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57-545: Administratively, the Tyuleniy Archipelago belongs to the Mangystau Region of Kazakhstan . It was named "Tyuleniy" —meaning "seal"— after the currently endangered Caspian seal . The islands are desert-like and sandy, with little grass. There are reeds on the leeward side of Kulaly as well as on the other islands, which are much lower and waterlogged. In past centuries many Caspian seals come to

114-654: A Khwarezm native, in his Athar ul-Baqiyah , specifically verifies the Iranian origins of Khwarezmians when he wrote (in Arabic): أهل خوارزم [...] کانوا غصناً من دوحة الفرس ("The people of Khwarezm were a branch from the Persian tree.") The area of Khwarezm was under Afrighid and then Samanid control until the 10th century before it was conquered by the Ghaznavids . The Iranian Khwarezmian language and culture felt

171-541: A native Khwarezmian Iranian dynasty which ruled as the Shahs of Khwarezm from 305 to 995 AD. At times they were under Sassanian suzerainty. In 712, Khwarezm was conquered by the Arab Caliphate ( Umayyads and Abbasids ). It thus came vaguely under Muslim control, but it was not till the end of the 8th century and the beginning of the 9th century that an Afrighid Shah first converted to Islam appearing with

228-435: A population of 745,909 (2022). The region is located in the southwest of the country, and includes Mangyshlak Peninsula . It has much of Kazakhstan's Caspian Shore . It also borders neighboring countries Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan . Mangystau also borders two other Kazakh regions (counter-clockwise), Aktobe Region and Atyrau Region . The area of the region is 165,600 square kilometers. Engineers discovered petroleum in

285-479: A researcher in early Indo-European history, believes that Airyanem Vaejah was in what is now Afghanistan , the northern areas of which were a part of ancient Khwarazm and Greater Khorasan . Others, however, disagree. University of Hawaii historian Elton L. Daniel believes Khwarazm to be the "most likely locale" corresponding to the original home of the Avestan people, and Dehkhoda calls Khwarazm "the cradle of

342-535: A revolt in 1017, Khwarezmian rebels murdered Abu'l-Abbas Ma'mun and his wife, Hurra-ji , sister of the Ghaznavid sultan Mahmud . In response, Mahmud invaded and occupied the region of Khwarazm, which included Nasa and the ribat of Farawa . As a result, Khwarazm became a province of the Ghaznavid Empire from 1017 to 1034. In 1077, the governorship of the province, which since 1042/1043 belonged to

399-484: Is Otpan mountain at 556 metres (1,824 ft). The lowest point is the bottom of Karagie cavity , 132 metres (433 ft) below sea level. The region has a wide variety of climate conditions. North Mangystau is cold in winter due to the Ustyurt Plateau , the location of the plateau being mainly above sea level. On the whole, the climate is continental with cold winters and mild summers. The average temperature

456-416: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Mangystau Region Mangystau Region ( Kazakh : Маңғыстау облысы , romanized :  Mañğystau oblysy ), formerly known as Mangyshlak Region ( Russian: Мангышлак область ) from 1973 until 1988, is a region of Kazakhstan . Its capital is Aqtau (a seaport), which has a population of 183,350 (2017); the entire Mangystau Province has

513-574: Is declared to be part of the Persian Empire . Some of the early scholars believed Khwarazm to be what ancient Avestic texts refer to as Airyanem Vaejah ( Airyanəm Vaēǰah ; later Middle Persian Ērān-wēz ). These sources claim that Old Urgench , which was the capital of ancient Khwarazm for many years, was actually Ourva, the eighth land of Ahura Mazda mentioned in the Pahlavi text of Vendidad . However, Michael Witzel ,

570-703: Is further divided. Northern Khwarezm became the Uzbek SSR , and in 1925 the western part became the Turkmen SSR . Also, in 1936 the northwestern part became the Kazakh SSR . Following the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, these became Uzbekistan , Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan respectively. Many of the ancient Khwarezmian towns now lie in Xorazm Region , Uzbekistan . Today, the area that

