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112-404: Emilia-Romagna ( UK : / ɪ ˌ m iː l i ə r oʊ ˈ m ɑː n j ə / , US : / eɪ ˌ -/ , both also / ɛ ˌ -/ , Italian: [eˈmiːlja roˈmaɲɲa] ; Emilian : Emégglia-Rumâgna or Emîlia-Rumâgna ; Romagnol : Emélia-Rumâgna ) is an administrative region of northern Italy , comprising the historical regions of Emilia and Romagna . Its capital

224-576: A West Germanic language that originated from the Anglo-Frisian dialects brought to Britain by Germanic settlers from various parts of what is now northwest Germany and the northern Netherlands. The resident population at this time was generally speaking Common Brittonic —the insular variety of Continental Celtic , which was influenced by the Roman occupation. This group of languages ( Welsh , Cornish , Cumbric ) cohabited alongside English into

336-470: A -29.2% loss in holdings for the region. The total utilised agricultural area (UAA) was 1,114,590 hectares (2,754,200 acres) in 2000 and 1,064,210 hectares (2,629,700 acres) in 2014 for a loss of 4.5%, indicating a downturn of smaller farm ownership. During this same timeframe there was a 14.5% decrease in the farm labor workforce. The Regional Government ( Giunta Regionale ) is presided by the President of

448-508: A bomb at the city's main railway station, killing 85 people and wounding more than 200. After the referendum of 2006, seven municipalities of Montefeltro were detached from the Province of Pesaro and Urbino ( Marche ) to join that of Rimini on 15 August 2009. The municipalities are Casteldelci , Maiolo , Novafeltria , Pennabilli , San Leo , Sant'Agata Feltria and Talamello . On 20 and 29 May 2012 two powerful earthquakes struck

560-559: A century as Received Pronunciation (RP). However, due to language evolution and changing social trends, some linguists argue that RP is losing prestige or has been replaced by another accent, one that the linguist Geoff Lindsey for instance calls Standard Southern British English. Others suggest that more regionally-oriented standard accents are emerging in England. Even in Scotland and Northern Ireland, RP exerts little influence in

672-616: A full-ride scholarship and additional benefits such as the assistance of a personal tutor and free accommodation at the Residence for Higher Study. In order to remain members of the Collegio Superiore students are required to maintain high marks in both their degree programme and the additional courses. Beatrice Fraboni, professor of Physics of Matter, has been head of Collegio Superiore since 2019. Notable former faculty include: The 2024 QS World University Rankings ranked

784-508: A greater movement, normally [əʊ], [əʉ] or [əɨ]. Dropping a morphological grammatical number , in collective nouns , is stronger in British English than North American English. This is to treat them as plural when once grammatically singular, a perceived natural number prevails, especially when applying to institutional nouns and groups of people. The noun 'police', for example, undergoes this treatment: Police are investigating

896-599: A large number of Italian scientists, prime ministers, supreme court judges, and priests. The University of Bologna has campuses in Cesena , Forlì , Ravenna and Rimini as well as branch centres abroad in Buenos Aires , New York , Brussels , and Shanghai . It houses the fully funded boarding college Collegio Superiore di Bologna, the Bologna School of Advanced Studies, the botanical gardens of Bologna ,

1008-578: A large number of museums, libraries and archeological collections, as well as the Bologna University Press . The date of the University of Bologna's founding is uncertain. The university was granted a charter ( Authentica habita ) by Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa in 1158, but in the 19th century, a committee of historians led by Giosuè Carducci traced the founding of the university back to 1088, which would make it

1120-406: A lesser class or social status and often discounted or considered of a low intelligence. Another contribution to the standardisation of British English was the introduction of the printing press to England in the mid-15th century. In doing so, William Caxton enabled a common language and spelling to be dispersed among the entirety of England at a much faster rate. Samuel Johnson's A Dictionary of

1232-550: A native of Bologna, shot numerous movies in the region, including the 1976 horror-thriller The House with Laughing Windows . Marco Bellocchio , a native of Bobbio, near Piacenza, directed many award-winning movies, such as his 2009 biopic Vincere . Liliana Cavani, a native of Carpi, near Modena, became internationally known after the success of her 1974 feature film The Night Porter . In addition, actor and filmmaker Vittorio De Sica shot in Ferrara his 1970 movie The Garden of

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1344-702: A non-profit private association of small Italian towns of strong historical and artistic interest, that was founded on the initiative of the Tourism Council of the National Association of Italian Municipalities. The unemployment rate stood at 5.1% in 2022 and was lower than the national average of 8.1%. The region of Emilia-Romagna has a very good system of transport, with 574 km of motorways, 1,053 km of railways and airports in Bologna, Forlì, Parma and Rimini. The main motorway crosses

1456-659: A process called T-glottalisation . National media, being based in London, have seen the glottal stop spreading more widely than it once was in word endings, not being heard as "no [ʔ] " and bottle of water being heard as "bo [ʔ] le of wa [ʔ] er". It is still stigmatised when used at the beginning and central positions, such as later , while often has all but regained /t/ . Other consonants subject to this usage in Cockney English are p , as in pa [ʔ] er and k as in ba [ʔ] er. In most areas of England and Wales, outside

