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147-467: The Glagolita Clozianus is a 14-folio Glagolitic Old Church Slavonic canon miscellany , written in the eleventh century. What remained of an originally very large codex, having probably 552 folios (1104 pages), are 14 folios containing five homilies . Two of the homilies are complete; one by John Chrysostom and one by Athanasius of Alexandria , and three of them are fragments, one by John Chrysostom, one by Epiphanius of Salamis and one that

294-481: A "Great" Moravia at the southern Morava river in present-day Serbia, and another Moravia on the northern Morava river in present-day Czech Republic and Slovakia. A similar theory was also published by Toru Senga. In the 1990s, the southern thesis was further developed by Charles Bowlus, who wrote that Moravia emerged in the region of the "confluences of the Drava , Sava , Drina , Tisza and southern Morava rivers with

441-593: A Moravian ruler. Carantanians (ancestors of present-day Slovenians ) were the first Slavic people to accept Christianity from the West. They were mostly Christianized by Irish missionaries sent by the Archdiocese of Salzburg, among them Modestus , known as the "Apostle of Carantanians". This process was later described in the Conversio Bagoariorum et Carantanorum, which states that Mojmír , "duke of

588-437: A bid to secure the approval of the papacy. The bid was ultimately successful, though sporadic restrictions and repressions from individual bishops continued even after its official recognition by Pope Innocent IV . These had little effect on the vitality of the script, which evolved from its original Rounded Glagolitic form into an Angular Glagolitic form, in addition to a cursive form developed for notary purposes. But

735-720: A brief attempt at reintroduction was made in the West Slavic area in the 14th century through the Emmaus Benedictine Monastery in Prague , where it survived well into the 15th century, the last manuscript with Glagolitic script dating to 1450–1452. Its use for special applications continued in some Cyrillic areas, for example in the Bologna Psalter (1230–1241), the Sinodalna 895 Menaion (1260),

882-514: A high liturgical script until a Glagolitic seminary was opened in Split in the 18th century, aside from a period of time in the parish of Kučiće-Vinišće. Bishoprics by size of 16th century Glagolitic inscriptional corpus (in letters). "Other" includes Senj , Koper , Novigrad , Otočac  [ hr ] , Zagreb , Osor , Aquileia , Đakovo , Nin , Assisi , Cazin , Rab . See list . The Ottoman Empire's repeated incursions into Croatia in

1029-573: A peace treaty with Louis the Child in 901. Due to the lack of documentary evidence, the year in which Moravia ceased to exist cannot be determined with certainty. Róna-Tas writes that the Hungarians occupied Moravia in 902, Victor Spinei says that this happened in 903 or 904, while according to Spiesz, the Moravian state ceased to exist in 907. The Raffelstetten Customs Regulations , which

1176-753: A raid by the Magyars and the Kabars in East Francia in 881. According to Gyula Kristó and other historians, Svatopluk initiated this raid, because his relations with Arnulf—the son of Carloman, King of East Francia ( r.   876–881), who administered the March of Pannonia—became tense. Archbishop Theotmar of Salzburg clearly accused the Moravians of hiring "a large number of Hungarians" and sending them against East Francia at an unspecified date. During

1323-496: A rapid decline. But when the Slavicists discovered the script and established it as the original script devised by Cyril, Glagolitic gained new niche applications in certain intellectual circles, while a small number of priests fought to keep its liturgical use alive, encountering difficulties but eventually succeeding to the point that its area expanded in the early 20th century. Latinic translations and transliterations of

1470-481: A reference to a kind of property mark or alternatively fortune-telling signs. Some "Ruthenian letters" found in one version of St. Cyril's life are explainable as misspelled "Syrian letters" (in Slavic, the roots are very similar: rus- vs. sur- or syr- ), etc. Glagolitic script is the writing system used in the world of The Witcher books and video game series. It is also featured, in various uses, in several of

1617-489: A short period, his suzerainty. On the other hand, the existence of the archaeologically attested shared cultural zones between Moravia, Lesser Poland and Silesia do not prove that the northern boundaries of Moravia were located over these territories. According to archaeologist Béla Miklós Szőke, the comitatus of Mosaburg in Pannonia was never part of Moravia. Neither archaeological finds nor written sources substantiate

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1764-484: A third theory, the megale adjective refers to a territory located beyond the borders of the Byzantine Empire. Finally, the historian Lubomír E. Havlík writes that Byzantine scholars used this adjective when referring to homelands of nomadic peoples, as demonstrated by the term " Great Bulgaria ". [There] is Belgrade , in which is the tower of the holy and great Constantine, the emperor ; then, again, at

