3186-508: The Siege of Buda and the south central and central areas of the kingdom came under the authority of the Ottoman Empire, therefore Hungary was divided into three parts. The north-western rim of the Hungarian kingdom remained unconquered and recognised members of the House of Habsburg as Kings of Hungary , giving it the name " Royal Hungary ". The Eastern Hungarian Kingdom is the predecessor of
3304-612: The Third Siege of Belgrade . The Sultan launched an attack against the weakened kingdom, whose smaller army was defeated in 1526 at the Battle of Mohács and King Louis II of Hungary died. After the death of the Hungarian king, both the Austrian Habsburg family and the Hungarian noble Zápolya family claimed the whole kingdom. King John I of Hungary ruled the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom , and
3422-691: The Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca . As a result of this treaty, the Crimean Khanate became a Russian client state . Another war with Russia started in 1787 and a concurrent war with Austria followed in 1788; the Austrian war ended with the 1791 Treaty of Sistova , and the Russian war ended with the 1792 Treaty of Jassy . An invasion of Egypt and Syria by Napoleon I of France took place in 1798–99, but ended due to British intervention. Napoleon's capture of Malta on his way to Egypt resulted in
3540-558: The bektasi order. Situated close to the janissaries camp, it was built by Jahjapasazáde Mehmed Pasha , the third begler bey (governor) of Budin. Gul Baba's tomb ( türbe ) is to this day the northernmost site of Islamic conquest. Another famous monastery of its time was that of the halveti dervishes. Built around 1576 next to the türbe of Sultan Süleyman I the Magnificent (1520–1566) in Sigetvar ( Szigetvár ), it soon became
3658-408: The fall of Negroponte in 1470, the siege of Malta in 1565, the fall of Famagusta ( Cyprus ) in 1571, the defeat of the Ottoman fleet at the Battle of Lepanto in 1571 (at that time the largest naval battle in history ), the fall of Candia ( Crete ) in 1669, the Venetian reconquest of Morea ( Peloponnese ) in the 1680s and its loss again in 1715. The island of Venetian-ruled Corfu remained
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3776-538: The partitioning of the Ottoman Empire . After striking a blow to the weakened Byzantine Empire in 1356 (or in 1358 – disputable due to a change in the Byzantine calendar), (see Süleyman Pasha ) which provided it with Gallipoli as a basis for operations in Europe, the Ottoman Empire started its westward expansion into the European continent in the middle of the 14th century. Constantinople fell in 1453 after
3894-641: The 1360s generating no significant military response against Muslims in the Mediterranean. The first revival of activity was a 1390 Genoese plan to seize the Tunisian port of Al-Mahdiya . Both the Roman and Avignon popes awarded indulgences and the French king's uncle, Louis II, Duke of Bourbon , was the leader. There is little evidence of cross taking, and the exercise was more of a chivalric promenade by
4012-539: The 150 years of Ottoman rule. The main zones of war were the territories inhabited by the Hungarians, so the death toll depleted them much faster than other nationalities. The three parts of Hungary; the Habsburg Hungary , Ottoman Hungary and Transylvania , experienced only minor differences in population increase in the 17th century. The South Slavic peoples (Serbs, Bosniaks) expanded northward in
4130-479: The Albanian Resistance was led by Lekë Dukagjini from 1468 until 1479, but it didn't have the same success as before. Merely two years after the collapse of the Albanian resistance in 1479, Sultan Mehmet II launched an Italian campaign , which failed thanks to Christian recapture of Otranto and Sultan's death in 1481. The Ottoman Empire first reached Bosnia in 1388 where they were defeated by Bosnian forces in
4248-437: The Balkans. While Kingdom of Hungary was weakened by the peasants revolt led by György Dózsa in 1514. Under the reign of Louis II of Hungary (1516–1526), internal dissension divided the nobility. In 1521, Hungary was invaded by Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent , the border fortress Belgrade considered as the key and southern gate of the Kingdom of Hungary, after two previous sieges, the Ottomans captured this stronghold by
4366-700: The Battle of Vienna, the Holy League gained the upper hand and reconquered Hungary (Buda and Pest were retaken in 1686, the former under the command of a Swiss-born convert to Islam). At the same time, the Venetians launched an expedition into Greece , which conquered the Peloponnese . During the 1687 Venetian attack on the city of Athens (conquered by the Ottomans), the Ottomans turned the ancient Parthenon into an ammunitions storehouse. A Venetian mortar hit
4484-739: The City Pécs in Ottoman Hungary. After the Siege of Pécs when Habsburg take it back, some Muslims converted to the Catholic faith in the years 1686 -1713. Ottoman wars in Europe A series of military conflicts between the Ottoman Empire and various European states took place from the Late Middle Ages up through the early 20th century. The earliest conflicts began during the Byzantine–Ottoman wars , waged in Anatolia in