1568-520: A regional accent or dialect. However, about 2% of Britons speak with an accent called Received Pronunciation (also called "the King's English", "Oxford English" and " BBC English" ), that is essentially region-less. It derives from a mixture of the Midlands and Southern dialects spoken in London in the early modern period. It is frequently used as a model for teaching English to foreign learners. In

1680-666: A revolution in Vienna initiated uprisings against Austrian rule. The following decades saw uprisings in several regions and, in 1861, the Kingdom of Italy was established. During this Italian Unification , the territories of Emilia and Romagna would be incorporated into the new nation. In the 16th century, most of what would become Emilia-Romagna had been seized by the Papal States, but the territories of Parma, Piacenza, and Modena remained independent until Emilia-Romagna became part of

1792-497: A university, Bettisia Gozzadini , and the first woman to earn both a doctorate in science and a salaried position as a university professor, Laura Bassi . The University of Bologna has had a central role in the sciences during the medieval age and the Italian renaissance, where it housed and educated Nicholas Copernicus as well as numerous other renaissance mathematicians. It has educated a wide range of notable alumni, amongst them

1904-415: A very well balanced economy that comprises Italy's biggest agricultural sector as well as a long-standing tradition in automobile, motor and mechanics manufacturing and a strong banking and insurance industry. In spite of the depth and variety of industrial activities in the region, agriculture has not been eclipsed. Emilia-Romagna is among the leading regions in the country, with farming contributing 5.8% of

2016-632: Is Bologna . It has an area of 22,446 km (8,666 sq mi), and a population of 4.4 million. Emilia-Romagna is one of the wealthiest and most developed regions in Europe, with the third highest gross domestic product per capita in Italy. It is also a cultural center, being the home of the University of Bologna , the oldest university in the world. Some of its cities, such as Modena , Parma , Ferrara , and Ravenna , are UNESCO heritage sites. It

2128-476: Is a chemical industrial park  [ it ] in Ferrara , where different companies manufacturing polyethylene , polypropylene , synthetic rubber and nitrogenous fertilizers . Other industrial park is Mirandola Biomedical District . In Parma there is pharmaceutical manufacturing from Chiesi Farmaceutici . Sport and fitness articles is manufacturing by Technogym in Cesena . The ceramic sector

2240-566: Is a center for food and automobile production (such as Ferrari , Lamborghini , and Maserati ). It has coastal resorts such as Cervia , Cesenatico , and Rimini . In 2018, the Lonely Planet guide named Emilia-Romagna as the best place to see in Europe. The name Emilia-Romagna is a legacy of Ancient Rome . Emilia derives from the via Aemilia , the Roman road connecting Piacenza to Rimini , completed in 187 BC, and named after

2352-472: Is also densely populated due to the booming seaside tourism in recent decades. In the peripheral areas of the Apennine Mountains and the agricultural plains around Ferrara and Piacenza, the population is less dense. The region has nine cities with populations exceeding one hundred thousand: Bologna, Parma, Modena, Reggio Emilia, Ravenna, Rimini, Ferrara, Forlì and Piacenza. These cities rank among

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2464-725: Is also due to London-centric influences. Examples of R-dropping are car and sugar , where the R is not pronounced. British dialects differ on the extent of diphthongisation of long vowels, with southern varieties extensively turning them into diphthongs, and with northern dialects normally preserving many of them. As a comparison, North American varieties could be said to be in-between. Long vowels /iː/ and /uː/ are usually preserved, and in several areas also /oː/ and /eː/, as in go and say (unlike other varieties of English, that change them to [oʊ] and [eɪ] respectively). Some areas go as far as not diphthongising medieval /iː/ and /uː/, that give rise to modern /aɪ/ and /aʊ/; that is, for example, in

2576-410: Is based on British English, but has more influence from American English , often grouped together due to their close proximity. British English, for example, is the closest English to Indian English, but Indian English has extra vocabulary and some English words are assigned different meanings. University of Bologna The university saw the first woman to earn a university degree and teach at

2688-627: Is concentrated in Faenza and Sassuolo . Footwear industry is well developed and located in 2 industrial districts San Mauro Pascoli and between Fusignano and Bagnacavallo . Tourism is increasingly important, especially along the Adriatic coastline and the cities of art. The most popular location for seaside tourism is Rimini . Emilia-Romagna has many small and picturesque villages, 16 of them have been selected by I Borghi più belli d'Italia (English: The most beautiful Villages of Italy ),

2800-417: Is equivalent to a permanent loss of the capacity to feed 440,000 persons per year from resources grown within the region. The increased water runoff due to soil sealing requires adaptation measures for river and irrigation canals such as the building of retention basins , at a total cost estimated in the order of billions of euros. In 2000 there were 103,700 farm holdings and in 2010 there were 73,470, or

2912-463: Is hilly and 25% mountainous. The region's section of the Apennines is marked by areas of flysch , badland erosion ( calanques ) and caves . The mountains stretch for more than 300 km (186.41 mi) from the north to the south-east, with only three peaks above 2,000 m – Monte Cimone (2,165 m), Monte Cusna (2,121 m) and Alpe di Succiso (2,017 m). The plain was formed by

