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89-545: The Afghanistan Premier League ( APL ) ( Pashto : د افغانستان غوره لیګ ; Persian : لیگ برتر افغانستان ), officially Gulbahar Afghanistan Premier League for sponsorship reasons, is a Twenty20 cricket franchise tournament run by the Afghanistan Cricket Board (ACB), held in the United Arab Emirates . The first edition of the tournament took place between 5 and 21 October 2018 at

178-540: A qawwali -style Pathan dance number, Khochey Pathan Ki Zubaan . The action film Qurbani (1980), in which a police officer named Amjad Khan (played by Amjad Khan himself) chases two fugitives (played by Feroz Khan and Vinod Khanna ), featured a song Qurbani Qurbani which was set in a "Pathan's den ". In the song, the three protagonists donned Pathan getup. Khuda Gawah (1992) stars Amitabh Bachchan as an Afghan tribesman who settles accounts with his enemies after finding himself trapped in an Indian prison, and

267-453: A royal decree of Zahir Shah formally granted Pashto the status of an official language, with full rights to use in all aspects of government and education – despite the fact that the ethnically Pashtun royal family and bureaucrats mostly spoke Persian. Thus Pashto became a national language , a symbol for Pashtun nationalism . The constitutional assembly reaffirmed the status of Pashto as an official language in 1964 when Afghan Persian

356-594: A Pathan dynasty of Sherwani and Lodi origins. The Pathans in Malerkotla were considered an influential group and were principally landowners. Their numbers dwindled after many of them migrated to Pakistan. They are principally divided into the Yusufzai , Lodi , Tareen , Kakar and Sherwani tribes. The rulers of the state historically shared a harmonious relationship with their Hindu and Sikh subjects, giving them protection and equal rights as minorities, which

445-547: A device). Post-7th century borrowings came primarily from Persian and Hindi-Urdu , with Arabic words being borrowed through Persian, but sometimes directly. Modern speech borrows words from English, French , and German . However, a remarkably large number of words are unique to Pashto. Here is an exemplary list of Pure Pashto and borrowings: naṛә́i jahān dunyā tod/táwda garm aṛtyā́ ḍarurah híla umid də...pə aṛá bāra bolә́la qasidah Sheen Khalai There are varying estimates of

534-450: A form of art and beauty in their culture, however they were looked down upon by other Indians. The women wore a traditional hand-embroidered dress known as the kakrai kameez , similar to a firaq – the upper garment worn by Pashtun females. They also listened to Pashto music and would teach the language to their children. Due to their different culture and appearance, they were often stereotyped and considered Muslims or foreigners by

623-689: A hub for Pathan Muslims, possibly due to its proximity to the Nizamuddin Dargah . Across North India, the Pathan population is chiefly spread over 74 districts . Beginning in the 17th century, tens of thousands of " Rohilla " Pashtuns migrated into modern Uttar Pradesh and settled in what became known as the Rohilkhand region. Pathans are noted as one of the Muslim castes living in Diu , which

712-601: A nominated member of the Rajya Sabha in 1989. Pathans have represented the Indian national cricket team both before and after independence. They include Jahangir Khan , a Burki Pathan who played for India between 1932 and 1936, later becoming a cricket administrator in Pakistan. Iftikhar Ali Khan Pataudi , the eighth Nawab of Pataudi , played for both England and India in the 1930s and 1940s, eventually captaining

801-665: A promoter of the wealth and antiquity of Afghanistan's Pashto culture." From the 16th century, Pashto poetry become very popular among the Pashtuns. Some of those who wrote in Pashto are Bayazid Pir Roshan (a major inventor of the Pashto alphabet ), Khushal Khan Khattak , Rahman Baba , Nazo Tokhi , and Ahmad Shah Durrani , founder of the modern state of Afghanistan or the Durrani Empire . The Pashtun literary tradition grew in

890-549: A result of the many Muslim empires and dynasties founded by Pashtuns on the Indian subcontinent. Pashtuns also arrived as traders, officers, administrators, diplomats, travelers, religious saints and preachers, students, and as soldiers serving in the armies of India's rulers. In many cases, migration and settlement occurred amongst whole clans . Today, the Pathans are a collection of diversely scattered communities present across

979-656: A third-generation Sheenkhalai herself, explores the history and origins of this community and was funded by the India–Afghanistan Foundation. From the 1950s and onwards, some Pakistani Hindus from Peshawar and surrounding areas moved to India, settling chiefly in Amritsar , Jalandhar, Ludhiana and Firozpur , as well as in Delhi, Rajasthan and other places across India. As of 2005, they numbered over 3,000 families including both Hindus and Sikhs. Amritsar itself

