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58-769: Starting in June 1917, the Yildirim Army Group's first commander in chief was the former Prussian Minister of War and Chief of Staff Erich von Falkenhayn . Von Falkenhayn was replaced by General of the Cavalry Otto Liman von Sanders on 25 February 1918. After the Armistice of Mudros on 30 October 1918, Mustafa Kemal took command until the Group's dissolution a few days later. Upon the death of Goltz Pasha just prior to Ottoman victory at Siege of Kut in

116-705: A battle of attrition , as claimed in his post-war memoirs, in the Battle of Verdun in early 1916. Falkenhayn argued to the Kaiser that the war would end by causing many casualties to the French Army using methods that limited German losses. Falkenhayn hoped that the French would fight for Verdun, the gateway to France from the east. Verdun offered the Germans the advantages of their artillery firing from three sides into

174-687: A joint offensive against Romania with August von Mackensen who attacked from Bulgaria, through the Dobruja . As the commander of the 9th Army, Falkenhayn settled his army in Brașov and deceived the Romanians into believing that there would be no offensives in western Romania. The 9th Army fought the Romanian First Army in Hațeg . After the battle, Falkenhayn joined with Austrian forces to surround

232-621: A Major in the Army. He saw action during the Boxer Rebellion as a general staff officer of Alfred von Waldersee and spent time in Manchuria and Korea . Service in Asia made Falkenhayn to be a favourite of the Kaiser and he became one of the military instructors of Crown Prince Wilhelm of Prussia. After his service in Asia, the army posted him to Brunswick , Metz and Magdeburg as

290-451: A Prussian General of Cavalry . His only sister Olga von Falkenhayn was the mother of Field Marshal Fedor von Bock . Becoming a cadet at the age of 11, Falkenhayn joined the Army in 1880 as Second Lieutenant . He served as an infantry and staff officer. He became First Lieutenant in 1889 and Hauptmann (captain) in 1893, subsequently transferring to the topographical department of

348-672: A battalion commander in the posted area. On 10 April 1906, Falkenhayn became a section chief of the German General Staff. In 1907, Falkenhayn became Chief of Staff of the XVI Corps . In 1908, Falkenhayn was promoted to Oberst (colonel). On 27 January 1911, Falkenhayn was appointed as the commander of the 4th Guards Regiment. On 20 February 1913, he became the chief of staff of the IV Corps and Generalmajor on 22 April 1912. Before becoming Prussian Minister of War, he

406-596: A decisive victory. He advocated a mild peace with the Russian Empire to Bethmann Hollweg, the better to concentrate against the French and British. Neither Bethmann Hollweg nor the generals on the Eastern Front , such as Paul von Hindenburg , Erich Ludendorff or Max Hoffmann , supported the idea since they believed that negotiation with the Russian Empire was impossible. While Helmuth von Moltke

464-532: A general who participated in the 20 July plot to assassinate Hitler . Falkenhayn in many ways typified the Prussian generals; a militarist in the literal sense, he had undeniable political and military competence and showed contempt for democracy and the representative Reichstag . He addressed the Reichstag in 1914, saying, "Only through the fact that the Prussian army is removed by the constitution from

522-696: A large salient in the German lines, excellent German communications and Verdun being bisected by the Meuse , which made it difficult for the French to defend. He ordered the Crown Prince to feint in Verdun and annihilate the French armies, which would try to defend the city by sending more troops. Falkenhayn's strategy backfired, the Crown Prince and his chief of staff, Konstantin Schmidt von Knobelsdorf disobeyed

580-502: A military convention with Conrad von Hötzendorf, which called for an immediate attack on Serbia. In the fall of 1915, Falkenhayn launched an attack against Serbia. Late in the year the favourable situation gave Falkenhayn hope to achieving peace in the east. Falkenhayn preferred to conduct an offensive strategy on the Western Front , while conducting a limited campaign in the east; he hoped that Russia could be persuaded to accept

