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120-531: In 1247, Berthold, Patriarch of Aquileia , transferred fiefdom of Ribnica and its Lower Carniolan environs to the Counts of Ortenburg , a Carinthian noble family. This area included the primeval forest area that would eventually become known as the Gottschee. In 1336, Patriarch Bertrand of Saint-Geniès reaffirmed and expanded the rights and responsibilities of Otto V of Ortenburg and his successors as rulers of

240-588: A vocational school until they have full job qualifications. It is also possible to get an erweiterter Realschulabschluss after 10th grade that allows the students to continue their education at the Oberstufe of a gymnasium and get an Abitur . There are two types of vocational school in Germany: the Berufsschule , a part-time vocational school and a part of Germany's dual education system , and

360-650: A 600-year celebration of Gottschee was held. In 1939, the ban on the German Cultural Organization ( Kulturbund ) were lifted, in return for alleged better treatment for Carinthian Slovenes by the Third Reich. National Socialist activist Wilhelm Lampeter was easily able to found a paramilitary organization, the Mannschaft , from the reconstituted Cultural Organization, and serious agitation for "repatriation" to Germany began. Following

480-790: A British or American comprehensive school . However, it offers the same school-leaving certificates as the other three types—the Hauptschulabschluss (school-leaving certificate of a Hauptschule after 9th grade or in Berlin and North Rhine-Westphalia after 10th grade), the Realschulabschluss (also called Mittlere Reife , school-leaving certificate of a Realschule after 10th Grade) and Abitur (also called Hochschulreife , school-leaving certificate after 12th Grade). Students who graduate from Hauptschule or Realschule may continue their schooling at

600-463: A C-level lasting tree years). In Sweden , there are two different kinds of branches of studies: the first branch focuses on giving a vocational education while the second branch focuses on giving preparation for higher education. While students from both branches can go on to study at a university, students of the vocational branch graduate with a degree within their attended program. There are 18 national programs, 12 vocational and 6 preparatory. In

720-464: A Guelph coalition against Emperor Frederick II. The Austrian Rhymed Chronicle (" Chronicon rhythmicum Austriacum ") is the earliest known work, which preserved the alleged story of that Berthold raped the wife of a powerful lord Bánk Bár-Kalán, which was the immediate cause of the assassination of his sister, Queen Gertrude, who acted as a procuress in the adultery, in September 1213. The chronicle

840-512: A Hungarian noblewoman to commit adultery with him. Berthold donated two codices to the cathedral chapter of Cividale, the Egbert Psalter ( Psalterium Egberti ) and the St. Elizabeth 's Psalm (she was the daughter of Gertrude and niece of Berthold). Gymnasium (school) Gymnasium (and variations of the word; pl.  gymnasia ) is a term in various European languages for

960-444: A Swiss university. The gymnasia are operated by the cantons of Switzerland , and accordingly in many cantons they are called Kantonsschule (cantonal school). In Bosnia and Herzegovina , Croatia , Montenegro , North Macedonia , Serbia , and Slovenia , a gymnasium education takes four years following a compulsory eight or nine-year elementary education and ending with a final aptitude test called Matura . In these countries,

1080-473: A certain type of gymnasia called Classical Gymnasia ( klasična gimnazija ). In all of the countries, the gymnasium ( gimnazija / gjimnazi ) is generally viewed as a destination for best-performing students and as the type of school that serves primarily to prepare students for university studies, while other students go to technical/vocational schools. Therefore, gymnasia often base their admittance criteria on an entrance exam, elementary school grades, or

1200-603: A combination of the two. Depending on country, the final degree (if any) is called Abitur , Artium , Diploma , Matura , Maturita or Student and it usually opens the way to professional schools directly. However, these degrees are occasionally not fully accredited internationally, so students wanting to attend a foreign university often have to submit to further exams to be permitted access to them. In countries like Austria, most university faculties accept only students from secondary schools that last four years (rather than three). This includes all Gymnasium students but only

1320-517: A committee of bishops belonging to the two archdioceses, which was presented to the pope by bishops Robert of Veszprém and Peter of Győr in 1211. The proposal contained that the right of coronation should belong to the role of archbishop Esztergom, except in case of deliberate rejection, obstacle, deteriorated health condition or sede vacante , when the process must be performed by the archbishop of Kalocsa. The so-called "second coronations" (during festive events) must be celebrated jointly. In addition,

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1440-547: A common foundation course can choose between different fields of study that meet the individual student's abilities and interests. The course is offered in Aasiaat , Nuuk , Sisimiut and Qaqortoq , with one in Ilulissat to be opened in 2015, latest in 2016 if approved by Inatsisartut . In Finland, the admissions to gymnasia are competitive, the accepted people comprising 51% of the age group. The gymnasia concludes with

1560-533: A donation letter of Stephen I, Bishop of Zagreb in 1215. Along with Archbishop John and several Hungarian suffragans, Berthold participated in the Fourth Council of the Lateran in 1215. Returning Hungary, Berthold ordered a compulsory reading of the hagiography of Saint Stephen I of Hungary (written by Hartvik ) in the churches of his archdiocese and his suffragans' sees with the pope's permission in

1680-549: A group of lords led by Peter, son of Töre dared a raid into a queen's hunting camp in the Pilis Mountains and murdered Gertrude and several of her courtiers, while Berthold – who was physically abused by the rebels – narrowly escaped his life with Leopold VI of Austria , according to the interpretation of historian Gyula Pauler. Only the Galician–Volhynian Chronicle confirms Berthold's presence during

1800-469: A military campaign to Galicia–Volhynia , he appointed his wife Queen Gertrude and Berthold as regents in early September 1213 during his absence. Andrew's generosity towards his wife's German relatives and courtiers discontented the local lords. Berthold's undue preference at the instigation of his sister disgusted the Hungarian magnates . On 28 September 1213, while the king marched into Galicia–Volhynia,

