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93-778: During the period of British influence in the 19th century, the Landai Sin Valley was considered part of Chitral State . In the 1980s, Salafist cleric Mawlawi Afzal founded the Islamic Revolutionary State of Afghanistan in Landai Sin, which established consulates in Saudi Arabia and Pakistan. This Nuristan Province , Afghanistan location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Chitral (princely state) Chitral or Chitrāl ( Persian : چترال )

186-594: A federated state of Pakistan. The same year, a powerful advisory council was established on the insistence of the Federal Government of Pakistan , and this continued to hold much power in Chitral until 1966. The Princely States of Dir , Chitral and Swat were finally merged through the promulgation of the Dir, Chitral and Swat Administration Regulation of 1969 under General Yahya Khan . The capital city

279-515: A brief dispute with Kashmir , in which he laid siege to the garrison at Gilgit and briefly held the Punial valley. He accepted a treaty with the Maharaja of Kashmir in 1877. Aman ul-Mulk was such a strong ruler that no serious attempt to challenge his authority was made during his reign. During the course of his rule Aman ul-Mulk met encountered many British officers some of whom have noted him in

372-625: A centre in Pakistan. At the time of his death, he was the most senior surviving military officer of the Pakistan Army . His youngest son Sikander ul-Mulk has captained the Chitral Polo Team at Shandur for over two decades. His eldest son Siraj ul-Mulk has served in Pakistan Army and Pakistan International Airlines as a pilot . Masood ul-Mulk grandson of Shuja ul-Mulk, is a Pakistani expert on humanitarian aid. He

465-477: A disastrous defeat by Yuan forces. In 1301 they were defeated again in an attack on Karakorum and Kaidu died during the retreat. After Kaidu's death in 1301, both Duwa and Kaidu 's son Chapar recognized Yuan authority in 1303. However Duwa threw off his allegiance to Chapar. Both the Yuan dynasty and Duwa attacked Chapar, forcing him to surrender his territory to Duwa in 1306. Meanwhile, Prince Turghai invaded

558-510: A gap of five centuries, it describes upper Chitral under Sumalik of the Trakhane dynasty , which supposedly ruled Gilgit, while lower Chitral was ruled by Kalasha rulers Bulasing and Rajawai. The Kafir period came to an end in 1320 accordingly, when a foreign chief named Shah Nadir Rais, presumably from Turkestan , arrived and founded the Raisa rule, which lasted from 1531 to 1574. Shah Nasir

651-605: A puppet khan ( Soyurgatmish ) on the throne to legitimize his rule, but his khans were members of the house of Ögedei rather than descendants of Chagatai. Ilyas Khoja attacked Timur in 1364 and defeated him on the north bank of the Syr Darya . He then besieged Samarkand but suffered harsh attrition due to an epidemic so that by the next year he was forced to retreat from Transoxania. The Dughlat Qamar-ud-din Khan Dughlat rebelled and killed Ilyas Khoja in 1368, taking

744-576: A recent investigation that challenges the account's reconstruction of the Rais period, claiming that it fails to acknowledge the spread of Islam in Chitral and Gilgit. According to Holzwarth, the Chagatai Khanate brought Islam to the region in the early 16th century, establishing subcenters in Mastuj and Yasin . He cites the successful military expeditions led by Mirza Haidar from Yarkand into

837-515: Is described as the eighth of nine Rais rulers. They were ousted by Mohtaram Shah Kator, who reigned from 1595 to 1630, ending the rule due to a Rais backlash that brought Shah Mahmud Rais, the son of Shah Nasir, to the throne. The defeat of Shah Mahmud by Mohtaram’s son Sangin Ali II in 1660 marks the final establishment of the Kator dynasty, which lasted until modern times. Wolfgang Holzwarth conducted

930-604: Is the son of Khush Ahmed ul-Mulk, the last surviving son of Shuja ul-Mulk. Khush Ahmed ul-Mulk served in the British Indian Army. As of 2014 he was the most senior surviving member of Chitral's royal family. Taimur Khusrow ul-Mulk, grandson of Shuja ul-Mulk, and son of the daughter of the Nawab of Dir , served as a bureaucrat with the Federal Government of Pakistan and served as Accountant General Khyber Pakhtunkhwa prior to his retirement in 2016. The rulers of

1023-745: Is uncertain when Buqa Temür died, but after that, Baraq's son Duwa was enthroned as khan. Meanwhile, Abaqa invaded Transoxania in 1272 and sacked Bukhara, carrying off 50,000 captives. In 1275, Duwa joined Kaidu in the war against the Yuan dynasty but were repelled. In 1297, Duwa invaded the Punjab and devastated the region, but was defeated. Several invasions of the Delhi Sultanate also occurred but none were able to make any headway. In September 1298, Duwa captured Temür Khan 's son-in-law, Korguz, and put him to death, but immediately after that suffered

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1116-853: The 2024 provincial elections . Mata ul-Mulk, one of the youngers son of Shuja ul-Mulk , served in the first Kashmir war . He is best known for defeating the Sikh forces in Skardu commanding the Chitral Bodyguard , during the Siege of Skardu . Burhanuddin , son of Shuja ul-Mulk, served as commander of the Indian National Army in Burma . He also served as a Senator after the World War II . Colonel Khushwaqt ul-Mulk, one of

