126-690: Tyrol ( / t ɪ ˈ r oʊ l , t aɪ ˈ r oʊ l , ˈ t aɪ r oʊ l / tih- ROHL , ty- ROHL , TY -rohl ; historically the Tyrole ; Austrian German : Tirol [tiˈʁoːl] ; Italian : Tirolo ) is a historical region in the Alps of Northern Italy and western Austria . The area was historically the core of the County of Tyrol , part of the Holy Roman Empire , Austrian Empire and Austria-Hungary , from its formation in
252-558: A cause of significant friction with Italy and was brought to the General Assembly of the United Nations in 1960, which called for a resolution of the issue. A fresh round of negotiations took place in 1961 but proved unsuccessful, partly because of the campaign of terrorism by South Tyrolean Liberation Committee – a secessionist movement – against Italian police and electric power structures (one notable incident being
378-714: A late-Roman fort and travellers' hostel in Zirl, Tyrol . There seems to be no scholarly consensus. Tyrol has an area of 26,673 km. The region consists of the State of Tyrol , the Province of South Tyrol and the Province of Trento . In addition to the region belong the municipalities Cortina d'Ampezzo , Livinallongo del Col di Lana , Colle Santa Lucia and Pedemonte from the Region of Veneto and Valvestino and Magasa from
504-531: A later stage): In 1911 Zwölfmalgreien and in late 1925 the Gries municipality were incorporated in the Bolzano civic district. Neighbouring communities are: Eppan , Karneid , Laives , Deutschnofen , Ritten , Jenesien , Terlan and Vadena . Being located at multiple climate borders, Bolzano features a humid subtropical climate ( Cfa ) with hot summers and very cold winters by Italian standards. According to
630-532: A member of the European Union , 23 food-related terms were listed in its accession agreement as having the same legal status as the equivalent terms used in Germany, for example, the words for "potato", "tomato", and "Brussels sprouts". (Examples in " Vocabulary ") Austrian German is the only variety of a pluricentric language recognized under international law or EU primary law. In Austria , as in
756-431: A very traditional form of the language, probably derived from medieval deeds and documents, and has a very complex structure and vocabulary generally reserved for such documents. For most speakers (even native speakers), this form of the language is generally difficult to understand, as it contains many highly specialised terms for diplomatic, internal, official, and military matters. There are no regional variations because
882-628: Is Venetian eastern ones, in central Trentino a transitional dialect between the lombard language and the venetian language is spoken. In the Austrian state of Tyrol , the German language is used by a large majority. As in many other regions in German-speaking countries, Tyrol also has its own German-language dialect. The Tyrolean dialect comes from the Bavarian language. In South Tyrol ,
1008-540: Is a private research centre headquartered in Bolzano. The research facility was founded in 1992 and initially had 12 employees. Meanwhile, the Center for Applied Research has more than 300 employees. The topics of this institution include, for example, "Liveable Regions", "Diversity as Added Value" and "Healthy Society". The research has focused more on the Alpine region. Since 2002, the site has been located on Drusus Street, in
1134-902: Is a strong cooperative system in Tyrol. South of Tyrol, in the Region of Trentino-South Tyrol , the cultivation of apples and wine plays an important role. So every tenth apple in Europe comes from South Tyrol . Known wines in Trentino-South Tyrol are the Vernatsch , the Lagrein , the Gewürztraminer and the Weißburgunder . Livestock, grazing and forestry are important at higher elevations and in more northerly areas. Mainly cattle, sheep, goats and pigs are kept. Accordingly,
1260-535: Is above the EU average, which amounted to 28,900 euros/capita in 2015. The Region of Trentino-South Tyrol is, in terms of GDP/capita, the wealthiest region in Italy with 37,813 euros/capita in 2015. Agriculture and forestry occupy a special position in Tyrol. The many small and medium-sized farms have shaped the landscape and culture in Tyrol for many centuries. In order to be competitive with larger farms outside Tyrol, there
1386-832: Is also evidence of the Urnfield culture (roughly 1300–750 BC). Evidence of the La Tène culture (roughly 450–100 BC, during the Iron Age ) has also been found; as has evidence of the Fritzens-Sanzeno culture from about the same period. Toward the end of that time, Tyrol began to be noted in Roman written records. The inhabitants may have been Illyrians , in the process of being displaced by Celts (perhaps themselves displaced from Noricum by Proto-Slavs ). There are also indications that Adriatic Veneti may have been present in
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#17327755014311512-701: Is also home to the Italian Army 's Alpini High Command ( COMALP ) and some of its combat and support units. In the 2020 version of the annual ranking of quality of life in Italian cities, Bolzano was ranked joint first for quality of life alongside Bologna . Along with other Alpine towns in South Tyrol, Bolzano engages in the Alpine Town of the Year Association for the implementation of
1638-578: Is based on has research institutes, companies and start-ups from South Tyrol and all over the globe working together to prepare the ground for a sustainable development. Working with representatives from South Tyrol's business and research communities, BLS and TIS innovation park have developed the park's "Nature of Innovation" positioning title, the initials of which give the park its name: NOI. The name reflects two meanings in South Tyrol: depending on how you want to pronounce it, NOI can either sound like
1764-451: Is connected to the motorway network A22 - E45 to Trento and Verona and to Innsbruck (Austria) and Munich (Germany). In Bolzano South there is a transport hub that connects the dual carriageway MeBo with the A22 motorway. The dual carriageway MeBo ( Merano - Bolzano) was completed in 1997 to quickly connect the two metropolitan areas of South Tyrol , Merano and Bolzano, and to relieve
1890-540: Is generated by hydropower . The most important sector in Tyrol is the tertiary sector. Especially tourism has a special position in this region. Due to the connection of the areas by the railway in the 19th century, many villages in Tyrol developed into popular tourism locations. The construction of the Brenner motorway in the 1960s gave the region in the 20th century a renewed upswing in the tourism branch. Today, Merano , Kitzbühel , Cortina or Riva del Garda are among
2016-484: Is in Italian and German. The conservatory "Claudio Monteverdi" is a college of music in Bolzano. The conservatory was founded in 1927 and has since been named after the former Italian composer Claudio Monteverdi . The rooms of the conservatory are located in the Dominican monastery . The Academy of Music gained international recognition through the biennial Ferruccio Busoni International Piano Competition . Bolzano
