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57-924: Apollo VP3 supports 32 bits Socket 7 CPU-s, like Pentium , Pentium MMX , AMD K5 , AMD K6 , Cyrix 6x86 , WinChip C2 and C6 CPU -s. It uses VT82C597 (or VT82C597AT for Baby AT and ATX motherboards) northbridge controller chip and AC97 compliant VT82C586B southbridge chip with ACPI power management system. VP3 has 64 bits memory bus ; 32 bits 33 MHz PCI ; 32 bits 66 MHz AGP 2X with sideband addressing , 133 MHz signalling and up to 533 MB/s transfer capability interfaces. It uses an integrated 10-bits TAG comparator and supports up to 2 MB pipelined burst synchronous SRAM ( cache memory ) and up to 1 GB ECC cachable RAM memory. Memory controller supports up to 8 memory pages (banks) interleaving mode, flexible row and column addresses, concurrent DRAM writeback, read around write capability, burst read and write operations, etc. (for more details see). Officially,

114-625: A combination of the VIA Apollo VP2 and the Intel 440LX chipsets. Apollo VP3 was quite shortly replaced with VIA Apollo MVP3 chipset, which offers faster, 100 MHz memory bus capability and asynchronous memory bus, but supports somewhat less amount of the cachable memory area and system DRAM (only four memory banks). Lack of the 100 MHz bus support, which was needed for a newer AMD , Cyrix , etc., Super Socket 7 processors pushed VIA to drop VP3 from production. Majority of motherboards on

171-534: A flexible, mixed configuration. The Synchronous DRAM interface allows zero wait state bursting between the DRAM and the data buffers at 66 MHz. The six memory banks of DRAM can be used in arbitrary mixture of 1MB / 2MB / 4MB / 8MB / 16MBxN DRAM or DIMM modules. Memory controller has 3,3 V (5 V tolerant) interface. VT82C586B includes UDMA -33 EIDE , USB , Keyboard / PS2 -Mouse interfaces and on chip RTC plus 256 KB CMOS . Anandtech described Apollo VP3 being

228-730: A mainboard , like northbridges and southbridges , Atom processors are not available to home users or system builders as separate processors, although they may be obtained preinstalled on some ITX motherboards. The Diamondville and Pineview Atom is used in the HP Mini Series, Asus N10, Lenovo IdeaPad S10 , Acer Aspire One & Packard Bell's "dot" (ZG5), recent ASUS Eee PC systems, Sony VAIO M-series, AMtek Elego, Dell Inspiron Mini Series , Gigabyte M912 , LG X Series, Samsung NC10 , Sylvania g Netbook Meso, Toshiba NB series (100, 200, 205, 255, 300, 500, 505), MSI Wind PC netbooks, RedFox Wizbook 1020i, Sony Vaio X Series, Zenith Z-Book,

285-814: A maximum of 1.7 GB of memory, for resolutions up to 4096×2304 @ 60 Hz using Display Port supporting up to 3 displays. In Q1 2017 Intel released the Kaby Lake -based Pentium G4560; it is the first Pentium-branded CPU since the NetBurst -based Pentium 4 to support hyper-threading , a feature available in some " Core "-branded products. Features include a clock speed of 3.5 GHz with four threads, 3 MB of L3 cache and Intel HD 610 integrated graphics. All Coffee Lake Pentium processors support Hyper-threading , and integrated Intel UHD Graphics . All Comet Lake Pentium processors support Hyper-threading , and integrated Intel UHD 610 Graphics . Due to its prominence,

342-580: A new Pentium G6950 processor based on the Clarkdale design was introduced based on the Westmere refresh of Nehalem, which were followed by the mobile P6xxx based on Arrandale a few months later. On January 7, 2010, Intel launched a new Pentium model using the Clarkdale chip in parallel with other desktop and mobile CPUs based on their new Westmere microarchitecture. The first model in this series

399-438: A partial revival of the principles used in earlier Intel designs such as P5 and the i486 , with the sole purpose of enhancing the performance per watt ratio. However, Hyper-Threading is implemented in an easy (i.e., low power) way to employ the whole pipeline efficiently by avoiding typical single thread dependencies. Atom branded processors have historically featured the following microarchitectures: The performance of