1209-450: The Delhi Sultanate in 1303 and looted the Delhi region. In 1304 they invaded again but suffered a crushing defeat. Duwa died soon after and was succeeded by his son Könchek , who ruled only for a year and a half before he died. One of Buqa Temür 's brothers, Taliqu , seized power, but Duwa's family rebelled and killed him at a banquet. Duwa's younger son Kebek became khan. Kebek invaded

1302-628: The Golden Horde khan Mengu-Timur in attacking Baraq. With a Golden Horde army of 50,000 at his back, Kaidu forced Baraq to flee to Transoxania . In 1267, Baraq accepted peace with Kaidu, and relinquished the territory east of Transoxania. Kaidu then coerced Baraq into invading the Ilkhanate . Baraq attacked first, defeating Prince Buchin, the governor of Khorasan , and brother of Abaqa Khan . Abaqa rushed from Azerbaijan and defeated Baraq near Herat on 22 July 1270, forcing him to retreat. On

1395-596: The Hindu Kush between 1520 and 1550 as evidence. The first independent Muslim ruler in Chitral was likely Shah Babur, who came in a second Islamic wave from Badakshan . His son, Shah Rais, is said to have been ruling in Yasin around 1660, according to Shigar-Nama. The next known ruler of Chitral is described as Shah Mahmud, who is reported recorded in Chinese Manchu annals of 1764 to have conquered Chitral from

1488-603: The Hindu Kush region, visiting various parts of India and meeting a number of fellow rulers, as well making the Hajj to Arabia and meeting Ibn Saud I. He was invited to the Delhi Durbar in January 1903. Shuja ul-Mulk sent his sons abroad to acquire a modern education. The princes travelled to far-off places such as Aligarh and Dehradun accompanied by the sons of notables who were schooled at state expense. He supported

1581-657: The Murgab and reached as far as Herat , but was forced to retreat when the Yuan dynasty attacked him from the east. The Yuan army devastated the Issyk-Kul region. In 1315 the Chagatayid prince Yasa'ur defected to the Ilkhanate, only to rebel, taking Khorasan . Both Chagatai and Ilkhanate forces attacked Yasa'ur. He was killed as he fled. Esen Buqa I died in 1318, at which point Kebek returned to power. He made peace with

1674-550: The Oirat Mongols who replaced the Chagatai rulers in 1678. He ruled from 1713-20. Shah Mahmud can reasonably be identified as Shah Mahmud Rais, son of Shah Nasir, who was forced to flee to Badakhshan by Mohtaram Shah I, the first Kator ruler of Chitral, but eventually regained his throne with the help of a large army from Kashgar and Yarkand. In the decisive battle fought at Danin , Shah Khushwaqt, brother of Shah Mohtaram,

1767-710: The Qing dynasty in 1696 and governed by descendants of Chagatai Khan, was abolished during the Republic of China in 1930, ending the dynasty. The Chagatai Khanate was also known as the Dumdadu Mongγol Ulus (the Middle Mongolian Empire). For example, Giovanni de' Marignolli , who visited Yuan dynasty in the 1340s , referred to Almaliq (the capital of the Chagatai Khanate) as "Almalek of

1860-571: The Tarim Basin . Chagatai was not fully independent in his khanate however and still received orders from Karakorum . When he dismissed the governor of Transoxania, Mahmud Yalavach , Ögedei Khan reinstated Mahmud, whose dynasty continued to administer the region even after the death of Chagatai. In 1238 there was a Muslim uprising in Bukhara , but Mahmud's son Mas'ud crushed it the next year before Mongol troops were able to arrive, thereby saving

1953-645: The Timurids of Samarkand tried to recover Tashkent but were defeated by Mahmud. In 1487, Mahmud gave refuge to Muhammad Shaybani , who then seized Bukhara and Samarkand from the Timurids in 1500, making himself ruler of Transoxania . Muhammad immediately turned against Mahmud, who called his brother Ahmad Alaq for help, and defeated both the Moghul khans and took them prisoner. He released them soon after but kept Tashkent and Sairam . Ahmad died soon after. Mahmud

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2046-589: The Toluid Civil War . Ariq Böke attacked him and while Alghu experienced initial success in fending off Ariq Böke's army, was forced to flee to Samarkand in 1263. Ariq Böke devastated the Ili region in his absence. Alghu was able to recruit a new army with the aid of Orghana and Mas'ud Yalavach. He then went on to defeat an invasion by Kaidu and drive out Ariq Böke, who surrendered to Kublai in 1264. Alghu died in 1265 and Orghana placed her son, Mubarak Shah, on

2139-464: The Umra Khan fled to Jandul. The British had decided to support the interests of Shuja ul-Mulk , the youngest legitimate son of Aman ul-Mulk , and the only one untainted by the recent spate of murder and intrigue. After installing the young Mehtar, British and Kashmiri forces endured the famous defence against a seven-week siege by Sher Afzal and the Umra Khan of Jandul . Although Shuja ul-Mulk