1920-508: A part of the curricula of all German schools, yet not compulsory; a student or their parents or guardians can conscientiously object to taking them, in which case the student (along with those whose religion is not being taught in the school) is taught ethics or philosophy. In-state schools, a student who is not baptized into either the Catholic or Protestant faiths is allowed to choose which of these classes to take. The only exception to this

2040-419: A part of vocational high schools, in effect making Gymnasium the preferred choice for all pupils aiming for university diplomas. In Germany, other types of secondary school are called Realschule , Hauptschule and Gesamtschule . These are attended by about two thirds of the students and the first two are practically unknown in other parts of the world. A Gesamtschule largely corresponds to

2160-421: A prelate – he studied among ordinary students exposing his incomplete knowledge and demonstrating his unworthiness for the archbishopric. According to the pope, the archiepiscopal see was in a more severe status than if it had been a sede vacante . Pope Innocent instructed Berthold to return to Kalocsa, where he can discreetly begin his theological studies, otherwise he threatened to deprive him of his office. In

2280-531: A secondary school that prepares students for higher education at a university . It is comparable to the US English term preparatory high school or the British term grammar school . Before the 20th century, the gymnasium system was a widespread feature of educational systems throughout many European countries. The word γυμνάσιον ( gumnásion ), from Greek γυμνός ( gumnós ) 'naked' or 'nude',

2400-608: A specific focus. (This also differs from country to country.) The four traditional branches are: Curricula differ from school to school but generally include literature, mathematics, informatics , physics, chemistry, biology, geography, art (as well as crafts and design), music, history, philosophy, civics /citizenship, social sciences, and several foreign languages. Schools concentrate not only on academic subjects, but also on producing well-rounded individuals, so physical education and religion or ethics are compulsory, even in non-denominational schools which are prevalent. For example,

2520-646: A suffragan of the Archdiocese of Kalocsa. Berthold considered the settlement of the knights along the Southern Carpathians would have been a defense factor for his ecclesiastical province, which contributes to the political strengthening of Kalocsa in the conflict of jurisdiction against Esztergom. Berthold also sought to establish a separate Roman Catholic diocese for the Transylvanian Saxons and to launch missions in order to convert

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2640-589: A suffragan. Consequently, Pope Innocent refused his election in April 1207, citing the violation of the canon of the Third Council of the Lateran . Upon the request of the king and the cathedral chapter ( postulatio ), however, the pope confirmed Berthold as Archbishop of Kalocsa in December 1207. The pope entrusted his papal legate Cardinal Gregorius de Crescentio to deal with the issue. Nevertheless, Berthold

2760-488: A very technical and highly demanding course, being available as final exams. Usually, schools will have all classes mandatory in switching combinations for the first three or so years (with the exception of Technasium which is a free choice from the second year onward), after which students will choose their subjects in the directions of Economics and Society, Culture and Society, Nature and Health, Nature and Technology or Technology. The equivalent without classical languages

2880-642: Is a single kind of gymnasium, Den Gymnasiale Uddannelse (Ilinniarnertuunngorniarneq), that replaced the earlier Greenlandic Secondary Education Programme (GU), the Greenland Higher Commercial Examination Programme ( HHX ) and the Greenland education to Higher Technical Examination Programme ( HTX ), which were based on the Danish system. This program allows a more flexible Greenland gymnasium, where students based on

3000-510: Is also EUX, which takes four to five years and ends with both the HTX (or HHX for EUX-business) exam and status as a journeyman of a craft. Compared to the somewhat equivalent A-levels in the UK, Danish gymnasia have more mandatory subjects. The subjects are divided into levels, where A-levels usually run through all three years, B-levels usually two years and C-levels one year (apart from PE which exists as

3120-620: Is called Atheneum , and gives access to the same university studies (although some extra classes are needed when starting a degree in classical languages or theology). All are government-funded. See Voorbereidend wetenschappelijk onderwijs (in English) for the full article on Dutch "preparatory scientific education". In Denmark , Estonia , the Faroe Islands , Finland , Greenland , Iceland , Latvia , Norway and Sweden , gymnasium consists of three years, usually starting at

3240-495: Is generally viewed as a destination for the best-performing students and as the type of school that serves primarily to prepare students for university. In the Czech Republic and Slovakia , gymnázium (also spelled gymnasium ) is a type of school that provides secondary education. Secondary schools, including gymnázium , lead to the maturita exam. There are different types of gymnázium distinguished by

3360-593: Is in most cases free (and in other cases at low cost). It consists of six years, after eight years (including kindergarten ) of primary school, in which pupils study the same subjects as their German counterparts, with the addition of compulsory Ancient Greek , Latin and Klassieke Culturele Vorming (Classical Cultural Education), history of the Ancient Greek and Roman culture and literature. Schools have some freedom in choosing their specific curriculum, with for example Spanish, Philosophy and Technasium ,

3480-542: Is in the state of Berlin , where the subject ethics is mandatory for all students and (Christian) religious studies can only be chosen additionally. A similar situation is found in Brandenburg where the subject life skills, ethics, and religious education ( Lebensgestaltung, Ethik, Religionskunde, LER ) is the primary subject but parents/guardians or students older than 13 can choose to replace it with (Christian) religious studies or take both. The intention behind LER

3600-573: Is only two years, instead of the three required for STX, HHX, and HTX. All different types of gymnasia (except for HF) theoretically gives the same eligibility for university. However, because of the different subjects offered, students may be better qualified in an area of further study. E.g. HHX students have subjects that make them more eligible for studies such as business studies or economics at university, while HTX offer applied science and mathematics that benefit studies in Science or Engineering. There

3720-416: Is standardized at the state level and serves as an entrance qualification for universities. These can be either public (state-run, tuition-free) or private (fee-paying). The subjects taught are mathematics, Albanian language, one to three foreign languages, history, geography, computer science, the natural sciences (biology, chemistry, physics), history of art, music, philosophy, logic, physical education, and