2142-452: Is influenced by its low altitude in a valley south of the main Alps. This causes very sheltered conditions from cool winds during daytime, ensuring much warmer temperatures year-round than in similar valley cities north of the range. According to the 2011 census, 73.80% of the city's inhabitants spoke Italian , 25.52% German and 0.68% Ladin as their first language . Through fascism and
2268-513: Is offered in Markhardt, Heidemarie: Wörterbuch der österreichischen Rechts-, Wirtschafts- und Verwaltungsterminologie (Peter Lang, 2006). Because of German's pluricentric nature, German dialects in Austria should not be confused with the variety of Standard Austrian German spoken by most Austrians, which is distinct from that of Germany or Switzerland . In the field of German dialectology,
2394-489: Is served by Frecciarossa and Frecciargento trains of Trenitalia , Italo EVO of Nuovo Trasporto Viaggiatori (from August 2018) and EuroCity trains of ÖBB . A two-line light rail network is planned to serve Bolzano, at a length of 7.2 km ( 4 + 1 ⁄ 2 miles) with 17 stops, with a projected cost of €192 million. There is a 50-kilometre (30 mi) network of cycle paths, and about 30% of journeys in Bolzano are made by bicycle. Until summer 2015 there
2520-592: Is the capital city of South Tyrol (officially the province of Bolzano), Northern Italy . With a population of 108,245, Bolzano is also by far the largest city in South Tyrol and the third largest in historical Tyrol . The greater metro area has about 250,000 inhabitants and is one of the urban centres within the Alps . Bolzano is the seat of the Free University of Bozen-Bolzano , where lectures and seminars are held in English, German, and Italian. The city
2646-404: Is the great independence of the two Provinces of Bolzano and Trento . By the second statute of autonomy in 1972, the province of Bolzano acquired much of the region's competences and since then has been mostly independent of the province of Trento. The second autonomy statute enabled the linguistic minorities to be better protected. The regional council of Trentino-South Tyrol , which consists of
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#17327755014312772-737: Is the part of the European route E45 . The dual carriageway from Merano to Bolzano (MeBo) ends in Bolzano South in the Brenner motorway. Important road section in Trentino , next to the Brenner motorway, is the SS 47 (Strada Statale 47), which connects via Sugana Valley Trento with Padova . A large part of this route is dual-lane and flows into the Brenner state road (SS 12). Due to the Alps , there are many mountain passes that connect valleys. The most important pass roads for transit trade are
2898-457: Is the variety of Standard German written and spoken in Austria and South Tyrol . It has the highest sociolinguistic prestige locally, as it is the variation used in the media and for other formal situations. In less formal situations, Austrians use Bavarian and Alemannic dialects , which are traditionally spoken but rarely written in Austria. It has been standardized with the publishing of
3024-523: Is to investigate how humans react to extreme climatic conditions. Even machines can be tested in this simulator. Fraunhofer Italia is a subsidiary of Fraunhofer Gesellschaft and is headquartered in Bolzano. The company was founded in 2009 and since then specializes in areas such as "Automation and Mechatronic Engineering" and "Process Engineering in Construction". The Organization for Applied Research seeks to help small and medium-sized enterprises in
3150-527: Is used in Austria, as in Germany but not in Switzerland. Distinctions in vocabulary persist, for example, in culinary terms, for which communication with Germans is frequently difficult, and administrative and legal language because of Austria's exclusion from the development of a German nation-state in the late 19th century and its manifold particular traditions. A comprehensive collection of Austrian-German legal, administrative and economic terms
3276-693: Is usually offered with intercity buses or city buses. The city of Innsbruck has its own tram network. Another tram is located in Ritten . The cities of Bolzano , Merano and Trento formerly had their own tram network, but these were displaced and replaced by the city buses and private transport in the 50s and 60s. Austrian German language Austrian German ( German : Österreichisches Deutsch ), Austrian Standard German ( ASG ), Standard Austrian German ( Österreichisches Standarddeutsch ), Austrian High German ( Österreichisches Hochdeutsch ), or simply just Austrian ( Österreichisch ),
3402-677: Is very rarely used in Austria, especially in the spoken language , with the exception of some modal verbs ( ich sollte , ich wollte ). There are many official terms that differ in Austrian German from their usage in most parts of Germany . Words used in Austria are Jänner (January) rather than Januar , Feber (seldom, February) along with Februar , heuer (this year) along with dieses Jahr , Stiege (stairs) along with Treppen , Rauchfang (chimney) instead of Schornstein , many administrative, legal and political terms, and many food terms, including
3528-416: The Österreichisches Wörterbuch in 1951. Austrian German has its beginning in the mid-18th century, when Empress Maria Theresa and her son Joseph II introduced compulsory schooling in 1774, and several reforms of administration in their multilingual Habsburg Empire . At the time, the written standard was Oberdeutsche Schreibsprache ( Upper German written language), which was highly influenced by
3654-508: The Adige , Inn and Drau . The region is characterized by many valleys. Some of these valleys are still difficult to reach today. The most important valleys are the Inn Valley and Adige Valley . A large part of the population lives in these two valleys and also the five largest cities of Tyrol ( Innsbruck , Bolzano , Trento , Merano , and Rovereto ) lie in these valleys. For centuries,
3780-478: The Bavarian and Alemannic dialects of Austria. Another option was to create a new standard based on the Southern German dialects, as proposed by the linguist Johann Siegmund Popowitsch . Instead they decided for pragmatic reasons to adopt the already-standardized chancellery language of Saxony ( Sächsische Kanzleisprache or Meißner Kanzleideutsch ), which was based on the administrative language of
3906-838: The Bolzano Airport currently offers charter flights. There are other small airfields in Toblach , Kufstein , St. Johann in Tirol , Reutte and Cortina . The airfield in Cortina was closed in 1976 due to a crash. Highways in Tyrol are the Brenner motorway and the Inntal motorway. The Brenner motorway runs from Innsbruck (in Austria A13 ) to Modena (in Italy A22 ). Together with the Inntal motorway from Innsbruck to Kufstein