4602-528: The Crusade, the princes of the Holy Roman Empire in the Diets of Ratisbon and Frankfurt promised assistance, and a league was formed between Venice, Florence and Milan, but nothing came of it. Venice was the only polity to continue to pose a significant threat to the Ottomans in the Mediterranean, but it pursued the "Crusade" mostly for its commercial interests, leading to the protracted Ottoman–Venetian Wars , which continued, with interruptions, until 1718. The end of
4720-647: The Crusades, in at least a nominal effort of Catholic Europe against Muslim incursion, came in the 16th century, when the Franco-Imperial wars assumed continental proportions. Francis I of France sought allies from all quarters, including from German Protestant princes and Muslims. Amongst these, he entered into one of the capitulations of the Ottoman Empire with Suleiman the Magnificent while making common cause with Hayreddin Barbarossa and
4838-435: The Danube and Tisza rivers). According to modern estimates , the proportion of Hungarians in the Carpathian Basin was around 75-80% at the end of the 15th century, and non-Hungarians were little more than 20 to 25% of the total population. The Hungarian population began to decrease at the time of the Ottoman conquest. The decline of the Hungarians was due to the constant wars, Ottoman raids, famines, and plagues during
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4956-468: The Habsburg Kingdom of Hungary ("Royal Hungary") province. Wars, slave raids, and the emigration of nobles who lost their land caused a depopulation of the countryside. However, the Ottomans practiced relative religious tolerance and allowed the various ethnicities living within the empire significant autonomy in internal affairs. Towns maintained some self-government, and a prosperous middle class developed through artisanry and trade. For more than 150 years,
5074-424: The Habsburg-ruled Royal Hungary , especially by 1547 the number of the original Christian population of Buda was down to about a thousand, and by 1647 it had fallen to only about seventy. The number of Jewish and Gypsy immigrants became dominant during the Ottoman rule in Buda. The Hungarian inhabitants of cities moved to other places when they felt threatened by the Ottoman military presence. Without exception, in
5192-409: The Habsburgs ruled the western part of Hungary. The Habsburgs tried several times to unite all Hungary under their rule, but the Ottoman Empire prevented that by supporting the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom. King John I died in 1540, the Habsburg forces besieged Buda the Hungarian capital in 1541, Sultan Suleiman led a relief force and defeated the Habsburgs, the Ottomans captured the city by a trick during
5310-436: The Hungarian parliament recognized that the inheritance of the Hungarian crown had passed to the Habsburgs. The imperial armies pushed the Turks out of Hungary relatively quickly and occupied Transylvania as well. Following the defeat of the Ottomans in the Great Turkish War , the Ottomans recognized the loss of the Ottoman Hungary by the Treaty of Karlowitz in 1699. The remaining Ottoman occupied territories (that encompassed
5428-400: The Hungarian time of troubles, when between 1604 and 1606 the worst effects of the controlled confrontation between Ottoman-Habsburg forces were magnified many times over by Hungary's descent into civil war during the Bocskay rebellion. Hungary's population in the late 16th century was in Ottoman Hungary 900,000, in Habsburg Hungary 1,800,000 and 'free' (Transylvania) Hungary 800,000, making
5546-422: The Hungarians. The Western part of the Hungarian Kingdom ( Partium ) was annexed and placed under direct Ottoman control. At the same time, there was another campaign against Austria between 1663 and 1664. Despite being defeated in the Battle of Saint Gotthard on 1 August 1664 by Raimondo Montecuccoli , the Ottomans secured recognition of their conquest of Nové Zámky in the Peace of Vasvár with Austria, marking
5664-496: The Maltese forts. Delaying the Ottomans until bad weather conditions and the arrival of Sicilian reinforcements, made Ottoman commander Kızılahmedli Mustafa Pasha quit the siege. Around 22,000 to 48,000 Ottoman troops against 6,000 to 8,500 Maltese troops, the Ottomans failed to conquer Malta, sustaining more than 25,000 losses, including one of the greatest Muslim corsair generals of the time, Dragut , and were repulsed. Had Malta fallen, Sicily and mainland Italy could have fallen under
5782-460: The Ottoman Empire in 1481. The Ottomans took much of Albania in the 1385 Battle of Savra . The 1444 League of Lezhë briefly restored one part of Albania, until Ottomans captured complete territory of Albania after capture of Shkodër in 1479 and Durrës in 1501. The Ottomans faced resistance from Albanians who gathered around their leader, Gjergj Kastrioti Skanderbeg , son of a feudal Albanian Nobleman, Gjon Kastrioti who also fought against
