Flag of Rusyns, approved by the World Congress of Rusyns in 2007
112-670: Amerikansky Russky Viestnik (1892–1952) was the longest-running Rusyn - American newspaper in the United States . The paper was the official publication of the Greek Catholic Union of Rusyn Brotherhoods , a fraternal benefit society based in Pennsylvania . Its founding editor was Paul Zatkovich (1892–1914), who was followed by Michael Hanchin (1914–1920), George Jurion Thegze (1920–1929), Father Stefan Varzaly (1929–1936), and Michael Roman (1937–1952). It
224-627: A UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2007. The largest rivers that flow through the oblast include the Tysa , Borzhava , and the Tereblia . A high altitude lake is located in Rakhiv Raion , which is the highest in the region. It is called Nesamovyte . The lake is located in the Hoverla preserve on the slopes of Turkul mountain. The lake's area is 3,000 square metres (32,000 sq ft) and it
336-525: A 2:1:1 ratio. Zakarpattia Oblast Zakarpattia Oblast ( Ukrainian : Закарпатська область), also referred to as simply Zakarpattia ( Ukrainian : Закарпаття; Hungarian : Kárpátalja ) or Transcarpathia in English, is an oblast located in the Carpathian Mountains in west Ukraine , mostly coterminous with the historical region of Carpathian Ruthenia . Its administrative centre
448-600: A European population, while Lemkos are closest to the Czech and Romanian (0.17) population, and Hutsuls closest to the Croatian (0.11) and Ukrainian (0.16) population. The 2014 Y-DNA studies of 200 Pannonian Rusyns in the region of Vojvodina , Serbia, found they mostly belong to haplogroup R1a (43%), I2 (20%), E-V13 (12.5%), and R1b (8.5%), while I1 , G2a , J2b , N1 between 2.5 and 4.5%, and J1 , T , and H only in traces of less than 1%. They cluster closest to
560-770: A Soviet Red Army offensive, the Nazis who were passing through blew up all the bridges in Uzhhorod, including one built in the 14th century. On 26 November 1944 in Mukachevo representatives from all cities and villages of the land adopted the manifesto uniting Zakarpattia Ukraine with Soviet Ukraine. The Soviets occupied the Carpathians, and in 1945 the Rusyn ethnic homeland was split among three countries, as western portions were incorporated into Czechoslovakia and Poland, while
672-555: A branch of the Ukrainian people . Rusyns are descended from an East Slavic population which inhabited the northeastern regions of the Eastern Carpathians. In those regions, there are several Rusyn groups, including Dolinyans, Boykos , Hutsuls and Lemkos . Of the estimated 1.7 million people of Rusyn origin, only around 110,000 have been officially identified as such in recent ( c. 2012) national censuses. This
784-504: A common ancestry with other modern Europeans. A 2009 mitochondrial DNA study of 111 samples found that in comparison to eight other Central and Eastern European populations (Belarusian, Croatian, Czech, Hungarian, Polish, Romanian, Russian, Ukrainian), the three Rusyn groups have a greater distance between themselves than these populations, with Boykos showing the greatest distance from all and did not cluster with anyone because have atypically low frequencies of haplogroup H (20%) and J (5%) for
896-670: A distinct national minority , and their legal status was regulated in Yugoslav federal units of Serbia and Croatia . In the Constitution of Serbia, that was adopted in 1963, Rusyns were designated as one of seven (explicitly named) national minorities (Article 82), and the same provision was implemented in the Statute of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina that was adopted in the same year (Article 32). Further on,
1008-663: A few weeks of terror in which more than 27,000 people were shot dead without trial and investigation. Over 75,000 Ukrainians decided to seek asylum in the Soviet Union ; of those almost 60,000 died in Gulag prison-camps. Others joined the Czechoslovak Army . The major Jewish communities of the region had existed in Mukachevo , Ungvar , and Khust . During the German occupation of Hungary (March–December 1944), almost
1120-678: A healthy pro-Rusyn movement exists in the Carpathians. Some Ukrainian nationalists have argued that the modern 'Rusyn movement' is in service of the expansionist aims of modern Russia . According to Mrs Jozsefne Csepanyi-Bardos, the president of the Ruthenian Ethnic Minority Council in Budapest Capital. The flag of the Ruthenians of the World and the Ruthenian Ethnic Minority Council is a tricolour in
1232-577: A large number of Ukrainians and Russians moved to Transcarpathia, where they found jobs in the industry, the military, or the civilian administration. By 1989, around 170,000 Ukrainians (mainly from nearby Galizia) and 49,000 Russians were living in Transcarpathia, mainly in new residential blocks in the main towns of Uzhgorod and Mukachevo, where the dominant language had soon turned from Hungarian and Yiddish to Russian. They kept being considered newcomers ( novoprybuli ) due to their disconnect from
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#17327984683541344-483: A major part in the oblast's economy. With a land area of almost 13,000 square kilometres (5,000 sq mi), the oblast is ranked 23rd by area and 15th by population as according to the 2001 Ukrainian Census , the population of Zakarpatska Oblast was 1,254,614. The current population is 1,244,476 (2022 estimate). This total includes people of many different nationalities of which Hungarians , Romanians , and Rusyns constitute significant minorities in some of
1456-636: A majority. In the 2010 and 2015 local elections , the United Centre won majorities in Transcarpathia. The 2012 Ukrainian parliamentary election saw both the United Centre and the Party of Regions win districts in Transcarpathia. In the 2014 presidential election , Transcarpathia helped elect Petro Poroshenko as president of Ukraine. Turnout in the east of the region was among the lowest in Ukraine, below 40%, while it reached 65% in its west. At
1568-619: A moat, workers and artisans, and the founding of an Orthodox monastery on the Latorytsia River. The Austro-Hungarian monarchy controlled the Carpathians from 1772 to 1918. With the increased Magyarization in the nineteenth century, for some educated and intellectual Rusyns it was natural to move to Budapest , while for other Slavic minded intellectuals the Russian Empire became a favored destination. The Rusyns have always been subject to larger neighboring powers, but in