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4032-593: The Brenner Pass . This means that two times more trucks travel on the Brenner Route than in all four Alpine crossing roads in Switzerland together. Tyrol is known as a transit route. The most important route between northern and southern Europe, the Brenner route, traverses the entire region. At 1370 m above the Adriatic, the Brenner Pass is the lowest pass crossing of the main chain of the Alps . Due to
4158-572: The Chalcolithic or Copper Age, after man had learned how to exploit copper but before man had learned how to make bronze. His body and belongings were very well-preserved, and have been subjected to detailed scientific study. They are preserved in the South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology , Bolzano , South Tyrol, Italy. There is evidence that Tyrol was a center for copper mining in the 4th millennium BC; for example, at Brixlegg . There
4284-707: The County of Gorizia . On the other hand, the Montafon and the Unterengadin were Tyrolean. Tyrol was of great strategic importance to the Habsburgs. It controlled several important Alpine passes. It connected their landholdings in Further Austria . In 1406, as the Habsburg lands were split up by inheritance, Tyrol once again became a separate entity (a Landstand ), in which the greater landowners had
4410-719: The County of Tyrol , within the Austrian Empire and subsequently the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary in 1867. The County covered both modern-day South Tyrol , Trentino and the federal state of Tyrol (including East Tyrol ) in Austria. In 1915, the Triple Entente powers promised Italy territorial gains if she would enter the First World War on the side of the Entente instead of siding with
4536-632: The German Empire and Austria-Hungary . When Italy abandoned the Triple Alliance (1882) , the Entente offered her territorial promises in Tyrol and Istria . This secret arrangement was confirmed in the Treaty of London (1915) . After Italy declared war on Austria-Hungary on May 24, 1915, heavy fighting took place all along Tyrol's southern border for the entire duration of the conflict. For
4662-560: The German-speaking parts of Switzerland and in southern Germany , verbs that express a state tend to use sein as the auxiliary verb in the perfect , as well as verbs of movement. Verbs which fall into this category include sitzen (to sit), liegen (to lie) and, in parts of Styria and Carinthia , schlafen (to sleep). Therefore, the perfect of these verbs would be ich bin gesessen , ich bin gelegen and ich bin geschlafen , respectively. In Germany,
4788-522: The Holy Roman Empire . In 1277 Bolzano was conquered by Meinhard II , the Count of Tyrol, leading to a struggle between the counts of Tyrol and the bishops of Trent. In 1363, the County of Tyrol passed to the Austrian House of Habsburg . In 1381, Duke Leopold granted the citizens of Bolzano the privilege of a town council. This gradually eliminated the influence and power previously held by
4914-626: The Italianization policy under Benito Mussolini in the inter-war period, the Italian language group became the majority in Bolzano. Prior to the annexation of South Tyrol to Italy ( Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye , 1919) a small Italophone community of up to 10% of the population already lived in Bolzano. The modern-day Bolzano was in ancient times a marshy region inhabited by the Raetian Isarci people, traditionally believed to be descendants of Etruscan refugees fleeing Italy from
5040-513: The Night of Fire on 12 June 1961). The issue was resolved in 1971, when a new statute of autonomy for the smaller, majority German-speaking province Bozen – Südtirol/Bolzano – Alto Adige , which was supported by the German-speaking population of South Tyrol, was granted by Italy. It resulted in a considerable level of self-government, also due to the large financial resources of South Tyrol, which retains almost 90% of all levied taxes. The agreement
5166-650: The Reschen Pass and Brenner Pass . Popular pass roads include the Stelvio Pass , Arlberg Pass , Karer Pass , Mendel Pass and the Gardena Pass . The Provinces of Trento and Bolzano have been responsible for the preservation and management of the state roads in their provinces since 1998. The most important railway line in Tyrol is the Brenner Line via the Brenner Pass . The Brenner Railway
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5292-707: The Roman Empire . Raetia included Vinschgau, Burggrafenamt, Eisacktal, Wipptal, Oberinntal and parts of the Unterinntal. Noricum included Pustertal, Defereggen and parts of the Unterinntal to the right of the Ziller and the Inn. Bolzano and the extreme south of Tyrol belonged to the province of Venetia et Histria . The inhabitants adopted the Latin Language called vulgar Latin or the everyday spoken version vs.
5418-431: The Third Reich were subjected to full-scale Italianisation, including loss of their German names and national identity, prohibition of schooling in German and use of German for their daily transactions. During the Second World War , Bolzano was the site of the Nazis ' Bolzano Transit Camp , a concentration camp for persecuted Jews and political prisoners. Members of the Jewish population of Bolzano were deported to
5544-446: The Tischofer Cave . They date from the Palaeolithic , about 28,000–27,000 BP . The same cave has also yielded evidence of human occupation during the Bronze Age (very roughly, 4000–3000 BP (2000–1000 BC)). In 1991, the mummified remains of a man who had died around 3300–3100 BC were discovered in a glacier in the Ötztal Alps , in Tyrol. Researchers have called him Ötzi (and also other names, including "The Iceman"). He lived during
5670-446: The Treaty of Schärding [ de ] , under which (for suitable compensation) the Wittelsbachs agreed to relinquish their claims to Tyrol in favour of the Habsburgs. When the Habsburgs took control of Tyrol, it had roughly its modern size. However, the Unterinntal downstream from Schwaz still belonged to Bavaria; the Zillertal and Brixental to Salzburg ; Brixen and the Pustertal were episcopal territories, or part of
5796-410: The Tyrol–South Tyrol–Trentino Euroregion . It lacks individual communities that are outside the Euroregion. As there are no 10,000 inhabitants living in these communities, the statistics hardly distort the territory of Tyrol and the remaining 1.8 million inhabitants. Tyrol had a total GDP of 67.6 billion euros in 2014. Divided into individual countries, the State of Tyrol generated 28.8 billion euros,
5922-424: The state of Tyrol in the new rump Austrian republic . In 1945 following World War II , Austrian attempts and South Tyrolean petitions to reunite South Tyrol with Austria were not successful, but from 1972 onward, the Italian Republic has granted further autonomy to the Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol region. The Tyrol–South Tyrol–Trentino Euroregion was founded in 1998. The aim is to strengthen cooperation between
6048-441: The 12th century until 1919. In 1919, following World War I and the dissolution of Austria-Hungary , it was divided into two modern administrative parts through the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye : With the founding of the European region Tyrol-South Tyrol-Trentino the area has its own legal entity since 2011 in the form of a European Grouping for Territorial Cooperation . According to Egon Kühebacher [ de ] ,
