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97-742: In the late 17th century, one village of Chacatos moved from the center of Apalachee Province to near where the Chattahoochee and Flint rivers join to form the Apalachicola River, close to a Sabacola village and mission. That village was abandoned after it was attacked by Apalachicolas and others. Other Chacatos lived in small settlements scattered across the Florida panhandle , and in Tawasa and Tiquepache villages in Alabama . After

194-457: A Spanish inquiry. The conspiracy quickly gained support in the community. Hann notes that this may partly be because of discontent over pressure on the Chacato from the missionaries to strictly adhere to Christian standards. Another factor was threats from the conspirators to have their Chisca friends kill anyone who did not support the conspiracy. Diocsale also falsely claimed to be supported by

291-634: A defensive line occupied by the Confederate Army in early July 1864. Designed by Confederate Brigadier General Francis A. Shoup , the line became known as Johnston's River Line after Confederate General Joseph E. Johnston and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places . A month prior to the Battle of Atlanta , Shoup talked with Johnston on June 18, 1864, about building fortifications. Johnston agreed, and Shoup supervised

388-738: A delegation of Chacatos and Apalachees to Pensacola seeking help. Chacatos were included because they knew the land between Apalachee and Pensacola Bay and had connections in that area. Hearing about the delegation from a spy, the Alabamas sent a party to intercept them, but the delegation reached Pensacola safely. When they reached Pensacola, rather than asking for supplies for Apalachee Province, they asked for permission to continue to Mobile . The governor of Pensacola, Andrés de Arriola, refused them permission to go to Mobile, but allowed them to stay in Pensacola rather than returning to Apalachee. More of

485-648: A force of 800 Spaniards and Apalachees that intended to attack the former Apalachicola Province towns (the English called them the Ochise Creeks) in central Georgia in 1702. The Apalachicola towns ambused the Spanish-Apalachee force in the Battle of Flint River , killing or capturing 500 of them. Attacks by the English from the Province of Carolina and their Indian allies in 1704 destroyed many of

582-697: A force which defeated the Yamasees at Salkechuh (also spelled Saltketchers or Salkehatchie) on the Combahee River . Eventually, Craven was able to drive the Yamasees across the Savannah River back into Spanish Florida . After the war, the Yamasees migrated southwards to the region around St. Augustine and Pensacola , where they formed an alliance with the Spanish colonial administration. These Yamasees continued to inhabit Florida until 1727, when

679-652: A fortified village site with two mounds, may have been occupied by the ancestors of the historic Chacato. Pottery found in the historic Chacato settlement area is more closely related to that of Apalachee Province than to that of the peoples of the Pensacola and Mobile bays. The subsistence economy of the Chacatos also resembled that of the Apalachees, rather than the peoples to their west. The Chacatos appear to be an exception to their neighbors in that inheritance of

776-511: A plea for help to the Spanish authorities in San Luis , the capitol of Apalachee Province. Some of the loyal Chacatos defected to the conspirators and those remaining loyal advised Barreda to flee to the mission of Santa Cruz de Sabacola , on the Apalachicola River. Barreda's guides were chosen by an official who had secretly joined the conspirators, and he told them to kill Barreda after they had left San Carlos. The attack failed, although Barreda

873-589: A result of Hurricane Fred . Numerous tributaries also swelled far over and beyond their banks. These were the highest water levels seen since 1990, and the second-highest ever since the large Buford Dam was built upstream. The National Weather Service in Peachtree City estimated that this was a 500-year flood event. The main stream gauges are located: Water-level forecasts are regularly issued only at Vinings and Atlanta. Forecasts are issued only during high water at Norcross, Whitesburg, West Point, and

970-739: A result of duplicitous colonial mercantile practices. Infuriated by the practices of the colonists, the Yamasees resolved to go to war against them, forming a pan-tribal coalition and initiating a two-year long war by attacking the colonial settlement of Charles Town on April 15, 1715. Bolstered by the large number of Indian tribes they had managed to enlist into their coalition, the Yamasees staged large-scale raids against other colonial settlements in Carolina as well, leading to most colonists abandoning frontier settlements and seeking refuge in Charles Town. South Carolina Governor Charles Craven led

1067-601: A small series of dams along the middle portion of the river (the Columbus area) between West Point Lake and Lake Walter F. George. Several smaller and older lakes and dams also provide these services on a much smaller and more localized scale, including Bull Sluice Lake , which is held by the Morgan Falls Dam . This dam was built by the Georgia Railway and Power Company in 1902 to provide electric power for

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1164-458: A small settlement on the mainland opposite the point to support the lookout post, where some Chacatos lived. Two churches were established, with one named "Our Lady of Guadaloupe" serving the Chacatos. The lookout post and settlement were shortly abandoned, perhaps within months, but certainly by 1704. Sabacolas participated with Apalachicolas and Tiquepaches in an attack on the Chacato mission in 1694, killing five Chacatos and taking 42 Chacatos to