1911-690: Is dated to 822 when the emperor "received embassies and presents from all the East Slavs, that is, Obodrites , Sorbs , Wilzi , Bohemians , Moravians and Praedenecenti, and from the Avars living in Pannonia " at an assembly held at Frankfurt . The late-9th-century Conversio Bagoariorum et Carantanorum ("The Conversion of the Bavarians and the Carantanians") makes the first reference to

2058-778: Is presented by Püspöki-Nagy and Senga, who write that the reference to the Merehanii —who obviously inhabited the southern regions of the Great Hungarian Plains to the north of the Danube, but south of the territories dominated by the Bulgars—and their 30 fortresses shows the existence of another Moravia in Central Europe. Among the Bohemians are 15 fortresses. The [Marharii] have 11 fortresses. The region of

2205-651: Is that the manuscript was copied on the Croatian territory from the original written in Macedonia. The text was first published by Jernej B. Kopitar (Vienna 1836, the first 12 folios), together with the Freising Fragments and the manuscript De conversione Bagaorium et Carantanorum . Franz Miklosich published two folios from Innsbruck in 1860, and both pieces were published together by I. I. Sreznjevski in 1866. Critical edition with Ancient Greek originals

2352-562: Is the Czech and Slovak name for both the river and the country, presumably the river name being primary and giving name to the surrounding country. The ending -ava, as in many other Czech and Slovak rivers, is most often regarded as Slavicization of the originally Germanic -ahwa (= modern German "Au" or "-a"), cognate to Latin aqua. Some scholars again link it, via Celtic -ab, to Indo-European PIE *apa / *opa ("water, sea"). The root mor- might be also connected with other Indo-European words with

2499-538: Is the oldest known Slavic alphabet . It is generally agreed that it was created in the 9th century for the purpose of translating liturgical texts into Old Church Slavonic by Saint Cyril , a monk from Thessalonica . He and his brother Saint Methodius were sent by the Byzantine Emperor Michael III in 863 to Great Moravia to spread Christianity there. After the deaths of Cyril and Methodius, their disciples were expelled and they moved to

2646-597: Is usually attributed to Methodius . Four of those homilies are known from other Old Church Slavonic codices, the exception being the one usually attributed to St. Methodius, which is found only in Clo, and sometimes referred to as the Anonymous Homily . The codex was named after the Count Paris Cloz who owned it in the first half of the 19th century. Prior to that, up until the end of the 15th century, it

2793-631: The Bulgarian Empire from Byzantine Constantinople . As a result of Boris' measures, two academies, one in Ohrid and one in Preslav , were founded. From there, the students travelled to other places and spread the use of their alphabet. Students of the two apostles who were expelled from Great Moravia in 886, notably Clement of Ohrid and Saint Naum , brought the Glagolitic alphabet to

2940-618: The Bulgars is immense. That numerous people has five fortresses, since their great multitude does not require fortresses. The people called [Merehanii] have 30 fortresses. According to a 13th-century source, the History of the Bishops of Passau and the Dukes of Bavaria , Bishop Reginhar of Passau ( r.   818–838) baptized "all of the Moravians" in 831. There is no other information on

3087-552: The Byzantine emperor at the request of Prince Rastislav , who wanted to weaken the dependence of his country on East Frankish priests. The Glagolitic alphabet, however it originated, was used between 863 and 885 for government and religious documents and books and at the Great Moravian Academy ( Veľkomoravské učilište ) founded by the missionaries, where their followers were educated. The Kiev Missal , found in

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3234-492: The Byzantine emperor to send a "teacher" (učiteľ) to introduce literacy and a legal system (pravьda) to Great Moravia. The request was granted. The missionary brothers Cyril and Methodius introduced a system of writing (the Glagolitic alphabet) and Slavonic liturgy, the latter eventually formally approved by Pope Adrian II . The Glagolitic script was probably invented by Cyril himself and the language he used for his translations of religious texts and his original literary creation

3381-595: The Byzantines , Glagolitic gradually ceased to be used there at all. Nevertheless, particular passages or words written with the Glagolitic alphabet appeared in Bulgarian Cyrillic manuscripts till the end of the 14th century. Some students of the Ohrid academy went to Bohemia where the alphabet was used in the 10th and 11th centuries, along with other scripts. It is not clear whether the Glagolitic alphabet

3528-734: The Danube ". Bowlus emphasized that the orientation of the Frankish marcher organization was focused on the south-east territories, which also supports Great Moravia's southern position. Martin Eggers suggested the original location of Moravia was centered around modern Banat at the confluence of the rivers Tisza and Mureș ('Moriš' in Serbian), with further expansions extending to the territories in present-day Czech Republic and Slovakia . The earliest possible reference to Slavic tribes living in