456-799: A range of Aleutia desktops, Magic W3, Archos and the ICP-DAS LP-8381-Atom. The Pineview line is also used in multiple AAC devices for the disabled individual who is unable to speak and the AAC device assists the user in everyday communication with dedicated speech software. Intel has applied the Atom branding to product lines targeting several different market segments, including: MID / UMPC / Smartphone , Netbook / Nettop , Tablet , Embedded , Wireless Base Stations (for 5G networking infrastructure), Microserver / Server and Consumer electronics . Intel consumer electronic (CE) SoCs are marketed under

513-414: A result, the ability of an Atom-based system to run 64-bit versions of operating systems may vary from one motherboard to another. Online retailer mini-itx.com has tested Atom-based motherboards made by Intel and Jetway, and while they were able to install 64-bit versions of Linux on Intel-branded motherboards with D2700 (Cedarview; supports maximum of 4 GB memory DDR3-800/1066 ) processors, Intel 64 support

570-515: A single-core Atom is about half that of a Pentium M of the same clock rate . For example, the Atom N270 (1.60 GHz) found in many netbooks such as the Eee PC can deliver around 3300 MIPS and 2.1 GFLOPS in standard benchmarks, compared to 7400 MIPS and 3.9 GFLOPS for the similarly clocked (1.72 GHz) Pentium M 740. The Pineview platform has proven to be only slightly faster than

627-740: Is a direct successor of the Intel A100 and A110 low-power processors (code-named Stealey ), which were built on a 90 nm process, had 512 kB L2 cache and ran at 600 MHz/800 MHz with 3 W TDP (Thermal Design Power) . Prior to the Silverthorne announcement, outside sources had speculated that Atom would compete with AMD 's Geode system-on-a-chip processors, used by the One Laptop per Child (OLPC) project, and other cost and power sensitive applications for x86 processors. However, Intel revealed on October 15, 2007, that it

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684-633: Is significantly fewer than the P6 and NetBurst microarchitectures . In the Bonnell microarchitecture, internal micro-ops can contain both a memory load and a memory store in connection with an ALU operation, thus being more similar to the x86 level and more powerful than the micro-ops used in previous designs. This enables relatively good performance with only two integer ALUs, and without any instruction reordering , speculative execution , or register renaming . The Bonnell microarchitecture therefore represents

741-537: Is slightly above the average thermal envelope of the Atom, but offers hardware AES support, random number generators , and out-of-order execution. Performance comparisons of the Intel Atom against the Via Nano indicate that a single core Intel Atom is easily outperformed by the Via Nano which is in turn outperformed by a dual core Intel Atom 330 in tests where multithreading is used. The Core 2 Duo SU7300 outperforms

798-549: Is the Atom line, which is an independent design. Intel Atom Intel Atom is a line of IA-32 and x86-64 instruction set ultra-low-voltage processors by Intel Corporation designed to reduce electric consumption and power dissipation in comparison with ordinary processors of the Intel Core series. Atom is mainly used in netbooks , nettops , embedded applications ranging from health care to advanced robotics, mobile Internet devices (MIDs) and phones. The line

855-646: Is the Pentium G6950. The Clarkdale chip is also used in the Core i3-5xx and Core i5-6xx series and features a 32 nm process (as it is based on the Westmere microarchitecture), integrated memory controller and 45 nm graphics controller and a third-level cache. In the Pentium series, some features of Clarkdale are disabled, including AES-NI , hyper-threading (versus Core i3), and the graphics controller in

912-627: The 80486 processor and were marketed from 1993 to 1999. Some versions of these were available as Pentium OverDrive that would fit into older CPU sockets . In parallel with the P5 microarchitecture, Intel developed the P6 microarchitecture and started marketing it as the Pentium Pro for the high-end market in 1995. It introduced out-of-order execution and an integrated second-level cache on dual-chip processor package. The second P6 generation replaced

969-602: The Celeron brand for low-priced processors. With the 2006 introduction of the Intel Core brand as the company's new flagship line of processors, the Pentium series was to be discontinued. However, due to a demand for mid-range dual-core processors, the Pentium brand was repurposed to be Intel's mid-range processor series, between the Celeron and Core series, continuing with the Pentium Dual-Core line. In 2009,