1261-611: A total of 251 men at that time. Some Chacatos may have remained near Mobile. A small tribe known as "Chatos" was reported to have lived on the Mississippi coast and been absorbed into the Six Towns division of the Choctaws . A Chacato was reportedly mentioned in a Mobile newspaper in the early 1850s. Chacatos, Biloxis , and Pascagoulas totaled about 100 men after the move to Louisiana. Chacatos were reported at Rapides in 1773, on

1358-523: Is partially preserved in works by missionary Domingo Báez. Diego Peña was told in 1716-1717 that the Cherokee of Tuskegee Town also spoke Yamasee. Hann (1992) asserted that Yamasee is related to the Muskogean languages. This was based upon a colonial report that a Yamasee spy within a Hitchiti town could understand Hitichiti and was not detected as a Yamasee. Francis Le Jau stated in 1711 that

1455-504: Is probably a loanword , as it seems also to have been absorbed into the Timucua language . Thus, the connection of Yamasee with Muskogean is unsupported. A document in a British colonial archive suggests that the Yamasees originally spoke Cherokee, an Iroquoian language, but had learned another language. For a time they were allied with the Cherokee but are believed to have been a distinct people. In 1715 Col. George Chicken stated that he

1552-617: The Alabama and Georgia border, as well as a portion of the Florida and Georgia border. It is a tributary of the Apalachicola River , a relatively short river formed by the confluence of the Chattahoochee and Flint rivers and emptying from Florida into Apalachicola Bay in the Gulf of Mexico . The Chattahoochee River is about 430 miles (690 km) long. The Chattahoochee, Flint, and Apalachicola rivers together make up

1649-494: The Apalachicola . The Spanish found little evidence, however, that any Chisca had been involved in the conspiracy. The conspirators planned to seek refuge at Tawasa after killing Barreda. The conspirators spoke to Chacato leaders about expelling Barreda, but the leaders supported Barreda. When the conspirators then revealed that they intended to kill Barreda, the Chacato leaders placed guards to protect Barreda. Barreda sent

1746-649: The English colony of the Carolina (present day South Carolina ). They established several villages, including Pocotaligo, Tolemato, and Topiqui, in Beaufort County . A 1715 census conducted by Irish colonist John Barnwell counted 1,220 Yamasees living in ten villages near Port Royal . Migration by the Yamasees to Charles Town (in the colony of Carolina ) beginning in 1686 was likely in pursuit of trading opportunities with English colonists, or to escape

1843-532: The Flint River and other tributaries at Lake Seminole near Bainbridge , to form the Apalachicola River that flows into the Florida Panhandle . The Chattahoochee River ends in the city of Chattahoochee, FL . From there, the same river is then named Apalachicola River, which ends (106 miles away) in the city of Apalachicola, FL (meaning both rivers end in the city named after them). Although

1940-667: The Oconee River , which flow to the Atlantic Seaboard via the Altamaha River . Interest groups and the state of Florida have asked the U.S. Congress to intervene to reduce the priority given to put navigation of the lower Chattahoochee, south of Columbus, by river barge. This requirement causes large water withdrawals, which environmental supporters consider a waste of water needed to support habitats, especially during droughts. The navigation issue has aggravated

2037-718: The Red River in 1796, at Bayou Boeuf in 1803–1805, and on the Sabine River in 1817. Some groups from the tribes that had taken refuge in Louisiana settled in the Red River area and survived there into the 20th century. Chattahoochee River The Chattahoochee River ( / ˌ tʃ æ t ə ˈ h uː tʃ i / ) is a river in the Southeastern United States . It forms the southern half of

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2134-562: The United States Army Corps of Engineers . The dams and reservoirs were developed following legislation by Congress of the mid-1940s for flood control , domestic and industrial water, hydroelectricity , recreation, and improved navigation for river barges. Most of the lakes were completed by 1963. Numerous historic and prehistoric sites were covered over by the lakes during the flooding of the reservoirs, including Oketeyconne, Georgia. The Georgia Power Company also owns

2231-642: The destruction of the Apalachee Province missions by the English of the Province of Carolina and their Native American allies in 1704, the surviving Chacatos moved west with Apalachees and other peoples of the province, settling in the vicinity of Pensacola and Mobile bays. Some of those Chacatos may have been absorbed into the Choctaw nation. When West Florida was transferred to Great Britain in 1763, other Chacatos moved west to Louisiana. In

2328-407: The 17th and earliest 18th centuries, when they lived in the eastern panhandle of Florida, the Spanish usually called the people "Chacato", and less often, "Chacta", "Chacto", "Chata", and "Chato". "Chatot" is the name commonly used in English sources through most of the 20th century, although scholars have recently used "Chacato". After they moved west to the area around Mobile Bay, and later to west of