1680-562: A moderate Ukrainian nationalist ideology. One year later, at the Presidential elections , Transcarpathian voters supported the re-election of Leonid Kuchma by 85%. At the 2002 Ukrainian parliamentary election , voters from Transcapathia supported the Our Ukraine Bloc , in line with voters from all Western Ukraine. At the 2004 Ukrainian presidential election , Transcarpathians voted in majority for Viktor Yushchenko . At
1792-502: A passive knowledge of the Rusyn language , but no knowledge about local culture. XIX-century Rusyn intellectuals were labelled as "members of the reactionary class and instruments of Vatican obscurantism". The Rusyn anthem and hymn were banned from public performance. Carpatho-Rusyn folk culture and songs, which were promoted, were presented as part of Transcarpathian regional culture as a local variant of Ukrainian culture. As early as 1924,
1904-471: A result of varied historical usage. In older literature and speech, both Catholic and Orthodox Rusyns occasionally referred to themselves as Carpatho-Russians or Carpathian Russians. These terms, however, are generally considered antiquated and now typically refer to ethnic Russians of the Carpathian region. The use of several, imprecise Russian ethnonyms (in a Rusyn context) are also present in
2016-483: A sub-group of the Ukrainian people. In spite of this, Ukraine's Zakarpattia Oblast has recognized Rusyns as a "distinct nationality" within the oblast since a 2007 proclamation by its regional assembly. By the end of the 20th century there appeared many societies and organizations considering Rusyns as people separate from Ukrainians. By the early 21st century they had representatives in parliaments of Serbia, Hungary, and Romania, published their own press, and in 2007
2128-562: A subgroup of Ukrainians . Rusyns and the Rusyn language are thus included in the category of Ukrainians and Ukrainian language group are in the majority (80.5%), other ethnic groups are relatively numerous in Zakarpattia. The largest of these are Hungarians (12.1%), Romanians (2.6%), Russians (2.5%), Roma (1.1%), Slovaks (0.5%) and Germans (0.3%). Most Romanians in Ukraine live in Northern Maramureș , but there
2240-768: Is also a small Romanian community living outside of this region, referred to in Romanian as volohi . The Ukrainian government does not recognize the Rusyn people living in that country as a distinct nationality but rather as an ethnic sub-group of Ukrainians. About 10,100 people (0.8%) identify themselves as Rusyns according to the last census. Out of 1,010,100 Ukrainians in the region, 99.2% (~1,002,019) identified their native language as Ukrainian, while about 0.5% (~5,051) consider their native language to be Russian. Out of 151,500 Hungarians, 97.1% (~147,107) consider their native language to be Hungarian, while about 2.6% (~3,939) consider their native language to be Ukrainian. Out of
2352-631: Is also sometimes referred to as "Subcarpathian" (which translates literally to "below (or "feet of") the Carpathians"), such as in Subcarpathian Rus' and Subcarpathia. This name refers to the area's location in the lower elevation Carpathian Basin (also known as the Pannonian Basin) and is also a reference to the largely overlapping physical geographical region of Prykarpattia (the Ukrainian name for Ciscarpathia), which encompasses
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#17327984683542464-586: Is largely because some census-taking authorities classify them as a subgroup of the Ukrainian people, while others classify them as a distinct ethnic group. The term Rusyn ( Rusyn : Русин , plural Русины , Rusynŷ ) originates from the archaic ethnonym " Rus ' ". The respective endonymic adjective has traditionally been rusʹkŷi ( руськый m. , руська f. , руське/руськое n. ), though rusynʹskŷi ( русиньскый, русинськый, русинский, русиньскій, русински ) has also been used; even more so after 1989. In interwar Czechoslovakia, Ruthenia
2576-459: Is located 1,750 metres (5,740 ft) above sea level . The region's climate is moderate and continental with about 700–1,000 mm (28–39 in) of rainfall per year. The average temperature in summer is +21 °С (70 °F) and −4 °С (25 °F) in winter. With an elevation of 2,061 metres (6,762 ft) above sea level, Hoverla , part of the Chornohora mountain range,
2688-562: Is most similar to other Ukrainians, while the Bukovina population slightly "differs from the typical Ukrainian population" because it has the highest percentage of I2a (>30%) and the lowest percentage of R1a (30%) in Ukraine. Bukovina's percentage of I2 is similar to near Moldovan and Romanian population, while the highest percentage is among South Slavs in Western Balkans . It was concluded that although bordered by diverse nations,
2800-412: Is the city of Uzhhorod . Other major cities within the oblast include Mukachevo , Khust , Berehove , and Chop , the last of which is home to railroad transport infrastructure. Zakarpattia Oblast was established on 22 January 1946, after Czechoslovakia gave up its claim to the territory of Subcarpathian Ruthenia ( Czech and also Slovak : Podkarpatská Rus) under a treaty between Czechoslovakia and
2912-649: Is the highest point in the oblast. The lowest point, 101 m (331 ft) above sea level , is located in the village of Ruski Heyevtsi (Oroszgejőc in Hungarian) in the Uzhhorodskyi Raion . Four of the oblast's historical-cultural sites were nominated for the Seven Wonders of Ukraine competition in 2007: Palanok Castle , Museum upon the Chorna River , Mykhailiv Orthodox Church , and
3024-494: The 1994 Ukrainian parliamentary election , Transcarpathia elected 9 independent MPs over 11 to the Rada. The same year, voters in the region supported the incumbent Leonid Kravchuk over Leonid Kuchma by 70.5% At the 1998 Ukrainian parliamentary election , Transcarpathia turned out to be one of the strongholds (together with Kyiv and L'viv) of Viktor Medvedchuk 's Social Democratic Party of Ukraine (united) , which back then ran on
3136-718: The 2006 Ukrainian parliamentary election , voters from Transcapathia supported the Our Ukraine Bloc and the Yulia Tymoshenko Bloc , in line with voters in Ciscarpatian East Galizia. At the 2007 Ukrainian parliamentary election , the Our Ukraine–People's Self-Defense Bloc linked with former President Viktor Yushchenko won in most of the region, while the Yulia Tymoshenko Bloc came out first in Uzhhorod and its raion. On 7 March 2007,