1026-614: The Silvermont microarchitecture and released in the second half of 2013, regain 64-bit support, although driver support for Linux and Windows 7 is limited at launch. The lack of 64-bit Windows support for Cedarview processors has been speculated to be due to a driver issue. A member of the Intel Enthusiast Team has stated in a series of posts on enthusiast site Tom's Hardware that while the Atom D2700 (Cedarview)

1083-444: The x86-64 instruction set was not added until the desktop Diamondville and mobile Pineview cores. The Atom N2xx and Z5xx series Atom models cannot run x86-64 code. The Centerton server processors also support the x86-64 instruction set. Intel states the Atom supports 64-bit operation only "with a processor, chipset , BIOS " that all support Intel 64 . Those Atom systems not supporting all of these cannot enable Intel 64. As

1140-646: The "Dual-Core" suffix was dropped, and new x86 processors started carrying the plain Pentium name again. In 2014, Intel released the Pentium 20th Anniversary Edition , to mark the 20th anniversary of the Pentium brand. These processors are unlocked and highly overclockable. In 2017, Intel split the Pentium branding into two line-ups. Pentium Silver targets low-power devices and shares architecture with Atom and Celeron, while Pentium Gold targets entry-level desktops and uses existing architecture, such as Kaby Lake and Coffee Lake . In September 2022, Intel announced that

1197-589: The Atom Z5xx series and Diamondville would be called the Atom N2xx series. The more expensive lower-power Silverthorne parts was to be used in Intel mobile Internet devices (MIDs) whereas Diamondville was to be used in low-cost desktop and notebooks. Intel and Lenovo also jointly announced an Atom powered MID called the IdeaPad U8. In April 2008, a MID development kit was announced by Sophia Systems and

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1254-477: The Atom brand. Prior to application of the Atom brand, there were number of Intel CE SoCs including: Olo River (CE 2110 which had an XScale ARM architecture ) and Canmore (CE 3100 which like Stealey and Tolapai had a 90 nm Pentium M microarchitecture ). Intel Atom CE branded SoCs include: Sodaville , Groveland , and Berryville . All Atom processors implement the IA-32 instruction set ; support for

1311-453: The Atom line of CPUs. It was a continuation of the partnership announced by Intel and Google on September 13, 2011, to provide support for the Android operating system on Intel x86 processors. This range competed with existing SoCs developed for the smartphone and tablet market from companies like Texas Instruments , Nvidia , Qualcomm and Samsung . On April 29, 2016, Intel announced

1368-474: The Atom line with the Cedar processors. In December 2012, Intel launched the 64-bit Centerton family of Atom CPUs, designed specifically for use in servers . Centerton adds features previously unavailable in Atom processors, such as Intel VT virtualization technology and support for ECC memory . On September 4, 2013, Intel launched a 22 nm successor to Centerton , codenamed Avoton . Intel Atom

1425-572: The Core microarchitecture use the Allendale and Wolfdale -3M designs for desktop processors and Merom -2M for mobile processors. In 2009, Intel changed the naming system for Pentium processors, renaming the Wolfdale-3M based processors to Pentium , without the Dual-Core name, and introduced new single- and dual-core processors based on Penryn under the Pentium name. The Penryn core is

1482-618: The LGA1150 socket form factor. Broadwell-based Pentiums were launched in Q1 2015 using a 14 nm process (e.g. the dual-core 1.9 GHz Intel Pentium 3805U with 2 MB cache). They used the FCBGA1168 socket. Skylake-based Pentium processors support up to 64 GB RAM. Features like Turbo Boost , Intel vPro , Hyper-Threading are not available. Supports AES-NI and RDRAND . Integrated graphics are provided by Intel HD Graphics 510, utilizing

1539-522: The P6 microarchitecture named Pentium M , which was much more power-efficient than the Mobile Pentium 4, Pentium 4 M, and Pentium III M. Dual-core versions of the Pentium M were developed under the code name Yonah and sold under the marketing names Core Duo and Pentium Dual-Core . Unlike Pentium D, it integrated both cores on one chip. From this point, the Intel Core brand name was used for

1596-654: The Pentium II, the Celeron brand was used for low-end versions of most Pentium processors with a reduced feature set such as a smaller cache or missing power management features. In 2000, Intel introduced a new microarchitecture named NetBurst , with a much longer pipeline enabling higher clock frequencies than the P6-based processors. Initially, these were named Pentium 4 , and the high-end versions have since been named simply Xeon . As with Pentium III, there are both Mobile Pentium 4 and Pentium 4 M processors for