3675-836: The First Bulgarian Empire instead. The Early Cyrillic alphabet , which developed gradually in the Preslav Literary School by Greek alphabet scribes who incorporated some Glagolitic letters, gradually replaced Glagolitic in that region. Glagolitic remained in use alongside Latin in the Kingdom of Croatia and alongside Cyrillic until the 14th century in the Second Bulgarian Empire and the Serbian Empire , and later mainly for cryptographic purposes. Glagolitic also spread to

3822-555: The First Bulgarian Empire on Balkans and were received and accepted officially by Boris I of Bulgaria . This led to the establishment of the two literary schools: the Preslav Literary School and the Ohrid Literary School . Some went to Croatia ( Dalmatia ), where the squared variant arose and where Glagolitic remained in use for a long time. In 1248, Pope Innocent IV granted the Croatians of southern Dalmatia

3969-606: The Khazars in Cherson . For writing numbers, the Glagolitic numerals use letters with a numerical value assigned to each based on their native alphabetic order. This differs from Cyrillic numerals , which inherited their numeric value from the corresponding Greek letter (see Greek numerals ). The two brothers from Thessaloniki , who were later canonized as Saints Cyril and Methodius, were sent to Great Moravia in 862 by

4116-795: The Kievan Rus' and the Kingdom of Bohemia , though its use declined there in the 12th century, although some manuscripts in the territory of the former retained Glagolitic inclusions for centuries. It had also spread to Duklja and Zachlumia , from which it reached the March of Verona where the Investiture Controversy afforded it refuge from the opposition of Latin rite prelates, and allowed it to entrench itself in Istria , spreading from there to nearby lands. It survived there and as far south as Dalmatia without interruption into

4263-688: The March of Pannonia , against Louis the German in 853. The Frankish monarch retaliated by invading Moravia in 855. According to the Annals of Fulda , the Moravians were "defended by strong fortifications", and the Franks withdrew without defeating them, though the combats lasted until a peace treaty was worked out in 859. The truce is regarded as a stalemate and shows the growing strength of Rastislav's realm. Conflicts between Moravia and East Francia continued for years. For instance, Rastislav supported Louis

4410-819: The Middle Danube , dated to around 550. Large territories in the Pannonian Basin were conquered after 568 by the nomadic Avars who had arrived from the Eurasian Steppes . The Slavs were forced to pay tribute to the Avars and to participate in their raids against the Byzantine Empire , the Franks and the Lombards . Even though the Avar settlement area stabilized on the Danube river in

4557-714: The Ottoman conquests left the script without most of its continental population, and as a result of the Counter-Reformation its use was restricted in Istria and the Diocese of Zagreb , and the only active printing press with a Glagolitic type was confiscated, leading to a shift towards Latinic and Cyrillic literacy when coupled with the Tridentine requirement that priests be educated at seminaries. The result

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4704-565: The Slavic language . After the adoption of Christianity in Bulgaria in 865, religious ceremonies and Divine Liturgy were conducted in Greek by clergy sent from the Byzantine Empire , using the Byzantine rite . Fearing growing Byzantine influence and weakening of the state, Boris viewed the introduction of the Slavic alphabet and language into church use as a way to preserve the independence of

4851-457: The bull Industriae tuae for Svatopluk whom he addressed as "glorious count" (gloriosus comes) . In the bull, the pope refers to Svatopluk as "the only son" ( unicus fillius ) of the Holy See, thus applying a title which had up to that time been only used in papal correspondence with emperors and candidates for imperial rank. The pope explicitly granted the protection of the Holy See to

4998-512: The " Wilhelminer War "—a civil war between two factions of local noblemen in the March of Pannonia which lasted from 882 and 884—Svatopluk "collected troops from all the Slav lands" and invaded Pannonia. According to the Bavarian version of the Annals of Fulda , the Moravians' invasion "led to Pannonia's being laid waste" to the east of the river Rába . However, Regino of Prüm states that it

5145-400: The "boy" Svatopluk II was rescued by Bavarian forces "from the dungeon of the city in which he was held with his men" in 899. According to Bartl, who wrote that Svatopluk II had inherited the "Principality of Nitra" from his father, the Bavarians also destroyed the fortress at Nitra on this occasion. According to most nearly contemporaneous sources, the Hungarians played a prominent role in

5292-459: The 13th century) ascribing its invention to St. Jerome (342–429). The legend was partly based on the saint's place of birth on the border of Dalmatia and Pannonia . He was viewed as a "compatriot" and anachronistically as belonging to the same ethnic group; this helped the spread of the cult of the saint in Dalmatia and was later used to support the idea of the presence of Slavic communities in

