Rebellion suppressed, Han victory
79-480: The Yellow Turban Rebellion , alternatively translated as the Yellow Scarves Rebellion , was a peasant revolt during the late Eastern Han dynasty of ancient China . The uprising broke out in 184 CE, during the reign of Emperor Ling . Although the main rebellion was suppressed by 185 CE, it took 21 years for full suppression of resistant areas and emerging rebellions by 205 CE. The weakening of
158-661: A 60-year cycle based on 12 animals and 5 elements, but while the first year of the Chinese cycle is always jiǎzǐ (the year of the Wood Rat ), the first year of the Tibetan cycle is dīngmǎo ( 丁卯 ; year 4 on the Chinese cycle, year of the Fire Rabbit ). *The names of several animals can be translated into English in several different ways. The Vietnamese Earthly Branches use cat instead of Rabbit . As mentioned above,
237-839: A Major under him, defeated the rebels at Cangting ( 倉亭 ; north of present-day Yanggu County, Shandong ), captured their leader Bu Ji (卜己), and killed over 7,000 rebels, including other minor leaders Zhang Bo ( 張伯 ) and Liang Zhongning ( 梁仲寧 ). On 25 September, the imperial court ordered him to replace Dong Zhuo and lead his troops north to Guangzong County and attack Zhang Jue. Zhang Jue died of illness in October 184 while under attack by Huangfu Song in Guangzong County. Between 21 November and 20 December, Huangfu Song kept attacking Zhang Liang, who had taken over command of his brother's followers at Guangzong County. Unable to defeat Zhang Liang's skilled Yellow Turbans, Huangfu Song switched to
316-411: A cavalry commandant, led by young officer Cao Cao ( 曹操 ), as reinforcements for Zhu Jun. Sometime between 28 May and 25 June, Zhu Jun, Huangfu Song , and Cao Cao joined forces to defeat Bo Cai at Changshe ( 長社 ; east of present-day Changge , Henan). While Bo Cai attempted to flee, Huangfu Song and Zhu Jun pursued him to Yangzhai County (陽翟縣; present-day Yuzhou, Henan ) and defeated him again, causing
395-527: A chronological list of events from 722 to 481 BC, use this system in combination with regnal years and months ( lunations ) to record dates. Eclipses recorded in the Annals demonstrate that continuity in the sexagenary day-count was unbroken from that period onwards. It is likely that this unbroken continuity went back still further to the first appearance of the sexagenary cycle during the Shang period. The use of
474-430: A defensive approach, tricking the rebels into lowering their guard for a devastating nighttime strike. Zhang Liang was killed in action alongside 30,000 rebels, while another 50,000 rebels drowned while attempting to flee across a river. Huangfu Song burnt over 30,000 carts containing rebel supplies and captured most of their family members. Huangfu Song then had Zhang Jue's body excavated and decapitated, sending his head to
553-799: A military officer under Kong Rong, managed to break out of the siege and seek help from Liu Bei , who was then the Chancellor of the nearby Pingyuan State . Liu Bei brought along 3,000 troops to attack Guan Hai and succeeded in saving Kong Rong. In the 200s, Xu He ( 徐和 ) and Sima Ju ( 司馬俱 ) led Yellow Turban remnants from Jinan Commandery (around present-day Zhangqiu , Shandong ) and Le'an Commandery (around present-day Zibo , Shandong) respectively to ravage Qing Province . They were defeated and killed by Xiahou Yuan , Zang Ba and Lü Qian some time between 206 and 209. Around May 192, hundreds of thousands of Yellow Turban remnants from Qing Province swarmed into Yan Province and killed Zheng Sui ( 鄭遂 ),
632-475: A power struggle between his brother-in-law He Jin and the eunuchs culminated in He Jin's assassination on 22 September 189. He Jin's chief ally, Yuan Shao , retaliated by setting the palace on fire and slaughtering the eunuchs. The warlord Dong Zhuo gained control over the underage heir, Liu Bian , to legitimize his occupation and ransacking of the capital. Dong Zhuo was murdered for his cruelty in 192, allowing
711-474: A year, the earliest use of branches to indicate a twelve-fold division of a year was in the 2nd century BC. They were coordinated with the orientations of the Big Dipper , ( 建子月 : jiànzǐyuè , 建丑月 : jiànchǒuyuè , etc.). There are two systems of placing these months, the lunar one and the solar one. One system follows the ordinary Chinese lunar calendar and connects the names of the months directly to