3248-623: The 2014 Ukrainian parliamentary election , electoral results in Transcarpathia saw districts being won by Arseniy Yatsenyuk 's People's Front and by the Petro Poroshenko Bloc . Ukraine's 2017 education law makes Ukrainian the required language of study in state schools. Since 2017, relations between Ukraine and Hungary rapidly deteriorated over the issue of the Hungarian minority in Ukraine . Transcaparthian voters supported Volodymyr Zelensky for president of Ukraine at
3360-483: The 2019 elections . At the 2019 Ukrainian parliamentary election , president Zelensky's Servant of the People party won a plurality in Transcarpathia. Electoral turnout in the region was the lowest in the country (<42.5%) The Zakarpattia Oblast has a total area of 12,800 km (4,942 sq mi) and is located on southwestern slopes and foothills of the Carpathian Mountains covering around 80% of area in
3472-615: The American Carpatho-Russian Orthodox Diocese , with over 14,000 members and 78 parishes as of 2006 (and founded by former Byzantine Catholic members), uses the term Carpatho-Russian on a regular basis even today. Finally, as of the early 21st Century, one can still hear Rusyn Americans within the OCA and ROCOR Orthodox churches self-identify as Carpatho-Russian. There are different theories to explain Rusyn origins. According to Paul Robert Magocsi ,
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3584-518: The Austrian Empire after 1843). In the Kingdom of Hungary , Ruthene was used as the official term for the Rusyn people ( Hungarian : rutén or ruszin ) of Transcarpathia until 1945. During the early twentieth century the term "became even more restricted: it was generally used to refer to the inhabitants of Transcarpathia and to Transcarpathian emigrants in the United States ", for whom
3696-652: The Comintern had declared all East Slavic inhabitants of Czechoslovakia ( Rusyns , Carpatho-Russians, Rusnaks ) to be Ukrainians . As of the 1946 census, all Rusyns were recorded as Ukrainians; anyone clinging to the old label was considered a separatist and a potential counter-revolutionary. Already in February 1945, the National Council proceeded to confiscate 53,000 hectares of land from big landowners and redistribute it to 54,000 peasant households (37% of
3808-491: The Dissolution of Austro-Hungarian Monarchy (1918), various parts of Rusyn people were faced with different political challenges. Those who lived in northeastern counties of the Hungarian part of the former Monarchy were faced with pretensions of Hungary, Romania, and Czechoslovakia. On the other hand, those who lived in the former Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria were faced with pretensions of Poland and Ukraine. In
3920-860: The Eastern Carpathians in Central Europe . They speak Rusyn , an East Slavic language variety , treated variously as either a distinct language or a dialect of the Ukrainian language . As traditional adherents of Eastern Christianity , the majority of Rusyns are Eastern Catholics , though a minority of Rusyns practice Eastern Orthodoxy . Rusyns primarily self-identify as a distinct Slavic people and they are recognized as such in Croatia , Hungary , Poland , Romania , Serbia , and Slovakia , where they have official minority status. Alternatively, some identify more closely with their country of residence (i.e. Polish, Slovak), while others are
4032-573: The Eastern Carpathians since the Early Middle Ages . Transcarpathian/Carpathian Ruthenia, Subcarpathian Rus', and the Ukrainian diminutive name Rusinko are amongst some of the names that reference the Rusyn -speaking population. The oblast has various names in other languages, including: While the name Transcarpathia is a translation of the Ukrainian version of the name, the Hungarian name translates as Subcarpathia , in-line with
4144-893: The Lemko-Rusyn Republic and Komancza Republic . Prior to this time, some of the founders of the Lemko-Rusyn Republic were sentenced to death or imprisoned in Talerhof by the prosecuting attorney Kost Levytsky ( Rusyn : Кость Леви́цький ), future president of the West Ukrainian People's Republic . In the interwar period , the Rusyn diaspora in Czechoslovakia enjoyed liberal conditions to develop their culture (in comparison with Ukrainians in Poland or Romania). Hutsul Stepan Klochurak
4256-485: The Nevytsky Castle . According to the 2001 Ukrainian Census , the population of Zakarpattia Oblast is 1,254,614. The current estimated population is 1,259,158 (2016 est.) . With the comparison of the last official Soviet Census of 1989 the total population grew by 0.7%. Ukrainians and the 2001 Ukrainian Census , does not recognise ethnic Rusyns as a separate nationality, instead categorizing them as
4368-463: The Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia was proclaimed a day after. Voloshyn asked support for recognition in advance from Hitler, but received no answer. The state is known as 'the one-day republic' because it did not exist more than one day. The military operations and the occupation of Carpatho-Ukraine was finished by the Hungarian troops on March 18. The Hungarian invasion was followed by
4480-708: The Russkiy Mir Foundation ), an Our Ukraine deputy of the Zakarpattia regional council and chairman of the People's Council of Ruthenians, on charges of encroaching on the territorial integrity and inviolability of Ukraine. On May 1, 2009, National Union Svoboda blocked the holding of the third European congress of the Carpathian Ruthenians, a pro-Russian entity. At the 2010 Ukrainian presidential election , Yulia Tymoshenko won in most raions of Transcarpathia save for Mukachevo , Berehove and Vynohradiv , where Viktor Yanukovych gained
4592-615: The Soviet Bloc , signed a treaty formally ceding the area to the Soviet Union, and the next month it was united with the Ukrainian SSR through the "Manifest for unification with Soviet Ukraine" that was accepted by the 1st Congress of People's Committees of Sub-Carpathian Ukraine without any knowledge or approval of the common people. It was then annexed into the Soviet Union as Zakarpattia Oblast. Between 1945 and 1947,
Amerikansky Russky Viestnik - Misplaced Pages Continue
4704-455: The Soviet Union . The territory of Subcarpathian Ruthenia was then taken over by the USSR and became part of the Ukrainian SSR . During the Ukrainian independence referendum held in 1991, Zakarpatska Oblast voters were given a separate option on whether or not they favoured autonomy for the region. Although a large majority favoured autonomy, it was not granted. However, this referendum
