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96-534: The town administers eighteen villages: Botești ( Golddorf ; Botesbánya ), Budeni ( Higendorf ), Dealu Roatei ( Rotberg ), Dobrot, Dumbrava, Feneș ( Wildendorf ; Fenes ), Galați ( Galz ; Ompolygalac ), Izvoru Ampoiului ( Gross-Ompeil ; Nagyompoly ), Pârău Gruiului ( Gruybach ), Pătrângeni ( Peters ; Ompolykövesd ), Pirita ( Pfirth ), Podu lui Paul ( Pauls ), Runc ( Goldrücken ), Ruși ( Rusch ), Suseni ( Oberdorf ), Trâmpoiele ( Trempojel ; Kénesd ), Valea Mică ( Kleinwasser ) and Vâltori ( Waldrücken ; Vultur ). Zlatna

192-571: A Romance-speaking ethnic group and nation native to Central , Eastern , and Southeastern Europe . Sharing a common culture and ancestry , they speak the Romanian language and live primarily in Romania and Moldova . The 2021 Romanian census found that 89.3% of Romania's citizens identified themselves as ethnic Romanians. In one interpretation of the 1989 census results in Moldova,

288-580: A War of Independence against the Ottomans, with Romania's independence being formally recognised in 1878 at the Treaty of Berlin . Although the relatively newly founded Kingdom of Romania initially allied with Austria-Hungary , Romania refused to enter World War I on the side of the Central Powers , because it was obliged to wage war only if Austria-Hungary was attacked. In 1916, Romania joined

384-640: A Sephardic one following in 1874. Most local Jews in the 19th century worked in viticulture and bought land for growing vines; in the 20th century, they were mainly artisans. By 1930, the 1558 Jews of Alba Iulia represented nearly 13% of the town's population. In October 1940, during the National Legionary State , the Iron Guard terrorized local Jews. The following year, the Ion Antonescu regime confiscated Jewish property and sent

480-795: A Vlach homeland situated "near the Danube and [...] the Sava, where the Serbians lived more recently". He associated the Vlachs with the Dacians and the Bessi . Accordingly, historians have located this homeland in several places, including Pannonia Inferior ( Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu ) and Dacia Aureliana (Mátyás Gyóni). The princess and chronicler Anna Komnene reports that in April 1091, on

576-482: A military province, devastated by an Avars invasion in 586) and Dacia Mediterranea (as a civil province, devastated by an Avar invasion in 602). The Diocese of Dacia (circa 337–602) was a diocese of the later Roman Empire , in the area of modern-day Balkans . The Diocese of Dacia was composed of five provinces, the northernmost provinces were Dacia Ripensis (the Danubian portion of Dacia Aureliana, one of

672-459: A stellar shape, was constructed between 1716 and 1735 by two Swiss fortification architects. The first was Giovanni Morandi Visconti , who built two old Italian-style bastions. The second was Nicolaus Doxat de Demoret —nicknamed "Austrian Vauban ". After 1720, the two architects radically transformed the medieval fortress shaped by the former Roman castrum into a seven-bastion baroque fortress, developing Menno van Coehorn's new Dutch system, of which

768-581: A third region inhabited by an important majority of Romanian speakers, was a vassal state of the Ottomans until 1687, when the principality became part of the Habsburg possessions. The three principalities were united for several months in 1600 under the authority of Wallachian Prince Michael the Brave . Up until 1541, Transylvania was part of the Kingdom of Hungary , later (due to the conquest of Hungary by

864-585: A time when it was officially a commune. At the 2011 census , 89.59% of inhabitants were Romanians , and 4.59% Roma . Zlatna has a humid continental climate ( Cfb in the Köppen climate classification ). [REDACTED] Media related to Zlatna at Wikimedia Commons Alba Iulia Alba Iulia ( Romanian pronunciation: [ˌalba ˈjuli.a] ; German : Karlsburg or Carlsburg , formerly Weißenburg ; Hungarian : Gyulafehérvár [ˈɟulɒfɛɦeːrvaːr] ; Latin : Apulum )

960-575: A traditional iconographic style. The first monarchs of the Unified Romania, King Ferdinand I and Queen Marie were crowned in the cathedral on 15 October 1922. The National Museum of Unification in Alba Iulia is located in the "Babylon" Building. It was built between 1851 and 1853 for military purposes and became a museum in 1887. The museum exhibits over 130,000 pieces of artworks, organized chronologically. The Unification Hall, also part of

1056-614: A year and a half until he was murdered in 1601, by General Giorgio Basta 's agents. Alba Iulia became part of the Habsburg Monarchy in 1690. The fortress Alba Carolina , designed by architect Giovanni Morando Visconti, was built between 1716 and 1735, at the behest of Emperor Charles VI of Habsburg . The leaders of the Transylvanian peasant rebellion were executed in Alba Iulia in January 1785. Important milestones in