2232-429: The 1340s. Transoxania was ruled by Qazan Khan ibn Yasaur . In 1346 a tribal chief, Amir Qazaghan , killed Qazan and set up Danishmendji as puppet khan. Danishmendji was killed a year later and replaced with Bayan Qulï . Qazaghan made Herat a tributary in 1351. He was assassinated in 1357 and was succeeded by his son Abdullah , who killed Bayan Qulï in 1358. This aroused the anger of local lords such as Hajji Beg ,

2325-593: The 1342 painting The Martyrdom of the Franciscans , by Ambrogio Lorenzetti . Giovanni de' Marignolli , a papal legate, arrived in the Ili valley the following year on his way to the Yuan dynasty . He built a church and baptized some people during his stay, and the presence of Christianity lasted until the end of the Mongol era. The khanate became increasingly unstable in the following years and split in two during

2418-526: The 1990s. He was twice elected as chairman of District Council Chitral , once as District Nazim , and four times as Member National Assembly of Pakistan (MNA). Shahzada Mohiuddin also served as chairman of the National Assembly Standing Committee on Kashmir Affairs and Northern Areas (KANA). The current head of the family, Fateh-ul-Mulk Ali Nasir , was elected to the provincial assembly of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa during

2511-631: The British during the Third Anglo-Afghan War in 1919, during which four of his sons and the Chitral State Bodyguard served in several actions guarding the border against invasion. Nasir ul-Mulk succeeded his father in 1936. He received a modern education, becoming a noted poet and scholar in his own right. He took a deep interest in military, political and diplomatic affairs, and spent much of his time on improving

2604-500: The Chagatai Khanate was called the "Middle Empire" because it was located exactly in the middle of Eurasia. Matsui Dai introduced the expression "[missing] -dadu mongγo[l] u(l)us" in a Uighur script document excavated from Turfan , and based on the example of "Middle Empire (Imperium Medium)," argued that this should be read as "Dumdadu Mongγol Ulus". Matsui proposed that "it seems probable that Dua or his descendants took

2697-705: The Chitral District was a fully independent monarchy until 1885, when the British negotiated a subsidiary alliance with its hereditary ruler, the Mehtar, under which Chitral became a princely state , still sovereign but subject to the suzerainty of the British Indian Empire . In 1895 the British agent in Gilgit , Sir George Scott Robertson was besieged in Chitral Fort for 48 days, and

2790-477: The Chitral fort. It was hoisted every morning, accompanied by a salute from the State Bodyguard Force , and taken down each evening after another salutation. The forts of Chitral were both fortified residence and the seat of power in the area. The Mehtars' fort in Chitral has a commanding position on the Chitral river. It remains the seat of the current ceremonial Mehtar. To the west of

2883-638: The Delhi Sutunate again in 1305, looting the Multan region, but suffered a defeat on the way back. Chapar took advantage of the political turmoil to attack Kebek but was defeated and fled to the Yuan dynasty. Another kuriltai was held in the Chagatai Khanate, which elected another of Duwa's sons, Esen Buqa I , who took the throne ceded by Kebek. In 1315, Esen Buqa invaded the Ilkhanate in support of Duwa's grandson, Dawud Khoja, who had set himself up in eastern Afghanistan . He defeated an Ilkhanate army on

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2976-458: The Ili region. Yunus tried to conquer Kashgar but was repelled by Sayyid Ali and Esen Buqa II. Esen Buqa II died in 1462. His son Dost Muhammad was an inexperienced 17 year old. He plundered the territory of the Dughlats. By the time he died in 1469, his realm was in general revolt. Yunus took advantage of the situation to capture the Moghul capital Aksu . Dost Muhammad's young son Kebek Sultan

3069-403: The Ilkhanate and the Yuan dynasty and reigned until 1325. Kebek was succeeded by his three brothers in succession. Eljigidey and Duwa Temür each reigned for only a few months. Tarmashirin (1326–1334) converted to Islam and raided the Delhi Sultanate , reaching as far as Delhi . Tarmashirin was brought down by an anti-Muslim rebellion of the eastern tribes. A son of Duwa , Changshi ,

3162-500: The Kator dynasty with the date of their accession 35°50′16″N 71°47′02″E  /  35.83778°N 71.78389°E  / 35.83778; 71.78389 Chagatai Khanate The Chagatai Khanate , also known as the Chagatai Ulus , was a Mongol and later Turkicized khanate that comprised the lands ruled by Chagatai Khan , second son of Genghis Khan , and his descendants and successors. At its height in

3255-642: The Kyrgyz-Kazakhs from seizing the Ili region. Abdurashid was succeeded in 1565 by his son Abdul Karim Khan , who shifted the capital to Yarkand. Abdul was succeeded in 1590 by his brother Muhammad Sultan , who repelled an invasion by the Khanate of Bukhara under Abdullah Khan II . Muhammad died in 1610 and was succeeded by his son Shudja ad Din Ahmad Khan , who was assassinated in 1619, and replaced by Abd al-Latif (Afak) Khan. Abd al-Latif (Afak) Khan