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1068-522: A variety very similar to it, while others have attempted to place it closer to Bactrian . However, neither position is universally agreed upon. What scholars do agree on is the fact that Pashto is an Eastern Iranian language sharing characteristics with Eastern Middle Iranian languages such as Bactrian, Khwarezmian and Sogdian . Compare with other Eastern Iranian Languages and Old Avestan : Zə tā winə́m /ɐz dɐ wənən/ Az bū tū dzunim Strabo , who lived between 64 BC and 24 CE, explains that

1157-574: A village also named "Parachinar" in Bharmour in Chamba district . These Parachinaris are noted for their Pathan dresses and turbans, their traditional Chitrali -influenced dance known as the gharra , and the Pashto dialect which they speak. According to Sohail Hashmi, the Peshawari dress and turban were a common site on the streets of Delhi up until the 1960s. The area of Jangpura has long been

1246-473: Is Khanum or Bibi . In the caste system present among medieval Indian Muslim society, the Pathans (historically also known as ethnic 'Afghans' ) were classified as one of the ashraf castes – those who claimed descent from foreign immigrants, and who claimed the status of nobility by virtue of conquests and Muslim rule in the Indian subcontinent . The earlier generations of Indian Pathans spoke their native language Pashto, while some still adhere to

1335-581: Is a popular snack in Indian cities. Afghan immigrants in India have popularised other unique Afghan foods , such as the Afghani burger , Afghani naan , mantu dumplings, and Kabuli pulao . Afghan and Pathan recipes rely less on spices, and tend to be flavoured with salt, garlic, pepper, raisins, pinenuts, walnuts, and various dried or fresh fruits. Lajpat Nagar in Delhi is a hub of Pathan cuisines due to its sizable Afghan population. Tandoori chicken

1424-699: Is a small community of Pashto-speaking Hindus and Sikhs who migrated from Parachinar (in Pakistan's Kurram District ) to Himachal Pradesh in 1948. They have an organisation known as the Akhil Bharatiya Parachinar Biradari, which seeks to gain Scheduled Tribal status for the community in order to secure various government incentives and opportunities committed under the National Commission for Scheduled Tribes for "displaced" communities. They are settled in

1513-553: Is either: boiled or roasted; marinated and barbecued in the form of tikka pieces placed on skewers in a grill ; formed into different types of kebabs ; cooked in large quantities in curries with mild spices; or prepared in a clay pot (e.g. handi gosht ) – and eaten by hand with bread (e.g. Peshawari naan or roti ), which is baked on a tandoor oven. Usually, the meat is kept intact and allowed to cook in its own fat. The chapli kebab , which originated in Peshawar,

1602-460: Is one of the reasons why the city was mostly spared from violence during the partition. Even after independence, members of the royal Pathan family have continued to receive political support in state elections. Chandigarh is a common destination for Afghan students who pursue tertiary education in India. They numbered up to 500 as of 2019, and were enrolled in different institutes including Panjab University . The princely Pataudi State , which

1691-403: Is part of the union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu . Pathans are noted as one of the many Muslim communities in the state of Goa . They use the surname Khan , while the women may use Khatun , Khatu or Bibi . It has been noted that they freely marry outside their community. Mumbai has been home to a Pathan community since the 19th century, mostly originating from

1780-536: Is regarded as one of the earliest Pashto writers, was a Pashtun from Waziristan who was born in Jalandhar . He inspired the Roshani movement which, during the late 16th and 17th centuries, gave rise to prominent Pashto poets and writers in the Indian subcontinent. The area forming modern-day Uttar Pradesh was among the few regions in India where Pashto literature continuously developed; Pashtun litterateurs from

1869-486: Is sometimes called the "Marilyn Monroe of Bollywood," was a Yusufzai Pathan. There have also been other Pathan film directors, producers and scriptwriters, such as Zia Sarhadi ; Farah and Sajid Khan , who have Pathan ancestry from Peshawar; and in recent times, Kabir Khan . Pathans have contributed to Indian music as well; the sarod , a stringed instrument used in Hindustani classical music, descends from

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1958-508: Is taught poorly in schools in Pakistan. Moreover, in government schools material is not provided for in the Pashto dialect of that locality, Pashto being a dialectically rich language. Further, researchers have observed that Pashtun students are unable to fully comprehend educational material in Urdu. Professor Tariq Rahman states: "The government of Pakistan, faced with irredentist claims from Afghanistan on its territory, also discouraged

