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91-599: After the Indonesian independence, in the first session of the Regional National Committee (KND), the Province of Sumatra was then divided into three sub-provinces, namely: North Sumatra, Central Sumatra, and South Sumatra. Central Sumatra Province itself was an amalgamation of three administrative regions called residencies, namely: Riau Residency, West Sumatra Residency, and Jambi Residency. With

182-482: A dialect of Malay by its speakers; its minor dialect is typically called Bukit Malay). Speakers of unintelligible Malay dialects speak standard Indonesian as a lingua franca. Besides the proper Malay languages, there are several languages closely related to Malay such as Minangkabau , Kerinci , Kubu and others. These languages are closely related to Malay , but their speakers do not consider their languages to be Malay . There are many Malay-based creoles spoken in

273-732: A new government center on the bank of the Siak River with the name Siak Sri Inderapura . While the center of the Johor government which had been around the estuary of the Johor River was abandoned. Whereas the claim of Raja Kecil as the legitimate heir to the throne of Johor, was recognized by the Orang Laut community. The Orang Laut is a Malay sub-group that resides in the Riau Islands region that stretches from east Sumatra to

364-645: A part of various monarchies before the arrival of European colonial powers. Muara Takus , a Buddhist temple complex believed to be a remnant of the Buddhist empire of Srivijaya c.  11th -12th century, is situated in Kampar Regency in Riau province. Following the spread of Islam in the 14th century, the region was then under control of Malay sultanates of Siak Sri Indrapura , Indragiri, and Johor . The sultanates later became protectorate of

455-513: A province-by-province basis. Loyalty for a certain ethnic group was overshadowed with the new inter-ethnic loyalty, advocating the importance of the national unity and national identity of Bangsa Indonesia ("Indonesian nation") instead. Ethnic Malay is only recognised as one of myriad Indonesian ethnic groups , which enjoy equal status with other Indonesians such as Javanese , Sundanese , Minangkabau , Dayak , Buginese , Ambonese and Papuan . There are various kingdoms and sultanates related to

546-565: A real potential for sustainable economic development using native flora and fauna for the economic benefit of local inhabitants. Cagar Biosfer Giam Siak Kecil Bukit Batu (CB-GSK-BB) is one of seven Biosphere Reserves in Indonesia. They are located in two areas of Riau Province, Bengkalis and Siak . CB-GSK-BB is a trial presented by Riau at the 21st Session of the International Coordinating Council of Man and

637-770: A small river named Sungai Melayu ('Melayu river') in Sumatra . The epic incorrectly stated that the river flowed to the Musi River in Palembang , while in reality it flowed to the Batang Hari River in Jambi . The term is thought to be derived from the Malay word melaju , a combination of the verbal prefix 'me' and the root word 'laju', meaning "to accelerate", used to describe the accelerating strong current of

728-619: Is also a sizable population of Minangkabau people living in Riau Province, mostly in the areas bordering West Sumatra , such as Rokan Hulu , Kampar , Kuantan Singingi , and part of Inderagiri Hulu . Pekanbaru , the capital of Riau Province, has a Minangkabau majority, since it was once one of the Minangkabau rantau (migration) area. Many Minangkabau in Pekanbaru have lived there for generations and has since assimilated into

819-531: Is led by a governor who is elected directly with his representative for a 5-year term. In addition to being a regional government, the Governor also acts as a representative or extension of the central government in the province, whose authority is regulated in Law No. 32 of 2004 and Government Regulation number 19 of 2010. While the relationship between the provincial government and the regency and city governments

910-644: Is more centrally located. The government established Pekanbaru as the new provincial capital on 20 January 1959 through Kepmendagri No. December 52 / I / 44–25. After the fall of the Old Order , Riau became one of the pillars of the New Order 's economic development. In 1944, geologist Richard H. Hopper, Toru Oki and their team discovered the largest oil well in Southeast Asia, in Minas, Siak . This well

1001-537: Is not a sub-ordinate, each of these regional governments governs and manages government affairs according to the principle of autonomy and co-administration. When the province of Riau was created on 10 August 1957 from the splitting of the former province of Central Sumatra , it consisted of four regencies - Bengkalis , Bintan (covering the offshore archipelagoes now comprising the Riau Islands Province), Indragiri and Kampar - together with

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1092-675: Is not based on the vernacular Malay dialects of the Riau Islands , rather it represents a form of Classical Malay as used in the 19th and early 20th centuries in the Riau-Lingga Sultanate . The Malay language has a long history, which has a literary record as far back as the 7th century AD. A famous early Malay inscription, the Kedukan Bukit Inscription , was discovered by the Dutchman M. Batenburg on 29 November 1920, at Kedukan Bukit, South Sumatra , on