627-975: Is that the Iranian compound stands for 'lowland' from kh(w)ar 'low' and zam 'land'. Khwarazm is indeed the lowest region in Central Asia (except for the Caspian Sea to the far west), located on the delta of the Amu Darya on the southern shores of the Aral Sea . Various forms of khwar/khar/khor/hor are commonly used in the Persian Gulf to stand for tidal flats, marshland, or tidal bays (e.g., Khor Musa , Khor Abdallah , Hor al-Azim , Hor al-Himar , etc.) The name also appears in Achaemenid inscriptions as Huvarazmish , which

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684-807: Is −3 °C (27 °F) in January and +26 °C (79 °F) in July. The average annual rainfall is 150 millimetres (5.9 in). Fossils of marine animals are known from the Late Cretaceous (probably Upper Cenomanian - Turonian ) deposits of the southern part of the Mangyshlak Plateau. Found specimens are a dolichosaurian thoracic vertebra and teeth of chondrichthyians : hybodontiform Ptychodus and lamniform Protolamna , Cretolamna , Cretoxyrhina and Hispidaspis . These fishes were mainly pelagic forms, which confirms

741-714: The Afrighid line of Khwarazmshahs, having placed the ascension of Afrighids in 616 of the Seleucid era, i.e. in 305 AD. Like Sogdia , Khwarazm was an expansion of the Bactria–Margiana culture during the Bronze Age , which later fused with Indo-Iranians during their migrations around 1000 BC. Early Iron Age states arose from this cultural exchange. List of successive cultures in Khwarazm region 3000–500 BC: During

798-605: The Aryan tribe" ( مهد قوم آریا ). The Khwarezmian scholar Al-Biruni (973–1048) says that the land belonging to the mythical king Afrasiab was first colonised 980 years before Alexander the Great (thus c.  1292 BC , well before the Seleucid era ) when the hero of the Iranian epic Siyavash came to Khwarazm; his son Kay Khusraw came to the throne 92 years later, in 1200 BC. Al-Biruni starts giving names only with

855-662: The British Empire in the First Anglo-Afghan War in 1839. The Khanate of Khiva was gradually reduced in size from Russian expansion in Turkestan (including Khwarezm) and, in 1873, a peace treaty was signed that established Khiva as a quasi-independent Russian protectorate . In 1912, the Khiva Khanate numbered up to 440 schools and up to 65 madrasahs with 22,500 students. More than half of

912-610: The Khazars . These Turkmen were vassals of the Khazars, at the beginning of the thirteenth century when Yaqut al-Hamawi and Ibn al-Athir mention the name of Mankashlagh. Ibn al-Athir tells of a Turkish principality with a medina with the same name as the territory that existed from the late eleventh century. In 1097 a struggle between Kutb al-Din Muhammad, Khwarezm governor of Seljuks and Tugrul Tehghin occurred. In 1127, Atsiz occupied

969-951: The October Revolution the Bolsheviks prevailed but were eliminated by British intervention in June 1918. On July 12, 1918, an Interim Executive Committee, which sought to restore Alexander Kerensky , was established in Ashgabat . Bolsheviks took the region in February 1920. On August 26, 1920, the peninsula was included in the Kyrgyz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic within the Russian Soviet Socialist Federative Republic. On June 15, 1925, it

1026-980: The Seljuqs , fell into the hands of Anush Tigin Gharchai , a former Turkic slave of the Seljuq sultan. In 1141, the Seljuq Sultan Ahmed Sanjar was defeated by the Qara Khitai at the battle of Qatwan , and Anush Tigin's grandson Ala ad-Din Atsiz became a vassal to Yelü Dashi of the Qara Khitan . Sultan Ahmed Sanjar died in 1156. As the Seljuk state fell into chaos, the Khwarezm-Shahs expanded their territories southward. In 1194,

1083-552: The " Fifty fortresses oasis ". Chorasmia remained relatively sheltered from the interests of the Seleucid Empire or Greco-Bactria, but various elements of Hellenistic art appear in the ruins of Chorasmian cities, particularly at Akchakhan-Kala , and the influence of the Greco-Buddhist art of Gandhara , reflecting the rise of Kushan Empire , appears at Toprak-Kala . The early rulers of Chorasmia first imitated

1140-576: The Achaemenid Empire had a great influence on the material culture of Chorasmia, starting a period of rich economic and cultural development. Chorasmian troops participated in the Second Persian invasion of Greece by Xerxes in the 480 BC, under the command of Achaemenid general and later satrap Artabazos I of Phrygia . By the time of the Persian king Darius III , Khwarazm had already become an independent kingdom. Chorasmia