2047-466: Is the primary language of the Pashtun diaspora around the world. The total number of Pashto-speakers is at least 40 million, although some estimates place it as high as 60 million. Pashto is "one of the primary markers of ethnic identity" amongst Pashtuns. A national language of Afghanistan , Pashto is primarily spoken in the east, south, and southwest, but also in some northern and western parts of

2136-816: The Durand Line acting as the border between the two countries. The Hindu Kush mountains straddle the north of the region. Geographically, the Pathans are an eastern Iranic ethnic group who lived west of the Indo-Aryan ethnicities of the northern Indian subcontinent . Some Pashtuns from the Ghilji tribe historically used to seasonally migrate to India in winter as nomadic merchants. They would buy goods there, and transport these by camel caravan in summer for sale or barter in Afghanistan. Pathans of India descend from different tribes and clans . Some of

2225-726: The Hindko -origin Dilip Kumar (born Yusuf Khan) and Shah Rukh Khan , or the Punjabi-origin Hindu Pathans like the Kapoor family , while not ethnically Pathans, are often referred to as "Pathans" due to their culture and origins in Peshawar. Actor Naseeruddin Shah , along with his sons Imaad , Vivaan and nephew Mohommed Ali , belong to the family of the 19th-century Afghan warlord Jan-Fishan Khan , who

2314-731: The Jawaharlal Nehru University . The city of Peshawar in the North-West Frontier Province gave birth to several prominent actors in the Hindi film industry, Bollywood . Some Indian actors also have ancestry in Balochistan and Afghanistan. The Qissa Khwani Bazaar area of Peshawar is the location of the ancestral homes of the Kapoor family , Dilip Kumar and Shah Rukh Khan. Notably,

2403-609: The Pakistan Army , remained for some time the only all-Pathan regiment in British India. From 1897 to 1908, the number of Pathan servicemen in the British Indian Army arose from 2,500 to 10,500. Around a quarter were Afridis , and a large number were drawn from the tribal areas forming British India's northwestern frontier with Afghanistan. They comprised, in total, 67 companies across 43 regiments. By

2492-582: The Pashtun tribes spoke Pashto as their native tongue . King Amanullah Khan began promoting Pashto during his reign (1926–1929) as a marker of ethnic identity and as a symbol of "official nationalism" leading Afghanistan to independence after the defeat of the British Empire in the Third Anglo-Afghan War in 1919. In the 1930s, a movement began to take hold to promote Pashto as a language of government, administration, and art with

2581-699: The Peshawari turban which some of them wear, and they converse in Pashto or the local Peshawari dialect . However, the younger generation is not fluent in these languages. Since the 1970s, thousands of Afghan Hindus have also settled in India while escaping war and persecution. Many of them had lived in the Pashtun areas for generations, spoke Pashto, and practiced a culture that was Pashtun-influenced. A secondary diaspora of Pathans from India also exists, including those who were transported from British India to various other colonies as indentured workers in

2670-641: The Punjab province , areas of Gilgit-Baltistan and in Islamabad . Pashto speakers are found in other major cities of Pakistan, most notably Karachi , Sindh, which may have the largest Pashtun population of any city in the world. Other communities of Pashto speakers are found in India , Tajikistan , and northeastern Iran (primarily in South Khorasan Province to the east of Qaen , near

2759-523: The Rohilla community produced works in the language up until the late 18th century. The All India Radio (AIR) operates a Pashto-language service. Pashto was the first external radio service of AIR, broadcasting its inaugural transmission on 1 October 1939 for Pashto-listeners across British India's North-West Frontier Province and Afghanistan. Its purpose was to counter German radio propanda infiltrating Afghanistan, Iran and West Asian nations following

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2848-639: The Sharjah Cricket Stadium , with up to forty overseas players involved. Five teams have been selected to compete, named after regions of Afghanistan. In August 2018, the International Cricket Council (ICC) approved plans for the tournament. The Afghanistan Cricket Board have said that they are planning to re-launch the Afghanistan Premier League, country's franchise-based T20 tournament that

2937-584: The tribal areas of northwest Pakistan. Afghanistan has maintained a consulate-general in Bombay since 1915, alluding to the historic presence of Afghans and Pathans in the city. The Afghan-born Karim Lala was one of the three most influential dons in the Mumbai underworld for decades. As the head of the "Pathan Gang", a mafia group comprising mostly ethnic Pathans involved in various types of organised crime, Karim Lala wielded significant political clout and