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3840-476: Is that students should get an objective insight on questions of personal development and ethics as well as on the major world religions. For younger students nearly the entire curriculum of a gymnasium is compulsory; in higher years additional subjects are available and some of the hitherto compulsory subjects can be dropped, but the choice is not as wide as in other school systems, such as US high schools. Although some specialist gymnasia have English or French as

3960-541: The Abitur examinations, which complete the Gymnasium education, after 13 years of primary school and Gymnasium combined. In addition, some states offer a 12-year curriculum leading to the Abitur . These final examinations are now centrally drafted and controlled ( Zentralabitur ) in all German states except for Rhineland-Palatinate and provide a qualification to attend any German university. In Italy originally

4080-622: The Berufsfachschule , a full-time vocational school outside the dual education system. Students who graduate from a vocational school and students who graduate with a good grade point average from a Realschule can continue their schooling at another type of German secondary school, the Fachoberschule , a vocational high school. The school leaving exam of this type of school, the Fachhochschulreife , enables

4200-837: The ginnasio indicated a type of five-year junior high school (age 11 to 16) and preparing to the three year Classical Lyceum (age 16 to 19), a high school focusing on classical studies and humanities . After the school reform that unified the junior high school system, the term ginnasio stayed to indicate the first two year of Liceo Classico , now five years long. An Italian high school student who enrolls in Liceo Classico follows this study path: Quarta Ginnasio (gymnasium fourth year, age 14), Quinta Ginnasio (gymnasium fifth year, age 15), Prima Liceo (lyceum first year, age 16), Seconda Liceo (lyceum second year, age 17) and Terza Liceo (lyceum third year, age 18). Some believe this still has some sense, since

4320-581: The Cumans . In this endeavor, he attempted to transform the provostship of Szeben (present-day Sibiu, Romania ), which was established around 1189 in order to represent the Transylvanian Saxons and was not subject of the Diocese of Transylvania, into a bishopric within the ecclesiastical authority of Kalocsa. However, Pope Innocent III refused this plan; the pope argued that step would violate

4440-645: The Duchy of Merania . During his patriarchy, he led several successful campaigns to consolidate his power against the County of Gorizia , Treviso and the rebellious Istria . He formed an alliance with Padua and the Republic of Venice in this process. He expanded the walled area of his capital, Cividale . Berthold secured his position being a loyal supporter of the Hohenstaufen emperor Frederick II against

4560-687: The Duchy of Styria in 1236. They captured their own niece Agnes , Frederick's wife during the siege of Riegersburg Castle . Berthold was present in Vienna in early 1237, when the emperor obtained the title of King of the Romans for his 9-year-old son Conrad . In 1238 Agnes is found together with her uncle Berthold on the occasion of the colonization of the Michelstetten monastery in Carniola by Dominican nuns from Vienna (later Berthold mediated

4680-467: The Faroe Islands , there are also four kinds of gymnasia, which are the equivalents of the Danish programmes: Studentaskúli (equivalent to STX), Handilsskúli (HHX), Tekniski skúli (HTX) and HF (HF). Studentaskúli and HF are usually located at the same institutions as can be seen in the name of the institute in Eysturoy : Studentaskúlin og HF-skeiðið í Eysturoy. In Greenland , there

4800-486: The Protestant Reformation in the 16th century. The term was derived from the classical Greek word γυμνάσιον ( gymnasion ), which was originally applied to an exercising ground in ancient Athens . Here teachers gathered and gave instruction between the hours devoted to physical exercises and sports, and thus the term became associated with and came to mean an institution of learning. This use of

4920-666: The United States and Canada . Combined with the effects of anti-German discrimination in the newly formed Kingdom of Yugoslavia, the Gottschee German population had been reduced to 12,500 by the German invasion of 1941. Following the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Gottschee became part of the newly formed Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1918. The incorporation of the language island into

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5040-862: The imperial diet at Ravenna and hosted another one in Cividale in 1231–1232. Berthold hosted the negotiations between Frederick II and his rebellious son Henry (VII) in the spring of 1232. When Frederick II, Duke of Austria invaded the Kingdom of Bohemia in 1233, Berthold joined his army alongside his brothers and other imperial lords. Following the defeat of Henry, Frederick II entrusted Berthold to transport his captured son to Rocca San Felice in Apulia in 1235. After Emperor Frederick ostracized Frederick II, Duke of Austria from his realm due to his involvement in Henry's rebellion, brothers Berthold and Ekbert invaded

5160-505: The matriculation examination , an exam whose grades are the main criteria for university admissions. In Switzerland, gymnasia ( Gymnasien , gymnases ) are selective schools that provide a three- to six-year (depending on the canton) course of advanced secondary education intended to prepare students to attend university. They conclude with a nationally standardized exam, the maturité or Maturität , often shortened to " Matura or Matur ", which if passed allows students to attend

5280-625: The patriarch of Aquileia from 1218 until his death. He was born around 1182, as a younger son of the Bavarian count Berthold IV of Andechs , who was elevated to a duke of Merania by Emperor Frederick Barbarossa in 1183. His mother was Agnes of Rochlitz , a member of the Saxon Wettin dynasty . Among his siblings were Duke Otto I of Merania , French queen Agnes , Hungarian queen Gertrude , and Saint Hedwig of Silesia . Berthold, chosen for an ecclesiastical career, became provost at

5400-572: The 11-year-old Béla to Steyr in the Duchy of Austria . Other historians identified this castle with Stein (" Stahin ") in the Holy Roman Empire (today Kamnik, Slovenia ). Following the death of Wolfger von Erla in January 1218, some members of the local cathedral chapter postulated Berthold as Patriarch of Aquileia , while others supported the election of Ulrich, a canon of the aforementioned chapter. Pope Honorius III investigated

5520-519: The Berthold as early as January 1241. Soon, the advancing Mongols invaded Hungary then raided the Holy Roman Empire . Berthold gathered his troops and participated in the defense along the Austrian border, with several other lords and prelates. Berthold fled to Apulia in the spring of 1242. Together with the emperor, Berthold urged the newly crowned Pope Innocent IV to launch a crusade against