4816-705: The Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate and the Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church . Smaller religious groups include Roman Catholics and Protestants, which are largely associated with minority groups; Roman Catholics and Protestants tend to be Hungarian or Rusyn. Their languages and culture are respected by the provision of education, clubs, etc. in their respective languages. Those who recognize Ukrainian as their native language total 81.0% of
4928-800: The Ulichs who were not native in the region. As the region of the Ukrainian Carpathians , including Zakarpattia and Prykarpattia , has since the Early Middle Ages been inhabited by the tribes of Croats, in Ukrainian encyclopedias and dictionaries, and the Great Russian Encyclopedia , the Rusyns are generally considered to be the descendants of the White Croats. According to anthropological studies,
5040-475: The Zakarpatsk ' a Pravda (130,000 copies). The Uzhhorod National University was opened in 1945. Over 816 cinemas were open by 1967 to insure the indoctrination of the population with Marxist-Leninist propaganda. The Ukrainian language was the first language of instruction in schools throughout the region, followed by Russian , which was extensively used at the university level. Most new generations had
5152-490: The northeastern foothills of the Carpathian Mountains. Many historical names included Rus' or Ruthenian when referring to the region because of the area's large population of Rusyns (also known as Carpatho-Rusyns , Ruthenians , or Rusnaks ), an East Slavic ethnic group that speaks the Rusyn language and descend from the original East Slavic population that had inhabited the northeastern regions of
5264-464: The 17th century. The people in the west called themselves Belarusians and the people in the south were known as Malorussians ( Little Russians ). Later, in what began as a political movement in the mid 19th century, many Little Russians began using the term " Ukrainian " to distinguish themselves from the Great Russians in northern Rus'. So by the mid-20th century the original name Rus or Rusyn
5376-402: The 1920s and 1930s a dispute existed between Russophile and Ukrainophile Rusyns. In October 1938, a series of political reforms were initiated, leading to the creation of the Second Czechoslovak Republic , consisting of three autonomous political entities, one of them being the Subcarpathian Rus' ( Rusyn : Підкарпатьска Русь ). On 11 October 1938, first autonomous Government of Subcarpathian Rus
5488-400: The 19th century a Rusyn national movement was formed which emphasized distinct ethnic identity and literary language. During the Spring of Nations on 2 May 1848 in Lemberg (today Lviv ) was established the first political representation of the Galician Rusyns, the Main Ruthenian Council ( Rusyn : Головна Руська Рада , Holovna Ruska Rada ). The most active and leading stratum among Rusyns
5600-727: The 32,100 officially recorded Romanians, 99.1% (31,811) identified their native language to be Romanian, while 0.6% (~193) consider their language Ukrainian. Out of 31,000 Russians, 91.6% (28,396) identified their native language as Russian, while 8.1% (~2,511) consider their language Ukrainian. Out of 14,000 Romani peoples only 20.7% (2,898) identify their native language as Romani, while 62.9% (~8,806) consider their language Ukrainian or Russian. Out of 5,600 Slovaks 43.9% (2,458) identify their native language as Slovak, while 42.1% (~2,358) consider their language Ukrainian. Out of 3,500 Germans, 50.0% (1,750) acknowledge their native language, while 38.9% (~1,362) consider their language Ukrainian. About 81% of
5712-585: The Carpathians seemingly were a barrier decreasing gene flow southward of N1c (М178), R1a (М198) from the region, and northward of E1b (М78), R1b (М269), J (М304) and G (М201) to the region. The general usage of 'Rusyn' by all East Slavs dates back to over 11 centuries, its origin signifying the ethnic tie to the political entity of Kievan Rus' , which existed from the late ninth to the early 13th century. The Carpathian Rusyns, Ukrainians (once called Ruthenians or Little Russians), Belarusians (once called White Russians) and Russians (Great Russians) are descendants of
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#17327984683545824-437: The Constitutional Law of 1969 regulated the position of Rusyn language as one of five official languages in Vojvodina (Article 67). After the fall of communism , new opportunities arose for Rusyns in Poland and in the newly formed countries of Slovakia and Ukraine. The Rusyns of the Transcarpathia region of Ukraine were able to vote in December 1991 for self-rule. With an 89% voter turnout, 78% voted Yes to autonomy. But with
5936-410: The Duke of Novgorod, brought with him from the north soldiers and their families to settle unpopulated Carpathian lands. While the actual number of immigrants is uncertain, the arrival of Koriatovich and his retinue was a milestone for the Rusyns, substantially improving the region's administrative, ecclesiastical and cultural aspects. This included building and fortifying Mukachevo Castle with cannons,
6048-487: The East and Northeast— Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast , and on the North— Lviv Oblast and the Subcarpathian Voivodeship of Poland. The Zakarpattia Oblast mostly consists of mountains and small hills covered with deciduous and coniferous forests, as well as alpine meadows . Mountains cover about 80% of the oblast's area, and cross from North-West to South-East. The Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians , part of which are located within Zakarpattia Oblast, were recognized as
6160-471: The Eastern Carpathian population makes one of the sub-regional clines of the Ukrainian population, which can be regionally divided into Eastern and Western Carpathian variants. In the study by M. S. Velikanova (1975) the skulls from a medieval necropolis near village of Vasyliv in Zastavna Raion were very similar to contemporary Carpathian population, and according to S. P. Segeda , V. Dyachenko and T. I. Alekseyeva this anthropological complex developed in