3026-433: The "reigning King of Indipop ." Pathan characters have been portrayed in many Bollywood films, creating a subgenre of what are known as "Pathan movies". The 1947 theatrical play Pathan was produced by Prithviraj Kapoor's Prithvi Theatre , and was commercially successful across India. Prithviraj played the lead role while his sons Raj, Shammi and Shashi also acted. Kabuliwala (1961), in which Balraj Sahni essays

3115-770: The 8th century, and they use the writings found in Pata Khazana . Pə́ṭa Xazāná ( پټه خزانه ) is a Pashto manuscript claimed to be written by Mohammad Hotak under the patronage of the Pashtun emperor Hussain Hotak in Kandahar ; containing an anthology of Pashto poets. However, its authenticity is disputed by scholars such as David Neil MacKenzie and Lucia Serena Loi. Nile Green comments in this regard: "In 1944, Habibi claimed to have discovered an eighteenth-century manuscript anthology containing much older biographies and verses of Pashto poets that stretched back as far as

3204-658: The Afghan border). In India most ethnic Pashtun (Pathan) peoples speak the geographically native Hindi-Urdu language rather than Pashto, but there are small numbers of Pashto speakers, such as the Sheen Khalai in Rajasthan , and the Pathan community in the city of Kolkata , often nicknamed the Kabuliwala ("people of Kabul "). Pashtun diaspora communities in other countries around the world speak Pashto, especially

3293-652: The Hindu Pathans in India, especially those who migrated from the Saraiki -speaking area of Dera Ismail Khan , had their own unique vegetarian cuisine . In her historical magnum opus River of Fire , writer Qurratulain Hyder makes reference to Hindu Pathans from the NWFP who were displaced by the partition and settled in India. Some Hindus who lived in Balochistan prior to 1947, and later migrated to India following

3382-512: The Indian side in 1946. His son, Mansoor Ali Khan Pataudi , also played Test cricket as a batsman for India between 1961 and 1975 and became the country's youngest captain when appointed in 1962. The all-rounder Salim Durani (who in official cricketing records is referred to as the first Afghan-born Test cricketer , but was born near the Khyber Pass ) represented India in Test cricket in

3471-558: The Pakistani province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa . It is known in historical Persian literature as Afghani ( افغانی , Afghāni ). Spoken as a native language mostly by ethnic Pashtuns , it is one of the two official languages of Afghanistan alongside Dari , and it is the second-largest provincial language of Pakistan , spoken mainly in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and the northern districts of Balochistan . Likewise, it

3560-529: The Pashto Movement and eventually allowed its use in peripheral domains only after the Pakhtun elite had been co-opted by the ruling elite...Thus, even though there is still an active desire among some Pakhtun activists to use Pashto in the domains of power, it is more of a symbol of Pakhtun identity than one of nationalism." Robert Nicols states: "In the end, national language policy, especially in

3649-535: The Pashtun rubab and was invented by the Bangash musical gharana which migrated to India (whose descendants include ustads Sakhawat Hussain , Hafiz Ali Khan , and the latter's son Amjad Ali Khan ). G. M. Durrani was a noted Bollywood playback singer, music director and radio artist during the 1930s, 1940s and 1950s. In pop music, the Pakistani-origin Adnan Sami has been called

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3738-680: The Society's annual meeting in 1927. In 1955, Pashtun intellectuals including Abdul Qadir formed the Pashto Academy Peshawar on the model of Pashto Tolana formed in Afghanistan. In 1974, the Department of Pashto was established in the University of Balochistan for the promotion of Pashto. In Pakistan, Pashto is the first language around of 15% of its population (per the 1998 census). However, Urdu and English are

3827-511: The backdrop to weakening Pashtun power following Mughal rule: Khushal Khan Khattak used Pashto poetry to rally for Pashtun unity and Pir Bayazid as an expedient means to spread his message to the Pashtun masses. For instance Khushal Khattak laments in : "The Afghans (Pashtuns) are far superior to the Mughals at the sword, Were but the Afghans, in intellect, a little discreet. If

3916-477: The common Pashtun tribes found in India including the influential Ahmadzai and others like Afridi , Barakzai , Bettani , Panni , Sulemanzai , Tareen , Kakar , Sherani , Khattak , Orakzai and the Shinwari , Yusufzai including the mighty Ghilzai , Durrani and Lodi . There is also a population of Muslim Rajput Pathans in India (also known as Khanzada Rajputs ) whose ancestors were Rajputs but got

4005-629: The communities among the Manipuri Muslims . In Sikkim , the Muslims are categorised into two main social classes: the ashraf (aristocracy) and ajlaf (commoners). The former usually includes people of " Sayyad , Shaikh , Mughal and Pathan ethnic backgrounds." In India, the Muslim surname Khan is largely synonymous with and commonly used by Pathans as per Pashtun naming conventions, although not all Khans are necessarily of Pathan descent. The female equivalent used by Pathan women