5900-427: The Ottoman Empire until that time. Stephen was defeated the next year at Războieni ( Battle of Valea Albă ), but the Ottomans had to retreat after they failed to take any significant castle (see siege of Neamț Citadel ) as a plague started to spread in the Ottoman army. Stephen's search for European assistance against the Turks met with little success, even though he had "cut off the pagan's right-hand", as he put it in
6018-462: The Ottoman Empire. The turning point was the fall of Constantinople to the Turks. In 1459, following the siege, the temporary Serbian capital of Smederevo fell. Zeta was overrun by 1499. Belgrade was the last major Balkan city to endure Ottoman forces. Serbs, Hungarians , and European crusaders defeated the Turkish army in the siege of Belgrade in 1456. After repelling Ottoman attacks for over 70 years, Belgrade finally fell in 1521, along with
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#17327760254066136-411: The Ottoman fleet at the Battle of Lepanto in one of the decisive battles of world history. The victory over the Turks, however, came too late to help Cyprus, and the island remained under Ottoman rule for the next three centuries. In 1570, the Ottoman Empire first conquered Cyprus , and Lala Mustafa Pasha became the first Ottoman governor of Cyprus, challenging the claims of Venice. Simultaneously,
6254-403: The Ottoman rule, the Ottomans had already invaded Hungary's southern parts between 1390 and 1400. As a consequence of the 150 years of constant warfare between the Christian states and Ottomans, population growth was stunted, and the network of ethnic Hungarian medieval settlements, with their urbanized bourgeois inhabitants, perished. The ethnic composition of the territory that had been part of
6372-412: The Ottoman victory in the Battle of Mohács in 1526, only the southwestern part of the Kingdom of Hungary was actually conquered. The Ottoman campaign continued between 1526 and 1556 with small campaigns and major summer invasions – troops would return south of the Balkan Mountains before winter. In 1529, they mounted their first major attack on the Austrian Habsburg monarchy , attempting to conquer
6490-462: The Ottoman victory of Preveza (1538), fought between an Ottoman fleet commanded by Hayreddin Barbarossa and that of a Christian alliance assembled by Pope Paul III. In 1462, Mehmed II was driven back by Wallachian prince Vlad III Dracula in the Night Attack at Târgovişte . However, the latter was imprisoned by Hungarian king Matthias Corvinus . This caused outrage among many influential Hungarian figures and Western admirers of Vlad's success in
6608-410: The Ottomans enabled Protestantism in Hungary (such as the Reformed Church in Hungary ) to survive against the oppression of the Catholic Habsburg-ruled Hungarian domains. There were approximately 80,000 Muslim settlers in the Ottoman-controlled territory of present-day Hungary ; being mainly administrators, soldiers, artisans, and merchants of Crimean Tatar origin. The religious life of the Muslims
6726-445: The Ottomans in the Albanian revolt of 1432–1436 led by Gjergj Arianiti . Skanderbeg managed to fend off Ottoman attacks for more than 25 years, culminating at the siege of Shkodra in 1478–79. During this period, many Albanian victories were achieved like the Battle of Torvioll , Battle of Otonetë , siege of Krujë , Battle of Polog , Battle of Ohrid , Battle of Mokra , Battle of Oranik 1456 and many other battles, culminating in
6844-448: The Ottomans, two of which were decisive. In March 1442, Hunyadi defeated Mezid Bey and the raiding Ottoman army at the Battle of Szeben in the south part of the Kingdom of Hungary in Transylvania . In September 1442, Hunyadi defeated a large Ottoman army of Beylerbey Şehabeddin , the Provincial Governor of Rumelia . This was the first time that a European army defeated such a large Ottoman force, composed not only of raiders, but of
6962-412: The Ottomans. Hungary bore the brunt of the Ottoman wars in Europe during the 15th century and successfully halted the Ottoman advance. From 1490, after the death of King Matthias of Hungary , the royal power declined in Hungary, the Black Army of Hungary was disbanded. In contrast, by the 16th century, the power of the Ottoman Empire had gradually increased, along with the territory they controlled in
7080-403: The Parthenon, detonating the Ottoman gunpowder stored inside, partially destroying it. The war ended with the Treaty of Karlowitz in 1699. Prince Eugene of Savoy first distinguished himself in 1683 and remained the most important Austrian commander until 1718. The Fourth Russo-Turkish War took place in 1710–1711 in the basin of the Pruth river , as part of the Great Northern War . It
7198-400: The Turks. The Ottoman army conquered Jajce after a few months in 1463 and executed the last King of Bosnia, ending Medieval Bosnia . The House of Kosača held Herzegovina until 1482. It took another four decades for the Ottomans to defeat the Hungarian garrison at Jajce Fortress in 1527. Bihać and the westernmost areas of Bosnia were finally conquered by the Ottomans in 1592. After