6272-876: The Lemko Region (in southeastern Poland), and Maramureş (in north-central Romania). In the Lemko region, the endonym Lemko (pl. Lemkŷ ) became more common in the twentieth century, along with Lemko-Rusyn since the 1990s. The variant Rusnak ( Руснак ; plural: Rusnakŷ or Pannonian-Rusyn, Rusnatsi ) was also (and still is) used as an endonym ; particularly by Rusyns outside the Carpathians in Vojvodina , Serbia and Slavonia , Croatia. However, they may also referred to as Vojvodinian Rusyns ( voivodianski Rusnatsi ), Bachka-Srem Rusyns ( bachvansʹko-srimski rusnatsi ), or formerly as Yugoslav Rusyns ( iuzhnoslaviansʹki Rusnatsi ). Other terms such as Ruthene, Rusniak, Lemak, Lyshak, and Lemko are considered by some scholars to be historic, local, or synonymic names for these inhabitants of Transcarpathia. Others hold that
6384-423: The Magyars have been known by this name internationally. In 895 the Hungarian tribes entered the Carpathian Basin from here through the Verecke pass, and the lands of Transcarpathia were influenced by the Principality of Hungary since 895, which transformed the Kingdom of Hungary in 1000. In Transcarpathia, the Voivodeship of Maramureș , granted to a small Romanian nobility, was established in 1343. The region
6496-700: The Middle Ages or earlier, as descendants of the medieval Slavs of Galicia and carriers of Chernyakhov culture along Prut - Dniester rivers, possibly with some Thracian component. According to the data, the population has the lowest admixture in Ukraine of Turkic speaking populations, like Volga Tatars and Bashkirs , while in comparison to other populations they have similarities with neighbouring Eastern Slovaks , Gorals of Poland, Romanians , some groups of Czechs and Hungarians , Northwestern Bulgarians , Central and Northern Serbians, and most of Croatians. The 2006 mitochondrial DNA study of Carpathian Highlanders – Boykos , Hutsuls and Lemkos people – showed
6608-431: The Munich Agreement, the southern part of the region was awarded to Hungary under the First Vienna Award in 1938. The remaining portion was constituted as an autonomous region of the short-lived Second Czechoslovak Republic . After the Slovak declaration of an independent state on 14 March, the next day Carpatho-Ukraine was proclaimed as an independent republic but was immediately occupied and annexed by Hungary, and
6720-421: The Museum of Ruthenian Culture was opened in Prešov , Slovakia. In 2010 in Mukachevo were festivities commemorating the union of Zakarpattia with Ukraine, four out of 663 of congress delegates who adopted the Manifest about the Union and who were still alive attended the event: F. Sabov, O. Lohoida, M. Moldavchuk and J. Matlakh. They shared their experience about first years of the People's Council in revival of
6832-449: The Nort-West United States were now closed, Carpathian Ruthens and Romanians could now move for seasonal work in Russia's North and East. The inhabitants of the oblast grew steadily in the Soviet period, from 776,000 in 1946 to over 1,2 million in 1989. Uzhgorod increased its residents five-fold, from 26,000 to 117,000, and Mukachevo likewise from 26,600 to 84,000. This population increase also reflected demographic changes. The arrival of
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#17327984683546944-418: The Red Army meant the departure of 5,100 Magyars and 2,500 Germans, while the 15–20,000 Jews survivors of the Holocaust also decided to move out before the borders were sealed. By 1945, around 30,000 Hungarians and Germans had been interned and sent for labour camps in Eastern Ukraine and Siberia; while amnestied in 1955, around 5,000 did not come back. In January 1946, 2,000 more Germans were deported. In return,
7056-476: The Rus' to form Rus' Khaganate . In the late 9th century Ungvari's ruling Árpád dynasty began to fulfil their ambitions for the Carpathian basin where by 895 they had relocated to rule over the Magyars . According to the Gesta Hungarorum , as Prince Álmos entered on the castle of Hung and there he appointed his son Árpád as the primary ruler, hence he was called of the leader of Hungvária , while all of his valiant soldiers as Hungvárus , so since then all
7168-421: The Russian majority in the Odesa region casting a similar vote, the Ukrainian government, fearing secession, has refused to honor this referendum. In terms of minority rights, the question of Rusyn self-identification and recognition in Ukraine has been a subject of interest for European institutions, as well as the United Nations . Nationally, Rusyns are considered (by both state and cultural authorities) only
7280-437: The Russichi, the people of Rus', that is East Slavs who mixed with other peoples over centuries, including in the south with Iranian and later with Germanic peoples, in the west with Baltic peoples, in the east with Finnish and Turkic peoples. Over the centuries these loosely affiliated peoples developed different political and economic centers as well as new names. The inhabitants of northern Rus' were known as Great Russians by
7392-470: The Rusyn- and Hungarian-speaking countryside. After the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, Ukraine held an independence referendum in which the residents of Zakarpattia were asked about the Zakarpattia Oblast Council's proposal for self-rule. About 78% of the oblast's population voted in favour of autonomy; however, it was not granted. At the first Presidential elections in Ukraine in 1991 , voters from Transcarpathia supported Leonid Kravchuk by 58%. At
7504-408: The Rusyns of Galicia and Podolia , and Vlach shepherds of Transylvania. It is thought that the Croats were part of the Antes tribal polity who migrated to Galicia in the 3rd-4th century, under pressure by invading Huns and Goths . George Shevelov also considered a connection with East Slavic tribes , more specifically, the Hutsuls , and possibly Boykos , argued to be the descendants of
7616-404: The Second Czechoslovak Republic proclaimed the Constitutional Law on the Autonomy of Subcarpathian Rus' ( Czech : Ústavní zákon o autonomii Podkarpatské Rusi ), officially reaffirming the right of self-determination of Rusyn people ( preamble ), and confirming full political and administrative autonomy of Subcarpathian Rus', with its own assembly and government. In the constitutional system of
7728-458: The Second Czechoslovak Republic, the region continued to be known as the Subcarpathian Rus', while local institutions promoted the use of the term Carpathian Ukraine . The Republic of Carpatho-Ukraine , which existed for one day on March 15, 1939, before it was occupied and annexed by Hungary, is sometimes considered to have been a self-determining Rusyn state that had intentions to unite with Kiev . The Republic's president, Avgustyn Voloshyn ,