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1152-531: Is a city that serves as the seat of Alba County in the west-central part of Romania . Located on the river Mureș in the historical region of Transylvania , it has a population of 63,536 (as of 2011 ). During ancient times, the site was the location of the Roman camp Apulum . Since the High Middle Ages , the city has been the seat of Transylvania's Roman Catholic diocese . Between 1526 and 1570 it

1248-702: Is a translation of the earlier Slavic form, meaning "white castle of the Gyula" meaning "white city of Julius". Alba is the Romanian feminine form of the word for white , and Iulia ("Julius") refers to Gyula II , a mid-10th-century Hungarian warlord who was baptized in Constantinople . Under the influence of the Hungarian form, Gyulafehérvár, the town's Latin name eventually became Alba Julia or Alba Yulia . Its modern Romanian name, Alba Iulia ,

1344-713: Is an exonym that was used by Slavs to refer to all Romanized natives of the Balkans. It holds its origin from ancient Germanic—being a cognate to "Welsh" and "Walloon"—and perhaps even further back in time, from the Roman name Volcae, which was originally a Celtic tribe. From the Slavs, it was passed on to other peoples, such as the Hungarians ( Oláh ) and Greeks ( Vlachoi ) (see the Etymology section of Vlachs). Wallachia ,

1440-737: Is apparent archaeologically into the sixth century. Roman fortifications mostly date to the Tetrarchy or the Constantinian dynasty . The province ceased to exist around 679–681, when the region was overrun by the Bulgars , which the Emperor Constantine IV was forced to recognize in 681. During the Middle Ages Romanians were mostly known as Vlachs , a blanket term ultimately of Germanic origin, from

1536-408: Is derived from Latin romanus , meaning " Roman ". Under regular phonetical changes that are typical to the Romanian language, the name romanus over the centuries transformed into rumân [ruˈmɨn] . An older form of român was still in use in some regions. Socio-linguistic evolutions in the late 18th century led to a gradual preponderance of the român spelling form, which

1632-654: Is located 36 km (22 mi) north-west of the county seat, Alba Iulia , on the border with Hunedoara County . Situated in the Zlatna depression, between the Metaliferi Mountains and the Trascău Mountains , the town lies at the confluence of the Ampoi River with Valea Morilor creek . A gold mining settlement has existed in the area since Roman times, when it was known as a municipium under

1728-526: Is located near the site of the important Dacian political, economic and social centre of Apulon , which was mentioned by the ancient Greek geographer Ptolemy and believed by some archaeologists to be the Dacian fortifications on top of Piatra Craivii. After Dacia became a province of the Roman Empire , the capital of Dacia Apulensis was established here, and the city was known as Apulum . Apulum

1824-580: Is officially celebrated on the same day since 2023. As of 2017, an Ethnologue estimation puts the (worldwide) number of Romanian speakers at approximately 24.15 million. The 24.15 million, however, represent only speakers of Romanian , not all of whom are necessarily ethnic Romanians. Also, this number does not include ethnic-Romanians who no longer speak the Romanian language. In English, Romanians are usually called Romanians and very rarely Rumanians or Roumanians, except in some historical texts, where they are called Roumans or Vlachs . The name Romanian

1920-628: Is practically identical to Romanian, although there are some differences in colloquial speech. In the de facto independent (but internationally unrecognised) region of Transnistria , the official script used to write Moldovan is Cyrillic, although Moldovan has a very limited usage in Transnistria despite its official status. Since 2013, the Romanian Language Day is officially celebrated on 31 August in Romania. In Moldova, it

2016-417: Is the adoption of this that started to spread in Romanian in ordinary speech in the 18th century. The modern name has been officially used since the town became part of Romania. The 16th-century German name was Weyssenburg . The Saxons later renamed the town to Karlsburg (Carlsburg) in honour of Charles VI (1685–1740). In Yiddish and Hebrew , Karlsburg was prevalent. In Ladino , Carlosburg

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2112-853: The 1848 Romanticist and liberal revolutions across Europe, the events that took place in the Grand Principality of Transylvania were the first of their kind to unfold in the Romanian-speaking territories. On the one hand, the Transylvanian Saxons and the Transylvanian Romanians (with consistent support on behalf of the Austrian Empire ) successfully managed to oppose the goals of the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 , with

2208-470: The 2021 census , there was a total population of 64,227 people living in this city. At the 2011 census , there were 63,536 inhabitants; of these, 95.3% were ethnic Romanians, 3.2% Romani , 1.9% Hungarians , and 0.2% Germans (more specifically Transylvanian Saxons ). In 1850, Alba Iulia had 5,408 inhabitants, 2,530 of them being Romanians (46.78%), 1,009 Hungarians (18.67%), 748 Germans/Transylvanian Saxons (13.83%), and 1,121 (20.73%) others. In 1891,