2425-527: The 350 people in the mission of San Nicolás de los Chacatos that appeared around that time. Some Chacatos may also have been among the some 150 people at the Sabacola mission of San Carlos de Çabacola . The Sabacola mission was listed as Çabacola Chuba (Big Savacola) in 1690. The Sabacola mission was gone by 1693, when the Chacato village on the Apalchicola was mentioned as the "most outlying mission" in

2522-481: The American Southeast. The Yamasees also conducted raids on the Spanish colonial settlement of St. Augustine . Indian captives of the Yamasees were transported to colonial settlements throughout Carolina, where they were sold to white colonists; frequently, many of these captives were then resold to West Indian slave plantations. Many Yamasees soon became indebted to the colonists they traded with, as

2619-736: The Apalachicola and Choctawhatchee rivers. At the time of first contact with the Spanish, the people they called Chacato lived in the upper part of the Chipola River basin and the adjacent section of the Appalachicola River in the area of the Fort Walton culture , primarily in what is now Jackson County, Florida . A number of archaeological sites in the area, including the Waddells Mill Pond Site ,

2716-743: The Apalachicola–Chattahoochee–Flint River Basin ( ACF River Basin ). The Chattahoochee makes up the largest part of the ACF's drainage basin . The source of the Chattahoochee River is located in Jacks Gap at the southeastern foot of Jacks Knob , in the very southeastern corner of Union County , in the southern Blue Ridge Mountains , a subrange of the Appalachian Mountains . The headwaters of

2813-536: The Atlanta trolley system, which has long since been replaced by other forms of transportation. At various points, the Chattahoochee serves as the boundary between several counties and cities, as well as forming the lower half of the boundary between Alabama and Georgia. Within Georgia, it divides: Atlanta is built upon the crest of a large ridge, rather than in the floodplain of the river. This has contributed to

2910-636: The Catholic Christian Indians of Spanish Florida . Pirate attacks on the Spanish missions in 1680 forced the Yamasees to migrate again. Some moved to Florida. Others returned to the Savannah River lands, which were safer after the Westo had been destroyed. In 1687, some Spaniards attempted to send captive Yamasees to the West Indies as slaves. The tribe revolted against the Spanish missions and their Native allies, and moved into

3007-617: The Chacato and Apalachee provinces in the 1660s and 1670s. They were described as "warrior Indians, their faces striped, and who use firearms". The Spanish called some of the invaders "Chichimecos" (probably Westos ). Hann suggests that most of the migrants were Tama and Yamasee . Two missions were established among the Chacato in June 1674. The first mission, San Carlos Borromeo, was in the principal Chacato village of Achercatane (later listed as Yatcatane), four days journey northwest of Apalachee Province. A second mission, San Nicolás de Tolentino,

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3104-444: The Chacato in Spanish records was in 1638, when a representative of the Spanish governor of Florida was able to stop a war between the allied Chacato, Apalachicola, and Yamassee peoples, and the Apalachees. The next governor visited the Chacato and Apalachicola Province in 1646, when both peoples requested missionaries. The Chacatos requested missionaries again in the 1660s. There are isolated Spanish reports of people migrating into

3201-456: The Chacato villages and in their own nearby village make trouble for the missionaries and converts. The Spanish lieutenant-governor in Apalachee Province took some soldiers and 25 Apalachees armed with harquebuses to the Chacato missions. The three reluctant warriors were nominally converted to Christianity and the Chiscas were expelled from the Chacato villages while the Spanish-Apalachee party

3298-561: The Chacato, Tawasa, and Apalachee people who had survived the attacks on the missions soon moved to Pensacola. Some of the Apalachees and Chacatos drove cattle with them to Pensacola in July 1704. Most of the Chacatos and the Apalachees from San Luis and Escambe who had fled to Pensacola continued on to the French settlement at Mobile. Between 200 and 250 Chacatos arrived in Mobile in 1704. Some of

3395-592: The Chacato. The Chacato spoke a Muskogean language , which may have been the same as that of several other peoples in western Florida, including the Amacano , Chine , Pacara, and Pensacola peoples. Swanton states that the language of the Chacato is "undoubtedly" a member of the southern division of the Muskogean stock. While it has been suggested that the Chacato were part of the Apalachee people, Hann notes that

3492-421: The Chacatos and Apalachees spoke different languages, but noted that both had adopted many Spanish words. Some Chacatos may have lived with Apalachees. Swanton repeats population estimates of 250 Chacato men when they were first settled at Mobile, but only 40 men in 1725-1726, and 30 men in 1817. Some Chacatos and Apalachees stayed at Pensacola for another year or two, with 80 or more workers receiving rations from