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#17327760254067316-516: The army of King Louis XI of France , the only other existing permanent professional European army in the era. The Hungarian army destroyed the three times bigger attacker Ottoman and Wallachian troops at the Battle of Breadfield in Transylvania in 1479. The battle was the most significant victory for the Hungarians against the raiding Ottomans , and as a result, the Ottomans did not attack southern Hungary and Transylvania for many years thereafter. The Black Army recaptured Otranto in Italy from
7434-475: The battle against the Ottoman Empire (and his early recognition of the threat it posed), including high-ranking members of the Vatican . Because of this, Matthias granted him the status of distinguished prisoner. Eventually, Dracula was freed in late 1475 and was sent with an army of Hungarian and Serbian soldiers to recover Bosnia from the Ottomans. There he defeated Ottoman forces for the first time. Upon this victory, Ottoman forces entered Wallachia in 1476 under
7552-462: The beginning of the end for medieval Serbia. Much of Serbia fell to the Ottomans by 1459, the Kingdom of Hungary made a partial reconquest in 1480, but it fell again by 1499. Territories of Serbian Empire were divided between Ottoman Empire , the Republic of Venice and the Kingdom of Hungary , with remaining territories being in some sort of a vassal status towards Hungary, until its own conquest. The papacy regularly offered crusade privileges from
7670-444: The borders. The raids were daily, primarily intended for tax collection and plundering, which caused significant damage in the Hungarian settlement areas: material destruction, population displacement, kidnapping and killing people. In the 17th century, the campaigns waged by Principality of Transylvania caused also similarly significant losses. The decay of the southernmost counties of the Kingdom of Hungary had started long before
7788-401: The camp with much booty and twenty thousand prisoners. When the prisoners were taken to the Islamic market, they were more than twice as many as our soldiers. My servants also brought three Hungarian students... In the meantime, due to the large number of prisoners, fear arose in the Islamic camp, and by order of the chief serdar, the children, girls and young women were kept, and nine thousand of
7906-426: The capital of the Second Bulgarian Empire Tarnovgrad in 1393, and the northwest remnants of the state after the Battle of Nicopolis in 1396. A significant opponent of the Ottomans, the young Serbian Empire , was worn down by a series of campaigns, notably in the Battle of Kosovo in 1389, in which the leaders of both armies were killed, and which gained a central role in Serbian folklore as an epic battle and as
8024-436: The cities that became Ottoman administrative centers the Christian population decreased. The Hungarian population remained only in some cities, where the Ottoman garrisons were not installed. From the early 17th century, Serbian refugees were the ethnic majority in large parts of Ottoman-controlled Hungary. That area included territories between the great rivers Sava, Drava, and the Danube–Tisza Interfluve (the territory between
8142-406: The city of Vienna ( siege of Vienna ). In 1532, another attack on Vienna with 60,000 troops in the main army was held up by the small fort (800 defenders) of Kőszeg in western Hungary, fighting a suicidal battle. The invading troops were held up until winter was close and the Habsburg Empire had assembled a force of 80,000 at Vienna. The Ottoman troops returned home through Styria, laying waste to
8260-406: The classical period, seen in the famous centres of Constantinople and Edirne , were also seen in the territory of present-day southern Hungary, where mosques, bridges, fountains, baths and schools were built. After the Habsburg reclamation, most of these works were destroyed and few survive to this day. The introduction of Turkish baths , with the building of the Rudas Baths , was the beginning of
8378-409: The command of Mehmed II. Vlad was killed and, according to some sources, his head was sent to Constantinople to discourage the other rebellions. (Bosnia was completely added to Ottoman lands in 1482.) The Turkish advance was temporarily halted after Stephen the Great of Moldavia defeated the armies of the Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II at the Battle of Vaslui in 1475, one of the greatest defeats of
8496-409: The country. In the meantime, in 1538, the Ottoman Empire invaded Moldavia . In 1541, another campaign in Hungary took Buda and Pest (which today together form the Hungarian capital Budapest ) with a largely bloodless trick: after concluding peace talks with an agreement, troops stormed the open gates of Buda in the night. In retaliation for a failed Austrian counter-attack in 1542, the conquest of
