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89-502: There are 4 towns and 14 townships under the county's administration. Towns: Townships: This Zhangjiakou location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Zhangjiakou Zhangjiakou ( / ˈ dʒ ɑː ŋ dʒ i ˈ ɑː ˈ k oʊ / ), also known as Kalgan and by several other names , is a prefecture-level city in northwestern Hebei province in Northern China , bordering Beijing to

178-465: A Qin general defeated Zhao army and occupied its capital, Handan . Jia , a son of Zhao king, escaped to Dai, currently northeast of Yu County and declared himself as the King of Dai . In alliance with Xi, King of Yan , the combined army, commanded by Crown Prince Dan was defeated at Yishui. In 222 BC, Wang Ben , a Qin general defeated Yan state and then, attacked Dai. He captured Jia and ended Dai as

267-737: A monsoon -influenced, continental semi-arid climate ( Köppen BSk ), with long, cold, dry, and windy winters due to the Siberian anticyclone , and hot, humid summers driven by the East Asian monsoon ; in between spring and autumn are dry and brief. Conditions are much cooler than in Beijing due in part to the elevation. The monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from −8.1 °C (17.4 °F) in January to 24.2 °C (75.6 °F) in July, and

356-545: A bath in nearby hot springs. In today's Zhangbei county a major attraction are the ruins and museum of the former Yuan capital Zhongdu. Zhangjiakou is located in the northwest part of Hebei province, and is defined by mostly rough terrain created by the Yin Mountains , with elevations increasing from southeast to northwest. The east of the prefecture marks the Yan Mountains The bordering prefectures in

445-443: A component—either a character or a sub-component called a radical —usually involves either a reduction in its total number of strokes , or an apparent streamlining of which strokes are chosen in what places—for example, the ⼓   ' WRAP ' radical used in the traditional character 沒 is simplified to ⼏   ' TABLE ' to form the simplified character 没 . By systematically simplifying radicals, large swaths of

534-434: A conversion table. While exercising such derivation, the following rules should be observed: Sample Derivations : The Series One List of Variant Characters reduces the number of total standard characters. First, amongst each set of variant characters sharing identical pronunciation and meaning, one character (usually the simplest in form) is elevated to the standard character set, and the rest are made obsolete. Then amongst

623-565: A deal with the Communists and make peace. In the early 1960s, at the height of Sino-Soviet tensions, Zhangjiakou was considered one of the most important cities in China for military strategy reasons. Zhangjiakou was aptly nicknamed, "Beijing's Northern Door", because whoever controlled Zhangjiakou was in a good position to either attack (in the case of the Soviets) or defend (in the case of

712-751: A famous general of Zhao, commanded and deployed troops in Dai to protect against Xiongnu. After arriving in Dai, initially Li Mu banned any counterattack against Xiongnu to preserve the strength for years, which however incurred the discontent of King of Zhao. As a result, Li Mu was sacked. Following Zhao troops' defeat later, King of Zhao reinstated Li Mu. Viewing Zhao troops as cowards, Xiongnu grew arrogant and underestimated Zhao's strength. Finally, Li Mu led troops and ambushed Xiongnu, causing hundreds of thousands of casualties and great damage of Xiongnu, thus ensuring decades of peace in Zhao's borderlands. In 228 BC, Wang Jian ,

801-407: A few revised forms, and was implemented for official use by China's State Council on 5 June 2013. In Chinese, simplified characters are referred to by their official name 简化字 ; jiǎnhuàzì , or colloquially as 简体字 ; jiǎntǐzì . The latter term refers broadly to all character variants featuring simplifications of character form or structure, a practice which has always been present as

890-463: A joint venture between Volvo Cars and Geely . Due to several factors including the hosting of 2022 Winter Olympic Games with its concomitant expansion of infrastructure, the opening of high-speed railway in December 2019, the national strategy of coordinated development of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, the ratification of building a national demonstration zone of renewable energy by State Council of

979-610: A newly coined phono-semantic compound : Removing radicals Only retaining single radicals Replacing with ancient forms or variants : Adopting ancient vulgar variants : Readopting abandoned phonetic-loan characters : Copying and modifying another traditional character : Based on 132 characters and 14 components listed in Chart 2 of the Complete List , the 1,753 derived characters found in Chart 3 can be created by systematically simplifying components using Chart 2 as

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1068-464: A north march in Jiming Mountain ( 鸡鸣山 ) during his campaign against Xueyantuo . In 822, Tang established Longmen County ( 龍門縣份 ) and Huai'an County ( 懷安縣 ), thus the first appearance of Huai’an. In 866. Tang established Xinzhou ( 新州 ), the administrative center located to the west of Zhuolu. In 877, Li Keyong , the grandfather of Li Cunxu, later the emperor of Later Tang , was serving as