790-588: Is above 10, subtract 10 until the result is between 1 and 10. If the sum for the branches' N is above 12, subtract 12 until the result is between 1 and 12. For any date before October 15, 1582, use the Julian century column to find the row for that century's N. For dates after October 15, 1582, use the Gregorian century column to find the century's N. When looking at dates in January and February of leap years, use
869-478: Is my mother". The government corruption was perceived as causing plagues, natural disasters, and poor agricultural yields, reflecting that the emperor had lost his Mandate of Heaven . As flooding along the Yellow River forced farmers and military settlers south, the labor surplus incentivized exploitation. Disease outbreaks were reported in 171, 173, 179, 182, and 185 CE, with the potential cause theorized as
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#1732764706979948-698: Is used in the names of many historical events, such as the Chinese Xinhai Revolution , the Japanese Boshin War , the Korean Imjin War and the Vietnamese Famine of Ất Dậu , Tết Mậu Thân . It also continues to have a role in contemporary Chinese astrology and fortune telling . There are some parallels in this with Tamil calendar . Each term in the sexagenary cycle consists of two Chinese characters,
1027-497: The jiazi year, the beginning of the new sexagenary cycle , involving yellow skies marking new governance, which inspired the color of their headwear. Through the sect's communal activities like trances, fasting, musical performances, chanting, incense burning, and sermons, followers united across ethnic and gender lines. Several Xiongnu leaders, such as Yufuluo , lent their support, potentially inspiring Zhang Jue to adopt their shamanistic beliefs. Despite few surviving records,
1106-613: The Antonine Plague of 165 to 180CE of smallpox or measles spreading along the Silk Road . Through claims of providing curative water and bamboo playing, the Taoist leader Zhang Jue developed his initial following to send his disciples throughout northern China in preparation for a revolt. Their rapid rise was relatively unnoticed until they became too powerful to challenge. Zhang Jue intended to launch an uprising throughout
1185-608: The Huai River region. In Yang Province , the rebels attacked Shu County ( 舒縣 ; in present-day central Anhui ), a county in Lujiang Commandery ( 廬江郡 ; around present-day Lu'an , Anhui), and set fire to buildings. Yang Xu ( 羊續 ), the Administrator of Lujiang Commandery, successfully rallied thousands of able-bodied men aged 19 and above for countering the attack and firefighting. By the beginning of 185,
1264-652: The Ukrainian People's Republic Preliminary peace agreement between Ukraine and the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic Ukrainian bolsheviks Sexagenary cycle The sexagenary cycle , also known as the ganzhi or stems-and-branches is a cycle of sixty terms, each corresponding to one year, thus a total of sixty years for one cycle, historically used for recording time in China and
1343-534: The "Great Teacher" ( 大賢良師 ). When the rebellion was proclaimed on 4 March, Zhang Jue created a 16-word slogan spread through the brothers' medical work: The Azure Sky is already dead; the Yellow Sky will soon rise. When the year is jiǎzǐ , there will be prosperity under Heaven ! ( 蒼天已死，黃天當立。歲在甲子，天下大吉。 ) Zhang Jue claimed to cure patients by having them confess sins for Taoist faith healing . The Zhang brothers believed in an impending apocalyptic change in
1422-503: The "White Wave Bandits" (白波賊). They allied with the Xiongnu leader Yufuluo and attacked Taiyuan Commandery (around present-day Taiyuan , Shanxi ) and Hedong Commandery (around present-day Yuncheng, Shanxi ). Between 27 October and 25 November 189, when the bandits attacked Hedong Commandery, the warlord Dong Zhuo 's attempt at sending his son-in-law Niu Fu to lead attacking troops failed. Around mid-195, Emperor Xian fled from
1501-615: The Administrator of Guangyang Commandery. Zou Jing , a colonel, led imperial forces to eliminate the rebels in You Province. Liu Bei led a group of volunteers to assist him. When the rebellion first broke out in Yu Province , the Han imperial court specially selected Wang Yun to be the inspector of the province to oversee the military operations. Zhao Qian ( 趙謙 ), the administrator of Runan Commandery , led his troops to attack