3348-606: The Mehtar's influence, he, like so many other princes in neighbouring India, was invited to represent his country abroad. He served in various diplomatic posts in Pakistan's Foreign Office and prematurely retired from the service as Consul-General in Hong Kong in 1989. He died in 2011, and was succeeded (albeit largely symbolically) by his son Fateh ul-Mulk Ali Nasir . At the time of the Partition of India on 15 August 1947,

3441-702: The Middle Empire (Imperium Medium)". In addition, the Catalan Atlas of 1375 refers to the area corresponding to Chagatai Khanate as "Imperium Medorum", a possible alternate name of "Imperium Medium". In addition to the Latin sources mentioned above, Ibn Battuta records in Arabic that "His country [is in] the middle between the four of the powerful kings on the earth, i.e., King of China, King of India, King of Iraq and King Özbeg". This description suggests that

3534-630: The Moghul khan. In 1389 Timur attacked Khizr Khoja instead and forced him to flee into the Gobi Desert . In 1390 Timur invaded Moghulistan and once again failed to find Qamar, but Qamar, having fled, was never heard of again. Khizr Khoja returned to Moghulistan and assumed power once more. He gave his daughter in marriage to Timur and made peace with him in 1397. Khizr Khoja died in 1399 and was succeeded by his three sons in succession: Shams-i-Jahan (1399–1408), Muhammad Khan (1408–1415), and Naqsh-i-Jahan (1415–1418). Upon Khizr Khoja's death, Timur took

3627-575: The Oirats. Shah died in 1560 and Muhammad succeeded him. Muhammad had to fight against a third brother, Sufi Sultan, who tried to enlist the Ming in support of his claim to the throne. After Muhammad's death in 1570, the Turpan Khanate fades from historical texts. The last thing heard of them are embassies sent from Turpan to Beijing in 1647 and 1657. The Qing dynasty regarded them as embassies from

3720-500: The Rais. Despite this, the chronology of events in the NTCH remains unreliable, and there is an effort to stretch the Kator rule back to the early 17th century, even though the first confirmed Kator ruler, Mohtaram Shah I, likely ruled in the early 18th century. Dynastic wars also continued to occur between close relatives of the Kator family to gain the throne. Aman ul-Mulk , Shah Afzal's younger son, succeeded his brother in 1857. After

3813-429: The administration. Dying without a surviving male heir in 1943, his successor was his immediate younger brother, Muzaffar ul-Mulk . Also a man with a military disposition, his reign witnessed the tumultuous events surrounding the Partition of 1947 . His prompt action in sending in his own Bodyguards to Gilgit was instrumental in securing the territory for Pakistan. The unexpected early death of Muzaffar ul-Mulk saw

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3906-461: The advent of Islam in Chitral around the 7th century, and sought to legitimize the Kator rule by anticipating its beginning. According to the account, the history of Chitral is divided into three main periods: the Kafir period, the Rais period, and the Kator period. It describes the arrival of Islam in Chitral in the 7th century by an Arab army that defeated a local king named Bahman Kohistani. After

3999-476: The age of four. In his name, a Council of Regency reigned for the next twelve years, during which Pakistani authority gradually increased over the state. Although installed as a constitutional ruler when he came of age in 1966, Saif ul-Mulk did not enjoy his new status very long. Chitral was absorbed and fully integrated into the Islamic Republic of Pakistan by Yahya Khan in 1969. In order to reduce

4092-477: The arguments, watched the process of debate, and by their attitude in the main decided the issue. Such 'durbars' were held on most days of the week in Chitral, very often twice in the day, in the morning and again at night. Justice compels me to add that the speeches in the Mahraka were less long and the general demeanour more decorous than in some western assemblies. For forty years his was the chief personality on

4185-685: The border between Afghanistan and the British Indian Empire . Nizam ul-Mulk's possessions in Kafiristan and the Kunar Valley were recognised as Afghan territory and ceded to the Amir. Within a year, Nizam was himself murdered by yet another ambitious younger brother, Amir ul-Mulk . The approach of the Chitral Expedition , a strong military force composed of British and Kashmiri troops prompted Amir to eventually surrender, his patron,

4278-415: The brand-new official state name Dumdadu Mongol Ulus in order to affirm that their polity was renewed, as did the emperor Qubilai, who in 1271 adopted the official state name Dai Ön Yeke Mongol Ulus. When Genghis Khan died in 1227, his son Chagatai Khan inherited the regions roughly corresponding to the defunct Qara Khitai Empire: Issyk-Kul , Ili River , Chu River , Talas River , Transoxania , and

4371-431: The campaign, Said fell ill from altitude sickness and died in July 1533 on the homeward journey. He was succeeded by his son Abdurashid Khan . Abdurashid came into conflict with the Dughlats and persecuted one of their leaders, Sayyid Muhammad-mirza. Abdurashid spent his reign fighting the Kyrgyz people and the Kazakhs , who made incursions on the Ili region and Issyk Kul . He was ultimately unsuccessful in preventing