5640-563: The French left the area, control of the Dukedom reverted to the House of Auersperg. In 1848, serfdom was abolished, and in 1871, the regions first Gymnasium was built in the town of Gottschee, a decade later, a trade school of woodwork was founded in the same town. in 1893, Gottschee gained its first rail connection with a line running from the town of Gottschee to Ljubljana , and one year later,

5760-429: The German constitution guarantees the separation of church and state, so although religion or ethics classes are compulsory, students may choose to study a specific religion or none at all. Today, a number of other areas of specialization exist, such as gymnasia specializing in economics, technology or domestic sciences. In some countries, there is a notion of progymnasium , which is equivalent to beginning classes of

5880-780: The Gottschee settlers and, beginning in November 1941, some 46,000 Slovenes from the Rann Triangle region were deported to eastern Germany for potential Germanisation or forced labor . Shortly before that, propaganda aimed at both the Gottscheers and the Slovenes promised the latter equivalent farmland in Germany for the land relinquished in Lower Styria . The Gottscheers were given Reich passports and transportation to

6000-530: The Gottscheers, who remained isolated subsistence farmers from their settlement up until their dispersement after the Second World War. Gottscheer peddlers sold homespun linens, dormouse pelts, and wooden toys, among other wares, throughout the Holy Roman and later Austro-Hungarian and German Empires. In the 18th century, their right to peddle was expanded to produce from the southern reaches of

6120-403: The House of Auersperg erected a sawmill, the first major industrial site in the region. Between 1869 and 1878, the German population of Gottschee reached its zenith at a population of around 26,000. However, despite modernization, the region remained desperately poor and its population chiefly dependent on subsistence farming. From 1880, the Gottschee would begin losing population to emigration to

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6240-872: The Italian cities of the Lombard League . He attended the papal coronation of Frederick II with the escort of 2,000 knights in Rome in November 1220. Berthold escorted the emperor to the Holy Land in the Sixth Crusade (1228–1229). He took part in the re-consecration of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem in 1229. German historian Edmund von Oefele argued during the fierce conflict between

6360-585: The Mongols. Innocent entrusted the patriarch to lead a crusade into Hungary in July 1243. He was mandated with the same task in the First Council of Lyon in 1245, but in the end no campaign took place in either case. When negotiations with the emperor about the elevation of Vienna to a bishopric and of Austria (including Styria) to a kingdom were initiated by Duke Frederick in 1245, who succeeded in gaining

6480-603: The Nazi regime, which needed to deploy extra manpower to protect the farmers from the partisans. The deported Slovenes were taken to several camps in Saxony, Silesia, and elsewhere in Germany, where they were forced to work on German farms or in factories from 1941 to 1945. The laborers were not always kept in formal internment , but often in nearby vacant buildings. After the end of the war, most returned to Yugoslavia to find their homes destroyed. By 1945, nearly all Gottscheers had fled

6600-585: The Patriarchate had a flourishing economy and cultural life, supported by a good road network. Udine in central Friuli , which had been a favourite residence of Berthold and his successors since the mid-13th century and soon became a large city. Berthold granted the right to hold trade fairs to Udine. During Berthold's rule, the Friulian parliament began to evolve out of ad hoc patriarchal councils of increasingly greater size, convoked first in 1231 to obtain

6720-439: The Rann Triangle for Austria , stragglers were interned and later expelled in the aftermath of treaties between the defeated Germans and the Yugoslav Partisans. The Gottscheers became stateless refugees in Austria. In the aftermath of the war, around 3,000 stayed in Austria and 2,000 immigrated to Germany, while the remainder immigrated to the United States and Canada. By all accounts, less than 400 ethnic Germans found themselves in

6840-415: The Rann area straight after the forced departure of the Slovenes. Most left their homes following coercion and threats as the VoMi had set 31 December 1941 as the deadline for the movement of both groups. Though many Gottscheers received houses and farmland, inevitably there was great dissatisfaction that many properties were of lesser value and quality than their original lands, and many were in disarray after

6960-491: The Slavic state was not without resistance from the Gottschee Germans. Gottscheer emigrants in the United States lobbied for recognition of their people's right to self-determination , however, the enclave's small size and even smaller population meant that it was incorporated into Yugoslavia despite Gottschee German disapproval. Despite claims that the Kingdom of Yugoslavia would constitutionally protect minority rights, on January 1, 1919, all German teachers and civil servants in

7080-406: The Slovene peasant revolt, which would continue to rage throughout what is now Slovenia and parts of Austria until it was put down in 1515. In 1524, sovereignty over the Gottschee was bought by Hans Ungnad, and soon after, by the Croatian Counts of Blagay in 1547. Croatian rule lasted less than a century, but during that time, many Gottscheers added the ending -itsch to their surnames, derived from

7200-424: The abolition of Austria-Hungary. In 1791, Emperor Leopold II elevated the County of Gottschee to a Dukedom . From 1809 to 1814, the Gottschee was occupied by the forces of Emperor Napoleon and incorporated into the Illyrian Provinces . However, the Napoleonic takeover was not without incident, as the Gottscheers rose up against the French in 1809 , scoring some minor victories before being brutally crushed. After

7320-461: The abolition of the Duchy of Merania, Berthols established large-scale domains to the patriarchate, for instance Windischgrätz (present-day Slovenj Gradec, Slovenia ). Berthold died in Aquileia on 23 May 1251. He was buried in the Basilica di Santa Maria Assunta . With Berthold's death, his line of the counts of Andechs became extinct. He was also the last in a long line of German Patriarchs of Aquileia. His successor Gregorio di Montelongo had led

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7440-426: The area. Starting in 1330 and continuing until circa 1400, the Counts of Ortenburg settled German peasants from East Tyrol and Carinthia within their fiefdom. In 1377, the town of Gottschee , the foremost among the German towns in the region, received market rights , and in 1406 Count Frederick III of Ortenburg granted the growing German population the right to collect estovers from the region's forests. With