1580-591: The Chancellor of Rencheng State ( 任城國 ; around present-day Zoucheng , Shandong ), before moving into Dongping Commandery ( 東平郡 ; around present-day Dongping County , Shandong). Liu Dai , the Inspector of Yan Province, wanted to lead his troops to attack the rebels but the general Bao Xin advised him against it. Liu Dai ignored this advice, dying in his attack against the rebels. Bao Xin and another official, Wan Qian ( 萬潛 ), went to Dong Commandery ( 東郡 ; around present-day Puyang , Henan ) to invite Cao Cao to be
1659-575: The Han Empire, but the plan was betrayed before he was ready. Rebel sympathizers in Luoyang were arrested and executed, forcing a premature beginning in March 184. Despite the inevitable lack of co-ordination and overall preparation, tens of thousands of men rose in rebellion. Government offices were plundered and destroyed and the imperial armies were immediately forced on the defensive. The rebellion
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#17327647069791738-503: The Han imperial capital, he was able to persuade Feng Xu ( 封諝 ) and Xu Feng ( 徐奉 ), members of the imperial court's eunuch faction , to secretly collaborate with Zhang Jue. They set 3 April 184 as the date for the rebellion, but before the plans was set in motion, the Yellow Turbans were betrayed. One of the founders of "The Way of Peace" movement, Tang Zhou ( 唐周 ) had been excluded from later planning, so he reported Ma Yuanyi to
1817-558: The Inspector of Yu Province , found evidence that the rebels had been secretly maintaining contact with Zhang Rang ( 張讓 ), the leader of the eunuch faction in Luoyang, so he reported it to Emperor Ling, who scolded Zhang Rang but did not punish him. Between 7 November and 6 December, Bao Hong ( 鮑鴻 ), a colonel, led imperial forces to attack the rebels in Gebei ( 葛陂 ; northwest of present-day Xincai County , Henan) and defeated them. In
1896-474: The Qingzhou Army ( 青州兵 ; also translated as "Qingzhou Corps"). In Runan Commandery and Yingchuan Commandery, thousands of Yellow Turban remnants remained active under the leadership of He Yi ( 何儀 ), Liu Pi ( 劉辟 ), Huang Shao ( 黃邵 ), and He Man ( 何曼 ). They were initially allied with the warlords Yuan Shu and Sun Jian , but became an independent force in the 190s. Between 17 March and 15 April 196,
1975-491: The Yellow Turban Rebellion with roughly 360,000 followers wearing yellow headscarves or turbans. He called himself the "Lord General of Heaven" ( 天公將軍 ), while his brothers Zhang Bao and Zhang Liang were called the "Lord General of Earth" ( 地公將軍 ) and "Lord General of People" ( 人公將軍 ), respectively. The rebels attacked government offices, pillaged villages, and seized control of commanderies. Within 10 days,
2054-612: The authorities. Ma Yuanyi was arrested and executed by dismemberment in Luoyang. After Emperor Ling learned that Zhang Jue was plotting a revolt, he ordered Zhou Bin ( 周斌 ), Prefect of the Palace Parks ( 鉤盾令 ), to conduct an investigation and capture all the conspirators. Hundreds of people were arrested and executed during this time. When Zhang Jue heard that the Han government had learned about his plans to rebel, he quickly sent messengers to contact his allies throughout China and take action immediately. On 4 March, Zhang Jue started
2133-453: The central solar term ( 中氣 ; zhōngqì ). The jiànzǐyuè (( 建 ) 子月 ) is the month containing the winter solstice (i.e. the 冬至 Dōngzhì ) zhōngqì . The jiànchǒuyuè (( 建 ) 丑月 ) is the month of the following zhōngqì , which is Dàhán ( 大寒 ), while the jiànyínyuè (( 建 ) 寅月 ) is that of the Yǔshuǐ ( 雨水 ) zhōngqì , etc. Intercalary months have the same branch as the preceding month. In
2212-461: The combinations—such as jiǎchǒu ( 甲丑 )—unused; this is traditionally explained by reference to pairing the stems and branches according to their yin and yang properties. This combination of two sub-cycles to generate a larger cycle and its use to record time have parallels in other calendrical systems, notably the Akan calendar . The sexagenary cycle is attested as a method of recording days from
2291-537: The commandery's administrator. The Han armies were victorious, despite the destruction of major government buildings, deaths of high-ranking officials, and fragmentation of the dynasty's territory. Rebel deaths numbered in the hundreds of thousands, while many non-combatants had been left homeless or destitute by the wars. However, the heavily weakened Han Dynasty was unable to fully govern, distributing its powers to military commanders and local leaders until its complete collapse by 220 CE. After Emperor Ling died in 189,