7840-447: The Soviets as kulaks, or rich peasants. Property and farm animals were confiscated and newly established kolkhozes (collectivized farms) were built, with people being forced to work on their own former land, 'employed' by the Communist government. Some of the less lucky were sent to Siberia. In 1947, under the Operation Vistula happened forced resettlement of c. 150,000 Lemkos, Boykos and other Ukrainians between Poland and Ukraine. In
7952-414: The Ukrainian and Slovakian population, "providing evidence for their genetic isolation from the Serbian majority population". The 2015 Y-DNA study of 150 men from Zakarpattia and Chernivtsi Oblast (Bukovina), found they mostly belong to R1a1a1*(М198), I2a (Р37.2), R1a1a1 (М458) ranging around and less than 30%, with E1b1b1a1 (M78), R1b1b2 (M269), and I1 (М253) ranging between 4-14%. The sampled population
8064-558: The Zakarpattia Oblast Council recognized the Rusyn ethnicity. On October 25, 2008, 100 delegates to the Congress of Carpathian Ruthenians declared the formation of the "Republic of Carpathian Ruthenia". The prosecutor's office of Zakarpattia region filed a case against priest Dymytrii Sydor and Yevhen Zhupan (members of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate) in Ukraine and in close relations with
8176-466: The borders of modern Ukraine, Russian President Vladimir Putin specifically referred to the people in the Carpathian Mountains of modern-day Ukraine as Rusyns , rather than Ukrainians. In writing about the Soviet Union's post World War II takeover of the Transcarpathian region, Putin stated that, "quote, 'Rusyns (Русины) made up a considerable share of the local population', unquote". Then, using
8288-621: The coming Soviet regime as it had been with all previous ones. After breaking the Greek Catholic Church in Eastern Galicia in 1946, Soviet authorities pushed for the return to Orthodoxy of Greek-Catholic parishes in Transcarpathia too, including by engineering the accident and death of recalcitrant bishop Theodore Romzha on 1 November 1947. In January 1949, the Greek Catholic Eparchy of Mukachevo
8400-577: The eastern portion became part of the Soviet Union and was officially named Transcarpathia . After World War II, Transcarpathia was declared as a part of Ukrainia. In Poland, the new Communist government deported many Rusyns from their ancestral region, sending many east to Ukraine, and others to the far west of the country. In Czechoslovakia a policy of Ukrainization was implemented. In Ukraine, many Rusyns who owned land or livestock, often funded via their own family members in America, were now branded by
8512-587: The end of that year, mostly the eastern portion such as Rakhiv and Khust . It was later recaptured by the Hungarian Soviet Republic in the summer of 1919. Finally, after the Treaty of Trianon of 1920 it became part of Czechoslovakia with a supposedly equal level of autonomy as the Slovak lands and Bohemia-Moravia-Czech Silesia (Czech lands). The province has a unique footnote in history as
8624-613: The entire Jewish population was deported; few survived the Holocaust . In October 1944, the region was occupied by the Red Army . On 26 November 1944, the First Congress of People's Committees of Zakarpattia Ukraine took place in Mukachevo , and sham elections were organized on 10–25 November 1944. On 29 June 1945, Czechoslovak President Edvard Beneš , seeking to postpone the inevitable incorporation of Czechoslovakia into
8736-460: The late 19th century, massive emigration of Rusyns to America took place, beginning in the early 1870s. Between 1899 and 1931, Ellis Island listed 268,669 Rusyn immigrants. Most settled in the northeastern states, but Rusyn settlements also appeared in more far flung states such as Minnesota, Colorado, Alabama, Washington and Montana. Smaller numbers also emigrated to Canada, Brazil and Argentina. Rusyns formed two ephemeral states after World War I :
8848-534: The life of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth . Parallel, medieval Latin terms such as Rusi , Russi or Rusci are found in sources of the period and were commonly used as an exonym for the East Slavs. Since the end of the 11th century, the exonymic term Rutheni ( Ruthenes ) was also used by some Latin sources of western provenance as an alternative term for all East Slavs. During
8960-461: The name of other Hungarian regions such as Alpokalja , a sub-Alpine territory in western Hungary. The Transcarpathia name and its variants instead reflect the East Slavic language practice of emphasizing the area's location "past" or "beyond" the Carpathians (as opposed to "below"). Western European languages have variously translated from the Hungarian or East Slavic language versions of
9072-777: The name, with the English and French names generally deriving from the Hungarian Subcarpathia . According to the Chronicon Pictum , the earliest state established in Zakarpattia was Ungvari in 677 AD. The name Ungvar derives from a migration of the Onogurs of Poltava who were ruled by the northern Kubiar sons of Kubrat . The Onogur tribes entered Etelköz through the Verecke Pass . Some of Ungvari's Kubiars under Khan-Tuvan eventually joined
9184-560: The new Soviet authorities fortified the new borders, and in July 1947 declared Transcarpathia as "restricted zone of the highest level", with checkpoints on the mountain passes connecting the region to mainland Ukraine. In December 1944, the National Council of Transcarpatho-Ukraine set up a special people's tribunal in Uzhgorod to try and condemn all collaborationists with the previous governments – both Hungary and Carpatho-Ukraine. The court
9296-503: The oblast is also often called Transcarpathian Oblast or Transcarpathia , although the historical region of Transcarpathia also includes areas outside the oblast, specifically small parts of Slovakia (mostly in Prešov Region and Košice Region ) as well as Poland's Lemko Region . Other historical names for both the oblast and broader region include Transcarpathian Ruthenia, Transcarpathian Ukraine, and Carpathian Ruthenia. The region