1157-573: A part of the Chinese writing system. The official name tends to refer to the specific, systematic set published by the Chinese government, which includes not only simplifications of individual characters, but also a substantial reduction in the total number of characters through the merger of formerly distinct forms. According to Chinese palaeographer Qiu Xigui , the broadest trend in the evolution of Chinese characters over their history has been simplification, both in graphical shape ( 字形 ; zìxíng ),

1246-510: A small gate to north, which was strengthen in 1574 and 1581. Zhangjiakoubu enjoyed a paramount strategic position, thus being called Wuheng ( 武城 ; 'Martial Town'). Therefore, Zhangjiakoubu was the origin and starting point of modern-day Zhangjiakou City. In 1514 and 1517, Dayan Khan led Mongol troops to invade China, causing great damage. He built forts in Xuanhua and Datong and stationed 15000 troops on Ming territory. Culminating in

1335-590: A state. Jia feared humiliation and committed suicide. During the Qin dynasty , Shihuangdi sent Meng Tian , commanding 300,000 troops to defend his empire from Xiongnu's attacks. They spent 10 years connecting the Great Wall of Yan, Qin and Zhao , thus building Great Wall of Qin , the first Great Wall of 10,000 li , its 80-kilometer-long relics currently located in Batou ( 坝头 ), or Erdaogou ( 二道沟 ) in local slang, to

1424-526: A stronghold of military significance and vied for by multiple sides, hence nicknamed the Northern Gate of Beijing. Due to its strategic position on several important transport arteries, it is a critical node for travel between Hebei and Inner Mongolia and connecting northwest China, Mongolia, and Beijing. Dajingmen , an important gate and junction of the Great Wall of China is located here. In

1513-616: Is a clipping of Zhangjiakoubu ( t 張家口堡 , s 张家口堡 , Zhāngjiākǒubǔ ), " earthwork fortress of the Zhang family", named in honor of the Ming-era official Zhang Wen ( t 張 文 , s 张 文 , Zhāng Wén ) who directed its construction from 1429. During China's Republican Era , the town was also known in Chinese as Zhangyuan ( t 張垣 , s 张垣 , Zhāngyuán ), "the Zhang Wall". Until

1602-440: Is actually more complex than eliminated ones. An example is the character 搾 which is eliminated in favor of the variant form 榨 . The 扌   'HAND' with three strokes on the left of the eliminated 搾 is now seen as more complex, appearing as the ⽊   'TREE' radical 木 , with four strokes, in the chosen variant 榨 . Not all characters standardised in the simplified set consist of fewer strokes. For instance,

1691-620: Is an ideal place for holidays, entertainment sightseeing for neighbour middle class and can provide tourists with a variety of experiences. In the area, there are significant differences in different seasons. In winter, tourists can ski in Chongli Mountains; in spring, they can visit historical sites; in summer, visitors can sleep in Mongolian yurts on Zhangbei Grassland, where annual musical events were held and taste fresh mutton; while in autumn, visitors can taste Huailai wine and take

1780-747: Is called "The Gateway to Beijing" and "The Mountain City beyond the Great Wall". The grand Yan Mountain, the towering Taihang Mountain, the vast grasslands, and the meandering Sangyang River converge here. The city government has regarded tourism as a major driving force of the city's economy and continues to develop the industry. As a place where water resources for Beijing is located, ecological and sustainable development have been emphasized by local government. Due to its less impact on environment than heavy industry, tourism figures significantly in local policies of development. Possessing diverse landforms, such as plains, hills, mountains, basins and grasslands, Zhangjiakou

1869-454: Is derived. Merging homophonous characters: Adapting cursive shapes ( 草書楷化 ): Replacing a component with a simple arbitrary symbol (such as 又 and 乂 ): Omitting entire components : Omitting components, then applying further alterations : Structural changes that preserve the basic shape Replacing the phonetic component of phono-semantic compounds : Replacing an uncommon phonetic component : Replacing entirely with

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1958-740: Is located in Qiaodong District. Zhangjiakou No.1 Middle School is the most famous secondary school in Zhangjiakou. Beijing No.101 Middle School was a branch of Zhangjiakou No.1 Middle School in the past. Zhangjiakou hosted Freestyle and Nordic skiing and snowboarding excluding big air for the 2022 Winter Olympics . The events were held in a venue in Taizicheng , a village in Chongli District . The ski resort earned over 1.54 billion yuan (US$ 237.77 million) in tourism during

2047-813: Is now discouraged. A State Language Commission official cited "oversimplification" as the reason for restoring some characters. The language authority declared an open comment period until 31 August 2009, for feedback from the public. In 2013, the List of Commonly Used Standard Chinese Characters was published as a revision of the 1988 lists; it included a total of 8105 characters. It included 45 newly recognized standard characters that were previously considered variant forms, as well as official approval of 226 characters that had been simplified by analogy and had seen wide use but were not explicitly given in previous lists or documents. Singapore underwent three successive rounds of character simplification , eventually arriving at