2370-526: The corresponding sexagenary year in the dates before the Lunar New Year would require the Gregorian year to be decreased by 1. As for example, the year 2697 BC (or −2696, using the astronomical year count), traditionally the first year of the reign of the legendary Yellow Emperor , was the first year (甲子; jiǎzǐ ) of a cycle. 2700 years later in 4 AD, the duration equivalent to 45 60-year cycles,
2449-460: The cycle first started to be used for indicating years during the Han dynasty, but it also can be used to indicate earlier years retroactively. Since it repeats, by itself it cannot specify a year without some other information, but it is frequently used with the Chinese era name ( 年号, 年號 ; niánhào ) to specify a year. The year starts with the new year of whoever is using the calendar. In China,
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2528-561: The cyclic year normally changes on the Chinese Lunar New Year . In Japan until recently it was the Japanese lunar new year, which was sometimes different from the Chinese; now it is January 1. So when calculating the cyclic year of a date in the Gregorian year, one has to consider what their "new year" is. Hence, the following calculation deals with the Chinese dates after the Lunar New Year in that Gregorian year; to find
2607-580: The earliest written records in China, records of divination on oracle bones , beginning c. 1100 BC . Almost every oracle bone inscription includes a date in this format. This use of the cycle for days is attested throughout the Zhou dynasty and remained common into the Han period for all documentary purposes that required dates specified to the day. Almost all the dates in the Spring and Autumn Annals ,
2686-885: The early Path of Supreme Peace was likely similar to the Way of the Celestial Masters , considering that Zhang Jue claimed to be a descendant of Zhang Daoling . Much of the Taipingjing's surviving 52 chapters, found in the Daozang , have a direct relationship to the Way of the Celestial Masters with discrepancies potentially suppressed by later Taoists. Before the rebellion started, Zhang Jue had sent Ma Yuanyi ( 馬元義 ) to recruit followers from Jing and Yang provinces and gather them in Ye . Since Ma Yuanyi frequently traveled to Luoyang ,
2765-477: The emergence of the peasant revolt phenomenon, including: Later peasant revolts such as the Telangana Rebellion were also influenced by agrarian socialist ideologies such as Maoism . The majority of peasant rebellions ended prematurely and were unsuccessful. Peasants suffered from limited funding and lacked the training and organisational capabilities of professional armies. The list gives
2844-589: The emperor back to Chang'an. Dong Cheng and Yang Feng summoned the White Wave Bandits, led by Li Le ( 李樂 ), Han Xian , Hu Cai ( 胡才 ) and others, to come to Emperor Xian's aid. Xiongnu forces led by Qubei also responded to the call and came to help Emperor Xian resist Li Jue and Guo Si's forces. Between 195 and 196, the warlord Cao Cao led his forces into Luoyang and escorted Emperor Xian to his own base in Xu (許; present-day Xuchang , Henan ) and established
2923-640: The first being one of the ten Heavenly Stems of the Shang-era week and the second being one of the twelve Earthly Branches representing the years of Jupiter 's duodecennial orbital cycle. The first term jiǎzǐ ( 甲子 ) combines the first heavenly stem with the first earthly branch. The second term yǐchǒu ( 乙丑 ) combines the second stem with the second branch. This pattern continues until both cycles conclude simultaneously with guǐhài ( 癸亥 ), after which it begins again at jiǎzǐ . This termination at ten and twelve's least common multiple leaves half of
3002-402: The first method, the equivalent sexagenary year for 2012 AD is the 29th year (壬辰; rénchén ), as (2012–3) mod 60 = 29 (i.e., the remainder of (2012–3) divided by 60 is 29). Using the second, the equivalent sexagenary year for 221 BC is the 17th year (庚辰; gēngchén ), as 60- [(221+2) mod 60] = 17 (i.e., 60 minus the remainder of (221+2) divided by 60 is 17). Step-by-step example to determine
3081-450: The first month was jiànzǐyuè (during the Zhou dynasty ) or jiànchǒuyuè (traditionally during the Shang dynasty ) as well. For astrological purposes stems are also necessary, and the months are named using the sexagenary cycle following a five-year cycle starting in a jiǎ ( 甲 ; 1st) or jǐ ( 己 ; 6th) year. The first month of the jiǎ or jǐ year is a bǐngyín ( 丙寅 ; 3rd) month,