1197-702: The Bayuli tribe of the Kazakhs settled and the remaining Turkmens left it in 1840 except a group of families of the Cawdor tribe. The peninsula was subject to conflict between Khiva and Russia; each party wanted to have the Kazakhs. In 1846, the Russians built a fort in Karagan named Novo-Petrovskoye that in 1859 was renamed Fort Alexandrovskiy. Russian domination of it began with the occupation of Krasnovodsk , located in

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1254-625: The Great sent an expedition led by the unfortunate Bekovich-Cherkassky , who established three forts on the coast of the Caspian Sea, but they were abandoned after one year. Then there were several Russian scientific expeditions. In 1834 they founded on the south coast of the Bay of Mertviy Kultuk a permanent garrison at Novo-Petrovskoye. This caused a conflict with the Khan of Khiva and an abortive military campaign between 1839 and 1840. During this period,

1311-684: The Islamic " amir of Khwarezm" ( امیر خوارزم ), or even the Khwarezmid Empire , sources such as Al-Biruni and Ibn Khordadbeh and others clearly refer to Khwarezm as being part of the Iranian (Persian) empire. During the reign of Khosrow II , extensive areas of Khwarezm were conquered. The fact that Pahlavi script which was used by the Persian bureaucracy alongside Old Persian , passed into use in Khwarezmia where it served as

1368-659: The Kushan rulers Vima Kadphises and Kanishka . From the 2nd century AD, Chorasmia became part of the vast cultural sphere corresponding to the rise of the Kushan Empire in the east. Under Shapur I , the Sasanian Empire spread as far as Khwarezm. Yaqut al-Hamawi verifies that Khwarezm was a regional capital of the Sassanid empire. When speaking of the pre-Islamic " khosrau of Khwarezm" ( خسرو خوارزم ),

1425-659: The Mongols near the Caspian Sea, while his son Jalal ad-Din , after being defeated by Genghis Khan at the Battle of Indus , sought refuge with the Delhi Sultanate , and was later assassinated after various attempts to defeat the Mongols and the Seljuks . In 1360 there arose in Ḵwarazm an independent minor dynasty of Qunghrat Turks, the Ṣūfīs, but Solaymān Ṣūfī was crushed by Timur in 1388. The Islamization of Khwarazm

1482-711: The Qara Khitai who sent him an army. With this reinforcement, Muhammad won a victory over the Ghorids at Hezarasp (1204) and forced them out of Khwarizm. The Khwarezmid Empire ruled over all of Persia in the early 13th century under Shah ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn Muhammad II (1200–1220). From 1218 to 1220, Genghis Khan conquered Central Asia including the Kara-Khitai Khanate , thus ending the Khwarezmid Empire. Sultan Muhammad died after retreating from

1539-773: The Timurids and the Golden Horde, but in 1511 it passed to a new, local Uzbek dynasty, the ʿArabshahids. This, together with a shift in the course of the Amu-Darya, caused the center of Khwarezm to shift to Khiva , which became in the 16th century the capital of the Khanate of Khiva , ruled over by the dynasty of the Arabshahids . Khiva Khanate is the name of Khwarazm adopted in the Russian historical tradition during

1596-476: The area in the days of the Soviet Union , drilling commenced, and much of the area was built up around the industry. The territory of Mangystau includes varied landscapes and desert lands: Caspian lowland, plateaus (Usturt, Mangyshlak, Kendirli-Kayasan), mountains (Aktau, Karatau), cavities, desert, mountains and mountain ridges. That kind of landscape forms an original multigraded labyrinth, painted with green, yellow, pink and red sediment of loam. The highest point

1653-615: The banks of the Amu Darya during the reign of Russia's Peter the Great , together with the desire of the Russian Empire to open a trade route to the Indus (modern day Pakistan ), prompted an armed trade expedition to the region, led by Prince Alexander Bekovich-Cherkassky , which was repelled by Khiva. During the reign of the Uzbek Khan Said Muhammad Khan (1856–1864) in the 1850s, for the first time in