5439-465: The 15th and 16th centuries posed the first major existential threat to the script's survival. The Counter-Reformation, alongside other factors, led to the suppression of Glagolitic in Istria in the 16th–17th centuries as well as in the Zagreb archdiocese. The Latinisation of the coastal cities and islands took much longer, where the script continued to be used by the notaries of Krk into the first decade of

5586-508: The 16th-century Johannes Aventinus , writes that the Hungarians had by that time controlled wide regions to east of the rivers Hron and Danube in the Carpathian Basin. A letter of Theotmar of Salzburg and his suffragans evidences that around 900 the Moravians and the Bavarians accused each other of having formed alliances, even by taking oaths "by the means of a dog and a wolf and through other abominable and pagan customs", with

5733-549: The 18th century. Of the major European scripts, only the Arabic script is comparable in this regard. In the early 19th century, the policies of the First French Empire and Austrian Empire left the script without legal status and its last remaining centers of education were abolished, concurrent with the weakening of the script in the few remaining seminaries that used the cursive form in instruction, resulting in

5880-595: The 19th century in Jerusalem, was dated to the 10th century. In 885, Pope Stephen V issued a papal bull to restrict spreading and reading Christian services in languages other than Latin or Greek. Around the same time, Svatopluk I , following the interests of the Frankish Empire and its clergy, persecuted the students of Cyril and Methodius, imprisoned and expelled them from Great Moravia . In 886, an East Frankish bishop of Nitra named Wiching banned

6027-429: The 19th century, with education by rural chapters on that island ensuring the survival of the script until well after their abolition by the Napoleon administration in the second decade of the 19th century. Novitiates continued to be educated primarily in the Glagolitic script as late as the third decade of the 19th century. But without centres of education, Latin script and Italian rapidly took over, so that very little

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6174-581: The 19th century. A once common belief was that the Glagolitic was created or used in the 4th century by St. Jerome , hence the alphabet was sometimes named "Hieronymian". It has also acrophonically been called azbuka from the names of its first two letters, on the same model as "alpha" + "beta" (the same name can also refer to Cyrillic and in some modern languages it simply means "alphabet" in general). The Slavs of Great Moravia (present-day Slovakia and Moravia ), Hungary , Slovenia and Slavonia were called Slověne at that time, which gives rise to

6321-426: The 20th century for Church Slavonic in addition to its use as a secular script in parts of its range, which at times extended into Bosnia , Slavonia , and Carniola , in addition to 14th-15th century exclaves in Prague and Kraków , and a 16th-century exclave in Putna . Its authorship by Cyril was forgotten, having been replaced with an attribution to St. Jerome by the early Benedictine adopters of Istria in

6468-634: The 9th and 10th centuries never used the term in this context. Instead they mention the polity as "Moravian realm" or "realm of Moravians" ( regnum Marahensium , terra Marahensium , regnum Marahavorum , regnum Marauorum , terra Marauorum or regnum Margorum in Latin, and Moravьska oblastь in Old Church Slavonic ), simply "Moravia" ( Marawa , Marauia , and Maraha in Latin, Morava , Marava , or Murava in Old Church Slavonic, and M.ŕawa.t in Arabic ), also regnum Sclavorum ( realm of Slavs ) or alternate regnum Rastizi ( realm of Rastislav ) or regnum Zuentibaldi ( realm of Svatopluk ). "Morava"

6615-428: The 9th century contain almost no information on the internal affairs of Moravia. Only two legal texts—the Nomocanon and the Court Law for the People —have been preserved. The former is a translation of a collection of Byzantine ecclesiastical law ; the latter is based on the 8th-century Byzantine law code known as Ecloga . Both were completed by Methodius shortly before his death in 885. In addition to

6762-437: The 9th century obviously had limited knowledge of the geography of distant regions of Central Europe. Furthermore, Moravian monarchs adopted an expansionist policy in the 830s, thus the borders of their realm often changed. Moravia reached the peak of its territorial expansion under Svatopluk I ( r.   870–894). Lesser Poland , Pannonia and other regions were forced to accept, at least formally and often only for

6909-507: The Avars in the last decade of the 8th century which caused the collapse of the Avar Khaganate . The Royal Frankish Annals narrates that Avars who "could not stay in their previous dwelling places on account of the attacks of the Slavs" approached Charlemagne in Aachen in 805 and asked to be allowed to settle in the lowlands along the river Rába . Following the collapse of the Avar Khaganate, swords and other elements of Frankish military equipment became popular in territories to

7056-417: The Church Slavic language. Twenty-four of the 41 original Glagolitic letters (see table below) probably derive from graphemes of the medieval cursive Greek small alphabet but have been given an ornamental design. The source of the other consonantal letters is unknown. If they were added by Cyril, it is likely that they were taken from an alphabet used for Christian scripture. It is frequently proposed that