3160-503: The imperial armies in suppressing the rebellion. Emperor Ling also appointed three generals – Lu Zhi , Huangfu Song and Zhu Jun – to lead three separate armies to deal with the rebels with a total of roughly 40,000 troops. Lu Zhi went for Zhang Jue's base in Ji Province, while Huangfu Song and Zhu Jun headed to Yingchuan Commandery. In You Province , the rebels killed Guo Xun ( 郭勳 ), the provincial Inspector, and Liu Wei ( 劉衛 ),
3239-478: The imperial capital Chang'an , where he had been held hostage by Dong Zhuo's followers, led by Li Jue and Guo Si , since Dong Zhuo's death in 192. He returned to the ruins of the old imperial capital Luoyang , which Dong Zhuo burnt down in 191 while forcefully relocating its residents to Chang'an. Dong Cheng (a former subordinate of Niu Fu) and Yang Feng (a former White Wave bandit) protected Emperor Xian in Luoyang when Li Jue and Guo Si tried to pursue and bring
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3318-443: The imperial court and the rising political influence of ultra-autonomous regional military-governors, who helped suppress the rebellion, eventually led to rampant warlord dominance and the resultant Three Kingdoms period . The rebellion, which got its name from the color of the rebel headwear, marked an important point in the history of Taoism due to the rebel leaders' association with the then secret Taoist societies. The revolt
3397-490: The imperial court in Luoyang. In recognition of Huangfu Song's achievements, Emperor Ling promoted him to Left General of Chariots and Cavalry ( 左車騎將軍 ). Between 21 December 184 and 18 January 185, Huangfu Song joined forces with Guo Dian ( 郭典 ), the Administrator of Julu Commandery, to attack the remaining rebels led by Zhang Jue's other brother, Zhang Bao. They defeated the rebels at Xiaquyang County ( 下曲陽縣 ; west of present-day Jinzhou, Hebei ), killed Zhang Bao, and received
3476-559: The main Yellow Turban Rebellion ended by February 185, smaller rebellions by Yellow Turban remnants continued over the following two decades. Between 16 March and 13 April 188, Guo Tai ( 郭太 ) led some 100,000 Yellow Turban remnants to start a rebellion in Xihe Commandery (around present-day Fenyang , Shanxi ). As they originated from Baibo Valley (白波谷; "White Wave Valley") in Xihe Commandery, they later became known as
3555-594: The meantime, Lu Zhi defeated Zhang Jue's rebel forces in Julu Commandery and besieged the rebel leader in Guangzong County ( 廣宗縣 ; southeast of present-day Guangzong County , Hebei). However, after a eunuch falsely accused Lu Zhi of treason, Emperor Ling ordered his arrest, escorted back to Luoyang as a prisoner. The imperial court then sent General Dong Zhuo to take over Lu Zhi's position and attack Zhang Jue. However, Dong Zhuo failed and retreated. On 23 or 24 September, Huangfu Song and Fu Xie ( 傅燮 ),
3634-545: The name, the date, the peasant allies and enemies, and the result of these conflicts following this legend: Orthodox moldavian peasants Hutsul peasants Kingdom of Croatia Kalnyk Cossack regiment under Vasyl Varenytsia and Ivan Sulymka Zaporozhian Cossacks under Ivan Sirko Zhovnynsk Cossacks Orthodox ruthenian peasants Ukrainian peasants Polish peasants Jewish peasants Ukrainian peasants Ukrainian peasants Ukrainian directorate supporters Green Armies Left Socialist-Revolutionaries Restoration of
3713-534: The new Governor of Yan Province. Bao Xin then led government forces to attack the rebels at the east of Shouzhang County ( 壽張縣 ; south of present-day Dongping County, Shandong) but was killed in action. Later, despite having fewer troops, Cao Cao managed to defeat the rebels in Jibei State . The rebels, numbering over 300,000, surrendered to Cao Cao along with their families. Cao Cao then recruited their best warriors and organised them to form an elite military unit,
3792-474: The new imperial capital there. In 188, Ma Xiang ( 馬相 ) and Zhao Zhi ( 趙祗 ) led Yellow Turban remnants to start a rebellion in Yi Province (covering present-day Sichuan and Chongqing ). They killed Li Sheng ( 李升 ; Prefect of Mianzhu County 緜竹縣 ), Zhao Bu ( 趙部 ; Administrator of Ba Commandery 巴郡 ) and Xi Jian ( 郗儉 ; Inspector of Yi Province). Ma Xiang declared himself emperor before this sect of
3871-536: The new rebel leader in Wancheng. During or after October 184, Qin Jie and Zhu Jun combined forces with Xu Qiu ( 徐璆 ), the Inspector of Jing Province , to attack Wancheng with an army of about 18,000. They defeated and killed Zhao Hong. Following Zhao Hong's death, Han Zhong ( 韓忠 ) and the remaining rebels seized control of Wancheng, continuing to resist imperial forces. Zhu Jun ordered his troops to pretend to attack from