1653-531: The Pentium SU4000 series together with the Celeron SU2000 and Core 2 Duo SU7000 series, which are dual-core CULV processors based on Penryn-3M and using 800 MHz FSB. The Pentium SU4000 series has 2 MB L2 cache but is otherwise basically identical to the other two lines. The Nehalem microarchitecture was introduced in late 2008 as a successor to the Core microarchitecture, and in early 2010,

1710-415: The Pentium and Celeron brands were to be replaced with the new "Intel Processor" branding for low-end processors in laptops from 2023 onwards. This applied to desktops using Pentium and Celeron processors as well, and both brands were discontinued in 2023 in favor of "Intel Processor" branded processors. The original Intel P5 or Pentium and Pentium MMX processors were the superscalar follow-on to

1767-545: The Pentium and Celeron brands were to be replaced with the new "Intel Processor" branding for low-end processors in laptops from 2023 onwards. This applied to desktops using Pentium processors as well, and was discontinued around the same time laptops stopped using Pentium processors in favor of "Intel Processor" processors in 2023. During development, Intel generally identifies processors with codenames , such as Prescott , Willamette , Coppermine , Katmai , Klamath , or Deschutes . These usually become widely known, even after

Apollo VP3 - Misplaced Pages Continue

1824-423: The Pentium runs at 533 MHz, while in the Core i3 i3-5xx series they run at 733 MHz, and Dual Video Decode that enables Blu-ray picture-in picture hardware acceleration, and support for Deep Color and xvYCC . The memory controller in the Pentium supports DDR3-1066 max, the same as the Core i3 i3-5xx series. The L3 cache is also 1 MB less than in the Core i3-5xx series. The Sandy Bridge microarchitecture

1881-478: The United States, but was denied because a series of numbers was considered to lack trademark distinctiveness . Following Intel's prior series of 8086 , 80186 , 80286 , 80386 , and 80486 microprocessors, the firm's first P5-based processor was released as the original Intel Pentium on March 22, 1993. Marketing firm Lexicon Branding was hired to coin a name for the new processor. The suffix -ium

1938-674: The basis of Apollo VP3 chipset were implemented with 512 KB L2 cache memory, with single 32KB TAG-ram chip, and 2 (rarely 3) 168-pin DIMM slots plus 2 (rarely 4) 72-pin SIMM slots, with AGP slot, 2-4 PCI slots, 2-3 ISA slots. Some extremes are FIC PA-2012 and Shuttle HOT-595 which have 1024 KB (some have 512 KB) L2 cache memory and have three 168-pin DIMM slots (1 AGP, 4 PCI, 2 ISA). Tyan Trinity ATX S1592S has three 168-pin DIMM slots plus four 72-pin SO-DIMM slots (1 AGP, 4 PCI, 3 ISA). Apollo VP3 chipset

1995-733: The decision to cancel the Broxton SoC for smartphones and tablets. Broxton was to use the newest Atom microarchitecture (Goldmont on a 14 nm node) in combination with an Intel modem. Embedded processors based on the ARM version 7 instruction set architecture (such as Nvidia 's Tegra 3 series, TI's 4 series and Freescale's i.MX51 based on the Cortex-A8 core, or the Qualcomm Snapdragon and Marvell Armada 500/600 based on custom ARMv7 implementations) offer similar performance to

2052-701: The dual-core Nano. The Xcore86 (also known as the PMX 1000 ) is x586 based System on Chip (SoC) that offers a below average thermal envelope compared to the Atom. In 2014, Kenton Williston of EE Times said that while Atom will not displace ARM from its current markets, the ability to apply the PC architecture into smaller, cheaper and lower power form factors will open up new markets for Intel. In 2014, ARM claimed that Intel's Atom processors offer less compatibility and lower performance than their chips when running Android, and higher power consumption and less battery life for

2109-501: The faster, higher-end i-series processors by lower clock rates and disabling some features, such as hyper-threading , virtualization and sometimes L3 cache . In 2017, the Pentium brand was split up into two separate lines using the Pentium name: Pentium Silver, aiming for low-power devices using the Atom and Celeron architectures; and Pentium Gold, aiming for entry-level desktop and using existing architectures such as Kaby Lake or Coffee Lake . In September 2022, Intel announced that