638-605: A result of reorganization of military ranks (Tasfiye-i Rütbe Kanunu) he was demoted by two ranks. He was the chief of staff of the artillery of the Çatalca Army when the Second Balkan War broke out in 1913. He was appointed as the inspector at the Bulgarian border. He received a medal of merit due to his excellent service. He was appointed as the Commander of the Çanakkale Fortified Area on November 29, 1914. He

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696-434: A separate peace. Hindenburg and Ludendorff opposed this policy and wanted the main offensive effort to be in the east. Falkenhayn tried to weaken the French and British with renewed attacks and unrestricted submarine warfare . According to Admiral Reinhard Scheer , Falkenhayn was an advocate of submarine warfare because countering Britain was an important war aim but this was opposed by Bethmann Hollweg. Falkenhayn conducted

754-648: Is considered a hero for causing immense casualties to the Allied forces during the Dardanelles Campaign . He was appointed as the commander of the 14th Army towards the end of 1915 and was involved in the trench warfare that dominated the last phase of that conflict. After the successful defense of Galipoli and defeat of the Allies, he was appointed as the Group Commander of the region. He served in

812-581: Is that he no longer wants war, even if it means letting Austria down. I point out that he no longer has control over the situation". Falkenhayn wanted early mobilisation since the Kaiser started to secure his palace; when the war began Falkenhayn viewed this with enthusiasm. He assured the Kaiser that the German Army was ready for the conflict. He told the chancellor, Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg that "Even if we perish over this, it will still have been worth it". Falkenhayn succeeded Helmuth von Moltke

870-803: The Austro-Hungarian Army , as his uneasy ally. They differed on war aims; Hötzendorf wanting a war against Russia, Falkenhayn against France. Falkenhayn attempted to keep Italy out of the war but failed. Attacks on the Eastern front to support the Austrians, such as the Gorlice–Tarnów Offensive , caused the Russians to evacuate Russian Poland and then to retreat deeper into the Russian interior. On 8 September 1915, Falkenhayn signed

928-789: The Battle of Galicia as Commander of the XV Corps also. At the end of the war, he was serving at the Palestine front. After the occupation of Constantinople by Allied forces, he was arrested by the British in March 1920 and exiled to Malta . After he was released, he returned to Turkey in 1922 and joined Mustafa Kemal Atatürk in the Turkish War of Independence . He commanded the Cizre front against Anglo-French forces. For his services in

986-711: The Egyptian Expeditionary Force in December 1917 and was replaced by Otto Liman von Sanders . Falkenhayn is credited with avoiding a battle for the Old City of Jerusalem with its many holy sites, as well as with a crucial role in stopping the forced removal of the Jewish population of Palestine, which Governor Djemal Pasha had planned along the lines of the Armenian genocide . The evacuation of

1044-552: The German General Staff . He was seen as a capable, deliberate officer with an open mind. Between 1896 and 1903 Falkenhayn took a leave of absence and served Qing-Dynasty China as a military consultant and helped to establish some Chinese sea ports. In 1889 he returned to German service in the new Kiautschou Bay Leased Territory in China, serving in a Seebataillon (Marine Battalion) until March 1899, when he became

1102-639: The Mesopotamia front in Iraq, German military mission representative in Constantinople General von Lossow on April 22, 1916 had asked Berlin by telegraph to have (then) chief of German general staff General Erich von Falkenhayn be appointed to the head of 6. Ottoman Army to protect the high interests of Germany in Iran and Mesopotamia . He had also suggested that Liman von Sanders , who

1160-882: The Ninth Army Troops Inspectorate (stationed in Erzurum , Mustafa Kemal Atatürk , later Third Army Inspectorate) was formed. Additionally, the Rumeli Military Troops Inspectorate ( Nureddin Pasha ) would be established and the XIII Corps would be under the direction of the Ministry of War. In May 1919, the army inspectorate was structured as follows: Erich von Falkenhayn General Erich Georg Sebastian Anton von Falkenhayn (11 September 1861 – 8 April 1922)