1710-582: The coinage of the Greco-Bactrian ruler Eucratides I . Parthian artistic influences have also been described. From the 1st century BC, Chorasmia developed original coins inspired from Greco-Bactrian, Parthian, and Indo-Scythian types. Artav (Artabanus), a Chorasmian ruler of the 1st–2nd century AD, whose coins were discovered in the capital city of Toprak-Kala, imitated the type of the Kushan Heraios and were found together with coins of

1767-410: The deep-sea nature of the ecosystem represented. The first written sources on Mangystau Region date back to the 9th century AD. According to Arabic geographers, it was uninhabited until the tenth century when groups opposing the Turkmen Oghuz settled and found sources of water and grassland. The mountain called Binkishlah (unidentified) would have marked the border between Khwarezm and the Khanate of

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1824-409: The final Saka phase, there were about 400 settlements in Khwarezm. Ruled by the native Afrighid dynasty , it was at this point that Khwarezm entered the historical record with the Achaemenid expansion . An East Iranian language, Khwarezmian was spoken in Khwarezm proper (i.e., the lower Amu Darya region) until soon after the Mongol invasion , when it was replaced by Turkic languages . It

1881-449: The first local alphabet about the AD 2nd century, as well as evidence that Khwarezm-Shahs such as ʿAlā al-Dīn Tekish (1172–1200) issued all their orders (both administrative and public) in Persian language , corroborates Al-Biruni's claims. It was also a vassal kingdom during periods of Kushans , Hephthalites and Gokturks power before the coming of the Arabs. Per Al-Biruni , the Afrighids of Kath ( آفریغیان-آل آفریغ ) were

1938-429: The history of Khwarazm, a general population census of Khwarazm was carried out. It was under Tsars Alexander II and Alexander III that serious efforts to annex the region started. One of the main pretexts for Russian military expeditions to Khiva was to free Russian slaves in the khanate and to prevent future slave capture and trade. Early in The Great Game , Russian interests in the region collided with those of

1995-490: The islands' shores, hence the name of the group. The islands have been declared an Important Bird Area and a National Protected Zone (State Reservation). There are large concentrations of seagulls and wetland birds, like coots , wild ducks , swans , egrets , and waders in the archipelago during their nesting period. The Tyuleniy island group is also an important breeding ground for the Sandwich tern ( Thalasseus sandvicensis ). This Kazakhstan location article

2052-423: The last Sultan of the Great Seljuq Empire , Toghrul III , was defeated and killed by the Khwarezm ruler Ala ad-Din Tekish , who conquered parts of Khorasan and western Iran. In 1200, Tekish died and was succeeded by his son, Ala ad-Din Muhammad , who initiated a conflict with the Ghurids and was defeated by them at Amu Darya (1204). Following the sack of Khwarizm, Muhammad appealed for aid from his suzerain ,

2109-518: The madrasahs were in the city of Khiva (38). After the Bolshevik seizure of power in the October Revolution , a short-lived Khorezm People's Soviet Republic (later the Khorezm SSR) was created out of the territory of the old Khanate of Khiva, before in 1924 it was finally incorporated into the Soviet Union , with the former Khanate divided between the new Turkmen SSR , Uzbek SSR and Karakalpakstan ASSR (initially part of Kazakh ASSR as Karakalpak Oblast). The larger historical area of Khwarezm

2166-405: The modern city of Urgench some distance away) again became one of the largest and most important trading centers in Central Asia. In the mid-14th century Khwarezm gained independence from the Golden Horde under the Sufid dynasty. However, Timur regarded Khwarezm as a rival to Samarkand , and over the course of five campaigns, destroyed Urganch in 1388. Control of the region was disputed by

2223-426: The most powerful kingdom northwest of the Amu Darya (the Oxus River of antiquity). The king's emissary offered to lead Alexander's armies against his own enemies, west over the Caspian towards the Black Sea (e.g. Kingdom of Iberia and Colchis ). Khwarezm was largely independent during the Seleucid , Greco-Bactrian and Arsacid dynasties. Numerous fortresses were built, and the Khwarazm oasis has been dubbed