2136-524: Is part of the southern end of the Inner Mongolia Plateau ( 内蒙古高原 ) and accounts for one-third of the prefecture's area. The basin area has elevations of 500 to 1,000 metres (1,600 to 3,300 ft) and supports a few rivers. The urban area of Zhangjiakou is surrounded by mountains on three sides. The Qingshui River passes through the city, dividing the city into two districts, Qiaodong District and Qiaoxi District . Zhangjiakou has

2225-623: Is referred to as the " big seal script ". The traditional narrative, as also attested in the Shuowen Jiezi dictionary ( c.  100 AD ), is that the Qin small seal script that would later be imposed across China was originally derived from the Zhou big seal script with few modifications. However, the body of epigraphic evidence comparing the character forms used by scribes gives no indication of any real consolidation in character forms prior to

2314-547: Is used instead of 叠 in regions using traditional characters. The Chinese government stated that it wished to keep Chinese orthography stable. The Chart of Generally Utilized Characters of Modern Chinese was published in 1988 and included 7000 simplified and unsimplified characters. Of these, half were also included in the revised List of Commonly Used Characters in Modern Chinese , which specified 2500 common characters and 1000 less common characters. In 2009,

2403-670: The Chinese language , with the other being traditional characters . Their mass standardization during the 20th century was part of an initiative by the People's Republic of China (PRC) to promote literacy, and their use in ordinary circumstances on the mainland has been encouraged by the Chinese government since the 1950s. They are the official forms used in mainland China and Singapore , while traditional characters are officially used in Hong Kong , Macau , and Taiwan . Simplification of

2492-596: The Khagan of the Mongol Empire . He put Kublai , his brother, in charge of affairs of northern China. Kublai established Jinlianchuan Mufu ( 金蓮川幕府 ), enlisting many talent of Han people like Liu Bingzhong to assist his governance. Kublai regularly consulted them and discussed politics, religion ranging from Confucianism , Taoism and Buddhism . In 1307, Külüg Khan or the Emperor Wuzong of Yuan began

2581-597: The Longqing Emperor , thus reaching an agreement of lasting peace with Ming. Since then, the city of Zhangjiakou was transformed from a military base to an important horse market for Mongolian mounts imported into China. The water-scarce city was historically the chief northern gate in the Great Wall to China for Europeans travelling along the Northern Tea Road through Juyong Pass , including Ivan Petlin in 1619 and Nicolae Milescu . From 1727 it

2670-656: The Six Frontier Towns . Later on, Yuyi ( 御夷 , in present Chicheng and Guyuan ) was added. In 523, an uprising happened in Huaihuang, thus starting the Rebellion of Six Frontier Towns, an anti-Sinicization movement among northern peoples. In 525, Du Luozhou ( 杜洛周 ) led Shanggu Uprising, leading to many similar uprising to respond, including Gao Huan 's. Next year, Du Luozhou broke through Juyong Pass and occupied You Prefecture . In 645, Taizong of Tang had

2759-601: The Song dynasty . In 1168, the Emperor Shizong of Jin traveled to Helihudongchuan ( 曷里滸東东川 ). Seeing the fully blossoming yellow flowers, he named the yellow flowers Jinlianhua ( 金蓮花 ) and the place became Jinlianchuan ( 金蓮川 ; 'River of Golden Lotus'). In August 1211, during the Battle of Yehuling , Genghis Khan 's 90,000 strong force destroyed the 450,000 strong Jin dynasty army. In 1251, Möngke Khan became

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2848-411: The "external appearances of individual graphs", and in graphical form ( 字体 ; 字體 ; zìtǐ ), "overall changes in the distinguishing features of graphic[al] shape and calligraphic style, [...] in most cases refer[ring] to rather obvious and rather substantial changes". The initiatives following the founding of the Qin dynasty (221–206 BC) to universalize the use of their small seal script across

2937-482: The 1986 General List of Simplified Chinese Characters , hereafter the General List . All characters simplified this way are enumerated in Chart 1 and Chart 2 in the 1986 Complete List . Characters in both charts are structurally simplified based on similar set of principles. They are separated into two charts to clearly mark those in Chart 2 as 'usable as simplified character components', based on which Chart 3

3026-520: The 1986 mainland China revisions. Unlike in mainland China, Singapore parents have the option of registering their children's names in traditional characters. Malaysia also promulgated a set of simplified characters in 1981, though completely identical to the mainland Chinese set. They are used in Chinese-language schools. All characters simplified this way are enumerated in Charts 1 and 2 of