3024-795: Is included in style guides issued by various publishers including The Times newspaper, the Oxford University Press and the Cambridge University Press . The Oxford University Press guidelines were originally drafted as a single broadsheet page by Horace Henry Hart, and were at the time (1893) the first guide of their type in English; they were gradually expanded and eventually published, first as Hart's Rules , and in 2002 as part of The Oxford Manual of Style . Comparable in authority and stature to The Chicago Manual of Style for published American English ,

3136-579: Is included in the wider group of western Romance languages (including French , Occitan and Catalan ). They are considered minority languages, structurally separated from Italian by the Ethnologue and by the Red Book of Endangered Languages of UNESCO . Emilia-Romagna today is considered one of the richest European regions and the third wealthiest Italian region by gross domestic product (GDP) per capita. These results have been achieved by developing

3248-442: Is known for its egg and filled pasta made with soft wheat flour. Bologna is notable for pasta dishes like tortellini , lasagne , gramigna and tagliatelle made by sfoglini out of sfoglia . These are found also in many other parts of the region in different declinations. The Romagna subregion is known as well for pasta dishes like garganelli , strozzapreti , sfoglia lorda and tortelli alla lastra . In

3360-627: Is particularly concentrated in Parma , Modena and Bologna . Very important is production of Parma ham , Parmesan and Grana Padano cheeses, Modena balsamic vinegar , and Mortadella sausages. It is not restricted to these famous products, but also include production of sausages, other cheese, dairy products, coffee, sugar, fruit and vegetable conserves and stuffed pasta . Automotive industry produces sports cars ( Ferrari , Lamborghini , Maserati , Pagani ), trucks ( Astra ), buses ( Menarinibus ) and motorcycles ( Ducati , Bimota ). Machine building

3472-588: Is produced in Reggio Emilia, Parma, Modena and Bologna and is much used in cooking, while Grana Padano variety is produced in the rest of the region. British English British English (abbreviations: BrE , en-GB , and BE ) is the set of varieties of the English language native to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland . More narrowly, it can refer specifically to

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3584-529: Is well-developed and represented with fork-lifts ( OM Still , FMTH Fantuzzi), skid-steer loader ( CNH Industrial ), tractors ( Argo , Goldoni , Arbos ), motors ( VM Motori , Lombardini ), vehicle gas-fuel equipment ( Landi Renzo ), undercarriages ( ThyssenKrupp Berco ), ceramic machine ( SACMI ), packaging machine ( Coesia  [ it ] , SACMI , IMA ), pumps ( Interpump ), wood-working machine tools (SCM Group), home appliance ( Smeg , Saeco ), automatic data capture equipment ( Datalogic ) etc. There

3696-547: The Chambers Dictionary , and the Collins Dictionary record actual usage rather than attempting to prescribe it. In addition, vocabulary and usage change with time; words are freely borrowed from other languages and other varieties of English, and neologisms are frequent. For historical reasons dating back to the rise of London in the ninth century, the form of language spoken in London and

3808-615: The Common oak - European hornbeam belt ( Padan plain and adriatic coast) which is now covered (apart from the Mesóla forest in Province of Ferrara ) with fruit orchards and fields of wheat and sugar beet , the Pubescent oak - European hop-hornbeam belt on the lower slopes up to 800–900 m, the European beech - Silver fir belt between 800–900 m and 1,700 m and

3920-658: The East Midlands became standard English within the Court, and ultimately became the basis for generally accepted use in the law, government, literature and education in Britain. The standardisation of British English is thought to be from both dialect levelling and a thought of social superiority. Speaking in the Standard dialect created class distinctions; those who did not speak the standard English would be considered of

4032-584: The Emilia subregion, except Piacenza which is heavily influenced by the cuisines of Lombardia where rice is more common, rice is eaten to a lesser extent. Polenta , a maize-based dish, is common both in Emilia and Romagna. The celebrated balsamic vinegar is made only in the Emilian cities of Modena and Reggio Emilia , following legally binding traditional procedures. Parmigiano Reggiano (Parmesan Cheese)

4144-522: The English language in England , or, more broadly, to the collective dialects of English throughout the British Isles taken as a single umbrella variety, for instance additionally incorporating Scottish English , Welsh English , and Northern Irish English . Tom McArthur in the Oxford Guide to World English acknowledges that British English shares "all the ambiguities and tensions [with]

4256-619: The Italian kingdom between 1859 and 1861. After the First world war, Emilia-Romagna was at the centre of the so-called Biennio Rosso , a period of left-wing agitations that paved the way for Benito Mussolini 's coup d'état in 1922 and the birth of the Fascist regime in Italy. Mussolini, a native of Emilia-Romagna, sponsored the rise of many hierarchs coming from his same region, such as Italo Balbo , Dino Grandi and Edmondo Rossoni . Towards

4368-493: The Royal Spanish Academy with Spanish. Standard British English differs notably in certain vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation features from standard American English and certain other standard English varieties around the world. British and American spelling also differ in minor ways. The accent, or pronunciation system, of standard British English, based in southeastern England, has been known for over

4480-490: The Scots language or Scottish Gaelic ). Each group includes a range of dialects, some markedly different from others. The various British dialects also differ in the words that they have borrowed from other languages. Around the middle of the 15th century, there were points where within the 5 major dialects there were almost 500 ways to spell the word though . Following its last major survey of English Dialects (1949–1950),