1183-484: Is nowadays largely confined to Brunei, Malaysia and Singapore, where descendants of immigrants from these ethnic group are termed as anak dagang ("traders") and who are predominantly from the Indonesian archipelago . Contrary to Brunei, Malaysia, and Singapore, Malayness has no special position in Indonesian state ideology, except as one of the constituent regional cultures — which tend to be represented on

1274-400: Is one of the wealthiest provinces in Indonesia and is rich in natural resources, particularly petroleum, natural gas, rubber, palm oil and fibre plantations. Extensive logging and plantation development in has led to a massive decline in forest cover Riau, and associated fires have contributed to haze across the larger region . There are three possible origins of the word riau which became

1365-424: Is slightly larger than the nation of Jordan . According to the 2020 census , Riau had a population of 6,394,087 across a land area of 89,935.90 km²; the official estimate of population as of mid-2023 was 6,642,874 (comprising 3,398,387 males and 3,246,487 females). The province comprises ten regencies and two cities , with Pekanbaru serving as the capital and largest city . Historically, Riau has been

1456-846: Is thought to have been inhabited since between 40,000 and 10,000 BC, with the discovery of tools from the Pleistocene era in the Sengingi River area in Kuantan Singingi Regency in August 2009. Stone tools found include: an axle, a drawstring, and shale and core stone axes. The research team also found some wood fossils estimated to be older than the stone tools. It is suspected the tool users were Pithecanthropus erectus (reclassified as Homo erectus ) similar to those found in Sangiran , Central Java . These tools proved

1547-882: Is told that Raja Kecil was asked to become the ruler of Siak for the consensus of the people in Bengkalis . This aims to release Siak from the influence of the Johor Sultanate. While according to the Hikayat Siak , Raja Kecil was also called the true inheritor of the throne of the Sultan of Johor who lost the power struggle. Based on the correspondence of the Sultan Indermasyah with the Dutch Governor-General in Malacca at that time, it

1638-594: The Barisan Mountains to the Malacca Strait , including several large islands situated within the Strait. The province shares land borders with North Sumatra to the northwest, West Sumatra to the west, and Jambi to the south, and a maritime border with the Riau Islands and the country of Malaysia to the east. It is the second-largest province in the island of Sumatra after South Sumatra , and

1729-589: The Dutch and were reduced to puppet states of the Dutch East Indies . After the establishment of Indonesia in 1945, Riau belonged to the republic's provinces of Sumatra (1945–1948) and Central Sumatra (1948–1957). On 10 August 1957, the province of Riau was inaugurated and it included the Riau Islands until 2004. Although Riau is predominantly considered the land of Malays , it is a highly diverse province. In addition to Malays constituting one-third of

1820-701: The Fall of Suharto , there was a resurgence in Malay nationalism and identity in Kalimantan and ethnic Malays and Dayaks in Sambas massacred Madurese during the Sambas riots . Sumatra is the homeland of the Malay languages , which today spans all corners of Southeast Asia . The Indonesian language , which is the country 's official language and lingua franca , was based on Riau Malay, which despite its common name

1911-557: The Indonesian archipelago (inc. Acehnese , Banjarese , Bugis , Mandailing , Minangkabau and Javanese ) as Malays. Indonesia is the birthplace of the Malay civilization, which is the precursor of the Malay ethnic group scattered along the east coast of Sumatra , Singapore , the Malay Peninsula , and the coast of Kalimantan . The epic literature, the Malay Annals , associates the etymological origin of "Melayu" to

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2002-613: The Kampar Peninsula Peat Forest (with a small area of swamp). Another peculiarity is that the CB-GSK-BB was initiated by private parties in co-operation with the government through BBKSDA (The Center for the Conservation of Natural Resources), including the notorious conglomerate involved in forest destruction, Sinar Mas Group , owning the largest paper and pulp company in Indonesia. The Province of Riau

2093-693: The Riau-Lingga Sultanate on Lingga Island . In addition, the Netherlands also reduced the territory of Siak, by establishing the Residency of Riouw ( Dutch : Residentie Riouw ) which was part of the Dutch East Indies government based in Tanjung Pinang . British control of the Straits of Malacca, prompted the Sultan of Siak in 1840 to accept the offer of a new treaty to replace the agreement they had made earlier in 1819. This agreement made