3115-532: The 2015–16 snow season for a 31.6% growth over the previous season. The snow season lasted for five months from November, during which Chongli has hosted thirty-six competitions and activities, such as Far East Cup and Children Skiing International Festival. A total of twenty-three skiing camps were set up, attracting the participation of 3,800 youths. Venues currently being constructed are: Simplified characters Simplified Chinese characters are one of two standardized character sets widely used to write

3204-499: The Battle of Yingzhou ( 應州大捷 ) in 1517, Dayan Khan was killed in the battle. From 1545, Xuanda Governor Weng Wanda ( 宣大總督翁萬達 ) began building Xuanfu Great Wall, reaching 462 li (231 km) next year. In 1545, he built Great Walls again, reaching 169 li (84.5 km), effectively defending the area of Mongol cavalry's invasion. In 1571, Altan Khan of Mongols received the title "Prince of Shunyi" (Obedient and Righteous Prince) from

3293-470: The Chinese government published a major revision to the list which included a total of 8300 characters. No new simplifications were introduced. In addition, slight modifications to the orthography of 44 characters to fit traditional calligraphic rules were initially proposed, but were not implemented due to negative public response. Also, the practice of unrestricted simplification of rare and archaic characters by analogy using simplified radicals or components

3382-616: The Chinese) Beijing. Zhangjiakou hosted some of the events in the 2022 Winter Olympics . Lying in between the Mongolian Plateau and the North China Plain , Zhangjiakou has a somewhat rugged topography characterized by high mountains, deep valleys, and rocky pathways. As a result, it serves as a perfect natural screen for Beijing, which has made it a strategic priority militarily since ancient times. It

3471-486: The Great Wall more than 600 to 700 kilometers, encircled Xiongnu's head, Youxianwang ( 右贤王 ). In 122 BC, 50,000 Xiongnu invaded Shanggu, killed hundreds of people. In next March, Huo Qubing commanded 10,000 cavalry to counterattack and achieved success. In 119 BC, Wei Qing and Huo Qubing each commanded 50,000 cavalry. Huo Qubing departed from Dai Commandery, marched 2000 li northward crossing Gobi desert. Finally, Han troops defeated Xiongnu under Yizhixie completely. Following

3560-669: The People's Republic of China , Zhangjiakou economy is expected to undergo unprecedented advance in the coming years. Zhangjiakou is headquarters of the 65th Group Army of the People's Liberation Army , one of the three group armies that comprise the Beijing Military Region responsible for defending China's capital. Zhangjiakou is home to Hebei North University . The university has been improving its international network and many foreign students are now studying there. Another university Hebei University of Architecture

3649-571: The annual mean is 9.2 °C (48.6 °F). The vicinity of Zhangjiakou is rich in coal and iron ore, making it an ideal location for developing iron and steel industry. Apart from metallurgy, the city is home to one of China's most important grape wine industries, with the Great Wall Wine Company being located in Shacheng , Huailai County . Due to its comparatively late implementation Reform and Opening policies,

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3738-467: The autonomous Cha-nan (South Chahar) Province. The Federated Mengjiang Commission was set up to supervise the economic affairs, banking, communications, and industry of Japanese-occupied Inner Mongolia ( Mengjiang ). During the second phase of the Chinese Civil War, The 35th Army under Fu Zuoyi was surrounded at Xinbao'an of Zhangjiakou and defeated. This caused Fu Zuo Yi to quickly strike

3827-407: The cession left China in a vulnerable position against the invasions from the north. In 951, Yelu Ruan, the Emperor Shizong of Liao intended to attack Later Zhou in the south despite the reluctance of many subordinate tribes. While passing Huoshendian ( 火神淀 ), the west of Xinzhou, a rebellion broke out and Yelu Gecha ( 耶律察割 ) and Yelu Pendu ( 耶律盆都 ) assassinated the drunken emperor. The rebellion

3916-428: The character set are altered. Some simplifications were based on popular cursive forms that embody graphic or phonetic simplifications of the traditional forms. In addition, variant characters with identical pronunciation and meaning were reduced to a single standardized character, usually the simplest among all variants in form. Finally, many characters were left untouched by simplification and are thus identical between

4005-407: The chosen variants, those that appear in the "Complete List of Simplified Characters" are also simplified in character structure accordingly. Some examples follow: Sample reduction of equivalent variants : Ancient variants with simple structure are preferred : Simpler vulgar forms are also chosen : The chosen variant was already simplified in Chart 1 : In some instances, the chosen variant

4094-639: The city ranks second in solar energy use. Zhangjiakou was one of the host cities at the 2022 Winter Olympics . Zhangjiakou is the atonal pinyin romanization of the Chinese name written 張家口 in traditional characters and 张家口 in simplified ones , meaning " pass of the Zhang family ". It is written Zhāngjiākǒu in tonal pinyin and was formerly romanized as Chang-chia-k'ou in Wade–Giles and as Changchiakow in Postal Map romanization . The name