6174-408: The 1920s onwards to September 8, 1943, when Italy left the military alliance with Nazi Germany and South Tyrol fell under direct German control. The goal of such programme was to outnumber the local German-speaking population by tripling Bolzano's population through Italian immigration from other regions of Italy. In 1927 Bolzano became the capital of the province of Bolzano. Any reference to and use of
6300-405: The 1930s has now been mostly dismantled. The local economy is very dependent on the public sector and especially the provincial government. Bolzano is the biggest city in South Tyrol, which is an autonomous province in Northern Italy with a special statute. This statute preserves the rights of the German-speaking minority in Italy. This unique system was admired by the Dalai Lama , who visited
6426-425: The Alpine Convention. The Convention aims to promote and achieve sustainable development in the Alpine Arc. Consequently, Bolzano was awarded the 2009 Alpine Town of the Year. Bolzano is considered a bridge between Northern Europe and Southern Europe due to the three spoken languages in South Tyrol ( Italian , German , and Ladin ) and the confluence of the Italian and German - Austrian cultures. The area of
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#17327755014316552-438: The Bajuvarians, settled in east Tyrol. Most of Tyrol came under the control of the Duchy of Bavaria (created c. 555 ). The southern parts, including Bolzano, Salorno , and the right bank of the Adige (including Eppan and Kaltern ) remained under the Lombards. Tyrol was Christianized through the bishoprics of Brixen and Triento . The frontier remained the same though Carolingian and Ottonian times. The area
6678-418: The Bavarian troops were killed or driven out. The Tyroleans, led by Andreas Hofer , fought mainly as mobile sharpshooters, but despite their success, Austria's defeat in the wider War of the Fifth Coalition confirmed Bavarian rule in Tyrol, but with southern Tyrol (roughly contemporary Trentino with Bozen and its hinterland) transferred to Napoleon's Kingdom of Italy . Tyrol was reunified and returned to
6804-420: The Bavarians named the nearby villages around Bolzano Bauzanum or Bauzana . In 769 Tassilo III, Duke of Bavaria issued in Bolzano the foundation charter of the Innichen Abbey . German populations have been present in the region of Tyrol from that period onwards. At around the year 1000, the settlement is called "in Pauzana valle, quae lingua Teutisca Pozana nuncupatur". In 1027 the area of Bolzano and
6930-485: The Drautal railway, the railway line Bolzano-Merano and the continuation of the Vinschgau railway, the Trento–Malè–Mezzana railway and the Valsugana railway , which leads from Trento to Venice over the Sugana Valley . Cross-border connections are offered only a few. The ÖBB travels over the Brenner Pass on the Eurocity trains and several regional trains connect South Tyrol with North Tyrol an East Tyrol . The Euroregion Tyrol-South Tyrol-Trentino has set itself
7056-465: The Duchy of Bavaria; though not without dispute. In 1228, they conceded the Saalforste [ de ] to the House of Wittelsbach , rulers of Bavaria; as a result, that area remains part of Bavaria to this day. In 1253, rulership of the County passed by inheritance to the Meinhardiner family . In 1335, the last male heir to the Meinhardiner lands, Henry of Bohemia , died. His daughter, Margaret , thereupon became Countess of Tyrol; but her title
7182-422: The Euroregion has a joint office in Brussels since 1995. The headquarters of the office is in Bolzano . Joint decisions are taken by organized three diet (in German: Dreier-Landtag ), which have been held since 1991 mostly every two to three years with the state Diets of Trento (provincial council of Trentino), Bolzano (provincial council of South Tyrol) and Innsbruck (state council of Tyrol (State)). In 2011,
7308-411: The Habsburgs following the downfall of Napoleon and decisions at the Congress of Vienna in 1814. Integrated into the Austrian Empire , from 1867 onwards, it was a Kronland ( crown land ) of Cisleithania , the western half of Austria-Hungary . After World War I , the victors ruled in 1919 that the southern part of the Austrian crown land of Tyrol was to be ceded to the Kingdom of Italy , including
7434-469: The Italian word for "we" or the South Tyrolean dialect word for "new". A special focus lies on those fields: The Free University of Bolzano-Bozen , founded in October 1997, is actively involved in basic and applied research projects through its five faculties, of which four are located in Bolzano. The university is engaged in a multitude of scientific and technological areas, in addition to different disciplines belonging to Humanities . The Eurac Research
7560-456: The Province of South Tyrol 20.6 billion euros and the Province of Trentino 18.2 billion euros. In GDP per capita (2015), that means 39,300 euros/capita in the State of Tyrol, 42,400 euros/capita in South Tyrol and 35,500 euros/capita in Trentino. The unemployment rate in the State of Tyrol is 3.2% (2014), in South Tyrol 3.4% (2017) and in Trentino 4.6% (2017). The Tyrol region is one of the wealthiest regions in Europe and, in terms of GDP/capita,
7686-494: The Province of South Tyrol has its own coat of arms. It is very similar to the coat of arms of the State of Tyrol . The Province wanted to emphasize the historical commonality of the countries. The Province of Trento received its coat of arms in 1340 and refers to the prince-bishopric of Trento . The former County of Tyrol had a uniform coat of arms, which was slightly changed over the centuries. The earliest archaeological records of human settlement in Tyrol have been found in
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#17327755014317812-467: The Region of Lombardy . The largest cities in Tyrol are Innsbruck , Trento and Bolzano . The whole region of Tyrol is located in the Alps . Tyrol is bordered to the north by the state of Bavaria and to the east by the states of Carinthia and Salzburg . West of Tyrol lies the state of Vorarlberg and the canton of Grisons . On the southern side of Tyrol, the land is bordered by the regions of Veneto and Lombardy . Important rivers in Tyrol are
7938-526: The Trentino-Alto Adige region and are thus promoted and protected by the region. The Ladin language is also spoken outside the region in Souramont ( Province of Belluno ). Ladin is considered a Rhaeto-Romance language . The Cimbrian language is also used in various linguistic islands ( Sette Comuni ) outside the region of Trentino-South Tyrol. The Cimbrian and the Mòcheno languages are considered as upper-Bavarian dialects. The majority in Trentino two romance languages are spoken: Lombard in western valleys, and