2304-553: The Alba Iulia Orthodox Cathedral . Alba Iulia is historically important for Romanians , Hungarians , and Transylvanian Saxons . In December 1918, Alba Iulia was officially declared Capital of the Great Union of Romania . The city administers four villages: Bărăbanț ( Borbánd ), Micești ( Ompolykisfalud ), Oarda ( Alsóváradja ), and Pâclișa ( Poklos ). During the Roman period the settlement

2400-594: The Blachij with the Vlachs. However the document was written between 1200 and 1230, around 300 years after the described events and some modern historians have reservations about it and find it unreliable. Another important document mentioning Romanians (Vlachs) from the South of the Balkan Peninsula dates back to 980. That year, the governor of Servia , Nikulitsa received the position of leader (archon) of

2496-687: The Cumans ' campaign south of the Danube, Emperor Alexios I Komnenos was informed about the movements of the "Turanians", who had crossed the Danube by " a certain Pudilos, a Vlach noble ". The Byzantine chronicler Niketas Choniates writes that in 1164, Andronikos I Komnenos , the emperor Manuel I Komnenos 's cousin, tried without success, to usurp the throne. Failing in his attempt, the Byzantine prince sought refuge in Halych but Andronikos I Komnenos

2592-703: The Danube and the Black Sea , today's Dobruja divided between Romania and Bulgaria . The capital of the province was Tomis (today Constanța ). According to the Laterculus Veronensis of c.  314 and the Notitia Dignitatum of c.  400 , Scythia belonged to the Diocese of Thrace . The indigenous population of Scythia Minor was Dacian and their material culture

2688-591: The First Bulgarian Empire became the dominant power of the region, occupying lands as far as the river Tisa . The First Bulgarian Empire had a mixed population consisting of the Bulgar conquerors, Slavs and Vlachs (Romanians) but the Slavicisation of the Bulgar elite had already begun in the 9th century. Following the conquest of Southern and Central Transylvania around 830, people from

2784-583: The PDL this time) was narrowly re-elected for a second term in the 2009 presidential elections . In 2014, the PNL - PDL candidate (as part of the larger Christian Liberal Alliance or ACL for short; also endorsed by the Democratic Forum of Germans in Romania , FDGR/DFDR for short respectively) Klaus Iohannis won a surprise victory over former Prime Minister and PSD -supported contender Victor Ponta in

2880-474: The Romanian language , a Romance language , can be traced back to the Roman colonisation of the region. The basic vocabulary is of Latin origin, although there are some substratum words that are assumed to be of Dacian origin. It is the most spoken Eastern Romance language and is closely related to Aromanian , Megeleno-Romanian , and Istro-Romanian , all three part of the same sub-branch of Romance languages. The Moldovan language , in its official form,

2976-468: The Union of Transylvania with the Kingdom of Romania . The representatives of the Transylvanian Saxons decided to join this declaration on 8 January 1919. In 1922, Ferdinand I of Romania was symbolically crowned King of Romania in Alba Iulia. In October 2012, at the 90th anniversary of King Ferdinand's coronation, his great-granddaughter Princess Margarita of Romania visited Alba Iulia to commemorate

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3072-399: The endonym (the name they used for themselves) Romanians ( Rumâni / Români ). The first mentions by Romanians of the endonym are contemporary with the earliest writings in Romanian from the sixteenth century. According to Tomasz Kamusella , at the time of the rise of Romanian nationalism during the early 19th century, the political leaders of Wallachia and Moldavia were aware that

3168-705: The head of the government of the Socialist Republic of Romania (RSR). Nicolae Ceaușescu became the head of the Romanian Communist Party (PCR) in 1965 and his severe rule of the 1980s was ended by the Romanian Revolution of 1989 . The chaos of the 1989 revolution brought to power the dissident communist Ion Iliescu as president (largely supported by the FSN ). Iliescu remained in power as head of state until 1996, when he

3264-530: The 10th century. Geula was baptized in the Byzantine Empire and built around 950 in Alba Iulia the first church of Transylvania. The ruins of a church were discovered in 2011. According to Ioan Aurel Pop and other historians, here lived Hierotheos the first bishop of Transylvania, who accompanied Geula back to Hungary after Geula had been baptized in Constantinople around 950. Analysis of

3360-544: The 12th or 13th century. In 1442, John Hunyadi , Voivode of Transylvania , used the citadel to prepare for a major battle against the Ottoman Turks . The cathedral was enlarged during his reign and he was entombed there after his death. In 1542 — after the partition of the Kingdom of Hungary — Alba Iulia became the capital of Transylvania and some of its neighboring territories to the west (later known as Partium ),

3456-455: The 13th century autonomous or semi-independent. In the 12th century, the Jewish traveller Benjamin of Tudela , who toured the area in 1166 called the region of Thessaly "Vlachia". The contemporary Byzantine historian Niketas Choniates however distinguishes "Great Vlachia" as a district near Meteora . "Vlachia", "Great Vlachia", and the other variants began to fall out of use for Thessaly at