4464-437: The east, the powerful Dughlats enthroned a son of Esen Buqa I , Tughlugh Timur as khan of Moghulistan in 1347. In 1350, Tughlugh converted to Islam . Hajji split Transoxania with Bayan Selduz but they were unable to stabilize the realm and it fell into disarray. In 1360, Tughlugh invaded Transoxania and conquered it. Hajji Beg fled in the face of overwhelming power. The future conqueror Timur entered Tughlugh's service and

4557-431: The emperor's orders. From 1363, the Chagatais progressively lost Transoxiana to the Timurids . The reduced realm came to be known as Moghulistan , which lasted until the late 15th century, when it broke off into the Yarkent Khanate and Turpan Khanate . In 1680, the remaining Chagatai domains lost their independence to the Dzungar Khanate . Finally, the Kumul Khanate , an autonomous division of China established during

4650-408: The final separation of Moghulistan into two realms, with Said situated in Kashgar, and Mansur in Turpan, otherwise known as Uyghuristan . In 1513, Kara Del submitted to Mansur and in 1517 Mansur moved to Hami permanently, where he launched raids against the Ming dynasty. Mansur was succeeded in 1545 by his son Shah Khan . Shah fought with his brother Muhammad, who seized part of Hami and allied with

4743-442: The following words. His bearing was royal, his courtesy simple and perfect, he had naturally the courtly Spanish grace of a great heredity noble Chitral, in fact, had its parliament and democratic constitution. For just as the British House of Commons is an assembly, so in Chitral, the Mehtar, seated on a platform and hedged about with a certain dignity, dispensed justice or law in sight of some hundreds of his subjects, who heard

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4836-481: The fort is the Shahi Masjid , built by Shuja ul-Mulk in 1922. Its pinkish walls and white domes make it one of north Pakistan's most distinctive mosques . The tomb of Mehtar Shuja ul-Mulk is located in a corner of the mosque. The summer residence of the ex-ruler of Chitral is on the hill top above the town at Birmoghlasht. The descendants of the Katur dynasty are still widely respected and honoured in Chitral today. The last ruling Mehtar Muhammad Saif-ul-Mulk Nasir

4929-455: The frontier. After a relatively long reign, he died peacefully in 1892. Without any law of succession, a long war of succession ensued between Aman ul-Mulk's sons after his death. Aman's younger son, Afzal ul-Mulk , proclaimed himself ruler during the absence of his elder brother. He then proceeded to eliminate several of his brothers, potential contenders to his throne. This initiated a war of succession, which lasted three years. Afzal ul-Mulk

5022-429: The history of Chitral and are considered the main source on the subject. The Nai Tarikh-i-Chitral , written by Ghulam Murtaza, son of the historian at the court of Aman-ul-Mulk , the ruler of Chitral during the British period , has come to be seen as the official historiography of Chitral, and is largely accepted by international scholarship. However, it has been criticized on weak chronologigal ground, as it traces back

5115-423: The khanate, splitting it between two factions: the Aq Taghliq (White Mountain) in Kashgar and the Qara Taghliq (Black Mountain) in Yarkand. Yulbars patronized the Aq Taghliqs and suppressed the Qara Taghliqs, which caused much resentment, and resulted in his assassination in 1670. He was succeeded by his son who ruled for only a brief period before Ismail Khan was enthroned. Ismail reversed the power struggle between

5208-424: The late 13th century the khanate extended from the Amu Darya south of the Aral Sea to the Altai Mountains in the border of modern-day Mongolia and China , roughly corresponding to the area once ruled by the Qara Khitai (Western Liao dynasty). Initially, the rulers of the Chagatai Khanate recognized the supremacy of the Great Khan , but by the reign of Kublai Khan , Ghiyas-ud-din Baraq no longer obeyed

5301-573: The late 16th century onward, the Yarkent Khanate fell under the influence of the Khojas . The Khojas were Muslims who claimed descent from Muhammad or from the first four Arab caliphs . By the reign of Said in the early 16th century, the Khojas already had a strong influence in court and over the khan. In 1533, an especially influential Khoja named Makhdum-i Azam arrived in Kashgar, where he settled and had two sons. These two sons hated each other and they passed down their mutual hatred down to their children. The two lineages came to dominate large parts of

5394-409: The mid-18th century, as documented in the Manchu annals. Holzwarth also suggests that the first seven rulers of the Rais period may be a recent invention, as there is no mention of them in any known source or oral tradition. The last three rulers are likely historical, and conflicts between the Kator and Khushwaqte branches of the same dynasty are described in more detail in the NTCH after the defeat of

5487-422: The nomadic way of life. His nomadic followers became alarmed by this action and departed for the steppes, taking with them Yunus' second son Ahmad Alaq . When Yunus died in 1486, his realm was divided between the Yarkent Khanate , ruled by Mahmud Khan in the west, and the Turpan Khanate , ruled by Ahmad Alaq in the northeast. In the west, Mahmud Khan ruled from Tashkent over the Yarkent Khanate . In 1488,