2184-620: The Riau-Lingga Sultanate , the Sultanate of Bulungan , Pontianak Sultanate , and the Sultanate of Sambas . The 2010 census states that there are 8 million Malays in Indonesia; this number comes from the classification of Malays in East Sumatra and the coast of Kalimantan which is recognized by the Indonesian government . This classification is different from the Malaysia and Singapore census which includes all ethnic Muslims from

2275-578: The South China Sea , and this loyalty continued until the collapse of the Siak Sultanate. By the late 18th century, the Siak Sultanate had become the dominant power on the eastern coast of Sumatra. In 1780, the Siak Sultanate conquered the Sultanate of Langkat , and made the area its protectorate, alongside the Deli and Serdang Sultanates. Under the ties of a cooperation agreement with

2366-579: The lingua franca of the region, replacing Sanskrit, the language of Hinduism. The glory of Srivijaya however began to wane after the series of raids by the Tamil Chola dynasty in the 11th century. After the fall of Srivijaya in 1025 CE, the Malayu kingdom of Jambi, Sumatra, became the most dominant Malay state of the region. By the end of the 13th century, the remnants of the Malay empire in Sumatra

2457-630: The mandala of Srivijaya, a great confederation of city-states centred in Palembang . Srivijaya's influence spread over all the coastal areas of Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula, western Java and western Borneo , as well as the rest of the Malay Archipelago . Enjoying both Indian and Chinese patronage, its wealth was gained mostly through trade. At its height, the Old Malay language was used as its official language and became

2548-475: The spread of Islam occurred through trade, marriage and missionary activities of Muslim clerics. These factors led to the spread and growth of Islamic influence throughout the Malay world. The strong acceptance of Islam by Malay people is the aspect of equality, which contrasted the caste system in Hinduism , where lower class caste people were less than members of a higher castes. The golden age of Islam in

2639-598: The 1970s. Riau was also the main destination for the transmigration program launched by the Suharto administration. Many families from Java moved to the newly opened oil palm plantations in Riau, forming a separate community. In 1999, Saleh Djasit was elected as the second native Riaunese (besides Arifin Achmad ) and first elected by the Provincial House of Representatives as governor. His administration saw

2730-676: The 19th century, the Banjarese of South Kalimantan and the Bugis of South Sulawesi also began arriving in Riau to seek better lives. Most of them settled in the Indragiri Hilir areas, especially around Tembilahan . The opening of Caltex oil mining company in the 1940s in Rumbai , encouraged people from throughout the country to migrate to Riau. There are sizeable Javanese and Sundanese population in Riau Province. Javanese forms

2821-523: The Biosphere (UNESCO) in Jeju , South Korea, on 26 May 2009. CB-GSK-BB is one of 22 proposed locations in 17 countries accepted as reserves for the year. A Biosphere Reserve is the only internationally recognised concept of environmental conservation and cultivation. Thus the supervision and development of CB-GSK-BB is a worldwide concern at a regional level. CB-GSK-BB is a unique type of Peat Swamp Forest in

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2912-666: The Dutch records which stated that in 1783 there were around 171 merchant ships making a voyage from Siak to Malacca. Siak is a trading triangle between the Netherlands in Malacca and the United Kingdom on Penang . But on the other hand, the glory of Siak caused jealousy of the descendants of Yang Dipertuan Muda , especially after the loss of their power in the Riau Islands. The attitude of dislike and hostility towards

3003-465: The Japanese to complete the project. Japan led the construction of the railroad using forced labor and prisoners of war. The construction took 15 months through mountains, swamps and fast-flowing rivers. As many as 6,500 Dutch (mostly Indo-Europeans ) and British prisoners of wars and more than 100,000 romusha Indonesians (mostly Javanese ) were mobilized by the Japanese military. When the project

3094-713: The Malay Archipelago through the Malayisation process. The expansion of Malaccan influence through trade and Dawah brought with it together the Classical Malay language, the Islamic faith, and the Malay Muslim culture; the three core values of Kemelayuan (" Malayness "). the course of history, the term "Malay" has been extended to other ethnic groups within the " Malay world "; this usage

3185-579: The Malay community. Most Minangkabau in Riau generally work as merchants and live in urban areas such as Pekanbaru, Bangkinang , Duri, and Dumai . There are many other ethnic groups migrating from other provinces of Indonesia, such as the Batak Mandailing people who mostly lives in areas bordering North Sumatra such as Rokan Hulu . Most of the Mandailing people now identify themselves as Malay rather than as Minangkabau or Batak . In