3589-466: The Chacatos seeking refuge at Mobile were reported to be from St. Joseph Bay . The French placed the Chacatos on a site called "Oigonets" at the mouth of the Mobile River. In 1711, the French moved their settlement from its original site at Old Mobile to Oigonets, and moved the Chacatos to Dog River on Mobile Bay. The French regarded the Chacatos as warriors and good Catholics. They understood that

3686-503: The Chattahoochee River is commemorated in the poem "The Song of the Chattahoochee" (1877), by the noted Georgian poet Sidney Lanier . Lake Lanier on the Chattahoochee is named for him. Country music artist Alan Jackson released his song " Chattahoochee " in 1993 as a single off his album A Lot About Livin' (And a Little 'bout Love) (the name of the album being the last line of the aforementioned song's chorus). "Chattahoochee" received Country Music Association awards for Single of

3783-482: The Chattahoochee River remained in moderate flood stage. Streams affected by the September 2009 floods included the following: The second most recent major flood along the river occurred during the 2009 Georgia floods , with 28.10 feet (8.56 m) of water recorded at Vinings at the northwestern Atlanta city limit. The flood was over 5 feet (1.5 m) higher than the previous flood recorded in September 2004, as

3880-533: The Chisca settlement on the Choctawhatchee River . Sometime between 1683 and 1685, the Chacato left the site near San Luis and moved to the Apalachicola River, near a Sabacola village and mission, Santa Cruz de Sabacola. The Sabacola of that village had recently moved downriver to be closer to Apalachee Province, so that a missionary could be placed with them. The mission of San Carlos de los Chacatos

3977-442: The Chiscas. There is no record of the missionaries returning to the Chacato missions after the revolt. Chacatos were still living at San Carlos in early 1676, but the Chisca attacked the village soon after, and both San Carlos and San Nicolas were abandoned before September 1677. At least part of the Chacato people had moved into Apalachee Province, settling half a league west of the Apalachee capitol at San Luis. Chacatos were among

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4074-707: The Georgia/Alabama state line. Flowing through a series of reservoirs and artificial lakes, it flows by Columbus , the second-largest city in Georgia, and the Fort Moore Army base. At Columbus, it crosses the Fall Line of the eastern United States. From Lake Oliver to Fort Moore, the Chattahoochee Riverwalk provides cycling, rollerblading, and walking along 15 miles (24 km) of the river's banks. Farther south, it merges with

4171-841: The Guale, are considered from linguistic evidence by many scholars to have been a Muskogean language people. For instance, the Yamasee term "Mico", meaning chief, is also common in Muskogee. After the Yamasees migrated to the Carolinas , they began participating in the Indian slave trade in the American Southeast . They raided other tribes to take captives for sale to European colonists . Captives from other Native American tribes were sold into slavery, with some being transported to West Indian plantations. Their enemies fought back, and slave trading

4268-508: The Lake Walter F. George and Andrews Dams. All other locations have observations only. Tributary creeks , streams , and rivers , as well as lakes, along with the county they are in: Note that the above list is incomplete, and that each item is not in the exact order in which it joins the Chattahoochee. (For confluences now inundated by lakes, it may be impossible to determine from current maps exactly where they were.) The beauty of

4365-468: The Mississippi River in Louisiana, they were often also called "Chactoo", "Chacchou", "Chaetoo" and "Chattoo". Other forms of the name have included "Chacâto", "Chaqto", and "Chactot". Galloway notes that chato is Spanish for "flat" or "roman-nosed", and speculates that the Spanish called the people that because they practiced artificial cranial deformation . Milanich notes that confusion of

4462-478: The Province of Carolina to sell as slaves. After the attack, the Chacatos retreated to Escambé in Apalachee Province. The Chacatos requested that they be allowed to return to the site near San Luis where they had lived from 1676 until after 1683. A contract with the Apalachee chief to allow that was drawn up, but there is no record that the Chacatos returned to that place. Chacatos did remain in Apalachee Province until 1704, however. Chacatos and Apalachees worked for

4559-400: The Spanish missions in Apalachee Province, with the attackers killing or taking away many of the people living at those missions. Residents of other missions survived the attacks, but soon abandoned their villages. Immediately after Ayubale was attacked in 1704, Apalachicolas in the attacking group demanded that Chacatos be turned over to them in exchange for Spaniards captured in the raid, but

4656-451: The Spanish missions. In that inquiry, Miguel, chief of San Nicolás, had been accused of being one of the principal conspirators in the 1675 revolt, and of going to St. Augustine to help Diocsale escape from arrest, but was released because of lack of credible witnesses. On being released from custody. Miguel returned to his village, recruited some of his men, and joined the Chiscas. He was also accused of helping recruit some Pensacolas to join