5580-546: The opportunity to send another army to pillage Moghul lands. Uwais Khan came to power in 1418. During his reign he waged war on the Oirats and was taken prisoner by their leader Esen Taishi . Due to Uwais' royal lineage, Esen Taishi treated him with respect and released him. Uwais suffered two more defeats against the Oirats and was captured a second time. He was let go after sending his sister as hostage to Esen Taishi's family. Uwais died in 1429. Two factions supporting his two sons Yunus Khan and Esen Buqa II quarreled over

5673-408: The populace from Mongol vengeance. Chagatai Khan died in 1242 and was succeeded by his grandson Qara Hülegü . He was too young to rule independently so the widowed khatun Ebuskun ruled as regent in his place. In 1246, Güyük Khan replaced him with one of his uncles, Yesü Möngke . Yesü Möngke came to power because he was a personal friend of Güyük Khan. He was a drunkard who left the affairs of

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5766-439: The resistance against them in the battle for Kashgar. The general Iwaz Beg died in the defense of Yarkand. The Dzungars defeated the Moghul forces without much difficulty and took Ismail and his family prisoner. Galdan installed Abd ar-Rashid Khan II , son of Babak, as puppet khan. The new khan forced Afaq Khoja to flee again, but Abd ar-Rashid's reign was also ended unceremoniously two years later when riots erupted in Yarkand. He

5859-400: The rule of Chagatai khans forever. Ahmad Alaq 's reduced nomadic realm (known as the Turpan Khanate ) came into frequent conflict with the Oirats , Kyrgyz people , and Kazakhs . According to the Tarikh-i Rashidi , the Oirats called him Alasha , "the Killer". In 1482, Hami was restored to Kara Del under Qanšin, but in 1488, Ahmad killed Qanšin and retook the city. The next year Ahmad

5952-450: The ruling prince was a mark of prestige among the Mehtar's subjects. Tribes in Upper Swat , Dir , Kohistan and Kafiristan (present day Nuristan ), paid tribute to the Mehtar of Chitral. The Mehtar was the source of all power in the land, the final authority on civil, military and judicial matters. To function effectively, he built an elaborate administrative machinery. From Chitral, the Mehtar maintained control over distant parts of

6045-433: The state by appointing trusted officials. From the Chitral fort, which housed the extended royal family, the Mehtar presided over an elaborate administrative hierarchy. The state flag of Chitral was triangular in shape and pale green in colour. The wider side of the pennant depicted a mountain, most likely the Terich Mir peak. In the later Katoor period, this flag served as a symbol of the Mehtar's presence and flew above

6138-492: The state to his wife and minister Beha ad-Din Marghinani. In 1252 he was deposed by Möngke Khan , who installed Qara Hülegü again. Qara Hülegü died on his way home and was succeeded by his son Mubarak Shah . Mubarak Shah was too young to rule and state affairs were managed by his mother Orghana . In 1260, Ariq Böke replaced Mubarak Shah with Alghu , a grandson of Chagatai Khan . Alghu rebelled against Ariq Böke upon securing power and defected to Kublai Khan 's side in

6231-485: The succession pass to his relatively inexperienced eldest son, Saif-ur-Rahman, in 1948. Due to certain tensions he was exiled from Chitral by the Government of Pakistan for six years. They appointed a board of administration composed of officials from Chitral and the rest of Pakistan to govern the state in his absence. He died in a plane crash on the Lowari while returning to resume charge of Chitral in 1954. Saif ul-Mulk Nasir (1950–2011) nominally succeeded his father at

6324-412: The then-Mehtar of Chitral, Muzaffar ul-Mulk (1901–1949), stated his intention to accede to Pakistan. However, he did not execute an Instrument of Accession until 6 November 1947. This was contentedly accepted by the Government of Pakistan without delay. In 1954 a Supplementary Instrument of Accession was signed and the Chitral Interim Constitution Act was passed whereby the State of Chitral become

6417-446: The throne for himself. Ilyas Khoja's brother Khizr Khoja fled to Turpan where he set up his own independent realm and converted the last Uyghurs there to Islam . In 1375, Timur invaded Moghulistan , looting the Ili region . Qamar retaliated by raiding Fergana until Timur put him to flight. Timur fell into an ambush and barely escaped, retreating to Samarkand . Timur attacked again in 1376 and 1383 but both times failed to capture

6510-536: The throne once again. Mubarak Shah was the first Chagatai khan to be converted to Islam. His rule was cut short by his cousin Ghiyas-ud-din Baraq , who deposed him with the support of Kublai Khan. Ghiyas-ud-din Baraq came into conflict with Kublai Khan on the administration of the Tarim Basin . Baraq drove out an agent sent by Kublai to govern the region and when Kublai sent a detachment of 6,000 horsemen, Baraq met them with 30,000 men, forcing them to retreat. Baraq also came into conflict with Kaidu , who enlisted

6603-435: The throne with Esen Buqa II emerging as the victor. Yunus fled to Samarkand. Under Esen Buqa II, the powerful Dughlat Sayyid Ali, who had helped him to the throne, became very influential and held both Kucha and Kashgar . In 1451, Esen Buqa II raided the northern border of the Timurid Empire . The Timurid ruler Abu Sa'id Mirza schemed to split the Moghuls in two, so he summoned Yunus in 1456 and supported his authority in