3552-714: The 14th century the Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia emerged to fight the Ottoman Empire . During the late Middle Ages , prominent medieval Romanian monarchs such as Bogdan of Moldavia , Stephen the Great , Mircea the Elder , Michael the Brave , or Vlad the Impaler took part actively in the history of Central Europe by waging tumultuous wars and leading noteworthy crusades against

3648-818: The Bulgar Empire mined salt from mines in Turda , Ocna Mureș , Sărățeni and Ocnița. They traded and transported salt throughout the Bulgar Empire. A series of Arab historians from the 10th century are some of the first to mention Vlachs in Eastern/South Eastern Europe : Mutahhar al-Maqdisi (c.945-991) writes: "They say that in the Turkic neighbourhood there are the Khazars, Russians, Slavs, Waladj (Vlachs), Alans, Greeks and many other peoples". Ibn al-Nadīm (early 932–998) published in 998

3744-527: The Byzantine army noticed that the load was falling from one of the animals and shouted to a companion Torna, torna, fratre! (meaning "Return, return, brother!"). Theophanes the Confessor recorded it as part of a 6th-century military expedition by Comentiolus and Priscus against the Avars. Historian Gheorghe I. Brătianu considers that these words "represent an expression from the Romanian language, as it

3840-654: The Danube to gradually migrate north of the Dniestr in the 10th and 11th centuries. The Second Bulgarian Empire founded by the Asen dynasty consisting of Bulgarians and Vlachs was founded in 1185 and lasted until 1396. Early rulers from the Asen dynasty (particularly Kaloyan ) referred to themselves as "Emperors of Bulgarians and Vlachs". Later rulers, especially Ivan Asen II , styled themselves "Tsars (Emperors) of Bulgarians and Romans". An alternative name used in connection with

3936-472: The FDGR/DFDR in both rounds). In the meantime, Romania's major foreign policy achievements were the alignment with Western Europe and the United States by joining the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) back in 2004 and the European Union three years later, in 2007. Current national objectives of Romania include adhering to the Schengen Area , the Eurozone as well as the OECD (i.e. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development). During

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4032-413: The Kingdom of Romania lost territory both to the east and west, as Northern Transylvania became part of the Kingdom of Hungary through the Second Vienna Award , while Bessarabia and northern Bukovina were taken by the Soviets and included in the Moldavian SSR , respectively Ukrainian SSR . The eastern territory losses were facilitated by the Molotov–Ribbentrop Nazi-Soviet non-aggression pact . After

4128-417: The Latin Romanus , acquired at a certain point the same meaning of the Greek Romaios ; that of Orthodox Christian. Wolfgang Dahmen claims that the meaning of romanus (Roman) as "Christian", as opposed to "pagan", which used to mean "non-Roman", may have contributed to the preservation of this word as an ethonym of the Romanian people, under the meaning of "Christian". To distinguish Romanians from

4224-421: The Middle Ages, Romanian was isolated from the other Romance languages, and borrowed words from the nearby Slavic languages (see Slavic influence on Romanian ). Later on, it borrowed a number of words from German , Hungarian , and Turkish . During the modern era, most neologisms were borrowed from French and Italian , though the language has increasingly begun to adopt English borrowings. The origins of

4320-419: The National History Museum, retains historical significance from having hosted, on 1 December 1918, the rally of the 1228 Romanian delegations from Transylvania who determined the province's union with the Kingdom of Romania. The building was used in 1895 as a military casino. The Princely Palace (Palatul Principilor or Palatul Voievodal) was Michael the Brave's residence during the first political unification of

4416-402: The Ottoman Empire) was a self-governed Principality governed by the Hungarian nobility. In 1699 it became a part of the Habsburg lands . By the end of the 18th century, the Austrian Empire was awarded by the Ottomans with the region of Bukovina and, in 1812, the Russians occupied the eastern half of Moldavia, known as Bessarabia through the Treaty of Bucharest of 1812. In the context of

4512-430: The Roman Catholic cathedral is the most representative building in the medieval Romanic style in Transylvania, and is considered to be an important monument of early Transylvanian medieval architecture. The tombs of John Hunyadi and Isabella Jagiełło —Queen of Hungary are located there. The Batthyaneum Library is held in a former church built in Baroque style. In 1780, Ignác Batthyány , bishop of Transylvania, adapted

4608-419: The Romanians during the Middle Ages. It has been argued by some Romanian researchers that "Ramunc" was not the name of the duke, but a name that highlighted his ethnicity. Other old documents, especially Byzantine or Hungarian ones, make a correlation between the old Romanians as Romans or their descendants. Several other documents, notably from Italian travelers into Wallachia, Moldavia and Transylvania, speak of

4704-445: The Romanians in Muntenia in the 1230s. Béla IV of Hungary 's land grant to the Knights Hospitallers in Oltenia and Muntenia shows that the local Vlach rulers were subject to the king's authority in 1247. The late 13th-century Hungarian chronicler Simon of Kéza states that the Vlachs were "shepherds and husbandmen" who "remained in Pannonia". An unknown author's Description of Eastern Europe from 1308 likewise states that