1218-672: The Ottoman Yildirim Army Group ( Heeresgruppe F [Army Group F]), which was being formed in Mesopotamia and at Aleppo . After discussions with the Ottoman general staff, Falkenhayn was made supreme commander of two Ottoman armies in Palestine , with the rank of Mushir (field marshal) of the Ottoman Army . In the Sinai and Palestine Campaign , Falkenhayn failed to prevent the conquest of Jerusalem by

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1276-648: The Ottoman Military Academy ( Mekteb-i Fünûn-u Harbiyye-i Şâhâne ) in 1888. He graduated from the school as the fourth of his class in 1891 and joined the Ottoman military as an Infantry Second Lieutenant ( Mülâzım-ı Sani ). He continued his education in the Ottoman Military College ( Mekteb-i Erkân-ı Harbiye-i Şâhâne ). In 1892, he was promoted to the rank of First Lieutenant ( Mülâzım-ı Evvel ). In 1894, he graduated from

1334-621: The General Staff, one staff officer wrote that Falkenhayn had lacked decisiveness and foresight in the matters of organization and tactics. All sources portray Falkenhayn as a loyal, honest and punctilious friend and superior. His positive legacy is his conduct during the war in Palestine in 1917. As his biographer Holger Afflerbach wrote, "An inhuman excess against the Jews in Palestine was prevented only by Falkenhayn's conduct, which against

1392-628: The Romanian forces. Falkenhayn delayed the offensive against Romanian forces and as a result came into conflict with Archduke Karl of Austria, who would later become Charles I of Austria . He justified the postponement by pointing to the bad conditions of roads. Even with the conflict with the Austrian Army, in late 1916 and early 1917, Falkenhayn and Mackensen were able to drive the Romanian forces into Russia. Following his success at Brașov, Romania in mid-July 1917, Falkenhayn went to take over

1450-517: The Sinai front. Cemal Pasha was given the responsibility for Syria and Western Arabia as the commander of the 4. Army, and Jerusalem and Palestine region would be the responsibility of Falkenhayn, who was given full command of 6., 7. and 8. Armies. Army group was also assigned four aviation companies. In August 1917, the army group was structured as follows: with the In January 1918, the army group

1508-602: The Southern Carpathians and forcing the shattered Romanian forces north-east into Moldavia . Winston Churchill considered him to be the ablest of the German generals in World War I. Trevor Dupuy also ranked him near the top of the German commanders, just below Hindenburg and Ludendorff. Robert Foley wrote that Germany's enemies were far more able to apply a strategy of attrition, because they had greater amounts of manpower, industry and economic control over

1566-656: The Younger and Hindenburg were highly critical of Falkenhayn and sought to have him dismissed, the Emperor continued to support him. Falkenhayn did not perceive the need to deploy troops on the Vistula , he favoured sending troops to East Prussia, where the Russians took advantage of the weakening 8th Army . A Breakthrough Army ( Durchbruchsarmee ) for an offensive down the Somme river valley, consisting of nine new divisions,

1624-580: The Younger, who was considered mentally unstable, as Chief of the Oberste Heeresleitung (the German General Staff) on 14 September 1914. Falkenhayn was 53 years old, making him the youngest man to become chief of staff. Falkenhayn continued in office as minister of war for another five months. Falkenhayn recommended Adolf Wild von Hohenborn as the new war minister; the Kaiser agreed with his recommendation, making Hohenborn

1682-638: The affair. During the July Crisis , he was at the meeting on 5 July 1914 when Germany announced to Austria-Hungary its support for war. Like most German military leaders, he did not expect a great European war but he soon embraced the idea and joined others in wanting Wilhelm II to declare war. He later noted in his diary, after a discussion with the Kaiser in the Neues Palais in Potsdam, "He makes confused speeches. The only thing that emerges clearly