2166-671: The first board called CoreExpress -ECO was revealed by a German company LiPPERT Embedded Computers, GmbH. Intel offers Atom based motherboards. In December 2012, Intel released Atom for servers, the S1200 series. The primary difference between these processors and all prior versions, is that ECC memory support has been added, enabling the use of the Atom in mission-critical server environments that demand redundancy and memory failure protection. (with On-die GPU , Intel 64 and Intel VT-x ) Atom processors became available to system manufacturers in 2008. Because they are soldered onto

2223-410: The laptop market, with Pentium 4 M denoting the more power-efficient versions. Enthusiast versions of the Pentium 4 with the highest clock rates were named Pentium 4 Extreme Edition . The Pentium D was the first multi-core Pentium, integrating two Pentium 4 chips in one package and was available as the enthusiast Pentium Extreme Edition . In 2003, Intel introduced a new processor based on

2280-626: The low end Atom chipsets but at roughly one quarter the power consumption, and (like most ARM systems) as a single integrated system on a chip, rather than a two chip solution like the current Atom line. Although the second-generation Atom codenamed "Pineview" should greatly increase its competitiveness in performance/watt, ARM plans to counter the threat with the multi-core capable Cortex-A9 core as used in Nvidia's Tegra 2/3, TI's OMAP 4 series, and Qualcomm 's next-generation Snapdragon series, among others. The Nano and Nano Dual-Core series from VIA

2337-475: The low-end Atom and Celeron series, but below the faster Core lineup and workstation/server Xeon series. The later Pentiums, which have little more than their name in common with earlier Pentiums, were based on both the architecture used in Atom and that of Core processors. In the case of Atom architectures, Pentiums were the highest performance implementations of the architecture. Pentium processors with Core architectures prior to 2017 were distinguished from

Apollo VP3 - Misplaced Pages Continue

2394-579: The mainstream Intel processors, and the Pentium brand became a low-end version between Celeron and Core. All Pentium M based designs including Yonah are for the mobile market. The Pentium Dual-Core name continued to be used when the Yonah design was extended with 64-bit support, now named the Core microarchitecture . This eventually replaced all NetBurst-based processors across the four brands Celeron, Pentium, Core, and Xeon. Pentium Dual-Core processors based on

2451-690: The original P5 with the Pentium II and rebranded the high-end version as Pentium II Xeon . It was followed by a third version named the Pentium III and Pentium III Xeon respectively. The Pentium II line added the MMX instructions that were also present in the Pentium MMX. Versions of these processors for the laptop market were initially named Mobile Pentium II and Mobile Pentium III , later versions were named Pentium III-M . Starting with

2508-572: The previous Diamondville platform. This is because the Pineview platform uses the same Bonnell execution core as Diamondville and is connected to the memory controller via the FSB, hence memory latency and performance in CPU-intensive applications are minimally improved. In March 2009, Intel announced that it would be collaborating with TSMC for the production of the Atom processors. The deal

2565-403: The processors are given official names on launch. The original Pentium-branded CPUs were expected to be named 586 or i586, to follow the naming convention of prior generations ( 286 , i386 , i486 ). However, as the firm wanted to prevent their competitors from branding their processors with similar names (as AMD had done with their Am486 ), Intel filed a trademark application on the name in

2622-937: The same Intel GMA 3600 or 3650 graphics as the D2700, this indicates that Atom Cedarview systems will remain unable to run 64-bit versions of Windows, even those which have Intel 64 enabled and are able to run 64-bit versions of Linux. The first Atom processors were based on the Bonnell microarchitecture. Those Atom processors are able to execute up to two instructions per cycle. Like many other x86 processors, they translate x86-instructions ( CISC instructions) into simpler internal operations (sometimes referred to as micro-ops , i.e., effectively RISC style instructions) prior to execution. The majority of instructions produce one micro-op when translated, with around 4% of instructions used in typical programs producing multiple micro-ops. The number of instructions that produce more than one micro-op

2679-644: The successor to the Merom core and Intel's 45 nm version of their mobile series of Pentium processors. The FSB frequency is increased from 667 MHz to 800 MHz, and the voltage is lowered. Intel released the first Penryn Core, the Pentium T4200, in December 2008. In June 2009, Intel released the first single-core processor to use the Pentium name, a Consumer Ultra-Low Voltage (CULV) Penryn core named Pentium SU2700. In September 2009, Intel introduced