4800-417: The Romanians in 1600. Foreign chronicles pictured it as an extremely luxurious building, richly adorned with frescos and marble stairs, which later deteriorated. During the rule of Princes Gábor Bethlen and George II Rákóczi the second palace was restored, but not to its previous condition. After 1716, the building was used as an Habsburg Imperial Army barracks. Alba Iulia is twinned with: According to

4896-414: The Vlachs "were once the shepherds of the Romans " who "had over them ten powerful kings in the entire Messia and Pannonia". Additionally, in medieval times there were other lands known by the name 'Vlach' such as Great Vlachia , situated between Thessaly and the western Pindus mountains, of the Despotate of Epirus between the 12th-15th century. Originally within the Byzantine Empire , but after

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4992-438: The Vlachs around 976 AD, as guides and guards of Byzantine caravans in the Balkans. Between Prespa and Kastoria , they met and fought with a Bulgarian rebel named David. The Vlachs killed David in their first documented battle. Kekaumenos 's father-in-law was Nikulitzas Delphinas , a lord of Larissa who took part in the revolt of Bulgarians and Vlachs in Thessaly in 1066 AD. The 11th-century scholar Kekaumenos wrote of

5088-435: The Vlachs from Hellas from Emperor Basil II . The function received by Nikulitsa might have been as a commander of a Vlach army. Byzantine historians usually described foreign rulers as archontes . The document signed by Basil II to give the position of archon of the Vlachs to Nekulitsa is mentioned in Strategikon of Kekaumenos (written between 1075 and 1078 AD). After the Avar Khaganate collapsed in the 790s,

5184-473: The ancient Getae and Dacian tribes. King Burebista who reigned from 82/61 BC to 45/44 BC, was the first king who successfully unified the tribes of the Dacian kingdom , which comprised the area located between the Danube, Tisza, and Dniester rivers. King Decebalus who reigned from 87 to 106 AD was the last king of the Dacian kingdom before it was conquered by the Roman Empire in 106, after two wars between Decebalus' army and Trajan 's army. Prior to

5280-415: The autonomous Principality of Transylvania , and remained so until 1690. The Treaty of Weissenburg was signed in the town in 1551. During the reign of Prince Gábor Bethlen , the city reached a high point in its cultural history with the establishment of an academy. The former Ottoman Turkish equivalent was Erdel Belgradı or Belgrad-ı Erdel ("Belgrade of Transylvania" in English) where Erdel ( Erdély )

5376-405: The cities of Dacia Ripensis in today Romania is Sucidava ) and Moesia Prima (today in Serbia, near the border between Romania and Serbia). The territory of the diocese was devastated by the Huns in the middle of 5th century and finally overrun by the Avars and Slavs in late 6th and early 7th century. Scythia Minor (c. 290 – c. 680) was a Roman province corresponding to the lands between

5472-667: The city had 8,167 residents, of which 3,482 were Hungarians (42.63%), 3,426 Romanians (41.94%), and 867 Germans/Transylvanian Saxons (10.62%). By 1910 the number of inhabitants increased to 11,616. 5,226 of them were Hungarians (45%), 5,170 Romanians (44.51%), and 792 Germans/Transylvanian Saxons (6.82%). At the 1930 census, 34.7% of the population were Romanian Orthodox, 28.1% Romanian Greek Catholic , 12.9% Roman Catholic, 12.7% Jews, 7.3% Reformed Protestant, and 3.1% Lutheran. Romanians North America South America Oceania Romanians ( Romanian : români , pronounced [roˈmɨnʲ] ; dated exonym Vlachs ) are

5568-402: The city's development include the creation of the Batthyaneum Library in 1780 and the arrival of the railway in the 19th century. At the end of World War I, representatives of the Romanian population of Transylvania, the National Assembly of Romanians of Transylvania and Hungary , gathered in Alba Iulia on 1 December 1918 during the so-called Great National Assembly of Alba Iulia to proclaim

5664-449: The early 13th century medieval Hungarian book Gesta Hungarorum the invading Magyars of King Árpád (c. 845 – c. 907) waged wars against three dukes— Glad , Menumorut and the Vlach Gelou —for Banat, Crișana and Transylvania. Gesta Hungarorum also mentions the Slavs , Bulgarians , Vlachs and the shepherds of the Romans inhabiting the Carpathian Basin : "sclauij, Bulgarij et Blachij, ac pastores romanorum". Most researchers identify

5760-471: The eastern and southern Romanian lands, in spite of the fact that all three eventually failed. Nonetheless, in 1859, Moldavia and Wallachia elected the same ruler, namely Alexander John Cuza (who reigned as Domnitor ) and were thus unified de facto , resulting in the United Romanian Principalities for the period between 1859 and 1881. During the 1870s, the United Romanian Principalities (then led by Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen Domnitor Carol I ) fought