4094-416: The country. The exact number of speakers is unavailable, but different estimates show that Pashto is the mother tongue of 45–60% of the total population of Afghanistan . In Pakistan , Pashto is spoken by 15% of its population, mainly in the northwestern province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and northern districts of Balochistan province. It is also spoken in parts of Mianwali and Attock districts of

4183-410: The different tribes would but support each other, Kings would have to bow down in prostration before them" Pashto is a subject–object–verb (SOV) language with split ergativity . In Pashto, this means that the verb agrees with the subject in transitive and intransitive sentences in non-past, non-completed clauses, but when a completed action is reported in any of the past tenses, the verb agrees with

4272-714: The early 19th century. In July 1954, over 100,000 Pashtun tribes people living in Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir were granted Indian nationality. They are a mostly endogamous , Pashto-speaking community whose ancestors migrated from what is now Pakistan and Afghanistan prior to India's independence. The village of Gotli Bagh in Ganderbal district is home to around 10,000 Pashtuns. The community observes Pashtun customs such as jirga for mediation on disputes, and Pashto television channels like Khyber TV are followed to keep up to date with news in

4361-443: The eighth century. It was an extraordinary claim, implying as it did that the history of Pashto literature reached back further in time than Persian, thus supplanting the hold of Persian over the medieval Afghan past. Although it was later convincingly discredited through formal linguistic analysis, Habibi's publication of the text under the title Pata Khazana ('Hidden Treasure') would (in Afghanistan at least) establish his reputation as

4450-727: The entertainment industry and sports. The Pathans of India are a community who trace their ancestry to the Pashtun regions of Pakistan and Afghanistan . The Pashtun homeland is located in Central Asia and the northwestern region of South Asia ; it roughly stretches from areas south of the Amu River in Afghanistan to west of the Indus River in Pakistan, mainly consisting of southwestern, eastern and some northern and western districts of Afghanistan , and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and northern Balochistan in western Pakistan, with

4539-562: The establishment of a Pashto Society Pashto Anjuman in 1931 and the inauguration of the Kabul University in 1932 as well as the formation of the Pashto Academy (Pashto Tolana) in 1937. Muhammad Na'im Khan, the minister of education between 1938 and 1946, inaugurated the formal policy of promoting Pashto as Afghanistan's national language, leading to the commission and publication of Pashto textbooks. The Pashto Tolana

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4628-428: The experiences of such men. The former Hyderabad State had a Pathan community, and also an organisation known as the Pakhtoon Jirga which looked after the interests of the Pashtuns living within that state. There are some Afghan businessmen who have been living in Assam for several decades. They are also known as Kabuliwalas . Rajkumar Jhalajit Singh in A Short History of Manipur mentions Pathans as one of

4717-400: The field of education in the NWFP, had constructed a type of three tiered language hierarchy. Pashto lagged far behind Urdu and English in prestige or development in almost every domain of political or economic power..." Although Pashto used as a medium of instruction in schools for Pashtun students results in better understanding and comprehension for students when compared to using Urdu, still

4806-399: The government of Pakistan has only introduced Pashto at the primary levels in state-run schools. Taimur Khan remarks: "the dominant Urdu language squeezes and denies any space for Pashto language in the official and formal capacity. In this contact zone, Pashto language exists but in a subordinate and unofficial capacity". Some linguists have argued that Pashto is descended from Avestan or

4895-410: The introduction of microfinance . During the British Raj in the 19th and early 20th centuries, Pashtun prisoners were amongst those who were transported "across the water" to the penal colony on the Andaman Islands for incarceration. One such incarceree who was serving life imprisonment on the island, Sher Ali Afridi , became known as the assassin of Lord Mayo , the Viceroy of India , while

4984-567: The latter was visiting the settlement in 1872. According to Kumar Suresh Singh , in the state of Karnataka , the Pathans are "distributed in all districts ." According to S. N. Sadasivan , the Travancore region was home to a group of Pathan Muslims who were descendants of sepoys employed by the maharajas of Travancore . Susan Bayly notes that the 18th-century Travancorean maharajas actively recruited Pathan soldiers to train and lead their armies, as did many other South Indian kingdoms, who were keen to bolster their military capacities with

5073-450: The length and breadth of India, with the largest populations principally settled in the plains of northern and central India . Following the partition of India in 1947, many of them migrated to Pakistan . The majority of Indian Pathans are Urdu-speaking communities , who have assimilated into the local society over the course of generations. Pathans have influenced and contributed to various fields in India, particularly politics,