7203-456: The Danube and again invaded Moravia in August 864. He besieged Rastislav "in a certain city, which in the language of that people is called Dowina", according to the Annals of Fulda . Although the Franks could not take the fortress, Rastislav agreed to accept Louis the German's suzerainty. However, he continued to support the Frankish monarch's opponents. For instance, Louis the German deprived one Count Werner "of his public offices", because

7350-485: The Danube. However, its formation is scarcely described by contemporaneous sources. The archaeologist Barford writes that the first report of the emerging Moravian state was recorded in 811. In the autumn of this year, according to the Royal Frankish Annals , Avar rulers and the duces or "leaders of the Slavs who live along the Danube" visited the court of Emperor Louis the Pious ( r.   814–840) in Aachen. The earliest certain reference to Moravians or Maravani

7497-408: The Eastern Adriatic Coast from ancient times, but the legend was probably firstly introduced for other reasons, like giving a more solid religious justification for the use of this script and Slavic liturgy. The theory nevertheless gained much popularity and spread to other countries before being resolutely disproven. Until the end of the 18th century, a strange but widespread opinion dominated that

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7644-536: The Empire to Western Christianity. The meaning of the name of Great Moravia has been subject to debate. The designation "Great Moravia"— Megale Moravia ( Μεγάλη Μοραβία ) in Greek —stems from the work De Administrando Imperio written by the Byzantine Emperor Constantine VII Porphyrogenitos around 950. The emperor only used the adjective megale in connection with the polity when referring to events that occurred after its fall, implying that it should rather be translated as "old" instead of "great". According to

7791-401: The Franks and Bulgarians. Upon his request, the emperor sent two brothers, Constantine and Methodius —the future Saints Cyril and Methodius—who spoke the Slavic dialect of the region of Thessaloniki to Moravia in 863. Constantine's Life narrates that he developed the first Slavic alphabet and translated the Gospel into Old Church Slavonic around that time. Louis the German crossed

7938-428: The German's son, Carloman , in his rebellion against his father in 861. The first record of a raid by the Magyars in Central Europe seems to have been connected to these events. According to the Annals of St. Bertin , "enemies called Hungarians" ravaged Louis the German's kingdom in 862, which suggests that they supported Carloman. Rastislav wanted to weaken influence of Frankish priests in his realm, who served

8085-538: The German, which ended with a peace treaty concluded at Forchheim in May 874. According to the Annals of Fulda , at Forchheim Svatopluk's envoy promised that Svatopluk "would remain faithful" to Louis the German "all the days of his life", and the Moravian ruler was also obliged to pay a yearly tribute to East Francia. In the meantime, Archbishop Methodius, who had been released upon the demand of Pope John VIII ( r.   872–882) in 873, returned to Moravia. Methodius's Life narrates that "Prince Svatopluk and all

8232-545: The German] ordered the Bavarians to assist Carloman, who wished to fight against [Svatopluk], the nephew of [Rastislav]. He himself kept the Franks and Alemans with him to fight against [Rastislav]. When it was already time to set out he fell ill, and was compelled to leave the leadership of the army to Charles his youngest son and commend the outcome to God. Charles, when he came with the army with which he had been entrusted to [Rastislav's] huge fortification, quite unlike any built in olden times, with God's help burnt with fire all

8379-416: The Glagolitic alphabet. The decision by a great assembly of notables summoned by Boris in the year 893 in favor of Cyrillic created an alphabetical difference between the two literary centres of the Bulgarian state in Pliska and Ohrid. In the western part the Glagolitic alphabet remained dominant at first. However, subsequently in the next two centuries, mostly after the fall of the First Bulgarian Empire to

8526-456: The Glagolitic writing system, which was in use in Dalmatia and Istria along with neighboring islands, including the translation of the Holy Scripture, owe their existence to the famous church father St. Jerome. Knowing him as the author of the Latin Vulgate , considering him – by his own words, born on the border between Dalmatia and Pannonia (remembering that the Dalmatian borders extended well into Istria at that time) – presumed to be an Illyrian,

8673-493: The Greeks Cyril and Methodius but unknown. We do not know who was the first to put in motion this unscientifically-based tradition about Jerome's authorship of the Glagolitic script and translation of the Holy Scripture, but in 1248 this version came to the knowledge of Pope Innocent IV. <...> The belief in Jerome as an inventor of the Glagolitic lasted many centuries, not only in his homeland, i.e. in Dalmatia and Croatia, not only in Rome, due to Slavs living there... but also in