5856-436: The end of the war, the Romanian Kingdom managed to regain territories lost westward but was nonetheless not given Bessarabia and northern Bukovina back, the aforementioned regions being forcefully incorporated into the Soviet Union (USSR). Subsequently, the Soviet Union imposed a communist government and King Michael was forced to abdicate and leave for exile, subsequently settling in Switzerland , while Petru Groza remained

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5952-407: The eve of the decisive Byzantine - Pecheneg Battle of Levounion , Emperor Alexios I Komnenos (1057-1118) was assisted by "a number of 5,000 brave mountaineers and ready to attack, passed by his side, to fight alongside him". Most of the specialists who have addressed these aspects have identified those " bold mountaineers ", with the 'Vlachs. Anna Komnene reports that in 1094, on the occasion of

6048-400: The event. The Jewish community, which was the first in Transylvania, was established in the 14th century. A community was officially founded by permission of Prince Gabriel Bethlen in 1623. The 18th century saw an influx of Ashkenazim from Hungary and Wallachia, as well as Sephardim. From 1754 to 1868, the town rabbi was the chief rabbi of Transylvania. A synagogue was built in 1840, with

6144-421: The fortress of Alba Iulia is the best preserved example. Inside the fortress are The Union Hall with the National Honour Gallery, The National History Museum of Unification, the Princely Palace (Voivodal Palace), the Orthodox cathedral, the Roman Catholic cathedral, the Batthyaneum Library, the Roman Catholic bishop's palace, the Apor Palace, and the University of Alba Iulia . Built in the 10th and 11th centuries,

6240-442: The inside of the building for use as a library. It is famous for its series of manuscripts, incunabula and rare books—such as half of the 9th century Codex Aureus of Lorsch , the 15th century Codex Burgundus and the 13th century Biblia Sacra (13th century). The first astronomical observatory in Transylvania was founded here in 1792. The Apor Palace, situated on the same street as the Bathyaneum Library, belonged to Prince Apor and

6336-433: The lands near the Pontus called the Euxine", respectively the southeastern regions of Transylvania , "destroyed everything without sparing and trampled everything it encountered in its passage". By the 9th and 10th centuries, the nomadic Pechenegs conquered much of the steppes of Southeast Europe and the Crimean Peninsula .The Pecheneg wars against the Kievan Rus' caused some of the Slavs and Vlachs from North of

6432-411: The majority of Moldovans were counted as ethnic Romanians as well. Romanians also form an ethnic minority in several nearby countries situated in Central, Southeastern, and Eastern Europe, most notably in Hungary , Serbia (including Timok ), and Ukraine . Estimates of the number of Romanian people worldwide vary from minimum 24 to maximum 30 million, in part depending on whether the definition of

6528-422: The men to forced labor. After World War II, the community was re-established but soon dwindled as Jews emigrated. Alba Iulia has a humid continental climate ( Dfa in the Köppen climate classification ). The main historical area of Alba Iulia is the Upper Town region, developed by Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor in honour of whom the Habsburgs renamed the city Karlsburg. The fortress, with seven bastions in

6624-399: The modern Czech Republic), some went as far east as Volhynia of western Ukraine, and the present-day Croatia where the Morlachs gradually disappeared, while the Catholic and Orthodox Vlachs took Croat and Serb national identity. The first written record about a Romance language spoken in the Middle Ages in the Balkans, near the Haemus Mons is from 587 AD. A Vlach muleteer accompanying

6720-459: The name România was identical to Romania , a name that had been used for the former Byzantine Empire by its inhabitants. Kamusella continues by stating that they preferred this ethnonym in order to stress their presumed link with Ancient Rome and that it became more popular as a nationalistic form of referring to all Romanian-language speakers as a distinct and separate nation during the 1820s. Raymond Detrez asserts that român , derived from

6816-473: The name "Roman" and cites the sentence " Sti Rominest? " ( știi românește ? , "do you speak Romanian?"). Authors that travelled to modern Romania who wrote about it in 1574, 1575 and 1666 also noted the use of the term "Romanian". From the Middle Ages, Romanians bore two names, the exonym (one given to them by foreigners) Wallachians or Vlachs , under its various forms ( vlah , valah , valach , voloh , blac , olăh , vlas , ilac , ulah , etc.), and

6912-496: The name of Ampellum . The name Zlatna (derived from the Slavic term for gold) was first recorded in a 1347 document. In 1387, it was awarded town status. During 1619-1620 Gabriel Bethlen , brought to Zlatna a few hundred German and Slovak settlers for mining work. Tellurium was first discovered in a Zlatna mine in 1782 by Austrian mineralogist Franz-Joseph Müller von Reichenstein . Zlatna regained its town status in 1968, after

7008-475: The necropoles of the city prior to the 11th century show that they were used by a population different from the conquering Hungarians. After Stephen I adopted Catholicism, and the establishment of the Catholic Transylvanian bishopric, recent archaeological discoveries suggest that the first cathedral was built in the 11th century or possibly before. The present Catholic cathedral was built in