4592-668: The United Kingdom and Brazil . As of 2008, the Italian National Institute of Statistics ( ISTAT ) estimated that 365,687 foreign-born immigrants lived in Emilia-Romagna, equal to 8.5% of the total regional population. Apart from standard Italian , Emilian and Romagnolo , two closely related languages that are part of the Emiliano-Romagnolo language family , are the local languages of Emilia-Romagna. They are Romance languages spoken in

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4704-515: The University of Leeds has started work on a new project. In May 2007 the Arts and Humanities Research Council awarded a grant to Leeds to study British regional dialects. The team are sifting through a large collection of examples of regional slang words and phrases turned up by the "Voices project" run by the BBC , in which they invited the public to send in examples of English still spoken throughout

4816-610: The West Country and other near-by counties of the UK, the consonant R is not pronounced if not followed by a vowel, lengthening the preceding vowel instead. This phenomenon is known as non-rhoticity . In these same areas, a tendency exists to insert an R between a word ending in a vowel and a next word beginning with a vowel. This is called the intrusive R . It could be understood as a merger, in that words that once ended in an R and words that did not are no longer treated differently. This

4928-629: The 21st century. RP, while long established as the standard English accent around the globe due to the spread of the British Empire , is distinct from the standard English pronunciation in some parts of the world; most prominently, RP notably contrasts with standard North American accents. In the 21st century, dictionaries like the Oxford English Dictionary , the Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English ,

5040-457: The 50 most populous in Italy. The regional capital, Bologna, has about 400,000 inhabitants and lies at the heart of a metropolitan area of about one million residents. Between 1876 and 1976, about 1.2 million people emigrated from Emilia-Romagna to other countries. As of 2008, there were 119,369 people from this region living outside Italy, particularly in Argentina , Switzerland , France ,

5152-814: The DAMS murders (in Italian : Delitti del DAMS ), dealing with four victims who were students or professors of the DAMS: Angelo Fabbri (a brilliant student of Umberto Eco ), Liviana Rossi, the dancer Francesca Alinovi (who was stabbed for 47 times), and Leonarda Polvani. Higher education processes are being harmonised across the European Community. Nowadays the university offers 101 different " Laurea " or " Laurea breve " first-level degrees (three years of courses), followed by 108 " Laurea specialistica " or " Laurea magistrale " second-level degrees (two years). However 11 other courses have maintained

5264-836: The English Language (1755) was a large step in the English-language spelling reform , where the purification of language focused on standardising both speech and spelling. By the early 20th century, British authors had produced numerous books intended as guides to English grammar and usage, a few of which achieved sufficient acclaim to have remained in print for long periods and to have been reissued in new editions after some decades. These include, most notably of all, Fowler's Modern English Usage and The Complete Plain Words by Sir Ernest Gowers . Detailed guidance on many aspects of writing British English for publication

5376-567: The Finzi-Continis . Other actors from Emilia-Romagna include Gino Cervi , who played Peppone in the Don Camillo 1950s–1960s movie series; Rossano Brazzi , who acted in numerous English-language films, including the 1954 drama film The Barefoot Contessa ; and the 1980s comedy duo Gigi e Andrea . Emilia-Romagna is considered one of the richest regions of Italy with regard to its gastronomic and wine-making tradition. The region

5488-666: The Germanic schwein ) is the animal in the field bred by the occupied Anglo-Saxons and pork (like the French porc ) is the animal at the table eaten by the occupying Normans. Another example is the Anglo-Saxon cu meaning cow, and the French bœuf meaning beef. Cohabitation with the Scandinavians resulted in a significant grammatical simplification and lexical enrichment of the Anglo-Frisian core of English;

5600-484: The Italian "Red Quadrilateral" or sometimes " Red Belt " called with Tuscany , Umbria and Marche . This is probably due to the strength of the anti-fascist resistance around the time of World War II as well as a strong tradition of anti-clericalism dating from the 19th century, when part of the region belonged to the Papal States . The strength of the anti-fascist resistance is one of the main factors, along with

5712-922: The Oxford Manual is a fairly exhaustive standard for published British English that writers can turn to in the absence of specific guidance from their publishing house. British English is the basis of, and very similar to, Commonwealth English . Commonwealth English is English as spoken and written in the Commonwealth countries , though often with some local variation. This includes English spoken in Australia , Malta , New Zealand , Nigeria , and South Africa . It also includes South Asian English used in South Asia, in English varieties in Southeast Asia , and in parts of Africa. Canadian English

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5824-666: The Pope, formed the Lombard League and reduced the influence of the ruling Hohenstaufen dynasty over their lands. Division between imperial partisans and their opponents created factions called the Guelphs and the Ghibelines which would divide the cities for centuries. For the next few centuries both Emilia and Romagna were ruled by papal legates or representatives of the Pope. The University of Bologna —the oldest university in

5936-722: The Region ( Presidente della Regione ), who is elected for a five-year term. The Regional Government is composed of the President and the Ministers ( Assessori ), of which there are currently twelve including the Vice President and the Under-Secretary for the President's office. Apart from the province of Piacenza , Emilia-Romagna was historically a stronghold of the Italian Communist Party , forming

6048-402: The Sala degli Anziani of the Palazzo Pubblico . The University of Bologna awarded her a doctorate degree on 12 May. She became the first woman to receive a doctorate in science, and the second woman in the world to earn a philosophy doctorate after Elena Cornaro Piscopia in 1678, fifty-four years prior. She was by then popularly known as Bolognese Minerva . On 29 October 1732, the Senate and