7560-408: The area. The town of Gottschee itself was sacked in 1469, but following its speedy rebuilding, Emperor Frederick III bestowed town privileges unto it. Importantly, Frederick III also granted Gottscheer men the right to peddle their wares tax-free (known as the Hausiererpatent ) throughout the empire on 23 October 1492. Peddling would thereafter become a crucial source of supplemental income for

7680-466: The assassination. Despite the doubtful authenticity of the chronicle's report, historian Tamás Körmendi accepted the information on Berthold's presence, since a letter of Pope Innocent III to Archbishop John of Esztergom in January 1214 refers to the assault on Berthold. According to the pope's letter, during the rebellion many clergy and monks in the Archdiocese of Kalocsa suffered physical insult and material damage. Innocent instructed John to excommunicate

7800-418: The brothers. In contrast, historian Gergely Kiss considered the ecclesiastical punishments to Berthold and Ekbert were connected to the strained foreign relations between Hungary and Austria. According to a papal letter from 1229, Berthold visited the Hungarian royal court to dissuade Andrew II from participating in the conspiracy against Frederick II. In October 1234, Pope Gregory IX requested Berthold to seek

7920-405: The case and declared and invalidated the postulation and the result of the election, citing a violation of canon law. He placed the task under his own authority and appointed Berthold as Patriarch of Aquileia on 27 March 1218. His transfer from Kalocsa to Aquileia took months. In July 1218, Pope Honorius instructed Archbishop and Patriarch-elect Berthold to consecrate "a bishop of Cumania". However,

8040-432: The cathedral chapter of the Archdiocese of Bamberg in 1203, due to the intercession and influence of his elder brother Ekbert , the local bishop. Berthold served in this capacity until 1205. Berthold followed his sister Gertrude to the Hungarian court under King Andrew II , who in the first half of 1206 had his brother-in-law nominated Archbishop of Kalocsa, succeeding John . The cathedral chapter elected him under

8160-401: The church hierarchy in Hungary against John, who this time was a defender of the interests of Esztergom. In response to Berthold's attacks, Archbishop John requested Pope Innocent to confirm his dignity's right of the coronation of the Hungarian monarch in 1209. Nevertheless, Berthold achieved partial success; a proposal for the compromise settlement of the resurgence of the quarrel was made by

8280-407: The common Croatian -ić suffix. In 1618, the Gottschee was sold to Freiherr Johann Jakob Khisl, who founded the County of Gottschee and styled himself Count of Gottschee. His adoptive son promptly sold the county to Wolf Engelbrecht of Auersperg in 1641. In 1677, Johann Weikhard of Auersperg made the county a fideicommissum of the House of Auersperg, securing its ownership by the family until

8400-405: The community. Notable Gottschee Germans or people with Gottschee German heritage include: Berthold (patriarch of Aquileia) Berthold ( German : Berthold von Andechs-Meran , Hungarian : Merániai Bertold , Italian : Bertoldo di Andechs-Merania ; c . 1182 – 23 May 1251) was the count of Andechs (as Berthold V ) from 1204, the archbishop of Kalocsa from 1206 until 1218, and

8520-428: The complaint of the cathedral chapter of Esztergom, refused to countersign the document on 12 February 1212, referring to its "harmful consequences" for the Kingdom of Hungary. Berthold had important role in the settlement of the Teutonic Order to Transylvania in 1211. The area Burzenland ( Hungarian : Barcaság ), granted to the Teutonic Order by Andrew II in that year, belonged to the Diocese of Transylvania ,

8640-552: The consent of his former brother-in-law Andrew II for the Teutonic Order's return to Transylvania (the knights were expelled from Hungary a decade earlier, who had attempted to eliminate Andrew's suzerainty in Burzenland) or at least compensate them for their losses. In 1238 Berthold moved the capital of the ecclesiastical state from Cividale to Udine , where he gave orders to erect a cathedral . Under his leadership,

8760-1079: The degree awarded substituted for the bachelor's degree (Baccalaureate) previously awarded by a college or university so that universities in Germany became exclusively graduate schools. In the United States, the German Gymnasium curriculum was used at a number of prestigious universities, such as the University of Michigan, as a model for their undergraduate college programs. Pupils study subjects such as German, mathematics, physics, chemistry, geography, biology, arts, music, physical education, religion, history and civics /citizenship/ social sciences and computer science . They are also required to study at least two foreign languages. The usual combinations are English and French or English and Latin , although many schools make it possible to combine English with another language, most often Spanish, Ancient Greek , or Russian. Religious education classes are

8880-419: The document attached the collection of tithe after the coinage to Esztergom, but John had to waive his all right (i.e. superintendence over the royal churches, abbeys and provostries, ecclesiastical jurisdiction over the royal officials) in the territory of the church province of Kalocsa, in accordance with the proposal. The theses of the document was promoted by Andrew II himself too. However Pope Innocent, upon

9000-529: The emperor and Pope Gregory IX , his loyalty to Frederick earned him a papal excommunication in 1229, which nevertheless was revoked two years later upon the intercession by King Andrew II of Hungary (other historians have differing views on the cause of excommunication, see below). As representative of the emperor, Berthold acted as one of the testimonies of the Treaty of San Germano in July 1230, where Frederick and Pope Gregory IX concluded peace. He also attended

9120-655: The emperor over the years, even after his nephew Otto II died in 1248, which resulted the expiration of the Duchy of Merania. In his later years, Berthold tried to arbitrate between the emperor and the pope, though ultimately to no avail. Berthold entered into a defense alliance with the neighboring city-states of Brescia , Mantua and Ferrara in order to repel a possible punitive campaign of Frederick II. The emperor entrusted Meinhard, Duke of Carinthia to confiscate all of Berthold's possessions in Styria and Carinthia. Following