7104-518: The other Romanic peoples of the Balkans (Aromanians, Megleno-Romanians, and Istro-Romanians), the term Daco-Romanian is sometimes used to refer to those who speak the standard Romanian language and live in the former territory of ancient Dacia (today comprising mostly Romania and Moldova) and its surroundings (such as Dobruja or the Timok Valley , the latter region part of the former Roman province of Dacia Ripensis ). The name of " Vlachs "

7200-506: The populations of Sweden , Denmark , and the Netherlands combined. During the interwar period , two additional monarchs came to the Romanian throne, namely Carol II and Michael I . This short-lived period was marked, at times, by political instabilities and efforts of maintaining a constitutional monarchy in favour of other, totalitarian regimes such as an absolute monarchy or a military dictatorship . During World War II ,

7296-475: The pre-mid Second Bulgarian Empire 13th century period is the Empire of Vlachs and Bulgarians ; variant names include the "Vlach–Bulgarian Empire", the "Bulgarian–Wallachian Empire". Royal charters wrote of the "Vlachs' land" in southern Transylvania in the early 13th century, indicating the existence of autonomous Romanian communities . Papal correspondence mentions the activities of Orthodox prelates among

7392-612: The second round of the 2014 presidential elections . Thus, Iohannis became the first Romanian president stemming from an ethnic minority of the country (as he belongs to the Romanian-German community , being a Transylvanian Saxon ). In 2019, the PNL-supported Iohannis was re-elected for a second term as president after a second round landslide victory in the 2019 Romanian presidential election (being also supported in that round by PMP and USR as well as by

7488-459: The self-identification, language and culture of the Romanians, showing that they designated themselves as "Romans" or related to them in up to 30 works. One example is Tranquillo Andronico's 1534 writing that states that the Vlachs "now call themselves Romans". Another one is Francesco della Valle's 1532 manuscripts that state that the Romanians from Wallachia, Moldavia and Transylvania preserved

7584-788: The term "Romanian" includes natives of both Romania and Moldova, their respective diasporas, and native speakers of both Romanian and other Eastern Romance languages . Other speakers of the latter languages are the Aromanians , the Megleno-Romanians , and the Istro-Romanians (native to Istria ), all of them unevenly distributed throughout the Balkan Peninsula , which may be considered either Romanian subgroups or separated but related ethnicities. The territories of modern-day Romania and Moldova were inhabited by

7680-581: The then continuously expanding Ottoman Empire, at times allied with either the Kingdom of Poland or the Kingdom of Hungary in these causes. Eventually the entire Balkan peninsula was annexed by the Ottoman Empire. However, Moldavia and Wallachia (extending to Dobruja and Bulgaria) were not entirely subdued by the Ottomans as both principalities became autonomous (which was not the case of other Ottoman territorial possessions in Europe). Transylvania,

7776-555: The turn of the 14th century, and with the emergence of the Principality of Wallachia north of the Danube in the 14th century, from the 15th century the name was reserved for it. White Wallachia , a Byzantine denomination for the region between the Danube River and the Balkans; Moravian Wallachia , a region in south-eastern Czech Republic). The names derive from the Vlachs, who had lived across much of these regions. In

7872-538: The two noteworthy historical figures leading the common Romanian-Saxon side at the time being Avram Iancu and Stephan Ludwig Roth . On the other hand, the Wallachian revolutions of 1821 and 1848 as well as the Moldavian Revolution of 1848 , which aimed for independence from Ottoman and Russian foreign rulership, represented important impacts in the process of spreading the liberal ideology in

7968-531: The two wars, Decebalus defeated a Roman invasion during the reign of Domitian between 86 and 88 AD. The Roman administration retreated from Dacia between 271 and 275 AD, during the reign of emperor Aurelian under the pressure of the Goths and the Dacian Carpi tribe. The later Roman province Dacia Aureliana , was organized inside former Moesia Superior . It was reorganized as Dacia Ripensis (as

8064-478: The war on the side of the Triple Entente . As a result, at the end of the war, Transylvania, Bessarabia, and Bukovina were awarded to Romania, through a series of international peace treaties, resulting in an enlarged and far more powerful kingdom under King Ferdinand I . As of 1920, the Romanian people was believed to number over 15 million solely in the region of the Romanian kingdom, a figure larger than

8160-574: The word Walha , used by ancient Germanic peoples to refer to Romance -speaking and Celtic neighbours. Besides the separation of some groups ( Aromanians , Megleno-Romanians , and Istro-Romanians ) during the Age of Migration , many Vlachs could be found all over the Balkans , in Transylvania , across Carpathian Mountains as far north as Poland and as far west as the regions of Moravia (part of

8256-415: The work Kitāb al-Fihrist mentioning "Turks, Bulgars and Vlahs" (using Blagha for Vlachs). A series of Byzantine historians, such as George Kedrenos (circa 1000), Kekaumenos (circa 1000), John Skylitzes (early 1040s – after 1101), Anna Komnene (1083-1153), John Kinnamos (1143-1185) and Niketas Choniates (1155-1217) were some of the first to write about the Vlachs. John Skylitzes mentions