8064-430: The Trewartha classification, this climate could not be really considered a subtropical climate because fewer than 8 months are at least 10 °C (50 °F), and thus would be considered a semi-continental climate with hot summers. Some of its suburbs are designated an oceanic climate ( Cfb ) based on cooler summer temperatures, while mountains in the area may feature a continental climate ( Dfb ). The climate of Bolzano
8190-399: The Tyrol being very characteristic. Speakers from those regions, even those speaking Standard German, can usually be easily identified by their accent, even by an untrained listener. Several of the dialects have been influenced by contact with non-Germanic linguistic groups, such as the dialect of Carinthia, where, in the past, many speakers were bilingual (and, in the southeastern portions of
8316-551: The Tyrolean dialect was mixed with a few individual Italian words. Due to the difficult accessibility of the valleys in earlier years, many other valleys developed a slightly differentiated dialect compared to the Tyrolean. The Ladin language also has no uniform language, so every valley also has a slight difference in Ladinia . Although the details of the arms of Tyrol have changed over the centuries, one feature has remained more-or-less constant: argent , an eagle displayed gules , armed (and sometimes crowned) or . Since 1983,
8442-489: The bishops of Trent over the next few decades. In 1462, the bishops eventually resigned all their rights of jurisdiction over the town. From the 14th and 15th centuries onwards, a large market fair was organised four times per year to greet tradesmen and merchants en-route the Brenner Pass. The Mercantile Magistrate was therefore founded in 1635 by the Austrian duchess Claudia de' Medici . During every market season, two Italian and two Germanic officers, who were appointed among
8568-581: The border between North and South Tyrol, runs the main chain of the Alps . The main chain of the Alps geographically divides the Alps into a southern and northern half. Municipalities of Tyrol with over 10,000 inhabitants: Austria: 1 January 2017 Italy: 31 December 2016 Tyrol can be subdivided into 5 different language groups. In addition to the majority languages such as German and Italian, languages such as Ladin , Cimbrian and Mócheno are also spoken. The last three languages are recognized as minority languages. These language groups are mostly located in
8694-526: The city hosts the Italo-Germanic Business Forum, which brings together the leaders of the Italian and German economies – Confindustria and the Bundesverband der Deutschen Industrie – in the Mercantile Palace to address issues related to the international crisis. Large companies in Bolzano are: NOI Techpark is on a 12-hectare (30-acre) site in the south of Bolzano, on premises formerly home to aluminium works. The "Nature of Innovation" concept contains innovation imitating nature. The concept that NOI Techpark
8820-466: The city of Bolzano after 1945. All mayors within this list belong to the Italian language group. So far, the last mayor of the German language group in Bolzano was Julius Perathoner from 1895 to 1922 and was replaced by the march on Bolzano by the fascists. In 1996, the European Union approved further cultural and economic integration between the Austrian province of Tyrol and the Italian autonomous provinces of South Tyrol and Trentino by recognizing
8946-441: The city of Bolzano is 52.3 km (20.2 sq mi), of which 28 km (11 sq mi) is used as a settlement area. The city is located in the basin where the Sarntal , Eisacktal , and the Adige Valley with their rivers, Talfer , Eisack , and Adige , meet. In the Middle Ages, the two main Alpine crossings, the Via Claudia Augusta over Reschenpass and the Brenner route over Brenner Pass , met in Bolzano. Thus,
9072-706: The city on several occasions to study a possible application in Tibet . It has also been presented as role model for the successful and fair resolution of inter-ethnic conflict to other regions of the world. The tradeshows and conferences of Exhibition Bolzano are concentrated on topics relating to the economies of Alpine countries. There is thus a great focus on trade show subjects in the economic competence of South Tyrol and Trentino. The main focuses of dining and leisure time, sports, agriculture and specific Alpine industries attract an annual total of over 3,000 exhibitors and over 230,000 visitors from all over Europe. Since 2011,
9198-439: The city was very important for trading. The highest point is 1,616 metres (5,302 feet) above sea level and the lowest point is 232 metres (761 feet) above sea level. The centre is located at an altitude of 262 metres (860 feet) above sea level. The nearest big cities are 58 km (36 mi) ( Trento ) and 118 km (73 mi) ( Innsbruck ) away. City districts (most district names were originally in German and italianized at
9324-759: The county. In the 19th century, Tyrol became an early pawn in the Napoleonic Wars during War of the Third Coalition . Following defeat by Napoleon at Battle of Austerlitz in 1805, Austria was forced to cede Tyrol to the Kingdom of Bavaria , and as a part of Bavaria, it became a member of the Confederation of the Rhine the following year. The Tyrolean Rebellion , a popular insurrection against Bavarian rule began in 1809, and throughout Tyrol,
9450-539: The creation of the Euroregion Tyrol-South Tyrol-Trentino . Its medieval city center, Gothic and Romanesque churches and bilingual signage give it the flavor of a city at the crossroads of Italian and Austrian cultures. This and its natural and cultural attractions make it a popular tourist destination. Among the major monuments and sights are: For more historical and geographical information see South Tyrol . Bolzano organizes
9576-887: The death camps in Nazi Germany and murdered there. When Italy surrendered in September 1943, the whole of South Tyrol as well as Belluno were de facto administered by the Nazis as Operational Zone of the Alpine Foothills . After 1943, heavy fighting between Nazi Germany and the Allied Powers took place in the Dolomites . After the War, the Gruber-De Gasperi Agreement of September 1946
9702-423: The different accents ( isoglosses ) coincide strongly with the borders of the states and also with the border with Bavaria, with Bavarians having a markedly different rhythm of speech in spite of the linguistic similarities. Bolzano Bolzano ( Italian: [bolˈtsaːno] or [bolˈdzaːno] ; German : Bozen [ˈboːtsn̩] ; Ladin : Balsan or Bulsan )
9828-471: The following events every year: The Free University of Bozen-Bolzano was founded in 1997 and has its headquarters in the city of Bolzano. It offers trilingual courses in German, Italian and English. The unibz was the first trilingual university in Europe. Other university locations are in Brixen and Bruneck . Through the Euroregion Tyrol-South Tyrol-Trentino , the university also works closely together with
9954-551: The following: There are, however, some false friends between the two regional varieties: In addition to the standard variety, in everyday life most Austrians speak one of a number of Upper German dialects . While strong forms of the various dialects are not fully mutually intelligible to northern Germans , communication is much easier in Bavaria , especially rural areas, where the Bavarian dialect still predominates as