4753-488: The Spanish on building the new settlement at Pensacola Bay in 1698. They may have also helped drive cattle from Apalachee Province to Pensacola Bay. In the winter of 1698–1699, 40 Chacatos led by a Spaniard were on a buffalo hunt when they encountered 24 men from Tasquique travelling with goods to trade at San Luis. The Chacatos attacked the Tasquiques while they slept, killing 16, and taking the trade goods. Chacatos joined

4850-475: The Spanish presidio in 1707. That year food shortages resulted in a reduction in the ration and another 150 Chacatos and 100 Apalachees left for Mobile. When the British took over West Florida in 1763, most of the Chacatos, along with other small tribes that had settled around Mobile, moved to Spanish Louisiana . The Chacatos, Pensacolas, Capinans , Washas, Chawashas , and Pascagoulas living near Mobile had

4947-464: The Spanish refused to do so. Dubcovsky says the demand by the Apalachicolas was in retaliation for the incident in which 40 Chacatos killed 16 Tasquiques five years earlier. Dudcovsky also says the raiders struck Ayubale first because that is where the Chacatos had returned after the killings. Following the attack on the missions, the province was low on supplies. In early June 1704, Solano sent

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5044-409: The Spanish used interpreters to translate from Chacato to Apalachee, and other interpreters to translate from Apalachee to Spanish. Martin states that suggestions that the Chacato language is related to Choctaw are unreliable. The Chacato may have lived along one or more rivers flowing into Choctawhatchee Bay . A map in Martin shows the Chacato occupying an area along the Gulf Coast of Florida between

5141-421: The Spanish, choosing to maintain stronger contacts with British colonists instead. The "prince" returned to Charles Town in 1715, right around the period when the Yamasee War broke out, and shortly after his family had been taken captive by Carolinian raiders and sold into slavery. The Yamasee Archeological Project was launched in 1989 to study Yamasee village sites in South Carolina. The project hoped to trace

5238-584: The Spanish. In Charles Town, some Yamasee families looked toward Christian missionaries to educate their children in reading and writing as well as converting them to Christianity. Christian missionaries in Carolina may have had some success in converting the Yamasees and Guale because they had both become familiar with Spanish missionaries and were more open to conversion than other tribes. For decades, Yamasee raiders (frequently equipped with European firearms and working in concert with Carolinian settlers) conducted slave raids against Spanish-allied Indian tribes in

5335-558: The Yamasee understood Creek . He also noted that many Indians throughout the region used Creek and Shawnee as lingua francas , or common trading languages. In 1716-1717, Diego Peña obtained information that showed that Yamasee and Hitchiti-Mikasuki were considered separate languages. The Yamasee language, while similar to many Muskogean languages, is especially similar to Creek , for they share many words. Many Spanish missionaries in La Florida were dedicated to learning native languages, such as Yamasee, in an effort to communicate for

5432-399: The Yamasees as a multi-ethnic amalgamation of several remnant Indian groups, including the Guale , La Tama , Apalachee , Coweta , and Cussita Creek. Historian Chester B. DePratter describes the Yamasee towns of early South Carolina as consisting of lower towns, consisting mainly of Hitchiti-speaking Indians, and upper towns, consisting mainly of Guale Indians. The Yamasees were one of

5529-448: The Yamasees soon began to transport their captives to Carolina to sell in Charles Town's slave markets. They soon began to conduct raids specifically to take captives and sell them in Carolina. In 1713, Anglican missionaries in South Carolina sponsored the journey of a Yamasees man (whose actual name is unknown, as he was generally referred to as the "prince" or "Prince George") from Charles Town to London . Historians have noted that

5626-634: The Year and Song of the Year. Composer Juan María Solare wrote a piano piece called Chattahoochee River , technically a slow blues with a central faster section. Yamassee The Yamasees (also spelled Yamassees , Yemasees or Yemassees ) were a multiethnic confederation of Native Americans who lived in the coastal region of present-day northern coastal Georgia near the Savannah River and later in northeastern Florida . The Yamasees engaged in revolts and wars with other native groups and Europeans living in North America, specifically from Florida to North Carolina. The Yamasees, along with

5723-404: The building of 36 small elevated earth and wooden triangular fortifications, arranged in a sawtooth pattern to maximize the crossfire of defenders. Sherman tried to avoid the Shoupade defenses by crossing the river to the northeast. The nine remaining Shoupades consist of the earthworks portion of the original earth and wooden structures; they are endangered by land development in the area. Two of

5820-411: The chieftainship did not necessarily pass to the offspring of the previous chief's eldest sister. The Chacato, along with the Apalachees and Muscogees, applied the title usinulo (beloved son) to one of the chief's sons. The Chacatos also shared use of the leadership titles inija (second-in-command) and chacal (assistant to an inija ) with the Apalachee and the Timucua peoples. The first mention of