5162-527: The locals. The Sheenkhalai, numbering up to 500 at the time of partition, settled mostly in Rajasthan (in Uniara , Jaipur and Chittorgarh ) and Punjab, and adopted Indian culture. In recent years, there have been efforts to revive their indigenous culture. In 2018, former Afghan president Hamid Karzai met members of this community and inaugurated the Sheenkhalai Art Project during the Jaipur Literature Festival . A feature-length documentary titled Sheenkhalai – The Blue Skin produced by Shilpi Batra Adwani,

5251-420: The native elements of the lexicon are related to other Eastern Iranian languages . As noted by Josef Elfenbein, "Loanwords have been traced in Pashto as far back as the third century B.C., and include words from Greek and probably Old Persian". For instance, Georg Morgenstierne notes the Pashto word مېچن mečә́n i.e. a hand-mill as being derived from the Ancient Greek word μηχανή ( mēkhanḗ , i.e.

5340-532: The newly independent India. Notable people from these regions, mainly Peshawar, who identified as Hindu Pathans include independence activist Bhagat Ram Talwar and union minister Mehr Chand Khanna ; Prithviraj Kapoor , the progenitor of Bollywood's Kapoor family (along with his sons Raj , Shammi and Shashi Kapoor ), also of Punjabi descent; his cousin, Surinder Kapoor (father of Anil Kapoor ); actor Vinod Khanna , and film producer F.C. Mehra (father of Umesh Mehra ). Pushpa Kumari Bagai writes that

5429-456: The outbreak of World War II . The Centre of Persian and Central Asian Studies (CPCAS) at New Delhi's Jawaharlal Nehru University offers bachelor-level degrees in Pashto. The language is also used by Afghan Pashtun expatriates living in India. In British colonial India , the Pathans were classified as one of the " martial races " and enlisted in large numbers into the British Indian Army . The 40th Pathans , which later became part of

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5518-575: The partition, had a highly Pashtunized culture and spoke a form of Pashto or Balochi . They identified themselves culturally as Pathans and members of the Kakari tribe. Originating from Quetta and Loralai , they brought their customs and practices with themselves to India, where they became known as the Sheenkhalai (Pashto for "the blue skinned"). This name stemmed from a novel tradition their womenfolk practiced, who would adorn their faces, hands and skin with permanent tattoos to enhance their appearance. These decorative, tribal tattoos were considered

5607-403: The partition, the Peshawari Hindus cited economic issues, security challenges and religious violence as reasons for their emigration after independence. A wave of similar migrations continued in the 1980s, 1990s and 2000s. After living in India for some time, these Hindus are able to secure Indian citizenship . The elderly Peshawari Hindus are distinguishable due to their Peshawari clothing and

5696-411: The population of Pathan descent living in India, ranging from 3.2 million people per the All India Pakhtoon Jirga-e-Hind to "twice their population in Afghanistan" as per Khan Mohammad Atif, an academic at the University of Lucknow . In the 2011 Census of India , 21,677 individuals reported Pashto as their mother tongue. Large-scale Pashtun migration began in the 11th and 12th centuries , as

5785-465: The possessed in the genitive construction, and adjectives come before the nouns they modify. Unlike most other Indo-Iranian languages, Pashto uses all three types of adpositions —prepositions, postpositions, and circumpositions. *The retroflex rhotic or lateral, tends to be a lateral flap [ 𝼈 ] at the beginning of a syllable or other prosodic unit, and a regular flap [ ɽ ] or approximant [ ɻ ] elsewhere. In Pashto, most of

5874-400: The region. They mostly marry within their community, which has allowed their language and culture to be preserved intact. The city of Malerkotla is home to a significant population of Punjabi Muslims , some of whom are of Pathan origin. It is notably the only Muslim-majority city in Indian Punjab , since the partition in 1947. The princely Malerkotla State was established and ruled by

5963-754: The renowned screenwriter Salim Khan and his sons Salman , Arbaaz and Sohail Khan (see Salim Khan family ), whose Alakozai or Akazai ancestors migrated to Indore from the Swat region; the director-cum-producer siblings Nasir and Tahir Hussain – the former being the father of Mansoor Khan and maternal grandfather of Imran Khan , and the latter known as the father of Aamir , Faisal and Nikhat Khan – along with their nephew Tariq Khan , whose Pathan ancestors hailed from Herat ; Saif Ali Khan , along with his sister Soha Ali Khan and daughter Sara Ali Khan , who, of royal Pataudi lineage , have relatives in Pakistan and ancestors that migrated from Afghanistan; and Irrfan Khan . Actress Madhubala , who