6696-725: The two Muslim factions and drove out the Aq Taghliq leader, Afaq Khoja . Afaq fled to Tibet , where the 5th Dalai Lama aided him in enlisting the help of Galdan Boshugtu Khan , ruler of the Dzungar Khanate . In 1680, Galdan led 120,000 Dzungars into the Yarkent Khanate. They were aided by the Aq Taghliqs and Hami and Turpan , which had already submitted to the Dzungars. Ismail's son Babak Sultan died in

6789-559: The uncle of Tamerlane . Hajji drove out Abdullah to the Hindu Kush , where he died. From then on the Chagatayid khans of Transoxania served as nothing more but figureheads until it was annexed by the Timurid Empire . The Timurids likewise continued to portray descendants of Chaghatai khans as khans (i.e. rulers) but in reality they were confined in their castles with no authority. They were political prisoners in Samarkand . In

6882-553: The way back he fell from his horse and was crippled so he spent the winter in Bukhara where he died not long after. He converted to Islam before his death. Baraq's four sons and two sons of Alghu rebelled against Kaidu in the wake of Baraq's death, but they were continually defeated. Kaidu enthroned Negübei as the khan in Transoxania. When Negübei rebelled, he was killed and replaced with another khan, Buqa Temür in 1274. It

6975-767: The younger sons of Shuja ul-Mulk , served as the Commandant of East Pakistan (now Bangladesh ) Rifles . He was educated at the Prince of Wales Royal Indian Military College (now the Rashtriya Indian Military College ) at Dehradun, India . Following his father's death in 1936 he became the governor of Upper Chitral. He was a philanthropist and helped the Brooke Hospital for Animals , the British-based equine charity, to set up

7068-511: Was Mastuj . The official language of the state was Persian, used in official correspondence and literature. However, Chitrali was the de facto language. The ruler's title was Mitar which is pronounced as Mehtar by outsiders. Aman ul-Mulk adopted the Persian style Shahzada for his sons, and the style prevailed from then on. The word Khonza (meaning princess in the Khowar language )

7161-607: Was a princely state in alliance with British India until 1947, then a princely state of Pakistan until 1972. The area of the state now forms the Upper and Lower Chitral Districts of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , Pakistan . During the reign of Mehtar Aman ul-Mulk , the dynasty's sway extended from Asmar in the Kunar Valley of Afghanistan to Punial in the Gilgit Valley . The entire region that now forms

7254-616: Was appointed ruler of Shahr-i Sebz . After Tughlugh left Transoxania, Hajji Beg returned in force, only to be driven away again by Tughlugh. Hajji Beg was killed near Sebzewar . Tughlugh expanded his territory into Afghanistan by defeating Amir Husayn. Thus the Chagatai Khanate was restored under Tughlugh. Following Tughlugh's death in 1363, Timur and Amir Husayn took over Transoxiana. Timur and Amir Husayn forced Tughlugh's successor Ilyas Khoja out of Transoxania, and then Timur eliminated Amir Husayn as well, gaining mastery over Transoxiana (1369–1405). Like his predecessors, Timur maintained

7347-761: Was captured again in 1508 and put to death, marking the last time the Chagatayids were ejected from Transoxania. In 1514, Mansur Khan 's brother Sultan Said Khan captured Kashgar, Yarkand , and Khotan from Mirza Abu Bakr Dughlat , who had ruled in Mahmud's absence, and forced him to flee to Ladakh . This marked the final separation of Moghulistan into two realms, with Said situated in Kashgar, and Mansur in Turpan, otherwise known as Uyghuristan . In 1529, Said attacked Badakhshan , and in 1531, he invaded Ladakh. During

7440-466: Was captured but released soon after. He died of paralysis in Aksu a year later. His brother Mansur Khan succeeded him. His reign began with difficulties with the powerful Dughlat of Kashgar, Mirza Abu Bakr Dughlat , plundering the cities of Kucha and Aksu. In 1514, Mansur's brother Sultan Said Khan captured Kashgar, Yarkand , and Khotan from Abu Bakr and forced him to flee to Ladakh . This marked

7533-554: Was cut short in 1695 when both he and his father were killed while suppressing local rebellions. In 1696, Akbash Khan was placed on the throne, but the begs of Kashgar refused to recognize him, and instead allied with the Kyrgyz to attack Yarkand, taking Akbash prisoner. The begs of Yarkand went to the Dzungars, who sent troops and ousted the Kyrgyz in 1705. The Dzungars installed a non-Chagatayid ruler Mirza Alim Shah Beg, thereby ending

7626-641: Was defeated both times in 1479 and 1480, after which Abu Bakr also seized Kashgar. In the west, Yunus captured Hami from Kara Del , which was then a tributary of the Ming dynasty . A Ming army evicted the Moghuls from the city but failed to catch them, and they soon returned to Hami afterwards. Yunus also took advantage of political infighting in the west to vassalize Umar Shaikh Mirza II 's realm in Fergana . Yunus moved to Tashkent in 1484 and settled down, giving up