4183-653: The construction of Yuan Zhongdu ( 元中都 ) in Onggachatu ( 旺兀察都 , north to present Zhangbei) where the court was moved. However, before full completion, Emperor Wuzong died soon and his successor Wuzong's brother, Emperor Renzong of Yuan called it off. In August 1329, during Tianli Incident following the War of the Two Capitals , the new emperor Khutughtu Khan Kusala was poisoned to death by El Temür in Zhongdu. Zhongdu

4272-473: The country's writing system as a serious impediment to its modernization. In 1916, a multi-part English-language article entitled "The Problem of the Chinese Language" co-authored by the Chinese linguist Yuen Ren Chao (1892–1982) and poet Hu Shih (1891–1962) has been identified as a turning point in the history of the Chinese script—as it was one of the first clear calls for China to move away from

4361-586: The deputy commander of the Shatuo troops and stationed in Yuzhou, turning this place into his base for future struggles. In 899, Wuzhou ( 武州 ) was established with its administrative center in Xuanhua. Meanwhile, Wende County ( 文德縣 ) was established, the administrative center in present Xuanhua. During the period of Five Dynasties, Zhangjiakou area, like other places in northern China, underwent repeated changes of rules of different dynasties. In 937, in order to enlist

4450-476: The early 20th century. In 1909, the educator and linguist Lufei Kui formally proposed the use of simplified characters in education for the first time. Over the following years—marked by the 1911 Xinhai Revolution that toppled the Qing dynasty , followed by growing social and political discontent that further erupted into the 1919 May Fourth Movement —many anti-imperialist intellectuals throughout China began to see

4539-634: The first official list of simplified forms was published, consisting of 324 characters collated by Peking University professor Qian Xuantong . However, fierce opposition within the KMT resulted in the list being rescinded in 1936. Work throughout the 1950s resulted in the 1956 promulgation of the Chinese Character Simplification Scheme , a draft of 515 simplified characters and 54 simplified components, whose simplifications would be present in most compound characters. Over

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4628-463: The first round—but was massively unpopular and never saw consistent use. The second round of simplifications was ultimately retracted officially in 1986, well after they had largely ceased to be used due to their unpopularity and the confusion they caused. In August 2009, China began collecting public comments for a revised list of simplified characters; the resulting List of Commonly Used Standard Chinese Characters lists 8,105 characters, including

4717-475: The following decade, the Script Reform Committee deliberated on characters in the 1956 scheme, collecting public input regarding the recognizability of variants, and often approving forms in small batches. Parallel to simplification, there were also initiatives aimed at eliminating the use of characters entirely and replacing them with pinyin as an official Chinese alphabet, but this possibility

4806-406: The founding of the Qin. The Han dynasty (202 BC – 220 AD) that inherited the Qin administration coincided with the perfection of clerical script through the process of libian . Eastward spread of Western learning Though most closely associated with the People's Republic, the idea of a mass simplification of character forms first gained traction in China during

4895-467: The gate. In October 1909, Zhangjiakou was connected with Beijing by Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway , the first railway solely designed and built by Chinese people. Zhan Tianyou was the chief engineer. The 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica noted that, in Kalgan, "the ordinary houses have an unusual appearance, from the fact that they are mostly roofed with earth and become covered with green-sward" and that "on

4984-406: The help from Khitan people to defeat Later Tang , Shi Jingtang of Later Jin (Five Dynasties) agreed to cede Sixteen Prefectures to Khitan, later Liao dynasty , in which Xinzhou ( 新州 , present Zhuolu ), Weizhou ( 妫州 , Huailai ), Wuzhou ( 武州 ), Yuzhou ( 蔚州 ) were included. The Sixteen Prefectures held strategic locations in the north and because the Great Wall was across Zhangjiakou area,

5073-466: The increased usage of 朙 was followed by proliferation of a third variant: 眀 , with 目 'eye' on the left—likely derived as a contraction of 朙 . Ultimately, 明 became the character's standard form. The Book of Han (111 AD) describes an earlier attempt made by King Xuan of Zhou ( d.  782 BC ) to unify character forms across the states of ancient China , with his chief chronicler having "[written] fifteen chapters describing" what