6160-599: The South East, there are significantly different accents; the Cockney accent spoken by some East Londoners is strikingly different from Received Pronunciation (RP). Cockney rhyming slang can be (and was initially intended to be) difficult for outsiders to understand, although the extent of its use is often somewhat exaggerated. Londoners speak with a mixture of accents, depending on ethnicity, neighbourhood, class, age, upbringing, and sundry other factors. Estuary English has been gaining prominence in recent decades: it has some features of RP and some of Cockney. Immigrants to

6272-463: The UK in recent decades have brought many more languages to the country and particularly to London. Surveys started in 1979 by the Inner London Education Authority discovered over 125 languages being spoken domestically by the families of the inner city's schoolchildren. Notably Multicultural London English , a sociolect that emerged in the late 20th century spoken mainly by young, working-class people in multicultural parts of London . Since

6384-458: The United Kingdom , as well as within the countries themselves. The major divisions are normally classified as English English (or English as spoken in England (which is itself broadly grouped into Southern English , West Country , East and West Midlands English and Northern English ), Northern Irish English (in Northern Ireland), Welsh English (not to be confused with the Welsh language ), and Scottish English (not to be confused with

6496-427: The University of Bologna 154th in the world as well as 73rd (1st in Italy, 18th in Europe) with specific reference to academic reputation. In another measurement by the same organization, it was positioned among the world's top 100 universities for graduate employability. In the 2024 Times Higher Education World University Rankings , it claimed the 155th place globally. In the 2023 THE Impact Rankings , which measure

6608-407: The University of Bologna granted Bassi's candidature, and in December she was appointed professor of natural philosophy to teach physics. She became the first salaried woman lecturer in the world, thus beginning her academic career. She was also the first woman member of any scientific establishment, when she was elected to the Academy of Sciences of the Institute of Bologna in 1732. Bassi became

6720-402: The West Scottish accent. Phonological features characteristic of British English revolve around the pronunciation of the letter R, as well as the dental plosive T and some diphthongs specific to this dialect. Once regarded as a Cockney feature, in a number of forms of spoken British English, /t/ has become commonly realised as a glottal stop [ʔ] when it is in the intervocalic position, in

6832-399: The abandonment of agricultural lands. Land use changes can have strong effects on ecological functions. Human interactions such as agriculture, forestation and deforestation affect soil function , e.g. food and other biomass production, storing, filtering and transformation, habitat and gene pool. In the Emilia-Romagna plain, which represents half of the region and where three quarters of

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6944-410: The adjective little is predominant elsewhere. Nevertheless, there is a meaningful degree of uniformity in written English within the United Kingdom, and this could be described by the term British English . The forms of spoken English, however, vary considerably more than in most other areas of the world where English is spoken and so a uniform concept of British English is more difficult to apply to

7056-412: The arts: it left behind a vast heritage of splendid Renaissance palaces, precious paintings and literary masterpieces, such as the works of Ludovico Ariosto , Torquato Tasso and Matteo Maria Boiardo . Following the rise of Napoleon , the region of Emilia came under French control. After the Congress of Vienna in 1815, there was a growing movement for Italian national unity and independence. In 1848,

7168-407: The aspect of the region, converting large natural areas to cultivation, up until the 1960s. The trend then changed, and agricultural lands began giving way to residential and industrial areas. The increase of urban-industrial areas continued at very high rates until the end of the 2010s. In the same period, hilly and mountainous areas saw an increase in the registration of semi-natural areas, because of

7280-426: The award of the grant in 2007, Leeds University stated: that they were "very pleased"—and indeed, "well chuffed"—at receiving their generous grant. He could, of course, have been "bostin" if he had come from the Black Country , or if he was a Scouser he would have been well "made up" over so many spondoolicks, because as a Geordie might say, £460,000 is a "canny load of chink". Most people in Britain speak with

7392-439: The central area of the region, killing 27 people and causing substantial damages to the region's artistic heritage as well as to numerous manufacturing facilities. The 5.8 magnitude earthquake left 14,000 people temporarily homeless. The region of Emilia-Romagna consists of nine provinces and covers an area of 22,446 km (8,666 sq mi), ranking sixth in Italy. Nearly half of the region (48%) consists of plains while 27%

7504-454: The city ended this arrangement, paying professors from tax revenues and making it a chartered public university . The university is historically notable for its teaching of canon and civil law ; indeed, it was set up in large part with the aim of studying the Digest , a central text in Roman law , which had been rediscovered in Italy in 1070, and the university was central in the development of medieval Roman law . Until modern times,

7616-496: The consul Marcus Aemilius Lepidus . Romagna derives from Romània , the name of the Eastern Roman Empire applied to Ravenna by the Lombards when the western Empire had ceased to exist and Ravenna was an outpost of the east (540–751) . Before the Romans took control of present-day Emilia-Romagna, it had been part of the Etruscan world and subsequently that of the Gauls . During the first thousand years of Christianity, trade flourished, as did culture and religion, thanks to