10080-417: The food industry, wood processing and mechanical engineering. The industry in Tyrol consists mostly of small and medium-sized companies. The craft still plays a special role throughout the region. A large part of these craft businesses are still partially small-structured and family businesses. From an economic point of view, the energy sector is important in the secondary sector. Much of the electricity produced
10206-484: The former fascist "GIL" building, which was then extensively renovated and integrated with modern buildings. In 2018, the research facility will lead the terraXcube in the NOI Techpark Bolzano. The terraXcube is a research infrastructure that can simulate the most extreme climatic conditions on earth. Air pressure, humidity and solar radiation can be simulated and changed simultaneously in one room. The aim
10332-456: The fourth century. Also discovered was a Roman cemetery, including the tomb of "Secundus Regontius" with Latin inscriptions dating to the third century, making him the oldest known inhabitant of Bolzano. During the gradual decline of the Lombard influence in the seventh century, Bavarian immigration took place and the first mention of a Bavarian ruler in Bolzano dates from 679. At that time,
10458-414: The goal of promoting and expanding cross-border connections. The aim is to shift traffic through the Alps to sustainable means of transport, thus protecting the Alpine environment. Many villages and communities are difficult to reach because of the large differences in altitude, so the region sets much on ropeway concepts. Although most of the cable cars are located in ski resorts, they are also used for
10584-429: The invading Gauls. The Romans built a settlement after the area had been conquered in 15 BC by general Nero Claudius Drusus . The military settlement, Pons Drusi (Drusus Bridge), was named after this Roman general. During this time the area became part of the region Venetia et Histria (Regio X) of ancient Italy . In 1948, excavations of the current Cathedral led to the discovery of an ancient Christian basilica from
10710-512: The linguistic diversity and the climatic transition from temperate climate ( alpine climate ) to mediterranean climate , the area is regarded as a bridge between the Italian and German speaking countries. The most important airport in Tyrol is Innsbruck Airport . With over one million passengers, it is the third largest airport in Austria. Other airports in the region are in Bolzano and Trento . These do not offer regular scheduled flights and
10836-432: The local area. A second wave of industrialization took place at the beginning of the 20th century. Particularly affected at that time was the city of Bolzano with the Italianization policy under Fascism in the 1920s. In 2011, approximately 10% of the workplaces in all parts of the country were active in the manufacturing sector. Thus lies Tyrol in the EU average at 10.3% (2011). Important branches of industry in Tyrol are
10962-849: The local public transport. Known cable cars in Tyrol are the Ritten cable car in Bolzano , the Sardagna cable car in Trento and the Nordkette cable car in Innsbruck . Also funicular railways are being built to cope with the differences in altitude more quickly. Famous funiculars are among others the Hungerburgbahn in Innsbruck and the Mendel funicular in Kaltern . Local public transport
11088-659: The local tradesmen, worked in this magistrate office. The establishment of an official trade organisation strengthened Bolzano as a cultural crossroad in the Alps. After the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, Bolzano became briefly part of the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy and was incorporated into the Department of Alto Adige . After the Congress of Vienna (1814-15) Bolzano returned to
11214-629: The mid-16th century, Tyrol was ruled by younger sons of the Habsburg Emperors, but in 1665, all Habsburg lands were again under the united rule of the Emperor Leopold I . From the time of Maria Theresa (1740−1780) onward, Tyrol was governed by the central government of the Habsburgs at Vienna in all matters of major importance. In 1803 the lands of the Bishoprics of Trent and Brixen were secularised and incorporated into
11340-523: The modern comune of Tirol in South Tyrol, near modern Merano ; and around 1140, established the County of Tyrol as a state within the Holy Roman Empire. The Counts of Tyrol were at first Vogt (underlords) subject to the Bishoprics of Brixen and Triento; but they had other ideas. They expanded their holdings at those bishoprics' expense. They displaced competing nobles like the House of Eppan [ de ] , and declared their independence from
11466-638: The most important tourism destinations in the Alpine region. In 2013, the Euroregion counted over 80 million overnight stays in the Tyrolean region (to compare, Province of Rome in 2011: 25.8 million overnight stays). Also important for Tyrol is the trade. Among other things, the Exhibition of Bolzano has been a meeting point for Italian and German economy already for centuries. As a transit route country, more than 2.25 million trucks (2017) drove over
11592-667: The mother tongue. The Central Austro-Bavarian dialects are more intelligible to speakers of Standard German than the Southern Austro-Bavarian dialects of Tyrol . Viennese , the Austro-Bavarian dialect of Vienna , is seen for many in Germany as quintessentially Austrian. The people of Graz , the capital of Styria , speak yet another dialect which is not very Styrian and more easily understood by people from other parts of Austria than other Styrian dialects, for example from western Styria. Simple words in
11718-503: The name Tyrol derives from a root word meaning terrain (i.e. area, ground or soil; compare Latin : terra and Old Irish : tir ); first from the village of Tirol , and its castle ; from which the County of Tyrol grew. Some sources suggest it derives from the Slavic language "ta rola" meaning "this land, farming terrain/farming ground." According to Karl Finsterwalder , the name Tyrol derives from Teriolis [ de ] ,
11844-436: The next 3 + 1 ⁄ 2 years Tyrol's southern border became the front line between Austro-Hungarian and Italian troops. Tyrol's south frontier was – and still is – dotted with tens of defensive fortresses that had been built in view of a possible Italian attack. Losses on both sides amount to several thousands. During World War I, tens of thousands of civilians living along Tyrol's southern border were evacuated to either of
11970-400: The nobility of Austria-Hungary . The sociolect, a variety of Standard German, is influenced by Viennese German and other Austro-Bavarian dialects spoken in eastern Austria but is slightly nasalized . For many years, Austria had a special form of the language for official government documents that is known as Österreichische Kanzleisprache , or " Austrian chancellery language". It is