3276-599: The Malay kingdom center from Johor to Ulu Riau in 1719. This name was used as one of the four main sultanates that formed the kingdoms of Riau, Lingga, Johor and Pahang. However, as the consequences of the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 between the Netherlands and United Kingdom, the Johor-Pahang sultanates fell under British influence, while the Riau-Lingga sultanates fell under Dutch influence. Riau

3367-412: The Malay world. His descendants such as Sang Mutiara would become king in Tanjungpura and Sang Nila Utama would become king in Bintan before finally moving to Singapura . Before the arrival of Islam to the archipelago, many parts of the Riau region were under the Srivijaya Empire between the 7th to the 14th century which was greatly influenced by the Hindu-Buddhist tradition. Islam was introduced to

3458-403: The Netherlands. Furthermore, under regional supervision, the Dutch established a military post in Bengkalis and banned the Sultan of Siak from making agreements with foreign parties without the approval of the Dutch East Indies government. Changes in the political map over the control of the Malacca Strait, the internal disputes of Siak and competition with Britain and the Netherlands, weakened

3549-423: The Riouw Residency. But in the midst of this pressure, the Siak Sultanate still remained until Indonesia's independence, even though during the Japanese occupation most of the military power of the Siak Sultanate was no longer significant. At about the same time, the Indragiri Sultanate also began to be influenced by the Dutch, but only came under the control of Batavia in 1938. Dutch control of Siak later became

3640-407: The Siak Sultanate also emerged as a key holder of the Minangkabau highland , through three main rivers, of Siak , Kampar , and Kuantan , which had previously been the key to the glory of Malacca. However, the progress of Siak's economy faded caused by the turmoil in the Minangkabau interior known as the Padri War . The expansion of Dutch colonialization into the eastern part of Sumatra caused

3731-403: The Siak Sultanate area smaller and sandwiched it between other small kingdoms which were protected by Britain. Likewise, the Dutch made the sultanate a protectorate of the Dutch East Indies, after forcing the Sultan of Siak to sign an agreement on 1 February 1858. From the agreement, the sultanate lost its sovereignty, then in the appointment of a new sultan, the sultanate must get approval from

Central Sumatra - Misplaced Pages Continue

3822-434: The Sultan of Siak was, seen in the Tuhfat al-Nafis , where in the description of the story they describe the Sultan of Siak as "a person who is greedy for the wealth of the world". The dominance of the Siak Sultanate towards the eastern coast of Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula was quite significant. They were able to replace the influence of Johor before on the control of the trade route in the Strait of Malacca. In addition,

3913-401: The VOC, in 1784 the Siak Sultanate helped the VOC attack and subdue the Selangor Sultanate . Previously they had collaborated to quell the Raja Haji Fisabilillah rebellion on Penyengat Island . The Siak Sultanate took advantage of the trade supervision through the Straits of Malacca , as well as the ability to control pirates in the region. The progress of Siak's economy can be seen from

4004-415: The area that received the least rainfall was Siak Regency . The average air temperature of Riau is 25.9 °C with maximum temperatures reaching 34.4 °C and minimum temperatures reach 20.1 °C. The highest temperature occurs in urban areas on the coast. On the contrary, the lowest temperature covers the high mountains and mountains. Air humidity can reach an average of 75%. Slightly different for

4095-402: The area. The line was then abandoned. At the beginning of Indonesia's independence , the former Riau Residency was merged and incorporated into the Sumatra Province based in Bukittinggi . Along with the crackdown on PRRI sympathizers, Sumatra was divided into three provinces, North Sumatra , Central Sumatra , and South Sumatra . Central Sumatra became a stronghold of the PRRI, this caused

4186-434: The areas influenced by the Revolutionary Government of the Republic of Indonesia , the central government conducted Operation Tegas to quell the rebellion, under the leadership of Kaharuddin Nasution , who later became governor of the province, succeeded in quelling the remnants of PRRI sympathizers. Afterwards, the central government began to consider moving the provincial capital from Tanjung Pinang to Pekanbaru , which

4277-491: The banks of the Tatang river, a tributary of the Musi River . It is a small stone of 45 by 80 cm. It is written in Old Malay , a possible ancestor of today's Malay language and its variants. Most Malay languages and dialects spoken in Indonesia are mutually unintelligible with Standard Indonesian . The most widely spoken are Palembang Malay (3.2 million), Jambi Malay (1 million), Bengkulu Malay (1.6 million) and Banjarese (4 million) (although not considered to be