7728-514: The country. The BBC Voices project also collected hundreds of news articles about how the British speak English from swearing through to items on language schools. This information will also be collated and analysed by Johnson's team both for content and for where it was reported. "Perhaps the most remarkable finding in the Voices study is that the English language is as diverse as ever, despite our increased mobility and constant exposure to other accents and dialects through TV and radio". When discussing

7840-461: The creation of Uppsala University in Sweden, the bull specified that the new university would have the same freedoms and privileges as the University of Bologna—a highly desirable situation for the Swedish scholars. This included the right of Uppsala to establish the four traditional faculties of theology , law ( Canon Law and Roman law ), medicine, and philosophy, and to award the bachelor's, master's, licentiate, and doctoral degrees. Laura Bassi

7952-409: The crimes and debts of their countrymen. These students then hired scholars from the city's pre-existing lay and ecclesiastical schools to teach them subjects such as liberal arts, notarial law, theology, and ars dictaminis ( scrivenery ). The lectures were given in informal schools called scholae . In time the various universitates scholarium decided to form a larger association, or Studium —thus,

8064-616: The effectiveness of trade-unionism, that led to the dominance of the PCI in the region. Emilia-Romagna has since World War II been a left-wing stronghold, nowadays led by the Democratic Party , since its creation in 2007. Emilia-Romagna is divided into nine provinces. Apart from the creation of the Metropolitan City of Bologna , plans to reduce the number of provinces from nine to four have been dropped. ISTAT estimates

8176-600: The end of the Second World War , Emilia-Romagna was occupied by Germany and has been the theatre of numerous Nazi war crimes , such as the Marzabotto massacre in which 770 innocent civilians were brutally executed by German troops. During the Cold war era , Bologna, traditionally a left-wing city, was particularly hit by political street violence and terrorism ; in 1980 a far-right terrorist group detonated

8288-410: The existing 23 faculties) are: The university is structured in 33 departments (66 until 2012), organized by homogeneous research domains that integrate activities related to one or more faculty. A new department of Latin history was added in 2015. The 33 departments are: In the early 1950s, some students of the University of Bologna were among the founders of the review "il Mulino". On 25 April 1951

8400-658: The final mountain heath belt above 1,700–1,800 m. Emilia-Romagna has two Italian National Parks, the Foreste Casentinesi National Park and the Appennino Tosco-Emiliano National Park . Emilia-Romagna has been a highly populated area since ancient times. Inhabitants over the centuries have radically altered the landscape , building cities, reclaiming wetlands, and establishing large agricultural areas. All these transformations in past centuries changed

8512-425: The first issue of the review was published in Bologna. In a short time, "il Mulino" became one of the most interesting reference points in Italy for the political and cultural debate and established important editorial relationships in Italy and abroad. Editorial activities evolved along with the review. In 1954, the il Mulino publishing house (It. Società editrice il Mulino ) was founded, which today represents one of

8624-404: The first local product, the cultivation of fruit trees has developed (especially peaches, but also apricots, plums, apples and pears). Cattle and pig breeding are also highly developed. Farm cooperatives have been working along these lines in recent years. With their long tradition in the region there are now about 8,100 cooperatives, generally in the agricultural sector and mainly located in

8736-448: The gradual retreat of the sea from the Po basin and by the detritus deposited by the rivers. Almost entirely marshland in ancient times, its history is characterised by the hard work of its people to reclaim and reshape the land in order to achieve a better standard of living. The geology varies, with lagoons and saline areas in the north and many thermal springs throughout the rest of

8848-547: The gross regional product. The agricultural sector has aimed for increased competitiveness by means of structural reorganisation and high-quality products, and this has led to the success of marketed brands. Cereals , potatoes , maize , tomatoes and onions are the most important products, along with fruit and grapes for the production of wine (of which the best known are Emilia's Lambrusco , Bologna's Pignoletto  [ it ] , Romagna's Sangiovese and white Albana ). Alongside cereals, which for centuries remained

8960-522: The idea of two different morphemes, one that causes the double negation, and one that is used for the point or the verb. Standard English in the United Kingdom, as in other English-speaking nations, is widely enforced in schools and by social norms for formal contexts but not by any singular authority; for instance, there is no institution equivalent to the Académie française with French or

9072-627: The land to the Pope in 754. During the 10th century, northern Italy became part of the Holy Roman Empire under the control of the Germanic leader Otto I. The Holy Roman emperors had varying degrees of control over northern Italy until the close of the Middle Ages. In the 12th century, the papacy extended its political influence and city states began to form in opposition to the Holy Roman emperors. The northern cities, supported by

9184-523: The last southern Midlands accent to use the broad "a" in words like bath or grass (i.e. barth or grarss ). Conversely crass or plastic use a slender "a". A few miles northwest in Leicestershire the slender "a" becomes more widespread generally. In the town of Corby , five miles (8 km) north, one can find Corbyite which, unlike the Kettering accent, is largely influenced by

9296-518: The later Norman occupation led to the grafting onto that Germanic core of a more elaborate layer of words from the Romance branch of the European languages. This Norman influence entered English largely through the courts and government. Thus, English developed into a "borrowing" language of great flexibility and with a huge vocabulary . Dialects and accents vary amongst the four countries of

9408-457: The mass internal migration to Northamptonshire in the 1940s and given its position between several major accent regions, it has become a source of various accent developments. In Northampton the older accent has been influenced by overspill Londoners. There is an accent known locally as the Kettering accent, which is a transitional accent between the East Midlands and East Anglian . It is