5917-456: The combination of a smallpox epidemic and raids by Col. John Palmer (leading fifty Carolinian militiamen and one hundred Indians) eventually led many of the remaining Yamasees to disperse, with some joining the Seminole or Creek . Still others remained near St. Augustine until the Spanish relinquished control of the city to the British. At that time, they took with them around 90 Yamasees to Havana. Steven J. Oatis and other historians describe

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6014-474: The differences may be due to many of the people of the villages being on hunting or fishing trips at the time of the bishop's visit. Another report places about 80 men at San Antonio in that year. The missionaries at the two missions claimed to have converted more than 300 Chacatos, including the chiefs of the settlements, to Christianity by late September. Three warriors complained that they were being pressured to convert, and threatened to have Chiscas living in

6111-418: The earlier party with orders to bring Barreda and Fray Juan Ocon, the missionary at Sabacola, back to San Luis. After the failed attempt on Barreda's life, many Chacato, including essentially all of San Antonio, most of the population of San Nicolás, and an unknown number of people from San Carlos, fled to Tawasa. The deputy governor for Apalachee, Juan Fernandez de Hita y Salazar, soon returned to San Luis, and

6208-510: The eastern mouth of the Apalachicola River to the Choctawhatchee River . After the move, the Chisca began openly raiding missions in Apalachee and Timucua provinces. While the Chacato conspirator Diocsale was held under house arrest in St. Augustine, he was allowed visitors. Informants told Spanish officials that he had sent messages by those visitors inciting the Chisca to attack Spanish missions. Apalachees were killed in raids on Ivitachuco, Patale , Bacuqua, Escambé , and Ayubale, although some of

6305-436: The fight between Georgia, Florida, and Alabama over rights to the river water. A lawsuit has been filed in the case to reduce priorities given to navigation. The lawsuit is now in court, and may take years to resolve. The most recent major flooding of the Chattahoochee River took place in November 2009. This was caused by torrential rains from Tropical Storm Ida as it tore through the Georgia Piedmont. Downstream from Roswell,

6402-433: The first people to take refuge in Apalachee Province. They were incorporated into Apalachee society as tributaries. The mission of San Carlos de los Chatacos was still located near San Luis in 1683. It was reported to have a population of 216 in 1681, apparently not including children; most of the adults were Christians. Chacatos from that settlement were drafted by the Spanish as guides for an expedition in 1677 that destroyed

6499-465: The governor of Florida, Pablo de Hita y Salazar sent a few more soldiers to Apalachee. Before the Spanish could decide on a course of action, Fray Juan de Paiva, the missionary assigned to San Nicolás de Tolentino, persuaded Pérez to spare the lives of the conspirators who had fled to Tawasa if they returned to San Carlos. Some of the exiles returned to San Carlos, but others rejected the amnesty and remained in Tawasa. The Spanish conducted inquiries into

6596-421: The land portion of an expedition to assess Pensacola Bay for a new settlement. Five Chacatos and five Apalachees went to Pensacola with Torres y Ayala to care for 100 horses he bought in Apalachee Province. At Pensacola Bay, the expedition found 20 Chacatos living in two small camps, but no Pensacolas. In 1701, the Spanish established a lookout post on St. Joseph Point on the end of the St. Joseph Peninsula , with

6693-496: The largest slave raiding tribes in the American Southeast during the late 17th century, and have been described as a "militaristic slaving society", having acquired firearms from European colonists. Their use of slave raids to exert dominance over other tribes is partially attributed to the Yamasee aligning with European colonists in order to maintain their own independence. It was typical of Native Americans to take captives during warfare, particularly young women and children, though

6790-409: The largest mound complex in the state. The Chattahoochee River was of considerable strategic importance during the Atlanta Campaign by Union General William Tecumseh Sherman of the American Civil War . Between the tributaries of Proctor Creek and Nickajack Creek on the Cobb and Fulton county lines in metropolitan Atlanta, are nine remaining fortifications nicknamed "Shoupades" that were part of

6887-480: The last battles of the war, West Point and Columbus took place at strategically important crossings of the Chattahoochee. Since the nineteenth century, early improvements and alterations to the river were for the purposes of navigation. The river was important for carrying trade and passengers and was a major transportation route. In the twentieth century, the United States Congress passed legislation in 1944 and 1945 to improve navigation for commercial traffic on

6984-455: The late twentieth century, the nonprofit organization called " Upper Chattahoochee Riverkeeper " has advocated for the preservation of the environment and ecology of the northern part of the river, especially the part traversing Metropolitan Atlanta . In 2010, a campaign to create a whitewater river course was launched in the portion of the Chattahoochee River that runs through Columbus, Georgia. Between 2010 and 2013, construction took place on

7081-520: The motivation of the "prince" to visit London was a form of "religious diplomacy" on the part of the missionaries to further ties between the Yamasee and British colonists. The missionaries hoped that if the "prince" converted to Christianity while in London, it would ensure the Yamasee would become firm allies of the British colonists. Around the period that the "prince" travelled to London, the Yamasees were largely unwilling to be culturally assimilated by