7719-630: Was driven out of Hami. In 1493, Ahmad captured Kara Del's ruler Šamba and held him prisoner. Šamba received support from the Ming dynasty , which closed its borders to Turpan and expelled its traders from their markets, which eventually forced Ahmad to give up his ambitions in Hami due to unrest in his realm. In 1499 Ahmad retook Kashgar and Yengisar from Mirza Abu Bakr Dughlat . Around 1500, Muhammad Shaybani attacked Ahmad's brother Mahmud Khan , who appealed to Ahmad for help. Muhammad defeated both Ahmad and Mahmud, seizing Tashkent and Sairam . Ahmad

7812-465: Was educated at Aitchison College . He had received Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal (1953) and Pakistan Republic Medal (1956). The family continues to be one of the strongest political forces in the district, although it has not consistently aligned itself with any particular party in the district. Shahzada Mohiuddin , grandson of Shuja ul-Mulk, served as the Minister of State for Tourism in

7905-705: Was enthroned in 1335. One of his sons was baptized. Pope Benedict XII appointed the Franciscan bishop Richard of Burgundy to Almalik in 1339. But during the reign of 'Ali-Sultan , Islam fully absorbed the Chagatai Mongols and 'Ali persecuted non-Muslim religions. He is the one who ordered the extermination of the Franciscan congregation at Almaliq, and the killing of six Franciscan monks in 1339 (including bishop Richard of Burgundy, Pascal of Spain, Raymond of Provence and three others), as depicted in

7998-452: Was finally relieved by two British Forces , one marching from Gilgit and the other from Nowshera . After 1895, the British hold became stronger, but the internal administration remained in the hand of the Mehtar. In 1947 India was partitioned and Chitral opted to accede to Pakistan . After accession, it finally became an administrative district of Pakistan in 1972. Since the early 19th century, local chroniclers have been documenting

8091-567: Was killed by his uncle, Sher Afzal , the stormy petrel of Chitral and a long-time thorn in his father's side. He held Chitral for under a month, then fled into Afghan territory upon Nizam ul-Mulks return. Nizam, Afzal ul-Mulk's eldest brother and the rightful heir, then succeeded in December of the same year. At about that time, Chitral came under the British sphere of influence following the Durand Line Agreement , which delineated

8184-619: Was killed, and the other Kator princes fled from Chitral. The battle of Danin is likely the same event reported in the Manchu annals and the Oirat Mongol invasion of Chitral mentioned by Biddulph . Shah Mahmud's counterattack, dated 1630 by the Nai Tarikh-i-Chitral , should be set around the 18th century instead. The investigation by Wolfgang Holzwarth indicates that Kator rule may not have been established in Chitral until

8277-497: Was now firmly established as ruler, the Dogras annexed Yasin, Kush, Ghizr and Ishkoman . Dogra suzerainty over Chitral ended in 1911, and Chitral became a Salute state in direct relations with the British. Mastuj , also removed from the Mehtar's jurisdiction in 1895, was restored to him within two years. Shuja reigned for forty-one years, during which Chitral enjoyed an unprecedented period of internal peace. He journeyed outside of

8370-589: Was replaced by his brother Muhammad Imin Khan. Muhammad sought help from the Qing dynasty , Khanate of Bukhara , and the Mughal Empire in combating the Dzungars. In 1693, Muhammad conducted a successful attack on the Dzungar Khanate, taking 30,000 captives. Unfortunately Afaq Khoja appeared again and overthrew Muhammad in a revolt led by his followers. Afaq's son Yahiya Khoja was enthroned but his reign

8463-619: Was reserved for female members of the Mehtar’s family. The Mehtar was an influential player in the power politics of the region as he acted as an intermediary between the rulers of Badakhshan , the Yousafzai pashtuns , the Maharaja of Kashmir and later the Amir of Afghanistan . The Mehtar was the center of all political, economic and social activity in the state. Intimacy with or loyalty to

8556-539: Was succeeded by his nephew Sultan Ahmad Khan (Pulat Khan) in 1631. Pulat was overthrown by Abdallah (Moghul Khan) in 1636. Abdallah stabilized the court and exiled a number of old nobles to India . He repelled Oirat inroads in the Khotan and Aksu regions, and entered a tributary relationship with the Qing dynasty in 1655. Friendly relations were also established with Bukhara and the Mughal Empire . In 1667, Abdallah's son Yulbars Khan removed his father from power. From

8649-569: Was taken to Turpan , where he was proclaimed khan. Four years later, he was put to death by his followers and brought to Yunus. Yunus thus became the sole ruler of Moghulistan in 1472. Yunus' reign began with a raid by the Oirats under Esen Taishi's son Amasanj, who forced Yunus to flee to the Syr Darya. Yunus returned after the Oirats left with their pillage. In 1465, Yunus faced a rebellion by Mirza Abu Bakr Dughlat , who seized Yarkand and Khotan . Yunus attempted twice to remove to Abu Bakr but

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