9520-463: The modern period, but due to their remoteness from the Germanic languages , influence on English was notably limited . However, the degree of influence remains debated, and it has recently been argued that its grammatical influence accounts for the substantial innovations noted between English and the other West Germanic languages. Initially, Old English was a diverse group of dialects, reflecting

9632-623: The most important populariser of Newtonian mechanics in Italy. In 1971, the Graecist Benedetto Marzullo in company with Umberto Eco , Renato Barilli, Adelio Ferrero. instituted within the Faculty of Letters and Arts the DAMS ( acronym of discipline delle arti, della musica e dello spettacolo , "Dicipline of Arts , Musics and Performance "). It was the first degree course of this type to be opened in Italy. Between December 26, 1982, and November 29, 1983, there occurred

9744-569: The most relevant Italian publishers. In addition to this were initiated research projects (focusing mostly on the educational institutions and the political system in Italy), that eventually led, in 1964, to the establishment of the Istituto Carlo Cattaneo. The Collegio Superiore is an excellence institution inside the University of Bologna, aimed at promoting students' merit through dedicated learning programmes. The institution

9856-607: The oldest continuously operating university in the world. However, the development of the institution at Bologna into a university was a gradual process. Paul Grendler writes that "it is not likely that enough instruction and organization existed to merit the term university before the 1150s, and it might not have happened before the 1180s." The university arose around mutual aid societies (known as universitates scholarium ) of foreign students called " nations " (as they were grouped by nationality) for protection against city laws which imposed collective punishment on foreigners for

9968-406: The only degree granted at that university was the doctorate. Bettisia Gozzadini earned a law degree in 1237, being one of the first women in history to obtain a university degree. She taught law from her own home for two years, and in 1239 she taught at the university, becoming the first woman in history to teach at a university. In 1477, when Pope Sixtus IV issued a papal bull , authorizing

10080-513: The population of Emilia-Romagna was 4,459,577 on 1 January 2019. The population density, which was equal to 200 inhabitants per km in 2019, is close to the national average. The population of this region is traditionally evenly distributed, with no dominant metropolis but rather a line of medium-sized cities along the Via Emilia , where two thirds of the population and the majority of the industrial production are concentrated. The coast of Romagna

10192-407: The population of the region live, the agricultural land area has been reduced by 157 km while urban and industrial areas have increased to over 130 km between 2003 and 2008. The impact of land use and particularly of the urbanisation of the Emilia-Romagna plain during this period has had some strong consequences in the economic and ecological assessment of the region. The loss of arable land

10304-503: The previous rules of " Laurea specialistica a ciclo unico " or " Laurea magistrale a ciclo unico ", with only one cycle of study of five years, except for medicine and dentistry, which require six years of courses. After the " Laurea " one may attain first-level Master (one-year diploma, similar to a postgraduate diploma). After second-level degrees are attained, one may proceed to second-level Master, specialisation schools (residency) or research doctorates (PhD). The 11 Schools (which replace

10416-584: The provinces of Bologna (2,160) and Forlì-Cesena (1,300). The regional economy is more geared to export markets than other regions in the country: the main exports are from mechanical engineering (53%), the extraction of non-metallic minerals (13%) and the clothing industry (10%). Industry in the region presents a varied and complex picture and is located along the Via Emilia. The food industry (e.g. Barilla , Parmalat , Granarolo , Zanetti , Grandi Salumifici Italiani, Cremonini, Fini, Conserve Italia )

10528-642: The region as a result of groundwater rising towards the surface at different periods of history. All the rivers rise locally in the Apennines except for the Po, which has its source in the Alps in Piedmont . The northern border of Emilia-Romagna follows the path of the river for 263 km ( 163 + 1 ⁄ 2  mi). The region has temperate broadleaved and mixed forests and the vegetation may be divided into belts:

10640-430: The region from north-west (Piacenza) to the south-east (Adriatic coast), connecting the main cities of Parma, Reggio Emilia, Modena, Bologna, and from here further to Ravenna, Rimini and the Adriatic coast. Emilia-Romagna has given birth to a number of important filmmakers and actors and was the main setting for numerous important movies. Bernardo Bertolucci was a native from Parma and his 1976 masterpiece, 1900 ,

10752-646: The region known as Emilia, flourished until the Lombard dynasty was overthrown by the Frankish king Charlemagne in 774. From the 6th to 8th centuries, the region of Romagna was under Byzantine rule and Ravenna was the capital of the Exarchate of Italy within the Eastern Roman Empire. In the 8th century, this region became a province of the Papal States when Pepin, the father of Charlemagne, donated

10864-530: The region's numerous monasteries . The history of Emilia-Romagna dates back to Roman times when the region of Emilia was ruled by imperial judges linked to the nearby regions of either Liguria or Tuscany . After the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century, the Lombards, a Germanic tribe, founded the kingdom of Lombardy in northern and central Italy. This kingdom, which included

10976-725: The region, in Northern Marche and other nearby areas such as parts of Massa-Carrara , Mantua , Pavia and Rovigo provinces and in San Marino . The Sillaro river ( Emilian : Séllar in Emilian), near the town of Castel San Pietro Terme , is the border between Emilia and Romagna. They belong to the Northern Italian group within Romance languages (like Piedmontese , Lombard , Ligurian and Venetian ), which