8820-422: The Hludov Gospel (17th/18th). The early development of the Glagolitic minuscule script alongside the increasingly square majuscule is poorly documented, but a mutual relationship evolved between the two varieties; the majuscule being used primarily for inscriptions and higher liturgical uses, and the minuscule being used in both religious and secular documents. Ignoring the problematic early Slavonian inscriptions,

8967-527: The Holy See never denied Methodius's orthodoxy , in 880 the Pope appointed his main opponent, Wiching , as bishop of Nitra upon the request of Svatopluk, who himself preferred the Latin rite. A letter written around 900 by Archbishop Theotmar of Salzburg ( r.   873–907) and his suffragan bishops mentions that the pope sent Wiching to "a newly baptized people" whom Svatopluk "had defeated in war and converted from paganism to Christianity". Other sources also prove that Svatopluk significantly expanded

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9114-421: The Hungarians. According to Liudprand of Cremona , the Hungarians already "claimed for themselves the nation of the Moravians, which King Arnulf had subdued with the aid of their might" at the coronation of Arnulf's son, Louis the Child , in 900. The Annals of Grado adds that a large Hungarian army "attacked and invaded" the Moravians in 900. Facing the threat of further Hungarian attacks, Mojmír II concluded

9261-402: The Lower Pannonian region, also known as the Balaton Principality, which was referred to in Latin sources as Carantanorum regio, or "The Land of the Carantanians". The name Carantanians (Quarantani) was in use until the 13th century. Kocel's decision to support Methodius represented a complete break with his father's pro-Frankish policy. Svatopluk had by that time been administering what had been

9408-431: The Morava river forms the Czech-Slovak frontier), into two regions—the Záluží region on the Morava's western (Czech) bank and Záhorie on its eastern (Slovak) bank. Záhorie also boasts the only surviving building from Great Moravian times, the chapel at Kopčany just across the Morava from the archaeological site of Mikulčice (these two important Great Moravian places are now connected by a bridge). The core of Great Moravia

9555-427: The Moravian monarch, his officials and subjects. Furthermore, the bull also confirmed Methodius's position as the head of the church in Moravia with jurisdiction over all clergymen, including the Frankish priests, in Svatopluk's realm and Old Church Slavonic was recognized as the fourth liturgical language together with Latin , Greek and Hebrew . The longer version of the Annals of Salzburg makes mention of

9702-427: The Moravians are twice mentioned in the text: first as Marhari , and next as Merehani . He says, that the reference to the Marhari and their 11 fortresses was made between 817 and 843, and the note of the Merehani shows the actual state under Svatopluk I. In contrast with Havlík, Steinhübel together with Třeštík and Vlasto identify the Merehani with the inhabitants of the Principality of Nitra. A third view

9849-427: The Moravians" decided to entrust "to him all the churches and clergy in all the towns" in Moravia upon his arrival. In Moravia, Methodius continued the work of translation started in his brother's life. For instance, he translated "all the Scriptures in full, save Maccabees ", according to his Life . However, Frankish priests in Moravia opposed the Slavic liturgy and even accused Methodius of heresy . Although

9996-454: The Moravians", expelled "one Pribina " across the Danube. Pribina fled to Ratpot who administered the March of Pannonia from around 833. Whether Pribina had up to that time been an independent ruler or one of Mojmir's officials is a matter of scholarly discussion. For instance, Urbańczyk writes that Mojmir and Pribina were two of the many Moravian princes in the early 9th century, while according to Havlík, Třeštík and Vlasto, Pribina

10143-402: The Prague NM IX.F.38 Psalter (18th) and in the initials of many manuscripts of the Prophets with Commentary dating to the late 15th and early 16th centuries from Muscovy and Russia . Most later use in the Cyrillic world was for cryptographic purposes, such as in the Krushedol Miscellany (15th), the RNB F.п.I.48 Prologue (1456), the Piskarev 59 Isaac (1472), the Shchukin 511 Miscellany (1511) and

10290-513: The Preslav Literary School, where the Bulgarian capital, along with the school, was transferred to in 893) – is often credited, at least by supporters of glagolitic precedence , for the "creation" or wider adoption of the Cyrillic script , which almost entirely replaced Glagolitic during the Middle Ages . The Cyrillic alphabet is derived from the Greek alphabet used at that time, with some additional letters for sounds peculiar to Slavic languages (like ⟨ш⟩, ⟨ц⟩, ⟨ч⟩, ⟨ъ⟩, ⟨ь⟩, ⟨ѣ⟩), likely derived from

10437-442: The Principality of Nitra, under his uncle Rastislav's suzerainty, but contemporaneous documents do not reveal the exact location of Svatopluk's successorial territory. Frankish troops invaded both Rastislav's and Svatopluk's realms in August 869. According to the Annals of Fulda , the Franks destroyed many forts, defeated Moravian troops and seized loot. However, they could not take Rastislav's main fortress and withdrew. [Louis