8352-532: Was "captured by the Vlachs , to whom the rumor of his escape had reached, he was taken back to the emperor". The Byzantine chronicler John Kinnamos , presenting the campaign of Manuel I Komnenos against Hungary in 1166, reports that General Leon Vatatzes had under his command "a great multitude of Vlachs, who are said to be ancient colonies of those in Italy", an army that attacked the Hungarian possessions "about

8448-564: Was added to prevent confusion with Belgrat and Arnavut Belgradı ("Albanian Belgrade" in Turkish, early name of Berat during Ottoman rule). In 29 November 1599, Michael the Brave , Voivode of Wallachia , entered Alba Iulia following his victory in the Battle of Șelimbăr and became Voivode of Transylvania. In 1600 he gained control of Moldavia , uniting the principalities of Wallachia, Moldavia and Transylvania under his rule, which lasted for

8544-586: Was built in the second half of the 17th century. At the beginning of the 18th century, it was the residence of the Austrian army leader Prince Steinville. The palace was renovated in 2007 under the supervision of the Romanian Ministry of Culture. The Orthodox Unification Cathedral was built between 1921 and 1923, following the plans of architect D.G. Ștefănescu and built under the supervision of eng. T. Eremia. The frescoes were painted by Constantin in

8640-517: Was called Apulum (from the Dacian Apoulon , mentioned by Ptolemy ). When the settlement with its Roman ruins became the seat of a dukedom in the 10th century, the population may have been Slavic . From the 9th to the 11th centuries, the settlement bore the Slavic name Bălgrad (meaning "white castle" or "white town"). The old Romanian name of the town was Bălgrad , which originated from Slavic . The Hungarian name Gyulafehérvár

8736-522: Was defeated by CDR -supported Emil Constantinescu in the 1996 general elections , the first in post-communist Romania that saw a peaceful transition of power . Following Constantinescu's single term as president from 1996 to 2000, Iliescu was re-elected in late 2000 for another term of four years. In 2004, Traian Băsescu , the PNL - PD candidate of the Justice and Truth Alliance (DA), was elected president. Five years later, Băsescu (solely supported by

8832-716: Was formed at that time in the Balkan and Danube regions"; "they probably belong to one and the most significant of the substrates on which our ( Romanian ) language was built". The first definite document mentioning Romanians (Vlachs) is from the 8th century from the Konstamonitou Monastery in Mount Athos , in Greece and talks about the Vlachs of the Rynchos river (present-day North Macedonia ). According to

8928-722: Was the capital of the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom from which the Principality of Transylvania emerged by the Treaty of Speyer in 1570 and it was the capital of the Principality of Transylvania until 1711. At one point it also was a center of the Eastern Orthodox Metropolitan of Transylvania with suffragan to Vad diocese. On 1 December 1918, the Union of Transylvania with Romania was declared in Alba Iulia, and Romania's King Ferdinand I and, in 1922 Queen Marie were crowned in

9024-534: Was the largest urban centre in Roman Dacia and was the seat of the XIII Gemina Legion . Apulum is the largest castrum located in Romania, occupying 37.5 hectares (93 acres) (750 x 500 m ). The Gesta Hungarorum mentions a Hungarian regent named Jula or Geula—the maternal grandfather of Stephen I of Hungary and lord [regent] of Transylvania—who built the capital of his dukedom there during

9120-549: Was then generalised during the National awakening of Romania of early 19th century. Several historical sources show the use of the term "Romanian" among the medieval or early modern Romanian population. One of the earliest examples comes from the Nibelungenlied , a German epic poem from before 1200 in which a "Duke Ramunc from the land of Vlachs (Wallachia)" is mentioned. "Vlach" was an exonym used almost exclusively for

9216-1100: Was used. Alba Carolina was also a Medieval Latin form of its name. Among Ruthenians , the city was known as Bilhorod ("white city"). The city's Latin name in the 10th century was Civitatem Albam in Ereel . The first part of the name Alba denotes the ruins of the Roman fort Apulum , the pre-feudal white citadel. Later in the Middle Ages, different names were used: Frank episcopus Belleggradienesis in 1071, Albae Civitatis in 1134, Belegrada in 1153, Albensis Ultrasilvanus in 1177, eccl. Micahelis in 1199, Albe Transilvane in 1200, Albe Transsilvane in 1201, castrum Albens in 1206, canonicis Albensibus in 1213, Albensis eccl. Transsylvane in 1219, B. Michaelis arch. Transsilv. in 1231, Alba... Civitas in 1242, Alba sedes eptus in 1245, Alba Jula in 1291, Feyrvar in 1572, Feyérvár in 1574, Weissenburg in 1576, Belugrad in 1579, Gyula Feyervár in 1619, Gyula Fehérvár in 1690 and Karlsburg in 1715. The modern city

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