4368-424: The beginning of the outbreak of the Aceh War . On the coast, the Dutch moved quickly to abolish the sultanates that did not submit to the government in Batavia. The Dutch appointed a resident in Tanjung Pinang to supervise coastal areas, and the Dutch succeeded in toppling the Sultan of Riau-Lingga , Sultan Abdul Rahman Muazzam Syah in February 1911. During the Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies , Riau

4459-736: The capital Pekanbaru , and many can also found in coastal areas in the east such as Bagansiapiapi , Selatpanjang , Rupat and Bengkalis . Most of the Chinese people in Riau are Hoklo people , whose ancestors migrated from Quanzhou in modern-day Fujian from the early 19th-century to the mid 20th-century. Some of the Riau Chinese has migrated to other parts of Indonesia, such as Medan and Jakarta , to seek better life opportunities, while some have also migrated to other countries such as Singapore and Taiwan . Malay Indonesians Malay Indonesians ( Malay / Indonesian : Orang Melayu Indonesia ; Jawi : اورڠ ملايو ايندونيسيا ‎) are ethnic Malays living throughout Indonesia . They are one of

4550-399: The central government to breakup Central Sumatra in order to weaken the PRRI movement, in 1957, based on Emergency Law Number 19 of 1957, Central Sumatra was divided into three provinces, Riau, Jambi and West Sumatra . The newly formed Riau province was composed of the former territory of the Siak Sri Sultanate of Inderapura and the Riau Residency as well as the Kampar. As Riau was one of

4641-451: The centre of Islamisation in the east. As a Malaccan state religion, Islam brought many great transformation into the Malaccan society and culture, and It became the primary instrument in the evolution of a common Malay identity. The Malaccan era witnessed the close association of Islam with Malay society and how it developed into a definitive marker of Malay identity. Over time, this common Malay cultural idiom came to characterise much of

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4732-451: The country especially in eastern Indonesia due to contacts from the western part of Indonesia and during colonial rule where Malay replaced Dutch as a lingua franca . The most well-known Malay creoles in Indonesia are Ambonese Malay , Betawi , Manado Malay and Papuan Malay . The Malay people in Indonesia fall into various sub-ethnicities with each having its own distinct linguistic variety, history, clothing, traditions, and

4823-490: The entire Malay Peninsula , Riau Islands , Bintan , Lingga , Jambi , Bengkalis , Siak , Rokan , Indragiri , Kampar , and Kuantan . Malacca is considered a catalyst in the expansion of Islam into other areas such as Palembang , Sumatra , Patani in southern Thailand , North Kalimantan , Brunei and Mindanao . According to the journals of the Portuguese explorer Tomé Pires between 1513 and 1515, Siak controlled an area that lies between Arcat and Indragiri . It

4914-509: The existence of prehistoric settlement in Riau. Earlier settlement was assumed to be possible in the area since the discovery of the Muara Takus Temple in Kampar in 1860. The Malay kingdoms in Riau were at first based on the Buddhist Srivijaya Empire. This is evidenced by the Muara Takus Temple which was thought to be the center of the Srivijaya government in Riau. Its architecturally resembles temples that can be found in India. In addition, French historian George Cœdès also discovered

5005-435: The five Riau Islands administrations were split off from Riau Province to form a separate Riau Islands Province. Subsequently on 19 December 2008 a new Meranti Islands Regency was cut off the remaining Bengkalis Regency. Riau Province is thus subdivided into ten regencies ( kabupaten ) and two autonomous cities ( kota ), listed below with their areas and their populations at the 2010 and 2020 Censuses, and according to

5096-421: The history of the Malay people and other ethnicities on the island of Sumatra , such as Melayu Kingdom , Srivijaya , Dharmasraya , Sultanate of Deli , Sultanate of Siak Sri Indrapura , Asahan Sultanate , Riau-Lingga Sultanate , Riau Sultanate , Palembang Sultanate and the Lingga Sultanate , etc. There are various kingdoms and sultanates related to the history of the Malay people and other ethnicities on

5187-428: The independent city of Pekanbaru . On 14 June 1965 the Indragiri Regency was divided into an Indragiri Hilir Regency and an Indragiri Hulu Regency . On 4 October 1999 four of these regencies were divided up in a wholesale reorganisation: Bengkalis Regency was split up into Rokan Hilir Regency , Siak Regency and a new city of Dumai , as well as a smaller Bengkalis Regency; a new Kuantan Singingi Regency