1740-542: The background of the German history of the 20th century has a special meaning, and one that distinguishes Falkenhayn". He received the following decorations and awards: Cevat %C3%87obanl%C4%B1 Cevat Çobanlı (14 September 1870 or 1871 – 13 March 1938 ) was a military commander of the Ottoman Army , War Minister ( Harbiye Nazırı ) of the Ottoman Empire and a general of the Turkish Army who

1798-487: The benefit of hindsight, he remarked that the German declarations of war on Russia and France in 1914 were "justifiable but overly-hasty and unnecessary". Falkenhayn died in 1922, at Schloss Lindstedt , near Potsdam and was buried in Potsdam. In 1886, Falkenhayn married Ida Selkmann (1866–1964), with whom he had a son, Fritz Georg Adalbert von Falkenhayn (1890–1973), and a daughter, Erika Karola Olga von Falkenhayn (1904–1974), who married Henning von Tresckow (1901–1944),

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1856-955: The defense of homeland. In late April, Fevzi Çakmak submitted this report to the Minister of War Şakir Pasha . On April 30, 1919, the War Ministry and Sultan Mehmed VI ratified the decision about the establishing of army inspectorates that had been accepted by the Chief of General Staff And then the First Army Troops Inspectorate (stationed in Constantinople, Fevzi Çakmak ), the Yildirim Troops Inspectorate (stationed in Konya , Cemal Mersinli , later Second Army Inspectorate) Inspectorate,

1914-471: The defensive positions and Ottomans had to evacuate Baghdad on March 10/11, 1917. Immediately plans were started to take this ancient and important city back. Only once it was realized that retaking of Baghdad would not be possible without German help, Enver Pasha relented and the new organization was allowed to proceed Organization of the Yildirim Army group started on May 7, 1917, with the arrival General Falkenhayn to Constantinople. His official commission

1972-400: The divisions in front of Verdun until casualties reached 50 per cent of the infantry, and then relieved them. The procession of divisions back and forth was analogous to the operation of a " noria ", a type of water-wheel that continuously lifts water and empties it into a trough. On 27 August 1916 Falkenhayn received news that the Kingdom of Romania had declared war on Austria-Hungary. After

2030-443: The fronts. Falkenhayn immediately realized the danger and told Enver Pasha that it would not be wise to move to Baghdad without securing the Sinai front first. 4. Army commander Cemal Pasha , concerned about intense British propaganda, also favored bolstering the Sinai-Palestine area. There were intense discussions among the military leaders, Enver Pasha, Mushir Falkenhayn, Cemal Pasha, von Kres Pasha , Liman von Sanders and Berlin as

2088-418: The military college as a Staff Captain ( Erkân-ı Harp Yüzbaşısı ) and began his service in the General Staff of the Palace ( Maiyet-i Seniyye Erkân-ı Harbiyesi ) as an aide-de-camp of Sultan. He was promoted to the rank of Colonel in 1900 and one-star general in 1901. He was put in charge of improving the defences of Edirne after some deployments abroad. He became a two-star general in 1906. In 1909, as

2146-450: The mission goals were changed. Eventually in September, Falkenhayn succeeded in directing the Yildirim Army Group towards Sinai and Palestine. Cemal Pasha was favoring a defensive operation, von Kress thought a limited offensive operation would be most appropriate, and Falkenhayn was for a broad attack. Ottoman Army Headquarters tried to solve this difference of opinion on the strategy by assigning 8. Army to von Kress and made responsible for

2204-479: The next war minister. Falkenhayn moved OHL to Mézières , to put OHL at the centre of the right wing of the German armies in the west and ordered the southern armies to dig in, part of the beginning of trench warfare . The responsibility of Falkenhayn increased when the Kaiser failed to decide a grand strategy. Falkenhayn did not want diplomatic interference in the course of war. For the first few weeks, lack of success led to widespread criticism. Falkenhayn recognized