9240-520: The empire, and by the time that Gottschee was incorporated into Yugoslavia, they also sold exotic fruits and sweets. The Gottscheers peddled on foot through the winter, and returned in the springtime to tend to the family's plot, staying at home until the end of harvest season in November. In 1507, the Gottschee was pledged to Jörg von Thurn (Jurij Turn), who became hated by his subjects for introducing heavy-handed tax farming and interest collection. Gottscheer peasants eventually killed von Thurn, sparking

9360-620: The episcopal armies of Győr and Veszprém . However, Berthold took with him the treasures of his late sister, worth a total of 7,000 marks , which aroused the wrath of Andrew II, who complained this to the pope and threatened to indemnify the royal treasury from the proceeds of the archdiocese. The case may have been settled soon, because Bertold was able to return to Hungary in the first half of 1214. Although Berthold returned to Hungary in 1214, King Andrew II certainly learning from previous experiences, no longer gave him as much political influence or territorial power as before. Berthold confirmed

9480-422: The establishment of the short-lived Roman Catholic Diocese of Cumania did not happen until a decade later under the guidance of Archbishop Robert of Esztergom. Berthold's appointment as Patriarch of Aquileia marked a significant advance in his church career, through which he was able to represent the interests of his family even more, as the patriarchate located in northeastern Italy, near their imperial fiefdom of

9600-539: The extinction of the House of Ortenburg in 1418, the region came under the control of the Counts of Celje ; following the assassination of Ulrich II of Celje in 1456, the House of Habsburg gained the region for itself. Owing to its position on the outer edge of the Habsburg domains, the area of Gottschee was often threatened by Ottoman incursions, and the Gottscheers were regularly forced into military service to protect

9720-429: The final test is standardized at the state level and can serve as an entrance qualification for universities. There are either public (state-run and tuition-free), religious (church-run with secular curriculum and tuition-free) or private (fee-paying) gymnasium schools in these countries. The subjects taught are mathematics, the native language, one to three foreign languages, history, geography, informatics (computers),

9840-420: The financial and military support of the Friulian barons in the near continual wars of patriarchs with their neighbours. Berthold granted various tax exemptions to the nobility of Friuli since 1245. Berthold sought to prevent the expansion of the cruel warlord Ezzelino III da Romano , who tried to expand his influence over Aquileia (or Friuli), despite the fact that both Berthold and Ezzelino were strong pillars of

9960-469: The first three years of the gymnasium and instituted a unique path of studies for children aged from 12 to 14. The last two years of the gymnasium kept the previous denomination and the related scholastic curriculum for the following decades. In the Netherlands, gymnasium is the highest variant of secondary education, offering the academically most promising youngsters (top 5%) a quality education that

10080-402: The former meaning of a place for physical education was retained. Because gymnasia prepare students for university study, they are thus meant for the more academically minded students, who are sifted out between the ages of 10 and 13. In addition to the usual curriculum, students of a gymnasium often study Latin and Ancient Greek . Some gymnasia provide general education, while others have

10200-412: The full gymnasium, with the rights to continue education in a gymnasium . Here, the prefix pro - is equivalent to pre -, indicating that this curriculum precedes normal gymnasium studies. In Central European, Nordic , Benelux and Baltic countries, this meaning for "gymnasium" (that is a secondary school preparing the student for higher education at a university) has been the same at least since

10320-533: The graduate to start studying at a Fachhochschule ( polytechnic ) and in Hesse also at a university within the state. Students who have graduated from vocational school and have been working in a job for at least three years can go to Berufsoberschule to get either a Fachabitur (meaning they may go to university, but they can only study the subjects belonging to the "branch" (economical, technical, social) they studied in at Berufschule ) after one year, or

10440-468: The hasty expulsion of their previous occupants. From the time of their arrival until the end of the war, Gottscheer farmers were harassed and sometimes killed by Yugoslav partisans who saw them as an instrument of the Axis powers. Among these partisans were Slovenes who had escaped deportation from the Rann Triangle to the surrounding forests.The attempt to resettle the Gottscheers proved a costly failure for

10560-745: The language of instruction, at most gymnasia lessons (apart from foreign language courses) are conducted in Standard German . The number of years of instruction at a gymnasium differs between the states. It varies between six and seven years in Berlin and Brandenburg (primary school is six years in both as opposed to four years in the rest of Germany) and eight in Bavaria , Hesse and Baden-Württemberg among others. While in Saxony and Thuringia students have never been taught more than eight years in Gymnasium (by default), nearly all states now conduct

10680-622: The length of study. In the Czech Republic there are eight-year, six-year, and four-year types, and in Slovakia there are eight-year and four-year types, of which the latter is more common. In both countries, there are also bilingual (Czech or Slovak with English, French, Spanish, Italian, German, or Russian; in Slovakia, bilingual gymnáziums are five-year) and private gymnáziums . German gymnasia are selective schools. They offer

10800-526: The model of French cathedrals with ambulatory . The walls of the existing 11th-century cathedral were not used in the walls of the new church. Based on the consistency reflected in the stone carvings from the new building, art historian Imre Takács envisioned a rapid, almost campaign-like construction, which may prove that the renovation of the cathedral can be linked to the contemporary church policy rivalry between archbishops John of Esztergom and Berthold of Kalocsa. Berthold judged over various lawsuits involving

10920-627: The most academically promising youngsters a quality education that is free in all state-run schools (and generally not above €50/month cost in Church-run schools, though there are some expensive private schools). Gymnasia may expel students who academically under-perform their classmates or behave in a way that is often seen as undesirable and unacceptable. Historically, the German Gymnasium also included in its overall accelerated curriculum post-secondary education at college level and

11040-471: The name of gymnasium. By the 20th century, this practice was followed in almost the entire Austrian-Hungarian , German , and Russian Empires . In the modern era, many countries which have gymnasia were once part of these three empires. In Albania, a gymnasium ( Albanian : Gjimnaz ) education takes three years following a compulsory nine-year elementary education and ending with a final aptitude test called Albanian : Matura Shtetërore . The final test