5162-987: The jurisdiction of You Prefecture . Following the Xin dynasty , Lu Fang ( 卢芳 ) rebelled against Han but was defeated. Then, Emperor Guangwu of Han granted him the King of Dai. In 48 AD, the Eastern Han dynasty established Colonel-Protector of the Wuhuan in Ningcheng ( 宁城 ), Shanggu (currently, Ningyuanbao Qiaodong District ), representing Han's management of Wuhuan. Meanwhile, Han also opened Hu Market ( 胡市 ) to conduct regular exchanges with Wuhuan in Ningcheng. From 110 AD, Ningcheng also began to manage affairs with Xianbei . In 274, Western Jin divided Shanggu Commandery and established Guangning Commandery ( 廣寧郡 ) in Xialuo ( 下洛 , in

5251-465: The left, with the 月 'Moon' component on the right. Li Si ( d.  208 BC ), the Chancellor of Qin, attempted to universalize the Qin small seal script across China following the wars that had politically unified the country for the first time. Li prescribed the 朙 form of the word for 'bright', but some scribes ignored this and continued to write the character as 明 . However,

5340-468: The legendary ancestors of Chinese people, Huangdi , Yandi , and Chiyou used to live in the area of Zhuolu Town , and later fought the Battle of Zhuolu and Battle of Banquan , amalgamating different tribes into a single Huaxia tribe, thus beginning Chinese history. During Spring and Autumn period , Xiongnu and Donghu people inhabited the northern area while Yan State (since around 11th century BC) and Dai state (since 7th century BC) occupied

5429-499: The mid-20th century, Zhangjiakou was more often known to Europeans as Kalgan from its classical Mongolian name Qaɣalɣan ( [REDACTED] ), meaning barrier or beam gate , but actually a shortened form of the full name Čiɣulaltu Qaɣalɣa ( [REDACTED] ), "assembly" or "meeting gate" from its importance along Sino-Mongolian trade routes. The modern Mongolian forms of these names are Haalgan ( Хаалган ) and Chuulalt Haalga ( Чуулалт Хаалга ). The Manchu form of

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5518-402: The most prominent Chinese authors of the 20th century, stated that "if Chinese characters are not destroyed, then China will die" ( 漢字不滅，中國必亡 ). During the 1930s and 1940s, discussions regarding simplification took place within the ruling Kuomintang (KMT) party. Many members of the Chinese intelligentsia maintained that simplification would increase literacy rates throughout the country. In 1935,

5607-732: The name was Imiyangga Jase ( [REDACTED] ). During the Ming dynasty, when the city was a major military outpost against the Northern Yuan , it was also known as Wucheng ( 武城 , Wǔchéng ), "Martial" or "War Town". Because of its strategic position above and northwest of Beijing, Zhangjiakou has been nicknamed "Beijing's Northern Door". There are many paleolithic remains like Nihewan , Xiaochangliang , and Maquangou located in Guyuan county, which indicated human activities dating back possibly 2 million years ago. Around 2500 BC,

5696-536: The north of Zhangjiakou downtown area. The southern area of Zhangjiakou was under jurisdiction of Dai Commandery and Shanggu Commandery . During the Han dynasty, most part of the area belonged to You Prefecture while some parts belonged to Wuhuan , Xiongnu and Xianbei . When Liu Bang established the Han dynasty , he granted Dai and the title of King of Dai to his brother Liu Zhong in 201 BC. One year later, Liu Zhong

5785-512: The north, Ming emperors, especially Yongle Emperor (who sent the fleet of Zheng He journeying as far as East Africa) put great emphasis on the building of defensive forces in northern China, where most troops were deployed in Xuanfu, reaching 151 thousand during 1403 to 1424. Fighting Mongols, Yongle Emperor's campaigns against the Mongols mainly took place to the north of Zhangjiakou. In 1429,

5874-601: The official Zhang Wen began fortifying the city, which was subsequently renamed in his honor. On September 1, 1449, while retreating from the campaign against Mongols ( Oirats ), the 500,000-man army was defeated and the Emperor Yingzong of Ming was captured by chasing Mongolian troops in Huailai County , which was later called Tumu Crisis . The Emperor was sent back next year but only restored his throne in 1457. In 1529, local officer Zhang Zhen ( 张珍 ) built

5963-623: The province are Chengde to the northeast and Baoding to the south. It also borders Shanxi to the west and southwest and Inner Mongolia to the northwest. The prefecture's latitude ranges from 39° 30' to 42° 10' N, or 289.2 kilometres (179.7 mi), while its longitude spans 113° 50' to 116° 30' E, or 216.2 kilometres (134.3 mi). Zhangjiakou City is divided into three topographical regions: plateau, mountains, and basin. The former has elevations generally above 1,400 metres (4,600 ft), and consists of all of Guyuan and Kangbao Counties as well as part of Shangyi and Zhangbei Counties. This area

6052-430: The public and quickly fell out of official use. It was ultimately formally rescinded in 1986. The second-round simplifications were unpopular in large part because most of the forms were completely new, in contrast to the familiar variants comprising the majority of the first round. With the rescission of the second round, work toward further character simplification largely came to an end. In 1986, authorities retracted