8614-444: The end of the 15th century the village was abandoned and became pastureland. The village was only resettled by the late 18th century. As of 2023, the village had a total population of 1126. As of 2022, the town was 95.6% Hungarian , 0.7% Gypsy , 0.4% German , and 2.5% of non-European origin. The remainder chose not to respond. The population was 52.2% Roman Catholic , and 4.0% Reformed . This Heves county location article
8732-424: The fall of the Kingdom of Bosnia into Ottoman hands in 1463, the southern and central parts of the Kingdom of Croatia remained unprotected, the defense of which was left to Croatian gentry who kept smaller troops in the fortified border areas at their own expense. The Ottomans meanwhile reached the river Neretva and, having conquered Herzegovina ( Rama ) in 1482, they encroached upon Croatia, skillfully avoiding
8850-459: The fortified border towns. A decisive Ottoman victory at the Battle of Krbava Field shook all of Croatia. However, it did not dissuade the Croats from making persistent attempts at defending themselves against the attacks of the superior Ottoman forces. After almost two hundred years of Croatian resistance against the Ottoman Empire victory in the Battle of Sisak marked the end of Ottoman rule and
8968-498: The greater part of the Kingdom of Hungary. The rebellion of Serbian military commander Jovan Nenad between 1526 and 1528 led to the proclamation of the Second Serbian Empire in modern-day Serbian province of Vojvodina , which was among the last Serbian territories to resist the Ottomans. The Serbian Despotate fell in 1459, thus marking the two-century-long Ottoman conquest of Serbian principalities. The wars with
9086-496: The greatest territorial extent of Ottoman rule in the former Hungarian Kingdom. The Polish–Ottoman War (1672–1676) ended with the Treaty of Żurawno , in which the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth ceded control of most of its Ukrainian territories to the empire. The war showed the increasing weakness and disorder of the Commonwealth, who by the second half of the 17th century had started its gradual decline that would culminate
9204-783: The late 13th century before entering Europe in the mid-14th century with the Bulgarian–Ottoman wars . The mid-15th century saw the Serbian–Ottoman wars and the Albanian-Ottoman wars . Much of this period was characterized by the Ottoman expansion into the Balkans . The Ottoman Empire made further inroads into Central Europe in the 15th and 16th centuries, culminating in the peak of Ottoman territorial claims in Europe. The Ottoman–Venetian wars spanned four centuries, starting in 1423 and lasting until 1718. This period witnessed
9322-403: The major but moderately successful Ottoman campaign of 1552 , two armies took the eastern part of central Hungary, pushing the borders of the Ottoman Empire to the second (inner) line of northern végvár s (border castles), which Hungary originally built as defence against an expected second Mongol invasion —hence, afterwards, borders on this front changed little. For Hungarians, the 1552 campaign
9440-681: The major towns of the region. The elementary schools taught writing, basic arithmetics, and the reading of the Koran and of the most important prayers. The medreses carried out secondary and academic training within the fields of Muslim religious sciences, church law and natural sciences . Most medreses operated in Budin (Buda), where there were twelve. In Peçuy ( Pécs ) there were five medreses, Eğri had four. The most famous medrese in Ottoman-controlled territory of present-day Hungary
9558-418: The medieval Kingdom of Hungary was fundamentally changed through deportations and massacres, so that the number of ethnic Hungarians in existence at the end of the Ottoman period was substantially diminished. The Hungarian journey of Evliya Çelebi, a Turkish traveller in 1660–1664: The Tatars raided on that day and night. In a location called Szatmár some thousand enemy [the local inhabitants] encamped in
9676-558: The medieval Kingdom of Hungary. Following this treaty, the members of the Habsburg dynasty administered a much enlarged Habsburg Kingdom of Hungary (previously they controlled only area known as "Royal Hungary"; see Kingdom of Hungary (1526–1867) ). In the 1540s, the total of the four principal fortresses of Buda (2,965), Pest (1,481), Székesfehérvár (2,978) and Esztergom (2,775) were 10,200 troops. The number of Ottoman garrison troops stationed in Ottoman Hungary vary, but during
9794-770: The men fit to wield swords were killed on the shore of the Szamos river... With the blessing of Lord Melek Ahmed Pasha, on the eighth day of the Feast Eid al-Adha in the year 1071 [1662], with twenty thousand selected Tatar soldiers who started with forty or fifty thousand wind-speed horses... trusting in Allah, we went out of the Islamic camp and that day and night in the Transylvanian part of the Tisza river, burning and destroying
9912-474: The most authoritative studies, the collective population of all three regions grew from about 3.5 million inhabitants at the close of the 16th century to about 4 million by the close of the 17th century. This increase was before the immigration to Hungary from other parts of the Habsburg Empire. The Ottoman–Habsburg wars of the 17th century were fought intermittently and affected populations occupying