11160-420: The natural sciences (biology, chemistry, physics), history of art, music, philosophy, logic, physical education, and the social sciences (sociology, ethics or religious education, psychology, politics, and economy). Religious studies are optional. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Montenegro, Serbia and North Macedonia, Latin is also a mandatory subject in all gymnasia, just as Ancient Greek is, with Latin, in

11280-655: The new Socialist Republic of Slovenia , with OZNA counting a mere 110. The vast majority of Gottscheers and their descendants now live in the United States, mainly in New York City and Cleveland , but also in other parts of the country. Smaller numbers have settled in Kitchener, Ontario , along with those who remained in Europe. Gottscheer Hall in Ridgewood, Queens serves as a cultural hub and gathering place for

11400-441: The perpetrators. In addition, the pope also sent a letter to the "dukes of Poland" not to give any refuge to the perpetrators who might flee abroad. When Andrew II heard of Gertrude's murder, he returned to Hungary and ordered the execution of Peter, son of Töre. Upon the request of Andrew II, bishops Peter of Győr and Robert of Veszprém escorted the unpopular and endangered Berthold until the Austrian border in late 1213, protected by

11520-504: The pope to absolve their maternal uncle from the excommunication. Gregory IX could not refuse the petition of what he described as "among the Christian rulers especially kind kings", though he had one condition, namely, that Berthold should appear before the papal court personally. The case of Berthold, however, did not come to a rapid conclusion despite Gregory's promise. The pope entrusted his subdeacon, Gregorio di Montelongo , to absolve

11640-764: The possessions – Sala (present-day Diakovce, Slovakia ) and Dinnye – of the Pannonhalma Abbey in the period between 1211 and 1214. He also acted as an arbiter in the lawsuit between Bishop Robert of Veszprém and Uros of Pannonhalma regarding the collection right of tithes in Somogy County . As an unusual phenomenon in Hungary, Queen Gertrude applied for and received a share in the government system. Her favoritism towards her German entourage were aggrieved numerous Hungarian barons, who feared to permanently lose their court positions and influence. Berthold

11760-669: The pressure of the Hungarian royal couple. Andrew II sent a letter to the Holy See in order to request the papal confirmation of his election. However, the appointment was not acknowledged by Pope Innocent III ; according to his letter to King Andrew II in June 1206, the pope initiated an investigation on Berthold's age and education under the direction of Eberhard von Regensberg , Archbishop of Salzburg . The process revealed that Berthold may have been 25 years of age or slightly older and did not have an adequate education of canon law to become

11880-703: The pro-Emperor Ghibelline party. Berthold was present in the Siege of Brescia in October 1238, where the Guelphs forced Frederick II to lift the siege. When Pope Gregory excommunicated the emperor in early 1239, Berthold was hesitant to announce the ecclesiastical censure in his patriarchate. Therefore, Berthold was excommunicated too. Berthold allied with Ezzelino in their joint campaign against Treviso, which rebelled against Frederick's rule. Berthold's nephews, King Béla IV of Hungary and Duke Coloman of Galicia requested

12000-709: The rights of the Bishop of Transylvania, which obviously means that the new bishopric would have united all the German churches in Transylvania and the provostship of Szeben, which would have been the basis of the planned bishopric, was under the spiritual jurisdiction of either the Apostolic See or the Archbishop of Esztergom. Berthold possibly rebuilt the Kalocsa Cathedral into Gothic style on

12120-746: The rule over the March of Carniola from the Patriarchate of Aquileia. The Austrian duke would have put Anselinus, Berthold's natural son, at the head of this new fiefdom. However, the Austrian–Bohemian and Austrian–Hungarian conflicts (the latter caused Frederick's death in 1246) prevented the implementation of this plan. During the First Council of Lyon, Frederick II was excommunicated again. To get rid of his predicament and his fear of excommunication and political isolation, Berthold reconsidered his political allegiance and became increasingly distant from

12240-595: The same time, the pope rebuked King Andrew for misleading him with his "urgent requests" when, yielding to pressure, he appointed an uneducated man to be the "bishop of bishops" (i.e. archbishop). Shortly after his return to Hungary in 1209, Berthold followed the path of his predecessor, John, and questioned the primacy jurisdiction of the Archdiocese of Esztergom , considering his archiepiscopal see as coequal. Taking advantage of his royal family connections, he sought to extort concessions and privileges for himself within

12360-478: The same year, Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini reached a resettlement treaty, and plans to resettle the Gottscheers devised by the Main Welfare Office for Ethnic Germans (VoMi) were put into action. Members of the Mannschaft quickly initiated the resettlement across the region. Resettling Gottscheers were allowed to take some household belongings and 1/3 of their livestock with them. Ostensibly,

12480-539: The same year. Pope Honorius III , in 1216, confirmed Berthold's right to freely appoint rectors of those churches , which have no pastoral duties. The Hungarian monarch commissioned him to oversee the delivery of salt to the canons of Zagreb in Szeged in 1217. Before launching the Fifth Crusade , Andrew II entrusted his eldest son and heir Béla to Berthold in the first half of 1217. Berthold took his nephew,

12600-492: The sciences. In the last few decades, more autonomy has been granted to schools, and various types have been developed, focusing on sports, music, or economics, for example. In Belarus, gymnasium is the highest variant of secondary education, which provides advanced knowledge in various subjects. The number of years of instruction at a gymnasium is 11. However, it is possible to cover all required credits in 11 years, by taking additional subjects each semester. In Belarus, gymnasium

12720-428: The social sciences (sociology, ethics, psychology, politics and economy). The gymnasium is generally viewed as a destination for the best-performing students and as the type of school that serves primarily to prepare students for university, while other students go to technical/vocational schools. Therefore, gymnasia often base their admittance criteria on an entrance exam, elementary school grades, or some combination of