2262-459: The opening of the Battle of the Somme , the Brusilov Offensive and the Romanian entry into the war. Having planned to win the war before 1917, the German army was reduced to hanging on. Falkenhayn was given important field commands in Romania and Syria. His reputation as a war leader was attacked in Germany during and after the war, especially by the faction supporting Field Marshal Paul von Hindenburg . Falkenhayn held that Germany could not win

2320-430: The order and tried to seize the city. French artillery on the west back of the Meuse began to inflict many casualties on the 5th Army. Because more than a quarter of a million soldiers during the battle eventually died, Falkenhayn was sometimes called "the Blood-Miller of Verdun". Contrary to Falkenhayn's expectations, the French were able to limit casualties in the divisions sent to Verdun, General Philippe Pétain kept

2378-407: The party struggle and the influence of ambitious party leaders has it become what it is: the secure defence of peace at home and abroad". Militarily, Falkenhayn had a mixed record. His offensive at Verdun proved a strategic failure. During the campaign against Romania in 1916 Falkenhayn demonstrated considerable skill in command of the 9th Army, driving the Romanians from Transylvania, breaking through

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2436-421: The pending failure of the Schlieffen-Moltke Plan and attempted to outflank the British and French in the Race to the Sea , a series of meeting engagements in northern France and Belgium, in which each side made reciprocal attempts to turn the other's flank, until they reached the North Sea coast and ran out of room for manoeuvre. In November 1914, Falkenhayn acknowledged that Germany would not be able to gain

2494-511: The personnel. The army group included troops who used the latest Western-Front infiltration tactics; were equipped with close-combat gear, such as Stahlhelms and stick-grenades; and were supported by artillery and machine guns. Original mission of Yildirim Army Group was to move South along Euphrates and surround the British. There was a plan for a small naval force on the river also. Meanwhile British had conquered Akabe and had launched an intense propaganda campaign among Arab populations behind

2552-423: The population of Jerusalem during the harsh winter months had also been planned by Djemal Pasha and was thwarted by German officers including Falkenhayn. In February 1918, Falkenhayn became commander of the 10th Army in Belarus . The unit carried out the occupation tasks in Belarus after Treaty of Brest-Litovsk . As an Army unit commander, he witnessed the end of the war in Belarus. In December 1918 he oversaw

2610-433: The relative failure at Verdun, coupled with reverses on the Eastern Front (the Brusilov Offensive and the entry of Romania into the war), the beginning of the Anglo-French offensive on the Somme and the intrigues of Hindenburg and Ludendorff, Falkenhayn was replaced as chief of staff by Hindenburg on 29 August 1916. Falkenhayn then assumed command of the 9th Army in Transylvania (6 September 1916) and in August launched

2668-440: The scepticism of the Ministry of War to airships, made by Ferdinand von Zeppelin , was justified. He tried to use the airships and develop rapidly the air force. Wild von Hohenborn was appointed minister of war and on 20 January 1915, Falkenhayn was promoted to General der Infanterie . As the chief of staff, Falkenhayn had many enemies because of his strategic thinking but he had Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf , chief of staff of

2726-618: The war by a decisive battle but would have to reach a compromise peace; his enemies said he lacked the resolve necessary to win a decisive victory. Falkenhayn's relations with the Chancellor Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg were troubled and undercut Falkenhayn's plans. Falkenhayn was born in Burg Belchau , a village near Graudenz , now Białochowo in Poland, to Fedor von Falkenhayn (1814–1896) and Franziska von Falkenhayn, née von Rosenberg (1826–1888). His ancestors could be traced to 1504. His brother Arthur (1857–1929) became tutor of Crown Prince Wilhelm and another brother Eugen (1853–1934) became

2784-427: The war, he earned the Medal of Independence . He was elected to the parliament in 1923 from Elazığ while he was still part of the military. He represented Turkey during the 1925 international negotiations regarding Mosul . He eventually retired in 1934 due to age limit. After his retirement, he lived in his mansion at Göztepe . He died on March 13, 1938. He was laid to rest in Sahrayı Cedit Cemetery. in 1988, he