5278-433: The indigenous peoples of the country. Indonesian , the national language of Indonesia, is a standardized form of Riau Malay . There were numerous kingdoms associated with the Indonesian Malays along with other ethnicities in what is now Indonesia, mainly on the islands of Borneo and Sumatra . These included Srivijaya , the Melayu Kingdom , Dharmasraya , the Sultanate of Deli , the Sultanate of Siak Sri Indrapura ,

5369-410: The influence of the Siak Sultanate over the territories it had once conquered. A tug of war between the interests of foreign forces caused the signing of the Anglo-Dutch Treaties of 1870–71 between the British and the Dutch, put Siak in a weak bargaining position. Then based on the agreement on 26 July 1873, the Dutch East Indies government forced the Sultan of Siak to hand over the Bengkalis area to

5460-414: The influence of the Siak Sultanate to wane, leading to the independence of the Deli Sultanate, the Asahan Sultanate , the Langkat Sultanate, and the Inderagiri Sultanate. Likewise in Johor , where a sultan of the descendants of Tumenggung Johor was crowned, under British protection in Singapore. While the Dutch restored the position of the Yang Dipertuan Muda on Penyengat Island , and later established

5551-426: The island of Kalimantan (a.k.a. Borneo), such as Sanggau Kingdom , Pontianak Sultanate , Bulungan Sultanate , Berau Sultanate , Gunung Tabur Sultanate , Sambaliung Sultanate , Paser Sultanate , Kutai Sultanate , etc. In the Pontianak incidents during the Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies , the Japanese massacred most of the Malay elite and beheaded all of the Malay Sultans in Kalimantan. During

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5642-703: The island region in the eastern region is also influenced by the characteristics of the sea climate. As in most other province of Indonesia, Riau has a tropical rainforest climate ( Köppen climate classification Af ) bordering on a tropical monsoon climate. The climate is very much dictated by the surrounding sea and the prevailing wind system. It has high average temperature and high average rainfall. Forest cover in Riau has declined from 78% in 1982 to only 33% in 2005. This has been further reduced an average of 160,000 hectares on average per year, leaving 22%, or 2.45 million hectares left as of 2009. Fires associated with deforestation have contributed to serious haze over

5733-463: The issuance of the Law No 10/1948 on 15 April 1948, it was stipulated that Sumatra was divided into three provinces, each of which had the right to regulate and manage its own household, namely: North Sumatra Province, Central Sumatra Province, and South Sumatra Province. 15 April 1948 was later designated as the anniversary of the Province of Central Sumatra. Emergency Law No 19/1957 on the Establishment of Level I Regions of West Sumatra, Jambi and Riau

5824-415: The largest ethnic group with a composition of 45% of the entire population of the province. They generally come from coastal areas in Rokan Hilir , Dumai , Bengkalis , Pulau Meranti , up to Pelalawan , Siak , Inderagiri Hulu and Inderagiri Hilir . Riau was once the seat of great Malay sultanates, such as the Sultanate of Siak Sri Indrapura , the Pelalawan Sultanate and the Indragiri Sultanate. There

5915-419: The name of this province. First, from the Portuguese word, " rio " which means river. In 1514, there was a Portuguese military expedition that traced the Siak River , in order to find the location of a kingdom they believed existed in the area, and at the same time to pursue followers of Sultan Mahmud Shah who fled after the fall of the Malacca Sultanate . The second version claims that riau comes from

6006-473: The official estimates as at mid 2023. The province comprises two of Indonesia's 84 national electoral districts to elect members to the People's Representative Council . The Riau I Electoral District consists of 5 of the regencies in the province (Siak, Bengkalis, Meranti Islands, Rokan Hilir and Rokan Hulu), together with the cities of Pekanbaru and Dumai, and elects 7 members to the People's Representative Council. The Riau II Electoral District consists of

6097-456: The population, other major ethnic groups include Javanese , Minangkabau , Batak , and Chinese . The local Riau dialect of Malay language is considered as the lingua franca in the province, but Indonesian , the standardized form of Malay is used as the official language and also as the second language of many people. Other than that, different languages such as Minangkabau , Hokkien and varieties of Batak languages are also spoken. Riau

6188-495: The province and cities to the East, such as Singapore and Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia Giam Siak Kecil – Bukit Batu Biosphere Reserve , Indonesia, is a peatland area in Sumatra featuring sustainable timber production and two wildlife reserves, which are home to the Sumatran tiger , Sumatran elephant , Malayan tapir , and Malayan sun bear . Research activities in the biosphere include the monitoring of flagship species and in-depth study on peatland ecology. Initial studies indicate