10584-1036: The RPK 312 Gospel (13th), the Karakallou Epistolary (13th), the NBKM 933 Triodion (13th), the Skopje 1511 Octoechos (13th), the BRAN 4.9.39 Miscellany (13th), the Hilandar Chrysorrhoas (13th/14th), the Mazurin 1698 Pandects (13th/14th), the Sofia Psalter (1337), the SANU 55 Epistolary (1366–1367), the RNB F.п.I.2 Psalter (14th), the Čajniče Gospel (late 14th), the Radosav Miscellany (1444–1461),

10731-567: The Slavs"), suggesting that Svatopluk had by the end of 885 been crowned king. Likewise, Frankish annals occasionally referred to Svatopluk as king in connection with events occurring in this period. The Chronicle of the Priest of Dioclea —a late-12th-century source with questionable reliability —narrates that one "Sventopelk" was crowned king "on the field of Dalma" in the presence of a papal legate. Moravia reached its maximum territorial extent in

10878-610: The West. In the 14th century, Croatian monks brought the legend to the Czechs, and even the Emperor Charles IV believed them. The epoch of traditional attribution of the script to Jerome ended probably in 1812. In modern times, only certain marginal authors share this view, usually "re-discovering" one of the already-known mediaeval sources. The phonetic values of many of the letters are thought to have been displaced under Cyrillic influence or to have become confused through

11025-595: The White Carpathians and the Chřiby mountains, has retained its non-Czech identity in its designation "Slovácko" which shows common origins with the name of the neighbouring Slovakia—a token of a past shared identity in Great Moravian times. This core region of Great Moravia along the river has retained a unique culture with a rich folklore tradition: the above-mentioned Slovácko stretches, to the south (where

11172-493: The ancient customs", which shows that pagan rites were continued for decades even after 831. According to the Annals of Fulda , around August 15, 846, Louis the German , King of East Francia ( r.   843–876) launched a campaign "against the Moravian Slavs, who were planning to defect". The exact circumstances of his expedition are unclear. For instance, Vlasto writes that the Frankish monarch took advantage of

11319-541: The archaeologist Florin Curta , the sword was produced by a Frankish artisan from the Carolingian Empire . On the other hand, Ján Dekan writes that it represents how Moravian craftsmen selected "elements from the ornamental content of Carolingian art which suited their aesthetic needs and traditions". Moravia, the first Western Slavic polity, arose through the unification of the Slavic tribes settled north of

11466-459: The banishment of the orthodox fathers, and for the torments inflicted on the latter by the heretics with whom they acquiesced. In a few years the Magyars came, a people of Peonia, sacked their land and devastated it. But [Methodius's disciples] were not captured by the Magyars for they fled to the Bulgarians. However, the land remained desolate under the rule of the Magyars. Written sources from

11613-568: The borders of East Francia in a north-to-south order—mentions that the Moravians or Marharii had 11 fortresses or civitates . The document locates the Marhari between the Bohemians and the Bulgars, and also makes mention of the Merehani and their 30 fortresses. According to Havlík, who writes that Conversion is a consolidated version of notes made by several authors in different years,

11760-673: The borders of his realm. For instance, according to the Life of Methodius , Moravia "began to expand much more into all lands and to defeat its enemies successfully" in the period beginning around 874. The same source writes of a "very powerful pagan prince settled on the Vistula " in present-day Poland who persecuted the Christians in his country, but was attacked and seized by Svatopluk. Upon Methodius's request, in June 880 Pope John issued

11907-544: The characters is popularly attributed to Saints Cyril and Methodius , who may have created them to facilitate the introduction of Christianity. It is believed that the original letters were fitted to Slavic dialects in geographical Macedonia specifically (the Byzantine theme of Thessalonica ). The words of that language could not be easily written by using either the Greek or Latin alphabets. The number of letters in

12054-640: The circumstances of this mass conversion. Vlasto writes that Mojmír had by that time been converted to Christianity; according to Petr Sommer and other historians, he was also baptized on this occasion. All the same, the Life of Methodius narrates that Christian missionaries had by the 860s arrived in Moravia "from among the Italians , Greeks and Germans " who taught them " in various ways ". The Life of Constantine adds that missionaries from East Francia did not forbid "the offering of sacrifices according to

12201-475: The count was suspected to have conspired with Rastislav against the king. The Byzantine brothers, Constantine (Cyril) and Methodius, visited Rome in 867. At the end of the year, Pope Hadrian II ( r.   867–872) sanctioned their translations of liturgical texts and ordained six of their disciples as priests. The pope informed three prominent Slavic rulers—Rastislav, his nephew, Svatopluk and Kocel , who administered Lower Pannonia —of his approval of