3950-420: The next one is a dīngmǎo ( 丁卯 ; 4th) month, etc., and the last month of the year is a dīngchǒu ( 丁丑 , 14th) month. The next year will start with a wùyín ( 戊寅 ; 15th) month, etc. following the cycle. The 5th year will end with a yǐchǒu ( 乙丑 ; 2nd) month. The following month, the start of a jǐ or jiǎ year, will hence again be a bǐngyín (3rd) month again. The beginning and end of the (solar) months in
4029-631: The old Chinese system still in use in Taiwan , and in Mainland China . In India, the Ahom people (descendants of the Dai people of Yunnan who migrated to Assam in the 13th century) also used the sexagenary cycle known as Lak-Ni. This traditional method of numbering days and years no longer has any significant role in modern Chinese time-keeping or the official calendar. However, the sexagenary cycle
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#17327647069794108-407: The other system ( 節月 ; jiéyuè ) the "month" lasts for the period of two solar terms (two 氣策 qìcì ). The zǐyuè ( 子月 ) is the period starting with Dàxuě ( 大雪 ), i.e. the solar term before the winter solstice. The chǒuyuè ( 丑月 ) starts with Xiǎohán ( 小寒 ), the term before Dàhán ( 大寒 ), while the yínyuè ( 寅月 ) starts with Lìchūn ( 立春 ), the term before Yǔshuǐ ( 雨水 ), etc. Thus in
4187-485: The peasant class through harsh labor and heavy taxes, they plotted rebellion. The rebels were the first followers of the Way of Supreme Peace ( 太平道 ; Tàipíng Dào ) and venerated the deity Huang–Lao , who according to Zhang Jue, had given him a sacred book called the Crucial Keys to the Way of Peace ( 太平要術 ; Tàipíng Yàoshù ) based on the Taipingjing . Zhang Jue, who was said to be a sorcerer, called himself
4266-474: The position of the 60-cycle term yǐmǎo ( 乙卯 , 52 of 60), corresponding to that year. Use of the cycle to record years became widespread for administrative time-keeping during the Western Han dynasty (202 BC – 8 AD). The count of years has continued uninterrupted ever since: the year 1984 began the present cycle (a 甲子 — jiǎzǐ year), and 2044 will begin another. Note that in China the new year , when
4345-569: The rebellion had mostly been suppressed following Zhu Jun's recapture of Wancheng in Nanyang Commandery and Huangfu Song's victories over the Zhang brothers in Ji Province. The remaining, scattered rebels were pursued by government forces in smaller military campaigns, and by mid-February 185, Emperor Ling issued a celebratory proclamation by changing his era name from Guanghe ( 光和 ) to Zhongping ( 中平 ; "pacification achieved"). Although
4424-765: The rebellion had spread throughout China, alarming the Han imperial court in Luoyang . The rebels were mostly concentrated in the Ji , Jing , You and Yu provinces. The group led by Zhang Jue and his brothers gained their support in Ji Province, located just north of the Yellow River , near Zhang Jue's home territory of Julu Commandery (around present-day Pingxiang County , Hebei ) and Wei Commandery (around present-day Handan , Hebei). A second major uprising took place in Guangyang Commandery (around present-day Beijing ) and Zhuo Commandery (around present-day Zhuozhou , Hebei) in You Province. The third centre of
4503-601: The rebellion was in Yingchuan Commandery (around present-day Xuchang , Henan ) and Runan Commandery (around present-day Xinyang , Henan) in Yu Province, and Nanyang Commandery (around present-day Nanyang, Henan ) in northern Jing Province. On 1 April 184, Emperor Ling appointed his brother-in-law He Jin , the Intendant of Henan ( 河南尹 ), as General-in-Chief ( 大將軍 ) and ordered him to supervise
4582-730: The rebellion was suppressed by local forces led by Jia Long ( 賈龍 ), a former subordinate of Xi Jian. Around 189, Zhang Rao ( 張饒 ) led some 200,000 Yellow Turban remnants to ravage Qing Province . He defeated imperial forces under Kong Rong , the Han-appointed Chancellor of Beihai State (around present-day Weifang , Shandong ) in Qing Province. Later, Kong Rong was besieged in Duchang County ( 都昌縣 ; present-day Changyi, Shandong ) by thousands of Yellow Turban rebels led by Guan Hai ( 管亥 ). Taishi Ci , then
4661-439: The rebels before Zhu Jun arrived, but was defeated at Shaoling ( 邵陵 ; in present-day southeastern Henan). When Chen County ( 陳縣 ; present-day Huaiyang County , Henan) was under attack by the rebels, seven of Zhao Qian's subordinates, who were non-military personnel, armed themselves with swords and attempted to fight the rebels but were all killed. Later, after the rebellion was suppressed, Emperor Ling issued an edict to honor