6052-473: The role of the protagonist, has been called the "mother of all Pathan movies". It is based on the short story of the same name written by Rabindranath Tagore in 1892, featuring the story of a wandering Afghan merchant in Bengal in pre-partition India. Earlier, a Bengali film based on this story was released in 1957 . It is believed that the famous Pathan character of Sher Khan, which was scripted by Salim–Javed and portrayed by Pran in Zanjeer (1973),

6141-402: The sizable communities in the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia . Pashto is one of the two official languages of Afghanistan, along with Dari Persian . Since the early 18th century, the monarchs of Afghanistan have been ethnic Pashtuns (except for Habibullāh Kalakāni in 1929). Persian, the literary language of the royal court, was more widely used in government institutions, while

6230-444: The subject if it is intransitive, but with the object if it is transitive. Verbs are inflected for present, simple past, past progressive, present perfect, and past perfect tenses. There is also an inflection for the subjunctive mood . Nouns and adjectives are inflected for two genders (masculine and feminine), two numbers (singular and plural), and four cases (direct, oblique, ablative, and vocative). The possessor precedes

6319-575: The term Kabuliwala ("people of Kabul ") and have historically constituted an integral part of the city's cultural fabric. The term is derived from the iconic and much-romanticised short story of the same name written by Rabindranath Tagore in 1892, which essays the tale of an Afghan merchant who journeys all the way to Kolkata and sells dry fruit. Once numbering over 10,000 in 2001, their population has reduced to no more than 2,000 to 5,000 as of 2015. Many of them were famous for working as traditional moneylenders, an industry which declined following

6408-465: The time of World War I , their numbers had increased to 28,000. Abdul Ghaffar Khan was a Pashtun nationalist and close friend of Mahatma Gandhi who, as leader of the Congress -allied Khudai Khidmatgar , was one of the prominent members of the Indian independence movement against British rule before the partition. After 1947, he became a Pakistani citizen. Zakir Husain , an Afridi Pathan,

6497-475: The title Khan after converting to Islam. After many generations, they are now intermixed with Pathans. The term "Hindu Pathan" is used for Hindus who hailed or were born in the predominately Pashtun regions of British India (now Pakistan), as well as those who arrived from Afghanistan. The 1947 partition of India led to an exodus of Hindus settled in the former North-West Frontier Province (NWFP) and Baluchistan , which are part of modern Pakistan, into

6586-499: The traditional code and Pashtun way of life known as Pashtunwali . The Pashtun empires in India historically used the Dari Persian language. As a result of cultural assimilation with Indians over the course of several centuries, most Pathans in India lost the ability to speak Pashto and instead adopted Hindustani or other local dialects. Pathan cuisine is known for its high emphasis on meat -based dishes. Typically, meat

6675-491: The tribes inhabiting the lands west of the Indus River were part of Ariana . This was around the time when the area inhabited by the Pashtuns was governed by the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom . From the 3rd century CE onward, they are mostly referred to by the name Afghan ( Abgan ). Abdul Hai Habibi believed that the earliest modern Pashto work dates back to Amir Kror Suri of the early Ghurid period in

6764-515: The turn of the 19th century, even while Persian remained the dominant language of the region during the Mughal period. It was a provincial language spoken mainly by Pashtun administrative and military elites, and other Pashtun settlers and temporary dwellers in India. Extant manuscripts have provided evidence of Pashto verses and poetry emerging from the Ganges region . Pir Roshan , a Sufi who

6853-411: The two official languages of Pakistan. Pashto has no official status at the federal level. On a provincial level, Pashto is the regional language of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and north Balochistan . Yet, the primary medium of education in government schools in Pakistan is Urdu. The lack of importance given to Pashto and its neglect has caused growing resentment amongst Pashtuns. It is noted that Pashto

6942-462: Was an economist and politician who served as the third president of India from 1967 to 1969. Prior to that, he was the second vice president of India , and also served as the governor of Bihar . His maternal grandson Salman Khurshid served as India's minister for minority affairs, law and justice, and external affairs in successive terms. Mohammad Yunus was a career diplomat who served as India's ambassador in various countries, and also became

7031-506: Was based on the Mumbai mafia don Karim Lala . The song Yaari Hai Imaan Mera, Yaar Meri Zindagi ("friendship is my faith, the friend is my life") from that movie features an influence of the Pashtun instrument rubab, and is danced to by men in the attan style. In 2013, a remake of the film was released in Hindi and Telugu simultaneously, in which Sanjay Dutt and Sri Hari reprised the role of Sher Khan, respectively. They featured in