6279-466: The province covered with lowlands. Off the eastern coast lies the Strait of Malacca where several island lies. In general, Riau Province has a wet tropical climate that is influenced by two seasons, namely the rainy and dry seasons. The average rainfall received by Riau Province is between 2,000 – 3,000 mm / year with an average annual rainfall of 160 days. The areas that received the most rain were Rokan Hulu Regency and Pekanbaru City. Meanwhile,

6370-412: The region was when Malacca became an Islamic sultanate. Many elements of Islamic law, including political and administrative sciences were incorporated into Malacca law, especially the Udang-Undang Melaka (Law of Melaka). The ruler of Malacca received the title ' Sultan ' and was responsible for Islam in his kingdom. In the 15th century, Islam spread and developed throughout the Melaka region including

6461-401: The region when the Maharaja of Srivijaya sent a letter to Caliph Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz of the Umayyad Caliphate in Egypt containing a request to send a messenger to introduce Islamic law to him. In the 12th century, the entry of Islam into the archipelago was carried through the Samudera Pasai Sultanate in Aceh which was the first Islamic sultanate in the archipelago. The process of

6552-454: The remaining 5 regencies (Kuantan Singingi, Indragiri Hulu, Indragiri Hilir, Pelalawan and Kampar), and elects 6 members to the People's Representative Council. The total population of Riau spread over ten regencies and two cities as at mid 2023 reached 6,642,874 people consisting of 3,396,387 males and 3,246,487 females. Based on the population per regency/city in 2022, the largest population

6643-523: The river. The beginning of the Common Era saw the rise of Malay states in the coastal areas of the Sumatra and Malay Peninsula ; Srivijaya , Nakhon Si Thammarat Kingdom , Gangga Negara , Langkasuka , Kedah , Pahang , the Melayu Kingdom and Chi Tu . Between the 7th and 13th centuries, many of these small, often prosperous peninsula and Sumatran maritime trading states, became part of

6734-640: The second-largest ethnic group in the province, forming 25.05% of the total population. Most of them migrated to Riau due to the transmigration program dating from the Dutch East Indies and continued during the Soeharto administration . The majority of them lives in transmigration communities spread throughout the region. Likewise, the Chinese people are generally similar to the Minangkabau as many of them also work as merchants. Many Riau Chinese lives in

6825-479: The separation of the Riau Archipelago to become Riau Islands Province in 2002, leaving Riau with just the mainland territories. In 2003, former Regent of Indragiri Hilir , Rusli Zainal , was elected governor, and was re-elected through direct elections by the people in 2008. Starting on 19 February 2014, Riau Province was officially led by the governor, Annas Maamun , leading for 7 months, Annas Maamun

6916-520: The similarity of the Srivijaya governmental structure and the Malay sultanates of the 15th century. The earliest text that deals with the Malay world is Sulalatus Salatin ( Malay Annals ) by Tun Sri Lanang , in 1612. According to the annals, Bukit Seguntang in modern-day Palembang in South Sumatra is where Sang Sapurba came to the world and his descendants would scatter throughout

7007-502: The south, West Sumatra to the west and the Riau Islands in the east. The province shares maritime borders with Singapore and Malaysia . In general, the geography of Riau consists of mountains, lowlands, and islands. The mountain area lies in the western part, namely the Bukit Barisan Mountains, near the border of West Sumatra. The elevation decreases towards the east, making most of the central and eastern part of

7098-549: The title Yang Dipertuan Besar Johor . But in 1722, a rebellion led by Raja Sulaiman, the son of the former Sultan Abdul Jalil Shah IV , demanded the right to the throne of Johor. With the help of Bugis mercenaries, Raja Sulaiman then succeeded in seizing the throne of Johor, and established himself as the ruler of Johor in Peninsular Malaysia , crowning himself as Sultan Sulaiman Badrul Alam Shah of Johor , while Raja Kecil moved to Bintan and in 1723 established

7189-502: The word riahi which means sea water. The word is allegedly derived from the figure of Sinbad al-Bahar in the book of the One Thousand and One Nights . Another version is that riau is derived from the Malay word riuh, which means "crowded, frenzied working people". This word is believed used to reflect the nature of the Malay people in present-day Bintan . The name is likely to have become famous since Raja Kecil moved

7280-489: The wrath of Javanese invaders. In 1400, his great-great-grandson, Parameswara , headed north and established the Malacca Sultanate . The new kingdom succeeded Srivijaya and inherited much of the royal and cultural traditions, including a large part of the territories of its predecessor. By the 15th century, the Malacca Sultanate , whose hegemony reached over much of the western Malay Archipelago , had become