10030-549: The nineteenth century the Ottomans were confronted with insurrection from their Serbian (1804–1817), Greek (1821–1832) and Romanian (1877–1878) subjects. This occurred in tandem with the Russo-Turkish wars , which further destabilized the empire. The final retreat of Ottoman rule began with the First Balkan War (1912–1913), and culminated in the signing of the Treaty of Sèvres after World War I, leading to
10148-403: The only Greek island not conquered by the Ottomans. In the late seventeenth century, European powers began to consolidate against the Ottomans and formed the Holy League , reversing a number of Ottoman land gains during the Great Turkish War of 1683–99. Nevertheless, Ottoman armies were able to hold their own against their European rivals until the second half of the eighteenth century. In
10266-449: The peak period in the mid-16th century it rose to between 20,000 and 22,000 men. As a force of occupation for a country the size of Hungary, even confined to central portions it was a rather low-profile military presence in much of the country and a relatively large proportion of it was concentrated in a few key fortresses. In 1640 when the front remained relatively quiet, 8,000 Janissary supported by an undocumented number of local recruits
10384-441: The provincial cavalry led by their own sanjak beys (governors) and accompanied by the formidable janissaries . These victories made Hunyadi a prominent enemy of the Ottomans and a renowned figure throughout Christendom and were prime motivators for him to undertake along with King Władysław the famous expedition known as the " Long Campaign " in 1443, with the Battle of Niš being the first major clash of this expedition. Hunyadi
10502-644: The religious and cultural centre of the area. A famous prior of the zavije (monastery) was the Bosnian Šejh Ali Dede . The monastery of Jakovali Hasan Paša in Peçuy (Pécs) was another famous location. Its most outstanding prior was Mevlevian dervish Peçevi Arifi Ahmed Dede , a Turk and native of Peçuy. By the end of the sixteenth century, around 90% of the inhabitants of Ottoman Hungary were Protestant, most of them being Calvinist . Muslims settled in Baranya and
10620-505: The sole landowner and managed about 20 percent of the land for its own benefit, apportioning the rest among soldiers and civil servants. The Ottoman landlords were interested mainly in squeezing as much wealth from the land as quickly as possible. Of major importance to the Sublime Porte was the collection of taxes. Taxation left little for the former landlords to collect; Most of the nobility and large numbers of burghers emigrated into
10738-460: The southern border regions of the Kingdom of Hungary), Temeşvar Eyalet , Syrmia and Belgrade , were reconquered by the Habsburgs during the Austro-Turkish War between 1716 and 1718, the cession of these regions was acknowledged by signing of the Treaty of Passarowitz in 1718. Since 1360s Hungary confronted with the Ottoman Empire. The Kingdom of Hungary led several crusades, campaigns and carried out several defence battles and sieges against
10856-436: The summer of 1570, the Turks struck again, but this time with a full-scale invasion rather than a raid. About 60,000 troops, including cavalry and artillery, under the command of Lala Mustafa Pasha landed unopposed near Limassol on July 2, 1570, and laid siege to Nicosia . In an orgy of victory on the day that the city fell—September 9, every public building and palace was looted. Word of the superior Ottoman numbers spread, and
10974-433: The territory being retained by the Ottoman state. As a border territory, much of Ottoman Hungary was heavily fortified with troop garrisons. Remaining economically under-developed, it became a drain on Ottoman resources. During the centuries long three-way Hungarian–Habsburg–Ottoman wars the Hungarian population highly decimated. Although there was some immigration from other parts of the Empire and some conversions to Islam ,
11092-447: The territory of Hungary was a battleground between the forces of the great powers. The military conflict was constant during the entire period of the Ottoman rule. Hungary endured a great number of Ottoman military campaigns and sieges from 1521 to 1568, at the same time when Hungary had an ongoing struggle between its two kings (Austrian Habsburg family and the Hungarian noble Zápolya family ). From 1591, and between 1593 and 1606, during
11210-559: The territory of present-day Hungary became a drain on the Ottoman Empire, swallowing much of its revenue into the maintenance of a long chain of border forts. However, some parts of the economy flourished. In the huge unpopulated areas, townships bred cattle that were herded to south Germany and northern Italy - in some years they exported 500,000 head of cattle. Wine was traded to the Czech lands , Austria and Poland . The defeat of Ottoman forces led by Grand Vizier Kara Mustafa Pasha at