12840-564: The state were dismissed. The Gymnasium of Gottschee was made into a Slovene-language institution, and the town's trade school was shut down along with 22 German civic organizations and clubs. By 1939, only five German classes were offered in the entire region's elementary schools. Attempts to form German cultural organizations were continuously squashed, due to the Yugoslav government's increasing fear of German nationalist sentiment emanating from Germany and Austria. Despite these hardships, in 1930,

12960-681: The story made a decisive contribution to making the story rooted in the Hungarian chronicle and historiographical tradition and, subsequently, the Hungarian-language literature and culture. The chronicle of the family monastery, the Dießen Abbey took over the story, but it denies the responsibility of Gertrude, as well as three Bavarian authors in the 15th-century, namely Andreas of Ratisbon 's Chronkon universale , Ulrich Onsorg's Chronicon Bavariae and Veit Arnpeck 's Chronicon Baioariorum . All four works agree that Berthold forced

13080-573: The swift German invasion of 6 April 1941 , the Mannschaft's paramilitaries took control of the Gottschee. On 13 April, Wilhelm Lampeter took office as Bezirkshauptmann (District Leader) of the Gottschee in the old city palace of the Auerspergs in the town of Gottschee. However, Lampeter promptly was forced to step down from this post on 23 April, after the region became part of the Province of Ljubljana , an Italian occupation zone. On October 1 of

13200-574: The term did not prevail among the Romans , but was revived during the Renaissance in Italy , and from there passed into the Netherlands and Germany during the 15th century. In 1538, Johannes Sturm founded at Strasbourg the school which became the model of the modern German gymnasium. In 1812, a Prussian regulation ordered all schools with the right to send their students to the university to bear

13320-484: The two-year ginnasio has a differently oriented curriculum from the Liceo . Ginnasio students spend the majority of their schooling studying Greek and Latin grammar, laying the bases for the "higher" and more in depth set of studies of the Liceo , such as Greek and Latin literature and philosophy. In July 1940 the fascist Minister of National Education Giuseppe Bottai got a bill of law approved that abolished

13440-555: The two. In Austria the Gymnasium has two stages, from the age of 11 to 14, and from 15 to 18, concluding with Matura . Historically, three types existed. The Humanistisches Gymnasium focuses on Ancient Greek and Latin . The Neusprachliches Gymnasium puts its focus on actively spoken languages. The usual combination is English, French, and Latin; sometimes French can be swapped with another foreign language (like Italian, Spanish or Russian). The Realgymnasium emphasizes

13560-547: The vacated land was to be given to Italian settlers, however, due to the intensity of partisan attacks in the area, Italian settlement was never implemented. The Gottscheers were resettled to the Italian-annexed territory to the Rann Triangle ( German : Ranner Dreieck ), the region in Lower Styria between the confluences of the Krka , Sotla , and Sava rivers. To achieve their goal, accommodation had to be made for

13680-574: The wedding between Agnes and her second husband Ulrich of Sponheim ). Even after his appointment as patriarch, Berthold remained in contact with the Kingdom of Hungary. According to historian Gábor Barabás, Pope Gregory IX rebuked him in June 1229, as he hindered King Andrew II from fulfilling the promise of leading a crusade to the Holy Land . The pope sent a letter with a similar content and tone to Bishop Ekbert of Bamberg, Berthold's brother too. Pope Gregory temporarily even suspended and excommunicated

13800-716: The year the students turn 16 years old after nine or ten years of primary school. In Lithuania , the gymnasium usually consists of four years of schooling starting at the age of 15–16, the last year roughly corresponding to the first year of college . Most gymnasia in the Nordic countries are free. Universal student grants are also available in certain countries for students over 18. In Denmark (see also Gymnasium (Denmark) ), there are four kinds of gymnasia: STX (Regular Examination Programme), HHX (Higher Business Examination Programme), HTX (Higher Technical Examination Programme) and HF (Higher Preparatory Examination Programme). HF

13920-453: Was also referred to as ispán of Bács and Bodrog counties in 1213. The influence of Berthold and his kinship shows, when provost Adolph was granted royal donation of lands upon the intercession of Gertrude and his brothers in 1209. It is plausible that Andrew II sent the provost to Altenburg to convince Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor of the brothers' innocence in the case of the assassination of Philip of Swabia . When Andrew II prepared

14040-635: Was compiled by a Hungarian cleric in Klosterneuburg Abbey , Lower Austria around 1270. Its text was utilized by the Dominican Annals of Vienna (" Annales Praedicatorum Vindobonensium ") at the end of the 13th century, but Berthold is anachronistically styled as Patriarch of Aquileia. The 14th-century Illuminated Chronicle (" Chronicon Pictum ") took over the story too, claiming that one of Gertrude's brothers raped Bánk's wife, but does not mention Berthold by name. The involvement of

14160-587: Was first used in Ancient Greece , in the sense of a place for both physical and intellectual education of young men. The latter meaning of a place of intellectual education persisted in many European languages (including Albanian , Bulgarian , Czech , Dutch , Estonian , Greek , German , Hungarian , Macedonian , Polish , Russian , Scandinavian languages , Croatian , Serbian , Slovak , Slovenian and Ukrainian ), whereas in other languages, like English ( gymnasium , gym ) and Spanish ( gimnasio ),

14280-519: Was styled as archbishop-elect until 1212. It is plausible he turned 30 that year, which was a condition for the election of a bishop, and Pope Innocent III sent his pallium shortly thereafter. Following his confirmation, Berthold immediately left behind his archdiocese in order to study at the University of Vicenza . The pope was outraged at this decision. His letter to Andrew II in January 1209 says that Berthold caused public outrage, because – as

14400-426: Was the main beneficiary in this political situation. Despite his ecclesiastical career, he also held secular dignities, which was not a widespread practice in Hungary at that time. Replacing Bánk Bár-Kalán , Berthold served as Ban of Slavonia from 1209 to 1212. He was styled as " Dalmacie Croacieque dux " in this capacity in 1211. Thereafter, Berthold was made Voivode of Transylvania , serving from 1212 to 1213. He

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