2280-775: The name is Xvairizem ; in Old Persian 𐎢𐎺𐎠𐎼𐏀𐎷𐎡𐏁 u-v-a-r-z-mi-i-š or 𐎢𐎺𐎠𐎼𐏀𐎷𐎡𐎹 u-v-a-r-z-mi-i-y (/ Uvārazmī-/); in Modern Persian : خوارزم Xārazm ; in Arabic : خَـوَارِزْم Khawārizm ; in Old Chinese * qʰaljɯʔmriɡ ( 呼似密 ); in Modern Chinese Huālázǐmó ( 花剌子模 / Xiao'erjing : خُوَلاذِمُوْ); in Tajik : Хоразм , Xorazm , خوارَزم; in Kazakh : Хорезм ( Xorezm ), حورەزم; in Uzbek : Xorazm , Хоразм , خورەزم; in Turkmen : Horezm , Хорезм , خوْرِزم; in Azerbaijani : Xarəzm , Харәзм ; in Turkish : Harezm ; in Greek language Χορασμία ( Chorasmía ) and Χορασίμα ( Chorasíma ) by Herodotus . The Arab geographer Yaqut al-Hamawi in his Muʿǧam al-Buldan wrote that

2337-432: The name was a Persian compound of khwar ( خوار ), and razm ( رزم ), referring to the abundance of cooked fish as a main diet of the peoples of this area. C.E. Bosworth , however, believed the Persian name to be made up of xor ( خور 'the sun') and zam ( زم 'earth, land'), designating 'the land from which the sun rises', although a similar etymology is also given for Khurasan . Another view

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2394-699: The north by the (former) Aral Sea , on the east by the Kyzylkum Desert , on the south by the Karakum Desert , and on the west by the Ustyurt Plateau . It was the center of the Iranian Khwarezmian civilization, and a series of kingdoms such as the Afrighid dynasty and the Anushtegin dynasty , whose capitals were (among others) Kath , Gurganj (now Konye-Urgench ) and—from the 16th century on— Khiva . Today Khwarazm belongs partly to Uzbekistan and partly to Turkmenistan . Khwarazm has been known also as Chorasmia , Khaurism , Khwarezm , Khwarezmia , Khwarizm , Khwarazm , Khorezm , Khoresm , Khorasam , Kharazm , Harezm , Horezm , and Chorezm . In Avestan

2451-405: The period of its existence (1512–1920). The Khiva Khanate was one of the Uzbek khanates . The term "Khiva Khanate" was used for the state in Khwarazm that existed from the beginning of the 16th century until 1920. The term "Khiva Khanate" was not used by the locals, who used the name Khvarazm. In Russian sources the term Khiva Khanate began to be used from the 18th century. The rumors of gold on

2508-435: The popular convert's name of ʿAbdullah ('slave of God'). In the course of the 10th century—when some geographers such as Istakhri in his Al-Masalik wa-l-mamalik mention Khwarezm as part of Khorasan and Transoxiania —the local Ma'munids , based in Gurganj on the left bank of the Amu Darya, grew in economic and political importance due to trade caravans. In 995, they violently overthrew the Afrighids and themselves assumed

2565-413: The pressure of Turkic infiltration from northern Khwarezm southwards, leading to the disappearance of the original Iranian character of the province and its complete Turkicization today. Khwarezmian speech probably lasted in upper Khwarezm, the region round Hazarasp , till the end of the 8th/14th century. The Khwarezmian language survived for several centuries after Islam until the Turkification of

2622-466: The region - Aqtau, Fort-Shevchenko, and Zhanaozen - have city or town status. As of 2021, the Mangystau Region has a population of 735,008. Ethnic groups (2020): Khwarezm Khwarazm ( / x w ə ˈ r æ z ə m / ; Old Persian : Hwârazmiya ; Persian : خوارزم , Xwârazm or Xârazm ) or Chorasmia ( / k ə ˈ r æ z m i ə / ) is a large oasis region on the Amu Darya river delta in western Central Asia , bordered on

2679-458: The region, and so must some at least of the culture and lore of ancient Khwarezm, for it is hard to see the commanding figure of Al-Biruni, a repository of so much knowledge, appearing in a cultural vacuum. The Achaemenid Empire took control of Chorasmia during the time of King Darius I (ruled 522–486 BC). And the Persian poet Ferdowsi mentions Persian cities like Afrasiab and Chach in abundance in his epic Shahnama . The contact with