12096-630: The non-Austrian area of Meißen and Dresden . Austria High German ( Hochdeutsch in Österreich , not to be confused with the Bavarian Austria German dialects) has the same geographic origin as the Swiss High German ( Schweizer Hochdeutsch , not to be confused with the Alemannic Swiss German dialects). The process of introducing the new written standard was led by Joseph von Sonnenfels . Since 1951,
12222-502: The notion of Standard Austrian German has been both debated and defended by German linguists since the 1970s. A One Standard German Axiom , effectively preventing the development of newer standards of German, has recently been offered as a characteristic of the field but has not been taken up. Until 1918, the spoken standard in Austria was the Schönbrunner Deutsch , a sociolect spoken by the imperial Habsburg family and
12348-595: The official language. Austrian delegates participated in the international working group that drafted the German spelling reform of 1996 and several conferences leading up to the reform were hosted in Vienna at the invitation of the Austrian federal government. Austria adopted it as a signatory, along with Germany, Switzerland, and Liechtenstein, of an international memorandum of understanding ( Wiener Absichtserklärung ) signed in Vienna in 1996. The eszett or "sharp s" (ß)
12474-413: The production of milk and Tyrolean Speck in the farms is very important. Horses also play an increasingly important role in livestock, for equestrian sports and farm holidays. The Haflinger horses are known in the Tyrolean region and originate from Hafling , near Merano . The first industrialization reached Tyrol late in the 19th century. Most of these were small businesses that were important only in
12600-559: The rail will be promoted and relocated. After completion, the Brenner Base Tunnel , together with the Innsbruck bypass , will be the longest railway tunnel in the world at 64 km and will reduce the travel time between Bolzano and Innsbruck from 2 hours to 45 minutes. Further important railway lines in Tyrol are the Arlberg railway , Zillertal railway , Salzburg-Tyrol railway , Pustertal railway with continuation of
12726-461: The region has been known for transit trade. The most important trade route across the Alps, namely the Brenner Route , traverses the whole of Tyrol and is regarded as a connecting link between the Italian and German -speaking areas. As the Tyrolean region is located in the Alps , the landscape is heavily influenced by the mountains. The highest mountains in Tyrol include: Across Tyrol, on
12852-598: The region through charitable research. Since 2017, the research facility has been based in the Technology Park in Bolzano South. The last municipal elections were held in the year 2020. Of the 45 seats, 9 different parties were elected to the city council. The Partito Democratico (PD), the Südtiroler Volkspartei (SVP) and the Lega Nord (LN) won 7 seats each. This table shows the mayors of
12978-423: The region was institutionalized and since then has its own legal entity. Political parties in the Italian part of Tyrol (provinces of Bolzano and Trento) include: The Austrian part of Tyrol shares the Austrian party system: The multiplicity of parties is due to the fact that Tyrol lies in two different nation states and thus are politically independent of each other. Another reason for the large number of parties
13104-630: The rest of the Diocese was conferred upon the bishops of Trent by the emperor Conrad II from the Salian dynasty . In the late-12th century, the bishop founded a market town , along the Lauben thoroughfare. The town therefore became an important trading post on the Transalpine Augsburg - Venice route over the Brenner Pass , elevation 1,371 metres (4,498 ft) above sea level, within
13230-434: The right to be consulted ( Mitspracherecht ). During a confusing succession of events, in 1420 Frederick IV, Duke of Austria moved the capital of Tyrol from Meran to Innsbruck , and Meran lost its earlier importance. Tyrol's importance for the Habsburgs was underlined when the Tyrolean capital of Innsbruck became a centre of European politics and culture as Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I took up residence there. From
13356-406: The separated countries. In several areas, such as mobility, agriculture, education and culture will be tried to promote exchange and to raise the awareness of the cultural and historical heritage of the region of Tyrol in the minds of the population. Cross-border projects will be initiated to improve the relationship between the different language groups. To represent common ideas and values in Europe,
13482-506: The south of the region. The Romans called them Rhaetians ; although it is not clear whether that then meant a specific tribe or confederation of tribes, or was a broader term for the inhabitants of the area. They made wine barrels (an idea which the Romans took from them), and had their own alphabet. In 15 BC, Tyrol was conquered by Roman forces commanded by Drusus and Tiberius . The Romans established Raetia and Noricum as provinces of
13608-403: The special written form has been used mainly by a government that has now for centuries been based in Vienna. Österreichische Kanzleisprache is now used less and less because of various administrative reforms that reduced the number of traditional civil servants ( Beamte ). As a result, Standard Austrian German is replacing it in government and administrative texts. When Austria became
13734-609: The standardized form of Austrian German for official governmental use and in schools has been defined by the Österreichisches Wörterbuch ("Austrian Dictionary"), published originally at the behest of the Austrian Federal Ministry of Education, Arts and Culture (in the 1950s the "Unterrichtsministerium", under minister Felix Hurdes) with Verlag Jugend & Volk, then by the Österreichischer Bundesverlag. The official Austrian dictionary, Österreichisches Wörterbuch , prescribes spelling rules that define
13860-662: The standardized written formal form, and combined it with their own languages. The result was Romansh , which is still spoken today and is one of the official languages of Switzerland. The Romans constructed metaled roads guarded by forts through Tyrol to connect the Italian peninsula and the lands beyond; notably the Via Claudia Augusta and the Via Raetia [ de ] . The Romans did not seem to find Tyrol an attractive area in which to build new towns, because there are few of them. One town they did build
13986-545: The state, many still are even today) with Slovene , and the dialect of Vienna, which has been influenced by immigration during the Austro-Hungarian period, particularly from what is today the Czech Republic . The German dialects of South Tyrol have been influenced by local Romance languages , particularly noticeable with the many loanwords from Italian and Ladin . The geographic borderlines between