11328-402: The territory of present-day Hungary, while Temeşvar and Varat eyalets that had their administrative centers in the territory of present-day Romania also included some parts of present-day Hungary. Pashas and Sanjak-Beys were responsible for administration, jurisdiction and defense. The Ottomans' only interest was to secure their hold on the territory. The Sublime Porte (Ottoman rulers) became
11446-450: The territory of present-day Hungary. In these times, the territory of present-day Hungary began to undergo changes due to the Ottoman occupation. Vast lands remained unpopulated and covered with woods. Flood plains became marshes. The life of the inhabitants on the Ottoman side was unsafe. Peasants fled to the woods and marshes, forming guerrilla bands, known as the Hajdú troops. Eventually,
11564-411: The territory remained largely Christian . The Ottomans were relatively religiously tolerant and this tolerance allowed Protestantism to gain traction, unlike in Royal Hungary where the Habsburgs repressed it. By the end of the 16th century, around 90% of the population was Protestant, mainly Calvinist . In 1686, Buda was recaptured from the Ottomans, and in 1687, after the Second Battle of Mohács ,
11682-420: The third siege in which the fort was finally taken, but the aged Sultan died, deterring that year's push for Vienna. Ottoman forces invaded and captured the island of Rhodes in 1522, after two previous failed attempts (see Siege of Rhodes (1522) ). The Knights of Saint John were banished to Malta , which was in turn besieged in 1565. After a siege of three months, the Ottoman army failed to control all of
11800-598: The threat of an Ottoman invasion. The victory of Malta during this event, which is nowadays known as the Great Siege of Malta , turned the tide and gave Europe hopes and motivation. It also marked the importance of the Knights of Saint John and their relevant presence in Malta to aid Christendom in its defence against the Muslim conquest. The Ottoman naval victories of this period were in the Battle of Preveza (1538) and
11918-497: The wake of the Ottoman conquest, while the Hungarian population that survived the Ottoman conquest fled the area over the course of the 17th century. Throughout the 17th century, the newly settled Orthodox South Slavic population ensured the military garrisons, logistical support, and food supply of the Ottoman army in this region. Consequently, the Hungarians derisively referred to the region of Ottoman conquest as "Rascia" (Serbia) from that period onward. According to data presented in
12036-414: The western half of central Hungary was finished in the 1543 campaign that took both the most important royal ex-capital, Székesfehérvár , and the ex-seat of the cardinal, Esztergom . However, the army of 35–40,000 men was not enough for Suleiman to mount another attack on Vienna. A temporary truce was signed between the Habsburg and Ottoman Empires in 1547, which was soon disregarded by the Habsburgs. In
12154-404: Was a series of tragic losses and some heroic (but pyrrhic ) victories, which entered folklore—most notably the fall of Drégely (a small fort defended to the last man by just 146 men, and the siege of Eger . The latter was a major végvár with more than 2,000 men, without outside help. They faced two Ottoman armies, which were surprisingly unable to take the castle within five weeks. (The fort
12272-522: Was a symbol of the survival of Hungarian statehood. The boundary between the three territories thereupon became the frontline in the Ottoman–Habsburg wars over the next 150 years. Whereas a great many of the 17,000 and 19,000 Ottoman soldiers in service in the Ottoman fortresses in the territory of present-day Hungary were Orthodox and Muslim Balkan Slavs , Southern Slavs were also acting as akıncıs and other light troops intended for pillaging in
12390-480: Was accompanied by Giuliano Cesarini during the campaign. The defeat in 1456 at the siege of Nándorfehérvár (Belgrade) held up Ottoman expansion into Catholic Europe for 70 years, though for one year (1480–1481) the Italian port of Otranto was taken , and in 1493 the Ottoman army successfully raided Croatia and Styria . During the reign of King Matthias of Hungary , the standing professional mercenary army
12508-403: Was burned, it was so destroyed that only its land, its stone churches, and its towers remained, and his infidel and fornicate people all went into captivity. While we were here, we wandered without fear, destroying the western part to the right and then to the left, and came here between eating and drinking. The economic decline of Buda , the Hungarian capital at the time of the Ottoman conquest,
12626-527: Was called the Black Army of Hungary Matthias recognized the importance and key role of early firearms in the infantry, which greatly contributed to his victories. Every fourth soldier in the Black Army had an arquebus , which was an unusual ratio at the time. In the great Viennese military parade in 1485, the Black Army consisted 20,000 horsemen and 8,000 infantry in 1485. The Black Army was larger than