9408-526: The oblast population considers the Ukrainian language their native language, while 12.7% of population gives consideration to the Hungarian language and just over 5% considers either the Russian or Romanian languages . Around two thirds are Eastern Orthodox and about a quarter are Catholic. The largest denomination is the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Kyivan Patriarchate , followed by
9520-406: The only region in the former Czechoslovakia to have had an American governor: its first governor was Gregory Zhatkovich , an American citizen who had earlier emigrated from the region and represented the Rusyn community in the U.S. Zhatkovich was appointed governor by Czechoslovakia's first president, T. G. Masaryk in 1920, and served for about one year until he resigned over differences regarding
9632-659: The origin of the present-day Carpatho-Rusyns is complex and not exclusively related to the Kievan Rus' . The ancestors were the early Slavs whose movement to the Danubian Basin was influenced by the Huns and Pannonian Avars between the 5th and 6th centuries, the White Croats who lived on both slopes of the Carpathians and built many hill-forts in the region including Uzhhorod ruled by the mythical ruler Laborec ,
9744-618: The population). Forced collectivisation of land started in 1946; around 2,000 peasants were arrested during protests in 1948–49 and sent for forced labour in the Gulag . Collectivisation, including of mountain shepherds, was completed by May 1950. Central planning decisions set Transcarpathia to become a "land of orchards and vineyards" between 1955 and 1965, planting 98,000 hectares with little results. Attempts to cultivate tea and citrus also failed due to climate. Most vineyards were uprooted twenty years later, during Mikhail Gorbachev 's anti-alcohol campaign in 1985–87. The Soviet period also meant
9856-404: The population, Hungarian — 12.7%, Russian — 2.9%, Romanian — 2.6%, and Rusyn — 0.5% Residents in seven of Mukachivskyi Raion 's villages have the option to learn the Hungarian language in a school or home school environment. Zakarpattia is home to approximately 14,000 ethnic Roma (Gypsies), the highest proportion of Roma in any oblast in Ukraine. The first Hungarian College in Ukraine
9968-746: The pre-World War II term to describe the region, he asserted that the population of "Subcarpathian Rus", also known as Podkarpatska Rus (Подкарпатскa Рус) voted to join the Soviet Union either as "either part of the Russian Soviet republic or as a separate Carpathian republic". Putin noted however that the Soviet authorities "ignored the choice of the people" and incorporated it instead into the Ukrainian Soviet republic. Today there are estimated to be approximately 1.5 million Rusyns in Europe and
10080-459: The province's cities, while in others, they form the majority of the population (as in the case of Berehove). The oblast's name Zakarpattia ( Ukrainian : Закарпаття , romanized : Zakarpattia ), which translates as "Transcarpathian" or literally "beyond the Carpathians," refers to its location on the western side of the Carpathian Mountains , a major mountain range that forms an arc across Central and Southeast Europe . Due to this,
10192-485: The region's autonomy. In 1928, it adopted the name of Subcarpathian Rus' ( Czech : Podkarpatská Rus ). Nevertheless, such autonomy was granted as late as in 1938, after detrimental events of the Munich Conference ; until then this land was administered directly from Prague by the government-appointed provincial presidents ( zemští prezidenti ) and/or elected governors ( guvernéři ). Following
10304-434: The region. There is also ongoing linguistic and political controversy as to whether Rusyn is a distinct Slavic language or one of several dialects of the Ukrainian language . In several countries, it is recognized as a distinct minority language. Though Ukraine also adopted a law that recognized Rusyn as one of several minority and regional languages in 2012, that law was revoked in 2014. In 2021 while discussing
10416-747: The region. The rest of the region is covered by the Transcarpathian Lowland which is part of the Pannonian plain . Zakarpattia is the only Ukrainian oblast to have boundaries with four countries: Poland, Slovakia, Hungary and Romania. On the West it borders the Prešov and Košice Regions of Slovakia and Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén and Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg Counties of Hungary, on the South—the Satu Mare and Maramureș Counties of Romania, on
10528-488: The rising national consciousness of that time. Aleksander Dukhnovich (1803–1865), who wrote the unofficial Rusyn National Anthem ("I was, am, and will be a Rusyn"), and who by some is considered to be a sort of 'George Washington' of the Rusyns, reminisced that when he saw the Russian Cossacks on the streets, he "danced and cried with joy". A few decades later, when economic conditions and repression worsened in
10640-657: The rule of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , the scope of Rutheni gradually narrowed to only refer to inhabitants of the East Slavic regions that now mostly belong to the states of Belarus and Ukraine . After the Partitions of Poland , Rutheni "came to be associated primarily with those [East Slavs] who lived under the Habsburg monarchy " (and was used as an official designation in
10752-673: The same time some 8,500 Rusyns voluntarily emigrated from Czechoslovakia to Ukraine, but more than half of them returned during the 1960s. These acts were protested for years, but to no avail. In the US, the Greek Catholic Union's 1964 convention even adopted a resolution calling on the United Nations to act "so that Carpatho-Russia be recognized and accepted into the free nations of the world as an autonomous state". In former Yugoslavia , Rusyns were officially recognized as
10864-459: The terms Lemko and Rusnak are simply regional variations for Rusyns or Ruthenes. Rusyns have at times also been referred to as Uhro-Rusyn ( Uhro-Rus ) in the regions of Prešov , Slovakia and Carpathian Ruthenia . Several endonyms such as Rus' and Rusyn were used widely by the East Slavs of Kievan Rus' during the medieval period. Common endonymic use of those terms continued through
10976-439: The terms Rusyn and Carpatho-Rusyn are more commonly used since the 1970s. In some non- Slavic languages, Rusyns may be referred to by exonymic or somewhat archaic terms such as Carpatho-Ruthenes or Carpatho-Ruthenians , but such terminology is not present in the Rusyn language . Exonymic Ruthenian designations are seen as less precise because they encompass various East Slavic groups and bear broader ethnic connotations as