7371-739: Was a port city under a Minangkabau king, but became a Malacca vassal before being conquered by the Portuguese . Since the fall of Malacca to the Dutch East India Company (VOC), the Johor Sultanate claimed Siak as part of its sovereign territory. This continued until the arrival of Sultan Abdul Jalil Rahmat Shah or Raja Kecil who later founded the Siak Sultanate . In the Syair Perang Siak , it

7462-476: Was completed in August 1945, almost one third of European prisoners of war and more than half of Indonesian workers died. The railroad was intended as a medium for transporting coal and soldiers from Pekanbaru to Muaro Sijunjung on the west of Sumatra. Construction of the railroad was completed on 15 August 1945, before the Japanese surrendered . The railroad was used only once to transport prisoners of war out of

7553-553: Was cut out of the Indragiri Hulu Regency, while Rokan Hulu Regency and Pelalawan Regency were cut out of Kampar Regency. Finally, on the same date, the Bintan Regency was split, with a new city of Batam and new regencies of Karimun and Natuna being split off; a further city of Tanjung Pinang was cut out of the residual part of Bintan Regency on 21 June 2001; however on 24 September 2002

7644-742: Was finally destroyed by the Javanese invaders during the Pamalayu expedition ( Pamalayu means "war against the Malays"). In 1299, through the support of the loyal servants of the empire, the Orang laut , a prince of Palembang origin, Sang Nila Utama established the Kingdom of Singapura in Temasek . His dynasty ruled the island kingdom until the end of the 14th century, when the polity once again faced

7735-705: Was in Pekanbaru City with 506,231 male population and 501,309 female, while the smallest population was in the Kepulauan Meranti Regency where about 110,100 people were male and 103,400 were female. Overall males constituted 51.13% of the population and females 48.87% in 2023. Ethnic Groups in Riau (census 2010) Riau is considered a very ethnically diverse province. As of 2010, the ethnic groups in Riau consist of Malays (43%), Javanese (25%), Minangkabau (8%), Batak (12%), Banjar (4%), Chinese (2%), and Bugis (2%). The Malays are

7826-573: Was mentioned that Sultan Abdul Jalil was his brother who was sent for business affairs with the VOC. Sultan Abdul Jalil then wrote a letter addressed to the Dutch, calling himself the Raja Kecil of Pagaruyung , that he would take revenge for the death of the Sultan of Johor . In 1718, Raja Kecil succeeded in conquering the Johor Sultanate, at the same time crowning himself as the Sultan of Johor with

7917-545: Was one of the primary strategic targets. The Japanese army occupied Rengat on 31 March 1942. All of Riau was quickly occupied by the Japanese. A relic of the Japanese occupation is the 220 km railway line that connects Muaro Sijunjung in West Sumatra and Pekanbaru , also known as the Pekanbaru Death Railway which is now abandoned. Hundreds of thousands of Riau people were forced to work by

8008-599: Was originally named Minas No. 1. Minas is famous for its Sumatra Light Crude (SLC) oil which is good quality as it has low sulfur content. In the early 1950s, new oil wells were found in Minas, Duri, Bengkalis, Pantaicermin, and Petapahan. Petroleum extraction in Riau began in the Siak Block in September 1963, with the signing of a work contract with PT California Texas Indonesia (now Chevron Pacific Indonesia). This province contributed 70% of Indonesia's oil production in

8099-595: Was ratified on 9 August 1957 and took effect on 10 August 1957. This law was made in order to take into account in the development of the state administration and to carry out the government's efforts to establish an autonomous region. With the enactment of the Emergency Law No 19/1957, the Government Regulation in Lieu of Law (Perppu) No 4/1950 on the establishment of the Province of Central Sumatra

8190-559: Was removed after he was arrested by the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK) in a case of land use change in Kuantan Singingi Regency . Geographically, Riau is located at position 02 ° 25 'LU-01 ° 15 ° LS and 100 ° 03'-104 ° 00' BT. The area is quite extensive and is located in the central part of Sumatra . Riau is directly adjacent to North Sumatra and the Straits of Malacca in the north, Jambi to

8281-420: Was revoked, and separate provinces of Riau , West Sumatra and Jambi were created. The province of Central Sumatra was governed by a governor, this is a list of former governors of Central Sumatra from 1948 to 1956. Riau Riau ( Jawi : رياو ‎) is a province of Indonesia . It is located on the central eastern coast of the island of Sumatra , and extends from the eastern slopes of

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