7178-793: The mouth of the Chattahoochee-Flint-Apalachicola River system, in the Apalachicola River delta, the geologic history of the delta can be traced at least as far back as the Miocene . The vicinity of the Chattahoochee River was inhabited in prehistoric times by indigenous peoples since at least 1000 BC. The Kolomoki Mounds , now protected in the Kolomoki Mounds Historic Park near present-day Blakely in Early County , southwest Georgia, were built between 350 AD and 650 AD and constitute

7275-523: The names "Chatot" and "Chactato" with the Choctaw of Mississippi may have been responsible for the name of Choctawhatchee Bay . Galloway says that the Chacatos and Choctaws should not be confused, that the names are phonetically distinct, and were consistently used to refer to distinct peoples in the 18th century. Swanton states that the Choctawhatchee River in Florida and Bayou Chattique, Choctaw Point , and Choctaw Swamp near Mobile are probably named after

7372-408: The people's origins and inventory their artifacts. The project located a dozen sites. Pocosabo and Altamaha have since been listed as archeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places . The name "Yamasee" perhaps comes from Muskogee yvmvsē , meaning "tame, quiet"; or perhaps from Catawban yį musí: , literally "people-ancient". Little record remains of the Yamasee language. It

7469-539: The preservation of much of the natural scenic beauty of the section that runs through metropolitan Atlanta. North of the metropolis, the Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area protects other portions of the riverbanks in a region that is spread across several disconnected areas. The river traverses much of Atlanta's hilly topography of the northern suburbs. Wealthy suburban communities in northern metro Atlanta that abut

7566-419: The purpose of conversion. It also allowed the missionaries to learn about the people's own religion and to find ways to convey Christian ideas to them. There is limited, inconclusive evidence suggesting the Yamasee language was similar to Guale . It is based on three pieces of information: Linguists note that the Spanish documents are not originals and may have been edited at a later date. The name Chiluque

7663-466: The raids may have been carried out by Yamassees . In an inquiry in 1676 into recent attacks on missions, Diocsale finally admitted to inciting the Chiscas to make war on Christians, and was sentenced to exile in Mexico. Testimony was also given that the Chiscas had conducted the attacks on the missions, and were fortifying their village on the Choctawhatchee River in preparation for further warfare against

7760-511: The region. Just as Chacatos had sought refuge at Tawasa in 1675, Tawasa sought refuge with the Chacatos in the mid-1690s, and stayed until the Chacatos abandoned Apalachee Province. The Tawasa remained west of Apalachee Province, and were not converted to Christianity. They dispersed after the destruction of the Apalachee Missions. In 1693, Laureano de Torres y Ayala , waiting to take up his post of governor of Spanish Florida, led

7857-478: The revolt is late 1675 and again 1676. At the first inquiry, the Spanish honored the promise to spare the lives of the conspirators, but Diocsale and two others were taken to San Luis for further trial. Diocsale was exiled from San Carlos for life and held in house-arrest in St. Augustine while the other two were sentenced to four years of labor for the colonial government. In 1676, the Chisca moved their village from near

7954-647: The river flow south from ridges that form the Tennessee Valley Divide . The Appalachian Trail crosses the river's uppermost headwaters. The Chattahoochee's source and upper course lie within Chattahoochee National Forest . From its source in the Blue Ridge Mountains, the Chattahoochee River flows southwesterly to Atlanta and through its suburbs . It eventually turns due-south to form the southern half of

8051-458: The river include: Vinings , Buckhead , Sandy Springs , East Cobb , Roswell , Dunwoody , Peachtree Corners , Duluth , Johns Creek , and Berkeley Lake . Since three states have needs related to the river, there has been increasing controversy since the late twentieth century related to competing development among the regions and the implications for the river. The enormous growth of metropolitan Atlanta has increased its water withdrawals from

8148-590: The river runs through the Brevard fault zone . The current course of the Chattahoochee River has a geologic history that extends back in time at least 100 million years. A Late Cretaceous system of paleovalleys incised into the Coastal Plain unconformity in the vicinity of Columbus, Georgia is infilled with fluvial sands and gravels of the lower Tuscaloosa Formation . Younger rocks of the overlying Eutaw Formation record an estuarine environment in approximately

8245-577: The river, as well as to establish hydroelectric power and recreational facilities on a series of lakes to be created by building dams and establishing reservoirs. Creating the manmade, 46,000-acre Walter F. George Lake also known as Lake Eufaula, in Eufaula, Alabama, required evacuating numerous communities, including the historically majority-Native American settlement of Oketeyeconne, Georgia . The lakes were complete in 1963, covering over numerous historic and prehistoric sites of settlement. Beginning in