6141-454: The rebellion, Liu Bang granted the title of King of Dai to his third son, Liu Heng, later Emperor Wen of Han . Zhangjiakou was a major battleground during Han–Xiongnu War . In 127 BC, Xiongnu cavalry attacked Shanggu (currently Huailai), Yuyang. The Emperor Wu of Han launched a successful counterattack. In 124 BC, Xiongnu cavalry invaded Dai Commandery. Emperor Wu ordered Wei Qing commanding 100,000 troops to counterattack. Wei Qing left

6230-465: The recently conquered parts of the empire is generally seen as being the first real attempt at script reform in Chinese history. Before the 20th century, variation in character shape on the part of scribes, which would continue with the later invention of woodblock printing , was ubiquitous. For example, prior to the Qin dynasty (221–206 BC) the character meaning 'bright' was written as either 明 or 朙 —with either 日 'Sun' or 囧 'window' on

6319-481: The same set of simplified characters as mainland China. The first round was promulgated by the Ministry of Education in 1969, consisting of 498 simplified characters derived from 502 traditional characters. A second round of 2287 simplified characters was promulgated in 1974. The second set contained 49 differences from the mainland China system; these were removed in the final round in 1976. In 1993, Singapore adopted

6408-416: The scale of foreign investment in Zhangjiakou is not quite large. Currently, there are approximately 130 foreign companies settled. The amount of investment reached 820 million US dollars. The largest one is Zhangjiakou Volvo Motor Company with investment amounting to 3.1 billion RMB, and value of output exceeding 1 billion RMB. In 2022, Volvo Cars ' powertrain plant at Zhangjiakou was transferred to Aurobay,

6497-467: The second round completely, though they had been largely fallen out of use within a year of their initial introduction. That year, the authorities also promulgated a final version of the General List of Simplified Chinese Characters . It was identical to the 1964 list save for 6 changes—including the restoration of 3 characters that had been simplified in the first round: 叠 , 覆 , 像 ; the form 疊

6586-595: The south, Zhangjiakou is largely cultivated for agricultural use. In the north, Bashang is a part of the Mongolian plateau and dominated by grasslands. The forest coverage reaches 37%, earning Zhangjiakou the title of National Forest City. According to the Ministry of Environmental Protection, Zhangjiakou has the freshest air and the least PM 2.5 pollution of all Chinese cities north of the Yellow River. Zhangjiakou also possesses 4.6% of China's wind energy resources, and

6675-488: The southeast, Inner Mongolia to the north and west, and Shanxi to the southwest. By 2020, its population was 4,118,908 inhabitants on 36,861.56 square kilometres (14,232.33 sq mi), divided into 17 Counties and Districts. The built-up ( or metro ) area made of Qiaoxi , Qiaodong , Chongli , Xuanhua , Xiahuayuan Districts largely being conurbated had 1,413,861 inhabitants in 2020 on 5,266 km (2,033 sq mi). Since ancient times, Zhangjiakou has been

6764-720: The southern area. In 475 BC, Dai was occupied by Zhao Wuxu of Zhao State . In 300 BC, King Wuling of Zhao established Dai Commandery , managing the area of ancient Dai state with its administrative center in Dai, currently Daiwangcheng, Yu County. During the same period of time, King Zhao of Yan sent General Qin Kai who was once captured by Donghu people and thus became familiar with their tactics to defeat Donghu. Following that, Yan State built Great Wall in its border extending from Zaoyang (currently northeast of Xuanhua) to Xiangping (currently north of Liaoyang ). In 283 BC, King Zhao established Shanggu Commandery . In 265 BC, Li Mu ,

6853-697: The success, a new office, the Colonel-Protector of the Wuhuan ( 护乌桓校尉 ), was established in Shanggu in order to prevent contact between the Wuhuan with the Xiongnu and to use them to monitor the Xiongnu activities. In 106 BC, Emperor Wu of Han organized the Western Han dynasty into 13 province-sized prefectures, each administered by a cishi ( 刺史 ) or inspector, thus putting Shanggu and Dai under

6942-497: The supreme chieftain of the Tuoba, was appointed Duke of Dai by Western Jin and since 315, the King of Dai. In 376, Dai was conquered by Former Qin state. Former Qin fell into disarray in 383 following its defeat by Jin forces at the Battle of Fei River . In 386, Tuoba Gui , the grandson of Tuoba Shiyiqian , the last King of Dai, took the opportunity to reestablish Dai and soon changed its name from Dai to Wei. Initially, Tuoba Gui

7031-497: The traditional and simplified Chinese orthographies. The Chinese government has never officially announced the completion of the simplification process after the bulk of characters were introduced by the 1960s. In the wake of the Cultural Revolution , a second round of simplified characters was promulgated in 1977—largely composed of entirely new variants intended to artificially lower the stroke count, in contrast to