7120-877: Was born in Paghman of Saiyid descent, and moved to India in the 1850s where he became the first Nawab of Sardhana . Most of the Khans of Bollywood , however, belong to the Pathan community, including the Peshawar-born actor Jayant (born Zakaria Khan) and his son Amjad Khan ; Kader Khan , who belonged to the Kakar tribe with parents from Kandahar and Pishin ; the Tanoli -origin siblings Feroz , Sanjay and Akbar Khan , whose father settled in Bangalore from Ghazni , and their descendants Fardeen and Zayed Khan ;

7209-535: Was founded by the Pataudi family and ruled by the Nawab of Pataudi , was centred in Pataudi in modern Haryana's Gurgaon district. The Pataudis were of Afghan descent, whose ancestors arrived in India in the late 15th century as mercenaries of the Pashtun emperor Bahlul Lodi , during the latter's reign. According to Mansoor Ali Khan Pataudi , the family are "basically Afghans with a bit of Turkish blood." There

7298-485: Was historically one of the territories conquered by Pathans, most notably under Khwaja Usman . The Bengal region was historically one of the territories ruled by Pathan dynasties in India. The Karrani dynasty , the last of the dynasties to hold the Bengal Sultanate , was of Pashtun origin. The city of Kolkata has been home to a large Afghan and Pathan community for generations, where they are known by

7387-631: Was home to over 500 Peshawari families, and most of them lived in an area known as the Peshawari Mohalla where they had set up a Hindu temple for the community. They were mainly businesspeople. According to the Hindustan Times, around 250 Hindu and Sikh families were living in an area named "Mini Peshawar" near Chheharta in Amritsar as of 2016. Although Peshawar was not as violently affected by communal riots as other regions during

7476-587: Was later incorporated into the Academy of Sciences Afghanistan in line with Soviet model following the Saur Revolution in 1978. Although officially supporting the use of Pashto, the Afghan elite regarded Persian as a "sophisticated language and a symbol of cultured upbringing". King Zahir Shah (reigning 1933–1973) thus followed suit after his father Nadir Khan had decreed in 1933 that officials were to study and utilize both Persian and Pashto. In 1936

7565-634: Was officially renamed to Dari . The lyrics of the national anthem of Afghanistan are in Pashto. In British India , prior to the creation of Pakistan by the British government, the 1920s saw the blossoming of Pashto language in the then NWFP : Abdul Ghafar Khan in 1921 established the Anjuman-e- Islah al-Afaghina (Society for the Reformation of Afghans) to promote Pashto as an extension of Pashtun culture; around 80,000 people attended

7654-526: Was partially shot in Afghanistan. Urdu poetry in India developed under the influence of Pathans, in addition to various other communities belonging to the Perso-Arabic sphere of influence. One such prominent poet was Josh Malihabadi , an Afridi Pathan. His cousin, Abdur Razzaq Malihabadi , was also a writer. Pashto literature thrived in North India from the early 16th century up until

7743-775: Was popularised in India by Kundan Lal Gujral , a Punjabi Hindu -"Pathan" chef from Peshawar who moved to Delhi in 1947 and founded the Moti Mahal Delux chain of restaurants. Due to the Peshawari influences on Gujral's cooking, it is often regarded as a Punjabi-Pathan dish. Kundal Lal also invented the iconic butter chicken and dal makhani . Each year, the Indian Council for Cultural Relations grants 2,325 scholarships to international students, with six-hundred and seventy-five spots being reserved especially for Afghans. In India, an increasing number of native students are learning Pashto at academic institutions such as

7832-512: Was postponed after the inaugural edition, in 2025. Pashto language Pashto ( / ˈ p ʌ ʃ t oʊ / PUH -shto , / ˈ p æ ʃ t oʊ / PASH -toe ; پښتو , Pəx̌tó , [pəʂˈto, pʊxˈto, pəʃˈto, pəçˈto] ) is an Eastern Iranian language in the Indo-European language family , natively spoken in northwestern Pakistan and southern and eastern Afghanistan . It has official status in Afghanistan and

7921-433: Was well known to both the elite and common man of Mumbai. In Gujarat state most of the pathans are seen, those are Turks, Yousafzai, Afghans, Babi, Durrani, lodi.there are many notable persons comes from gujrat pathan like cricketer Salim Durrani, Parveen Babi actress.In area of Junagadh there are turk pathan are mainly seen in indian army and business There are Pathan families present in the city of Ranchi . Odisha

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