4740-500: The rebels to scatter. Huangfu Song and Zhu Jun then defeated the rebels in Runan Commandery, led by Peng Tuo ( 彭脫 ), at Xihua County ( 西華縣 ; south of present-day Xihua County , Henan). The imperial court ordered them to split up: Huangfu Song would attack the rebels at Dong Commandery (東郡; around present-day Puyang County , Henan), while Zhu Jun would attack the rebels at Nanyang Commandery. During this time, Wang Yun ,
4819-603: The remaining rebels to disperse. In Xu Province , the provincial Inspector Tao Qian , with the aid of Zang Ba , managed to defeat the rebels to restore regional peace. Sun Jian , then a minor official serving in Xiapi County ( 下邳縣 ; south of present-day Pizhou , Jiangsu ) in Xu Province, came to join Zhu Jun's army as a Major. He brought along several young men from Xiapi County and other soldiers recruited from
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#17327647069794898-635: The rest of the East Asian cultural sphere and Southeast Asia. It appears as a means of recording days in the first Chinese written texts, the oracle bones of the late second millennium BC Shang dynasty . Its use to record years began around the middle of the 3rd century BC. The cycle and its variations have been an important part of the traditional calendrical systems in Chinese-influenced Asian states and territories, particularly those of Japan , Korea , and Vietnam , with
4977-412: The ruse, lost the battle, and tried to flee north while some 10,000 of his men were slaughtered by imperial forces. In desperation, Han Zhong surrendered to Zhu Jun, but Qin Jie had him executed. On 11 January 185, Zhu Jun defeated another rebel force led by Sun Xia ( 孫夏 ), who then fled towards Xi'e County ( 西鄂縣 ; north of present-day Nanyang, Henan ). Zhu Jun pursued him there, defeated him and caused
5056-415: The seven as the "Seven Virtuous" ( 七賢 ). Chen State ( 陳國 ; around present-day Zhoukou , Henan), one of the commanderies in Yu Province, avoided the Yellow Turban Rebellion's bloodshed because the rebels feared Prince Liu Chong , famous for his unit of skilled archers. The rebels in Runan Commandery, led by Bo Cai ( 波才 ), initially defeated Zhu Jun in battle and drove him back. The imperial court sent
5135-428: The sexagenary count increments, is not January 1, but rather the lunar new year of the traditional Chinese calendar . For example, the jichou 己丑 year (coinciding roughly with 2009) began on January 26, 2009. (However, for astrology, the year begins with the first solar term "Lìchūn" ( 立春 ), which occurs near February 4.) In Japan, according to Nihon shoki , the calendar was transmitted to Japan in 553. But it
5214-471: The sexagenary cycle for recording years is much more recent. The earliest discovered documents showing this usage are among the silk manuscripts recovered from Mawangdui tomb 3 , sealed in 168 BC. In one of these documents, a sexagenary grid diagram is annotated in three places to mark notable events. For example, the first year of the reign of Qin Shi Huang ( 秦始皇 ), 246 BC, is noted on the diagram next to
5293-458: The sign for 1967: Step-by-step example to determine the cyclic year of first year of the reign of Qin Shi Huang (246 BC): Start from the AD year (1967), take directly the remainder mod 60, and look into column AD of the table "Sexagenary years" (just above). Remainder is therefore 47 and the AD column says 'Fire Goat ' as it should be. For a BC year: discard the minus sign, take the remainder of
5372-431: The solar system a month starts anywhere from about 15 days before to 15 days after its lunar counterpart. The branch names are not usual month names; the main use of the branches for months is astrological. However, the names are sometimes used to indicate historically which (lunar) month was the first month of the year in ancient times. For example, since the Han dynasty , the first month has been jiànyínyuè , but earlier
5451-400: The southwest, while he secretly led 5,000 elite soldiers to infiltrate Wancheng from the northeast. Han Zhong retreated into the citadel and requested to surrender. Qin Jie, Xu Qiu and Zhang Chao ( 張超 ), a Major under Zhu Jun, all urged Zhu Jun to accept Han Zhong's surrender, but he refused. Zhu Jun instead pretended to lift the siege to lure Han Zhong to come out and attack. Han Zhong fell for