12744-430: Was emblematic of its stagnated growth rate. The city's population was no larger in 1686 than it had been two centuries prior. The Ottomans allowed the Hungarian royal palace to fall into ruins. The Ottomans later transformed the palace into a gunpowder store and magazine, which caused its detonation during the siege in 1686. The Christian Hungarian population significantly shrank in the next decades, due to them fleeing to
12862-524: Was incorporated into the empire, under the name Macaristan. For most of its duration, Ottoman Hungary covered Southern Transdanubia and almost the entire region of the Great Hungarian Plain . During the period of Ottoman rule, Hungary was divided for administrative purposes into Eyalets (provinces), which were further divided into Sanjaks . Ownership of much of the land was distributed to Ottoman soldiers and officials with about 20% of
12980-527: Was instigated by Charles XII of Sweden after the defeat at the Battle of Poltava , in order to tie down Russia with the Ottoman Empire and gain some breathing space in the increasingly unsuccessful campaign. The Russians were severely beaten but not annihilated, and after the Treaty of the Pruth was signed, the Ottoman Empire disengaged, allowing Russia to refocus its energies on the defeat of Sweden. The Ottoman–Venetian War started in 1714. It overlapped with
13098-418: Was invaded by Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent , the border fortress Belgrade considered as the key and southern gate of the Kingdom of Hungary, after two previous sieges, the Ottomans captured this stronghold by the Third Siege of Belgrade . The Sultan launched an attack against the weakened kingdom, whose smaller army was defeated in 1526 at the Battle of Mohács and King Louis II of Hungary died. After
13216-484: Was later taken in 1596.) Finally, the 1556 campaign secured Ottoman influence over Transylvania (which had fallen under Habsburg control for a time), while failing to gain any ground on the western front, being tied down in the second (after 1555) unsuccessful siege of the southwestern Hungarian border castle of Szigetvár . The Ottoman Empire conducted another major war against the Habsburgs and their Hungarian territories between 1566 and 1568. The 1566 siege of Szigetvár ,
13334-653: Was not spread by force in the areas under the control of the Ottoman Sultan , however, Arnold concludes by quoting a 17th-century author who stated: Meanwhile he [the Turk] wins [converts] by craft more than by force, and snatches away Christ by fraud out of the hearts of men. For the Turk, it is true, at the present time compels no country by violence to apostatise; but he uses other means whereby imperceptibly he roots out Christianity... The relative religious tolerance of
13452-629: Was soon settled. Transylvania , the Eastern part of the former Hungarian Kingdom, gained semi-independence in 1526, while paying tribute to the Ottoman Empire. In 1657, Transylvania under George II Rákóczi felt strong enough to attack the Tatars to the East (then the Empire's vassals), and later the Ottoman Empire itself, which had come to the Tatars' defence. The war lasted until 1662, ending in defeat for
13570-783: Was sufficient to garrison the whole of the Eyalet of Budin . The Hungarian Ottoman province covered about 91,250 km (35,230 sq mi). The territory was divided into Eyalets (provinces), which were further divided into Sanjaks , with the highest ranking Ottoman official being the Pasha of Budin. At first, Ottoman-controlled territories in present-day Hungary were part of the Budin Eyalet . Later, new eyalets were formed: Temeşvar Eyalet , Zigetvar Eyalet, Kanije Eyalet , Eğri Eyalet , and Varat Eyalet . Administrative centers of Budin, Zigetvar, Kanije and Eğri eyalets were located in
13688-477: Was supervised by the mosques that were either newly built or transformed from older Christian churches. Payment for the servants of the mosques, as well as the maintenance of the churches, was the responsibility of the Ottoman state or charities. Besides Sunni Islam, a number of dervish communities also flourished including the bektashis , the halvetis , and the mevlevis . The famous Gül Baba monastery of Budin (Buda), sheltering 60 dervishes, belonged to
13806-420: Was supported by the libraries. The mosque complex and türbe of Sokollu Mustafa Pasha in Budin (Buda) was built by Ottoman chief architect Mimar Sinan and contained a school and library offering Muslim religious sciences, literature, works on oratory, poetry, astronomy, music, architecture, and medical sciences. The Ottomans practiced relative religious tolerance, and Christianity was not prohibited. Islam
13924-666: Was that of Budin (Buda), commissioned by the Sokollu Mustafa Pasha during his twelve years of governing (1566–1578). In the mosques , people not only prayed, but were taught to read and write, to read the Koran, and prayers. The sermons were the most effective form of political education. There were numerous elementary and secondary schools besides the mosques, and the monasteries of the Dervish orders also served as centers of culture and education. The spread of culture
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