2736-413: The southern part of it in 1869. At the same time, Russians established Mangyshlak district which was subordinated to the Viceroyalty of Caucasus. The Khanate of Khiva renounced possession of this peninsula in favor of the Russians in 1873. It was attached to Russia as an uyezd of Transcaspian Oblast in 1881. The fate of the government following the 1917 revolution was in the hands of the Mensheviks. After

2793-431: The traditional title of Khwarazm-Shah. Briefly, the area was under Samanid suzerainty, before it passed to Mahmud of Ghazni in 1017. From then on, Turko-Mongolian invasions and long rule by Turko-Mongol dynasties supplanted the Iranian character of the region although the title of Khwarezm-Shah was maintained well up to the 13th century. The date of the founding of the Khwarazmian dynasty remains debatable. During

2850-457: The whole peninsula. During Khwarezmshah rule, it was part of firstly Gorgan province, later Mazandaran Province . In 1221, the Mongols occupied it. It was later passed to successively Golden Horde , Nogai Horde , Uzbek Khanate and Kazakh Khanate , but its population decreased after gradual drying of the steppe and Kalmyk raids began in 1620. Some Salur and Ersari Turkmens left the region and migrated to Russia. In 1670, Anusha Khan who

2907-420: Was Khwarezm has a mixed population of Uzbeks , Karakalpaks , Turkmens , Tajiks , Tatars , and Kazakhs . Khwarezm and her cities appear in Persian literature in abundance, in both prose and poetry. Dehkhoda for example defines the name Bukhara itself as "full of knowledge", referring to the fact that in antiquity, Bukhara was a scientific and scholarship powerhouse. Rumi verifies this when he praises

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2964-522: Was closely related to Sogdian . Other than the astronomical terms used by the native Iranian Khwarezmian speaker Al-Biruni , our other sources of Khwarezmian include al-Zamakhshari 's Arabic – Persian –Khwarezmian dictionary and several legal texts that use Khwarezmian terms to explain certain legal concepts. For most of its history, up until the Mongol conquest, the inhabitants of the area were from Iranian stock, and they spoke an Eastern Iranian language called Khwarezmian. The scientist Al-Biruni,

3021-513: Was founded as Shevchenko in 1964. In 1973, the area split from Gur’yev oblast and was named Mangyshlak Oblast. This earlier version of the region was liquidated in 1988 but was restored in 1990 with the new name, Mangystau Oblast. After the independence of Kazakhstan, its capital was renamed from Shevchenko to Aqtau. The region is administratively divided into five districts and two cities of regional significance: Aqtau and Zhanaozen . The districts with their populations are: Three localities in

3078-463: Was involved in the conquests of Alexander the Great in Central Asia . When the king of Khwarezm offered friendship to Alexander in 328 BC, Alexander's Greek and Roman biographers imagined the nomad king of a desert waste, but 20th-century Russian archeologists revealed the region as a stable and centralized kingdom, a land of agriculture to the east of the Aral Sea , surrounded by the nomads of Central Asia, protected by its army of mailed horsemen, in

3135-470: Was reflected in the creation of literary, scientific and religious works and in the translation of Arabic works into the Turkic language. In the Suleymaniye Library in Istanbul, the Koran is kept with an interlinear translation into Turkic, written in Khwarazm and dated (January – February 1363). The region of Khwarezm was split between the White Horde and Jagatai Khanate , and its rebuilt capital Gurganj (modern Kunya Urgench , "Old Gorganj" as opposed to

3192-443: Was renamed the Kazakh Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, all within the Russian RFSS. On December 5, 1936, it was elevated to Kazakh SSR, but a narrow strip of the southern coastal bay fronting Kara Boghaz was ceded to Turkmen SSR at the same time. In 1937, this peninsula became part of Gur'yev Oblast with the Kazakh part of Ustyurt Plateau , and a new department was formed with its capital Fort-Shevchenko. Its current capital

3249-410: Was the khan of Khiva asked the Russian government to build a fortress to protect the peninsula for securing trade between Russia and Khwarezm. Puntsuk Monchak and Ayuka (1670-1724) deported most of the Cawdor and Igdir groups of Turkmenistan to the Volga basin. For protecting trade, Anusha Khan annexed it to his territories in 1676 and built a fort at the port of Karagan in 1687. The Russians under Peter

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