2842-432: The withdrawal of the 10th Army to Germany. The formation disbanded in February 1919 and Falkenhayn retired from the army following the dissolution of his unit. In 1919, Falkenhayn retired from the army and withdrew to his estate, where he wrote his autobiography and several books on war and strategy. His war memoirs were translated into English as The German General staff and Its Critical Decisions, 1914–1916 (1919). With

2900-404: The world, resorting to many of the methods used by Falkenhayn in Russia in 1915 and France in 1916. As the cost of fighting the war increased, the war aims of the Entente expanded, to include the overthrow of the political elites of the Central Powers and the ability to dictate peace to a comprehensively defeated enemy, which was achieved by a strategy of attrition. During his term as the Chief of

2958-404: Was a German general who was the second Chief of the German General Staff of the First World War from September 1914 until 29 August 1916. Falkenhayn replaced General Helmuth von Moltke the Younger after his invasion of France was stopped at the First Battle of the Marne and was in turn removed on 29 August 1916 after the failure of his offensive strategy in the west at the Battle of Verdun ,

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3016-404: Was approved on July 11, 1917 by Sultan, and order for the establishment of the army group was published on July 15. Liman von Sanders makes a vague reference to the Napoleon's French campaign in Egypt and Syria for the choice of the name. Naming was also chosen to obfuscate the intended mission and theater of operation for this army group. Germans called it F(Falke) Army Group. This army group

3074-448: Was composed of Ottoman 6. and 7. Armies, with German Asia Corps attached to 7. Army. The order for the creation of the army group specifically read as follows: Its organization was to be very different that other German units and personnel assisting the Ottoman war effort. Its staff was organized like that of a German army group, with a German general on top. Yıldırım Army received separate German funds to help with equipment and needs of

3132-526: Was formed in the first quarter of 1915 but three divisions were not ready in time. The new army was transferred to the Eastern Front and was re-named the 11th Army. The army had success during the Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes but creating more new divisions was difficult because of the shortage of junior officers and equipment. Falkenhayn found that the Die Fliegertruppen des deutschen Kaiserreiches (Imperial German Flying Corps, Die Fliegertruppe ), needed to be expanded. Falkenhayn noticed that

3190-419: Was notable for causing major Naval losses to the Allies during their Dardanelles campaign in World War I . Cevat was born on 14 September 1870 or in 1871 in Sultanahmet ( Istanbul , Ottoman Empire ) His mother was Emine Hanım and his father was Müşir Şakir Pasha, Chief of Staff of the Ottoman Army. His family is originally from Malatya . After graduating from the Galatasaray High School , he enrolled in

3248-418: Was posted to the General Staff for a year as the Supply department head of the General Staff. Despite being a department head, Falkenhayn did not play a significant role on the General Staff. On 8 July 1913 Falkenhayn became Prussian Minister of War , succeeding Josias von Heeringen , who was considered to be inactive. During the Zabern Affair , Falkenhayn, as the minister, was part of the conference to end

3306-504: Was responsible for the Dardanelle front, could now be moved to Levant also. Ottoman Minister of War, Enver Pasha was initially against the involvement of German allies in Baghdad . After the success of Halil Pasha at Siege of Kut , he did not want him to feel slighted. The Ottoman army meanwhile had failed to capitalize on the success at Kut and the British had made extensive preparations for another general assault. The British then attacked strongly, and Halil Pasha could not hold on to

3364-433: Was structured as follows: In June 1918, the army group was structured as follows: In September 1918, the army group was structured as follows: In November 1918, the army group was structured as follows: In April 1919, Şevket Turgut Pasha , Cevat Çobanlı and Fevzi Çakmak hold a secret meeting in Constantinople . They prepared a report called "Trio Oath" ( Üçler Misâkı ) and decided to establish army inspectorate for

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