11088-401: The spoken language. Globally, countries that are former British colonies or members of the Commonwealth tend to follow British English, as is the case for English used by European Union institutions. In China, both British English and American English are taught. The UK government actively teaches and promotes English around the world and operates in over 200 countries . English is

11200-463: The students to ratify. The professors could also be fined if they failed to finish classes on time, or complete course material by the end of the semester. A student committee, the "Denouncers of Professors", kept tabs on them and reported any misbehavior. Professors themselves were not powerless, however, forming collegia doctorum (professors’ committees) in each faculty, and securing the rights to set examination fees and degree requirements. Eventually,

11312-603: The theft of work tools worth £500 from a van at the Sprucefield park and ride car park in Lisburn. A football team can be treated likewise: Arsenal have lost just one of 20 home Premier League matches against Manchester City. This tendency can be observed in texts produced already in the 19th century. For example, Jane Austen , a British author, writes in Chapter 4 of Pride and Prejudice , published in 1813: All

11424-403: The traditional accent of Newcastle upon Tyne , 'out' will sound as 'oot', and in parts of Scotland and North-West England, 'my' will be pronounced as 'me'. Long vowels /iː/ and /uː/ are diphthongised to [ɪi] and [ʊu] respectively (or, more technically, [ʏʉ], with a raised tongue), so that ee and oo in feed and food are pronounced with a movement. The diphthong [oʊ] is also pronounced with

11536-418: The university. By the initiation or threat of a student strike , the students could enforce their demands as to the content of courses and the pay professors would receive. University professors were hired, fired, and had their pay determined by an elected council of two representatives from every student "nation" which governed the institution, with the most important decisions requiring a majority vote from all

11648-407: The university. The Studium grew to have a strong position of collective bargaining with the city, since by then it derived significant revenue through visiting foreign students, who would depart if they were not well treated. The foreign students in Bologna received greater rights, and collective punishment was ended. There was also collective bargaining with the scholars who served as professors at

11760-750: The varied origins of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of England. One of these dialects, Late West Saxon , eventually came to dominate. The original Old English was then influenced by two waves of invasion: the first was by speakers of the Scandinavian branch of the Germanic family, who settled in parts of Britain in the eighth and ninth centuries; the second was the Normans in the 11th century, who spoke Old Norman and ultimately developed an English variety of this called Anglo-Norman . These two invasions caused English to become "mixed" to some degree (though it

11872-402: The word 'British' and as a result can be used and interpreted in two ways, more broadly or more narrowly, within a range of blurring and ambiguity". Variations exist in formal (both written and spoken) English in the United Kingdom. For example, the adjective wee is almost exclusively used in parts of Scotland, north-east England, Northern Ireland, Ireland, and occasionally Yorkshire , whereas

11984-568: The world are good and agreeable in your eyes. However, in Chapter 16, the grammatical number is used. The world is blinded by his fortune and consequence. Some dialects of British English use negative concords, also known as double negatives . Rather than changing a word or using a positive, words like nobody, not, nothing, and never would be used in the same sentence. While this does not occur in Standard English, it does occur in non-standard dialects. The double negation follows

12096-710: The world, established in AD 1088—and its bustling towns kept trade and intellectual life alive. Local nobility like the Este of Ferrara, the Malatesta of Rimini, the Popes of Rome , the Farnese of Parma and Piacenza, and the Duchy of Modena and Reggio , jostled for power and influence. The House of Este gained a notable profile for its political and military might and its patronage of

12208-567: Was born into a prosperous family of Bologna and was privately educated from the age of five. Bassi's education and intellect was noticed by Prospero Lorenzini Lambertini, who became the Archbishop of Bologna in 1731 (later Pope Benedict XIV ). Lambertini became the official patron of Bassi. He arranged for a public debate between Bassi and four professors from the University of Bologna on 17 April 1732. In 1732, Bassi, aged twenty, publicly defended her forty-nine theses on Philosophica Studia at

12320-459: Was founded in 1998 as Collegio d'Eccellenza . Together with the Institute for Advanced Study it is part of the Institute for Higher Study. The Collegio Superiore offers an additional educational path to students enrolled in a degree programme at the University of Bologna, providing specialized courses as part of an interdisciplinary framework. All students of the Collegio Superiore are granted

12432-422: Was never a truly mixed language in the strictest sense of the word; mixed languages arise from the cohabitation of speakers of different languages, who develop a hybrid tongue for basic communication). The more idiomatic, concrete and descriptive English is, the more it is from Anglo-Saxon origins. The more intellectual and abstract English is, the more it contains Latin and French influences, e.g. swine (like

12544-608: Was partially set in Emilia-Romagna. Federico Fellini , a native of Rimini, shot many movies in the region, among them Amarcord . Pier Paolo Pasolini , a native from Bologna, in addition to being a film director, was a poet, writer, and intellectual, who also distinguished himself as an actor, journalist, novelist, playwright, and political figure. Michelangelo Antonioni , a native of Ferrara, shot his 1964 movie Red Desert in Ravenna. Florestano Vancini , also from Ferrara, shot there his 1960 film Long Night in 1943 . Pupi Avati ,

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