5530-536: The surrender of over 100,000 rebels. On 24 March 184, the rebels led by Zhang Mancheng ( 張曼成 ) killed Chu Gong ( 褚貢 ), the Administrator of Nanyang Commandery , and occupied the commandery's capital, Wancheng ( 宛城 ; present-day Wancheng District , Nanyang, Henan). Chu Gong's successor, Qin Jie ( 秦頡 ), rallied local forces in Nanyang Commandery to attack Zhang Mancheng and defeated and killed him between 26 June and 25 July, before Zhu Jun's reinforcements arrived. After Zhang Mancheng's death, Zhao Hong ( 趙弘 ) became
5609-406: The table below are the approximate dates of current solar terms; they vary slightly from year to year depending on the leap days of the Gregorian calendar. Month of Mao ( 卯月 ) The table above allows one to find the stem & branch for any given date. For both the stem and the branch, find the N for the row for the century, year, month, and day, then add them together. If the sum for the stems' N
5688-510: The warlord Cao Cao led his forces to attack them and killed Liu Pi, Huang Shao, and He Man. He Yi led the remaining forces in surrendering to Cao Cao. Other Yellow Turban forces in Runan Commandery were led by Wu Ba ( 吳霸 ) and Gong Du ( 龔都 ). Wu Ba was defeated and captured by the general Li Tong . Gong Du posed a threat to Cao Cao when he allied with Cao Cao's rival, Liu Bei , and seized control of Runan Commandery in 201. Cao Cao first sent Cai Yang ( 蔡揚 ) to eliminate them, but after Cai Yang
5767-662: The warlord Cao Cao to seize power. The rebellion is portrayed in the opening chapters of the 14th-century historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms , which portrays the Zhang brothers as sorcerers, having been provided the Taiping Jing from the " old immortal spirit from the southern lands " (sometimes identified as Zhuangzi ). List of peasant revolts This is a chronological list of revolts organized by peasants . The history of peasant wars spans over two thousand years. A variety of factors fueled
5846-497: The year mod 60 and look into column BC. Applied to year -246, this gives: When doing these conversions, year 246 BC cannot be treated as −246 AD due to the lack of a year 0 in the Gregorian AD/BC system. The following tables show recent years (in the Gregorian calendar) and their corresponding years in the cycles: The branches are used marginally to indicate months. Despite there being twelve branches and twelve months in
5925-399: Was also the starting year of a 60-year cycle. Similarly 1980 years later, 1984 was the start of a new cycle. Thus, to find out the Gregorian year's equivalent in the sexagenary cycle use the appropriate method below. The result will produce a number between 0 and 59, corresponding to the year order in the cycle; if the remainder is 0, it corresponds to the 60th year of a cycle. Thus, using
6004-562: Was also used as the opening event in the 14th-century historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms . By 184 CE, the Han Dynasty's central government was weakened by court eunuchs abusing their power over the emperor to enrich themselves. Twelve of the most powerful eunuchs were referred to as the Ten Attendants with Emperor Ling once claiming that "Regular Attendant Zhang Rang is my father and Regular Attendant Zhao Zhong
6083-720: Was killed, he personally led his troops to attack and defeat them. Liu Bei fled south to join Liu Biao , while Gong Du and the remaining rebels dispersed. Another Yellow Turban remnant force was active in Kuaiji Commandery (around present-day Shaoxing , Zhejiang ) until Liu Zan killed its leader Wu Huan ( 吳桓 ). In the 200s, Chen Bai ( 陳敗 ) and Wan Cheng ( 萬秉 ) started a rebellion in Jiuzhen Commandery ( 九真郡 ; present-day Thanh Hóa Province , Vietnam ). In 202, they were defeated and captured by Zhu Zhi ,
6162-401: Was led by Zhang Jue (also referred to as Zhang Jiao, known to his followers as the "General of Heaven") and his two younger brothers Zhang Bao ( 張寶 ) and Zhang Liang ( 張梁 ), who were born in Julu Commandery . The brothers had founded a Taoist religious sect in present-day Shandong , praised as healers who offered free care to impoverished patients. Recognizing how the local government abused
6241-490: Was not until the Suiko era that the calendar was used for politics. The year 604, when the Japanese officially adopted the Chinese calendar , was the first year of the cycle. The Korean ( 환갑; 還甲 hwangap ) and Japanese tradition ( 還暦 kanreki ) of celebrating the 60th birthday (literally 'return of calendar') reflects the influence of the sexagenary cycle as a count of years. The Tibetan calendar also counts years using
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