7120-833: The traditional character 強 , with 11 strokes is standardised as 强 , with 12 strokes, which is a variant character. Such characters do not constitute simplified characters. The new standardized character forms shown in the Characters for Publishing and revised through the Common Modern Characters list tend to adopt vulgar variant character forms. Since the new forms take vulgar variants, many characters now appear slightly simpler compared to old forms, and as such are often mistaken as structurally simplified characters. Some examples follow: The traditional component 釆 becomes 米 : The traditional component 囚 becomes 日 : The traditional "Break" stroke becomes

7209-522: The use of characters entirely. Instead, Chao proposed that the language be written with an alphabet, which he saw as more logical and efficient. The alphabetization and simplification campaigns would exist alongside one another among the Republican intelligentsia for the next several decades. Recent commentators have echoed some contemporary claims that Chinese characters were blamed for the economic problems in China during that time. Lu Xun , one of

7298-456: The way to Peking the road passes over a beautiful bridge of seven arches, ornamented with marble figures of animals". Following Xinhai Revolution , Zhangjiakou was incorporated into Chahar Special Administrative Region, later changed to Chahar Province in 1928, after the success of Northern Expedition of Kuomintang . In 1937, the Japanese occupied the region and made Kalgan the capital of

7387-459: The west of present Zhuolu), which was disestablished during Northern Qi . During the period known as Sixteen Kingdoms in Chinese history when the northern China was repeatedly invaded and occupied various nomadic peoples from further north, Zhangjiakou area became part of Dai , Former Yan , ultimately ruled by Northern Wei of Xianbei. In 310, by helping Jin's Liu Kun , the governor of Bingzhou to fight Xiongnu state of Han Zhao , Tuoba Yilu ,

7476-564: Was a vassal of Later Yan but claimed imperial title in 397 after defeating Murong Bao of Yan in Battle of Canhe Slope . Later, Tuoba Gui was given the title of Emperor Daowu of Northern Wei . In 423, in order to defend itself from Rouran 's invasions, Northern Wei built a Great Wall from Chicheng to the east and Wuyuan to the West, and established Huaihuang ( 懷荒 , in present Zhangbei ), Rouxuan ( 柔玄 , in present Shangyi ), Woye ( 沃野 , in present Wuyuan County, Inner Mongolia ) as two of

7565-464: Was abandoned, confirmed by a speech given by Zhou Enlai in 1958. In 1965, the PRC published the List of Commonly Used Characters for Printing  [ zh ] (hereafter Characters for Printing ), which included standard printed forms for 6196 characters, including all of the forms from the 1956 scheme. A second round of simplified characters was promulgated in 1977, but was poorly received by

7654-559: Was an important station for the Kyakhta trade between Russia and China. In early autumn long lines of camels would come in from all quarters for the conveyance of the tea chests from Zhangjiakou to Kyakhta across the Gobi Desert . Each caravan usually made three journeys in the winter. In the 19th century, the town had an estimated population of 70–100,000 and some Russian merchants had permanent residences and warehouses just outside

7743-479: Was defeated by Modu Chanyu of Xiongnu and escaped, thus demoted. In 196 BC, Chen Xi , the chancellor of Zhao, rebelled against the emperor and occupied more than 20 cities soon after. As a result, Liu Bang commanded an army in person from Luoyang. During the war, the empress launched a coup d'état and killed Han Xin , the most important general who helped establish the Han dynasty. With the help of Fan Kuai and Zhou Bo , Liu Bang defeated Chen Xi very soon. Following

7832-538: Was later destroyed in 1357 during the Red Turban Rebellion as the rebels marched towards Shangdu . In 1370, Zhu Yuanzhang ordered his general, Tang He , to occupy Xuande ( 宣德 ), later changed to Xuanfu ( 宣府 ), Hua Yunlong to occupy Yunzhou ( 雲州 ), seated in the north of Chicheng. Xuanfu was one of the Nine Garrisons of the Ming dynasty . In order to defend China proper from invasions from

7921-819: Was put down very soon by Shizong's successor, Yelu Jing, the Emperor Muzong of Liao . During the reign of Emperor Jingzong of Liao , the empress Xiao Yanyan often took part in politics and war. She often stationed troops in Yanzicheng ( 燕子城 present Zhangbei ), the name of which is believed to derive from Xiao Yanyan in preparations for the War against Song. Attracted by the beautiful scenery in Zhangjiakou area, she built two royal gardens, Shanghuayuan ( 上花園 ; 'Upper Garden') and Xiahuayuan ( 下花園 ; 'Lower Garden', in present Xiahuayuan District ). Xiao resided there often and enlisted many talent in his war with

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