11088-404: The upscaling of industrialisation in Transcarpathia. State-owned lumber mills, chemical and food-processing plants widened, with Mukachevo's tobacco factory and Solotvyno's salt works as the biggest ones, providing steady employment to the residents of the region, beyond the traditional subsistence agriculture. And while traditional labour migration routes to the fields of Hungary or the factories of
11200-500: The works of some older authors, including foreign authors, as well as those native to the region. This terminology has also been reflected within some groups of the Rusyn diaspora. For example, the popular newspaper of the Byzantine (Greek) Catholic Church in the U.S. for decades known as the ‘ Greek Catholic Union Messenger ’, used the term Carpatho-Russian up until the 1950s (by the 1960s the term Ruthenian came into vogue). As well,
11312-487: Was Greek-Catholic clergy (see Greek Catholic Eparchy of Mukachevo , Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church , a successor of Ecclesia Ruthena unita). The nineteenth century also saw the spread of pan Slavism in Europe, and a pro-Moscow view became popular. The Russian military campaign of Tsar Nicholas I through the Carpathians in 1849 had significance for the local Rusyn population, who came into close contact with an almost 200,000 man Russian army. This interaction had an impact on
11424-624: Was a prime minister of Hutsul Republic centered in Yasinia that was seeking union with the West Ukrainian People's Republic, but was overran by the Hungarian troops, later Klochurak became a Defense Minister of Carpatho-Ukraine . After World War I, the majority of Rusyns found themselves in the new country of Czechoslovakia. The interwar period became a mini renaissance for Rusyn culture, as they were permitted their own schools, theater, anthem, and even their own governor. During
11536-536: Was about self-government status, not about autonomy (like in Crimea). Situated in the Carpathian Mountains of western Ukraine, except the southwestern Hungarian-populated region that belongs to the Hungarian plain , Zakarpattia Oblast is the only Ukrainian administrative division which borders upon four countries: Poland , Slovakia , Hungary , and Romania . As the Carpathians are an important tourist and travel destination (housing many ski and spa resorts), they play
11648-452: Was allowed to hand down either 10 years of forced labour, or death penalty. Several Ruthenian leaders, including Andrej Bródy [ cs ] and Štefan Fencik [ cs ] , were condemned and executed in May 1946. Avgustyn Voloshyn also died in prison. The extent of the repression showed to many Carpatho-Ruthenian activists that it was not possible to find an accommodation with
11760-532: Was an advocate of writing in Rusyn . The Hungarian annexation caused support for Russophile direction, while in Germany occupied Poland support for Ukrainian identity. Although the Carpathians were not a major WWII battlefield, the Rusyns saw their share of horror and destruction, beginning with the Hungarian government's 1941 deportation of the Carpathian Jews . In September 1944, while retreating from
11872-466: Was appointed, headed by prime-minister Andrej Bródy. Soon after, a crisis occurred between pro-Rusyn and pro-Ukrainian fractions, leading to the fall of Bródy government on 26 October. New regional government, headed by Avgustyn Voloshyn , adopted a pro-Ukrainian course and opted for the change of name, from Subcarpathian Rus' to Carpathian Ukraine . That move led to the creation of a particular terminological duality. On 22 November 1938, authorities of
11984-524: Was called Rusinsko in Czech; sometimes rendered Rusinia or Rusynia in American-Rusyn publications. Carpatho-Rusyn or Carpatho-Ruthenian ( Karpato-Rusyny ) is the main regional designation for Rusyns. The term refers to Carpathian Ruthenia ( Karpatsʹka Rusʹ ), which is a historical cross-border region encompassing Subcarpathian Rus' (in northeastern Slovakia and Ukraine's Zakarpattia Oblast ), Prešov Region (in eastern Slovakia),
12096-626: Was declared illegal; remaining priests and nuns were arrested, and church properties were nationalised and parcelled for public use or lent to the Russian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate) as the only accepted religious authority in the region. Cultural institutions were also forbidden, including the russophile Dukhnovych Society, the ukrainophile Prosvita, and the Subcarpathian Scholarly Society. New books and publications were circulated, including
12208-744: Was published in both Cyrillic and Roman-alphabet editions. In 1952 it was replaced with the English-language Greek Catholic Union Messenger , which ran until 1992. This article about a Pennsylvania newspaper is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Rusyns Rusyns ( Rusyn : Русины , romanized: Rusynŷ ), also known as Carpatho-Rusyns ( Rusyn : Карпаторусины or Карпатьскы Русины , romanized: Karpatorusynŷ or Karpaťskŷ Rusynŷ ), Ruthenians , or Rusnaks ( Rusyn : Руснакы or Руснаци , romanized: Rusnakŷ or Rusnacy ), are an East Slavic ethnic group from
12320-488: Was reorganized into the Máramaros County in 1402. Since 1867, it was part of the Hungarian side of Austria-Hungary until the latter's demise at the end of World War I . It approximately consisted of four Hungarian counties ( comitatus ): Bereg , Ung , Ugocsa and Maramaros . This region was briefly part of the short-lived West Ukrainian National Republic in 1918. The region was occupied by Romania by
12432-556: Was retained only in the Carpathian Mountains. Rusyns settled in the Carpathian Mountain region in various waves of immigration from the north between the eighth and 17th centuries. Weapons and skeletons found in tombs in Bereg County from the 10th century era suggest that Norman Vikings (who played a role in the founding of Kiev Rus') were there as well. Even so, as late as the 11th century, this mountainous area
12544-468: Was still a sparsely inhabited 'No-Man's Land' border between the kingdoms of Kievan Rus' and Hungary. In 1241, the Carpathians fell to Mongol invasions led by Genghis Khan's grandson, Batu Khan , with populations exterminated and villages torched. The Mongols entered the region via the Veretski Pass , just to the north of Mukachevo . In 1395, Orthodox Rus' Prince Feodor Koriatovich , son of
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