2736-429: The supported speeds of the memory bus are 50, 60 and 66 MHz, but the numerous implemented motherboards with VP3 have also 75 and even 83 MHz bus speed capability. VT82C597 Northbridge supports up to six memory banks of DRAM-s or DIMM -s up to 1GB in total size. Memory controller supports standard fast page mode (FPM) DRAM, EDO-DRAM, Synchronous DRAM (SDRAM), and also SDRAM-II with Double Data Rate (DDR) in

2793-463: The term " Pentium-compatible " is often used to describe any x86 processor that supports the IA-32 instruction set and architecture. Even though they do not use the Pentium name, Intel also manufactures other processors based on the Pentium series for other markets. Most of these processors share the core design with one of the Pentium processor lines, usually differing in the amount of CPU cache , power efficiency or other features. The notable exception

2850-409: Was chosen as it could connote a fundamental ingredient of a computer, like a chemical element , while the prefix pent- could refer to the fifth generation of x86. Due to its success, the Pentium brand would continue through several generations of high-end processors. In 2006, the name briefly disappeared from Intel's technology roadmaps , only to re-emerge in 2007. In 1998, Intel introduced

2907-412: Was designed with Intel 64 support, due to a "limitation of the board" Intel had pulled their previously available 64-bit drivers for Windows 7 and would not provide any further 64-bit support. Some system manufacturers have similarly stated that their motherboards with Atom Cedarview processors lack 64-bit support due to a "lack of Intel® 64-bit VGA driver support". Because all Cedarview processors use

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2964-490: Was developing another new mobile processor, codenamed Diamondville, for OLPC-type devices. "Atom" was the name under which Silverthorne would be sold, while the supporting chipset formerly code-named Menlow was called Centrino Atom. At Spring Intel Developer Forum (IDF) 2008 in Shanghai , Intel officially announced that Silverthorne and Diamondville are based on the same microarchitecture. Silverthorne would be called

3021-639: Was not enabled on a Jetway-branded motherboard with a D2550 (Cedarview) processor. Even among Atom-based systems which have Intel 64 enabled, not all are able to run 64-bit versions of Microsoft Windows . For those Pineview processors which support 64-bit operation, Intel Download Center currently provides 64-bit Windows Vista and Windows 7 drivers for Intel GMA 3150 graphics, found in Pineview processors. However, no 64-bit Windows drivers are available for Intel Atom Cedarview processors, released Q3 2011. However, Intel's Bay Trail-M processors, built on

3078-572: Was originally designed in 45 nm complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor ( CMOS ) technology and subsequent models, codenamed Cedar , used a 32 nm process. The first generation of Atom processors are based on the Bonnell microarchitecture . On December 21, 2009, Intel announced the Pine Trail platform, including new Atom processor code-named Pineview (Atom N450), with total kit power consumption down 20%. On December 28, 2011, Intel updated

3135-580: Was put on hold due to lack of demand in 2010. On September 13, 2011, Intel and Google held a joint announcement of a partnership to provide support in Google's Android operating system for Intel processors (beginning with the Atom). This would allow Intel to supply chips for the growing smartphone and tablet market. Based on this collaboration, in 2012, Intel announced a new system on chip (SoC) platform designed for smartphones and tablets which would use

3192-586: Was released in the Pentium line on May 22, 2011. Currently, there exist Ivy Bridge models G2010, G2020, G2120, G2030, and G2130. All are dual-core and have no hyper-threading or Turbo Boost. Several Haswell-based Pentium processors were released in 2013, among them the G3258 "Anniversary Edition", first released in 2014 by Intel to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the line. As with prior-generation Pentium processors, Haswell and Haswell Refresh-based parts have two cores only, lack support for hyper-threading, and use

3249-503: Was sold by Soyo also under name ETEQ 6628 chipset. Pentium Pentium is a series of x86 architecture-compatible microprocessors produced by Intel from 1993 to 2023. The original Pentium was Intel's fifth generation processor, succeeding the i486 ; Pentium was Intel's flagship processor line for over a decade until the introduction of the Intel Core line in 2006. Pentium-branded processors released from 2009 onwards were considered entry-level products positioned above

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