14112-566: The surrounding communities in the district of Burggrafenamt and the old former two-lane State street SS38 (Strada statale 38). The city is also connected to the Italian railway system . Bolzano railway station , opened in 1859, forms part of the Brenner railway (Verona–Innsbruck) , which is part of the main railway route between Italy and Germany. The station is also a junction of two branch lines, to Merano and Mals . The station of Bolzano
14238-441: The territory of the former Bishopric of Trent, roughly corresponding to the modern-day Trentino, as well as the southern part of the medieval County of Tyrol county, the present-day province of South Tyrol . Italy thus took control of the strategically important Alpine water divide at the Brenner Pass and over the south of Tyrol proper with its large German-speaking majority. The remaining northern and eastern parts of Tyrol became
14364-501: The time of Bolzano's annexation by the Kingdom of Italy the town was settled primarily by a German-speaking population. As of 1910, 29,000 inhabitants identified themselves as German speakers and only 1,300 as Italian speakers, these latter ones mainly from the Italian speaking areas of Tyrol, namely Welschtirol, currently known as Trentino. Along with the rest of South Tyrol, Bolzano was subjected to an intensive Italianisation programme enforced by Fascist leader Benito Mussolini from
14490-499: The two countries, the majority to Bohemian and inner Austrian areas, and some to Italian internment camps, away from the front line. On November 3, 1918, the armistice of Villa Giusti, near Padova ended military operations between Italy and Austria-Hungary. Subsequently, Italian troops entered Tyrol and occupied the Austrian areas south of the Brenner Pass. Italian control of South Tyrol was internationally recognized in 1919. At
14616-488: The two provincial councils of Bolzano and Trento, has less influence and competences. Thus, many parties determine their focus within the provinces. Other parties in Trentino-South Tyrol , especially in South Tyrol, were founded on the example of Austrian parties and have many similarities with the parties in Austria . In the economic sector statistics are shown, which are based largely on numbers and data of
14742-627: The universities of Innsbruck and Trento . The University of Bolzano has the following five faculties: The State College of Health Professions "Claudiana" was founded in 1993 and has since 2006 its headquarters next to the regional hospital of Bolzano outside the center. The college was named after the Regent of the Austrian County of Tyrol , Claudia de Medici . The college serves to train health professionals, such as nurses, midwives, technical medicine and rehabilitation specialists. Teaching
14868-541: The various dialects are very similar, but pronunciation is distinct for each and, after listening to a few spoken words, it may be possible for an Austrian to realise which dialect is being spoken. However, in regard to the dialects of the deeper valleys of the Tyrol, other Tyroleans are often unable to understand them. Speakers from the different provinces of Austria can easily be distinguished from each other by their particular accents (probably more so than Bavarians), those of Carinthia , Styria, Vienna, Upper Austria , and
14994-402: The words stehen (to stand) and gestehen (to confess) are identical in the present perfect: habe gestanden . The Austrian variant avoids that potential ambiguity ( bin gestanden from stehen , "to stand"; and habe gestanden from gestehen , "to confess": "der Verbrecher ist vor dem Richter gestanden und hat gestanden" ). In addition, the preterite ( simple past )
15120-774: The words Tyrol and Tyrolean were banned by law and were punishable offences. In 1933, Adolf Hitler came to power in the Weimar Republic . Mussolini and the Fascists worried that Hitler, in pursuing his ideology of all ethnic Germans under one Reich , would claim South Tyrol from Italy. To avoid such a prospect, in 1939 Mussolini and Hitler signed the Option Agreement , by which Germany would renounce territorial claims over South Tyrol as Germany's Lebensraum (living space). Furthermore, ethnic South-Tyroleans who had opted to stay in South Tyrol and refused resettlement to
15246-840: Was Aguntum , near modern Lienz . In late antiquity (from AD 476), Tyrol belonged to the Ostrogoths , and it was included in the Ostrogothic Kingdom . In 534, the Ostrogoths lost Meran, Vinschgau and Passer to the Franks . The Ostrogothic Kingdom collapsed in 553, after being overrun by Bajuvarians from the north and Lombards from the south. The Lombards established the Duchy of Tridentum (or, Trent; roughly corresponding to modern Trentino ) and lower parts of south Tyrol. Slavic peoples , who had recently taken Carinthia from
15372-510: Was implemented and proved broadly satisfactory to the parties involved and the separatist tensions soon eased. In 1992, Austria and Italy officially ended their dispute over the autonomy issue on the basis of the statute of 1972. The city thrives on a mix of old and new high-quality intensive agriculture (including wine , fruit , and dairy products ), tourism , traditional handicraft (wood, ceramics), and advanced services . Heavy industry (machinery, automotive, and steel) installed during
15498-464: Was in doubt because of different laws in different lands as to what a woman could or could not inherit. She navigated her way between the competing claims of the Houses of Wittelsbach, Luxembourg and Habsburg by, in 1342, marrying Louis of Wittelsbach . Louis died in 1361. Margaret died in 1369, and bequeathed Tyrol to Rudolf of Habsburg . The various dynastic squabbles were resolved that same year by
15624-554: Was opened in 1867 and runs from Innsbruck to Verona via the cities of Bolzano and Trento . Together with the Lower Inn Valley Railway in North Tyrol , this section of the route is part of the important European railway axis Berlin-Palermo , which connects northern Europe with southern Europe across the Alps. With the construction of the Brenner Base Tunnel and its completion in 2027, transit traffic on
15750-577: Was signed by the Italian and Austrian Foreign Ministers in Paris, guaranteeing "complete equality of rights" (including education and use of German as an official language) as well as "autonomous legislative and executive regional power" to the German-speaking population in South Tyrol and Trentino. Because the implementation of the post-war agreement was not seen as satisfactory by the Austrian government (the autonomous province of 1947 included Trentino and therefore had an Italian-speaking majority), it became
15876-544: Was subject to Stammesrechte ( Ancient Germanic laws ), such as Lex Romana Curiensis , Lex Alamannorum , Lex Baiuvariorum and Leges Langobardorum . In 1027, Emperor Conrad II , in order to secure the important route through the Brenner Pass , allotted the left bank of the Adige (from Lana to Mezzocorona ) to the Duchy of Bavaria. During the 12th century, the local nobility went further: they built Tyrol Castle in
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