8342-517: The river, the Eagle and Phenix and City Mills Dams were breached and a 2.5 mile Whitewater Course was formed in Uptown, Columbus. The project returned the river to its natural path across the Fall Line , as well as creating the longest urban whitewater course in the world. Several large manmade reservoirs , including Lanier , Lake Eufaula , West Point , and George W. Andrews , lakes are controlled by

8439-534: The river. This has effects downstream. For example, the oysters in the Apalachicola Bay of Florida depend on the brackish water mixture of river and ocean water, and the alternating freshwater and saltwater flows that the river and the tides provide. The amount of flow in the Chattahoochee has also been decreased by interbasin water transfers, where water is withdrawn from the Chattahoochee, but discharged as treated sewage water into another river, such as

8536-765: The same location, suggesting a persistent paleodrainage system in the vicinity of the modern Chattahoochee for at least 10-20 million years during the Late Cretaceous. North of the Fall Line, in the Piedmont of Georgia and Alabama, the course of the Chattahoochee River cuts across prominent, resistant rock layers, including the Hollis Quartzite of the Pine Mountain belt, and must have established its current course prior to uplift of those units. At

8633-427: The same river, this portion was given a different name by separated settlers in different regions during the colonial times. The name Chattahoochee is thought to come from a Muskogee word meaning "rocks-marked" (or "painted"), from chato ("rock") plus huchi ("marked"). This possibly refers to the many colorful granite outcroppings along the northeast-to-southwest segment of the river. Much of that segment of

8730-492: The village of Altamaha . In 1570, Spanish explorers established missions in Yamasee territory. The Yamasees were later included in the missions of the Guale province. Starting in 1675, the Yamasees were mentioned regularly on Spanish mission census records of the missionary provinces of Guale (central Georgia coast) and Mocama (present-day southeastern Georgia and northeastern Florida). The Yamasees usually did not convert to Christianity and remained somewhat separated from

8827-592: Was a large cause of the Yamasee War . The Yamasees lived in coastal towns in what are now southeast Georgia, Florida, and South Carolina. The Yamasees migrated from Florida to South Carolina in the late 16th century, where they became friendly with European colonists. The Yamasees were joined by members of the Guale , a Mississippian culture chiefdom, and their cultures intertwined. The Hernando de Soto expedition of 1540 traveled into Yamasee territory, including

8924-484: Was established in the village of Atanchia. A third village, with a visita called San Antonio by the Spanish, may have been located in what is now Houston County, Alabama . In the winter of 1675, Bishop Gabriel Díaz Vara y Calderón estimated San Carlos's population to be just over 100, and San Nicolas's just over 30. Later that year, acting deputy governor Andrés Pérez estimated San Carlos's population to be about 300, and that of San Nicolas, about 100. Hann suggests that

9021-622: Was in the vicinity of the Sabacola mission, but was listed as being in Apalachee Province . In 1686, the chief of Tawasa visited Apalachee, bringing 24 Christian Chacatos who had been in Tawasa since 1675. Other Chacatos may have returned to Apalachee from Tawasa after that. Marcos Delgado, a Spanish soldier who traveled to Tawasa that year, reported that Chacatos lived in a village called Okchai in Tiquepache Province, beyond Tawasa. Such returning Chacatos may have made up

9118-460: Was the son of a Chisca woman and had been chief of the village where San Carlos was located. He resented being forced by Barreda to attend mass and to give up three of his four wives. Another conspirator, Ubabesa, had been scolded by Barreda in Sunday mass for having an affair with a Christian woman while her husband was away. Other alleged conspirators including Chacatos and Chiscas were later named in

9215-437: Was there. In the summer of 1675, three Chacato warriors, who may have been the same as those who threatened trouble the previous year, conspired against the missionaries. They initially claimed only to want to expel Fray Barreda, the missionary at San Carlos and the sole missionary in the Chacato lands at the time, but it was soon revealed that the plan was to kill Fray Barreda. One of the conspirators, Juan Fernández de Diocsale,

9312-754: Was told that the Yammasses were the ancient people of the Cherokee. The name of the Yamasees survives in the town of Yemassee, South Carolina , in the Lowcountry close to where the Yamasee War began. It is also used for the title of William Gilmore Simms ' 1835 historical novel The Yemassee: A Romance of Carolina , and by extension, Yemassee , the official literary journal of the University of South Carolina . There are currently self-identified Yamasee descendants in Florida and elsewhere, and

9409-483: Was wounded. Barreda killed one of the attackers with his musket and escaped to Santa Cruz. In the absence of the deputy governor for Apalachee Province, the acting deputy governor, Andrés Pérez, sent a few Spanish soldiers and Apalachees to help guard Barreda. On hearing that the number of loyalists guarding Barreda was shrinking, Pérez sent 26 archers after the first group. Later the same day word reached San Luis that Barreda had fled to Sabacola. Pérez sent 11 gunmen after

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