12348-564: The description of the travel of Cyril and Methodius from Moravia to Venice through Pannonia in the Life of Cyril ) also substantiate the traditional view. These Maroara have to the west of them the Thyringas and some Behemas and half the Begware, and south them on the other side of the Danube river is the land Carendre extending south as far as the mountains called the Alps. ... To

12495-538: The development of the local Slavs accelerated. The first Slavic fortified settlements were built in present-day Moravia as early as the last decades of the 7th century. From the end of the 7th century, it is possible to register the rise of a new social elite in Moravia, Slovakia and Bohemia—the warrior horsemen. The social organization of the local Slavs continued to grow during the 8th century, which can be documented by further building and development of fortified settlements. In Moravia, they unambiguously concentrate around

12642-423: The early period of the khaganate (southern border of present-day Slovakia), a smaller (southernmost) part came under their direct military control after the fall of Samo's empire. In the late period of the khaganate, the Avars had already inclined to a more settled lifestyle and their co-existence with the local Slavs can be already characterized as some kind of cultural symbiosis. In the 7th and 8th centuries,

12789-514: The early spread to different dialects, so the original values are not always clear. For instance, the letter yu Ⱓ is thought to have perhaps originally had the sound /u/ but was displaced by the adoption of the ligature Ⱆ under the influence of later Cyrillic oѵ , mirroring the Greek ου . Other letters were late creations after a Cyrillic model. It should also be noted that Ⱑ corresponds to two different Cyrillic letters (Ѣ and Я), present even in older manuscripts, and not to different later variants of

12936-531: The east of the land Carendre, beyond the uninhabited district, is the land of the Pulgare, and east of that is the land of Greeks. To the east of the land of Maroara is the land of the Vistula, and east of that are those Datia who were formerly Goths. The borders of Moravia cannot exactly be determined because of the lack of accurate contemporaneous sources. For instance, the monks writing the Annals of Fulda in

13083-605: The eastern part of the Czech Republic alongside the Morava River , which gave its name to the kingdom. The kingdom saw the rise of the first ever Slavic literary culture in the Old Church Slavonic language as well as the expansion of Christianity , first via missionaries from East Francia , and later after the arrival of Saints Cyril and Methodius in 863 and the creation of the Glagolitic alphabet ,

13230-430: The existence of any pre-Glagolitic Slavic writing system has been found, except for a few brief and vague references in old chronicles and "lives of the saints". All artifacts presented as evidence of pre-Glagolitic Slavic inscriptions have later been identified as texts in known scripts and in known non-Slavic languages, or as fakes. The well-known Chernorizets Hrabar 's strokes and incisions are usually considered to be

13377-560: The fall of Great Moravia, which was overrun by the Hungarians , who then included the territory of present-day Slovakia in their domains. The exact date of Moravia's collapse is unknown, but it occurred between 902 and 907. Moravia experienced significant cultural development under King Rastislav , with the arrival in 863 of the mission of Saints Cyril and Methodius. After his request for missionaries had been refused in Rome, Rastislav asked

13524-458: The fall of Moravia. For instance, Regino of Prüm writes that Svatopluk I's "sons held his kingdom for a short and unhappy time, because the Hungarians utterly destroyed everything in it". The Hungarians started their conquest of the Carpathian Basin after their defeat in the westernmost territories of the Pontic steppes around 895 by a coalition of the Bulgars and Pechenegs. Only a late source,

13671-488: The first alphabet dedicated to a Slavic language. Glagolitic was subsequently replaced by the Cyrillic alphabet created in the First Bulgarian Empire . Although the borders of this empire cannot be exactly determined, Moravia reached its largest territorial extent under prince Svatopluk I ( Slovak : Svätopluk ), who ruled from 870 to 894. Separatism and internal conflicts emerging after Svatopluk's death contributed to

13818-519: The first known ruler of the united Moravia. Mojmír and his successor, Rastislav ("Rostislav" in Czech), who ruled from 846 to 870, initially acknowledged the suzerainty of the Carolingian monarchs, but the Moravian fight for independence caused a series of armed conflicts with East Francia from the 840s. According to most historians, the core territories of Moravia were located in the valley of

13965-434: The formation of the first Slavic state. Louis the German sent his armies against Moravia in 872. The imperial troops plundered the countryside, but could not take the "extremely well-fortified stronghold" where Svatopluk took refuge. The Moravian ruler even succeeded in mustering an army which defeated a number of imperial troops, forcing the Franks to withdraw from Moravia. Svatopluk soon initiated negotiations with Louis

14112-522: The frontiers of his realm. For instance, according to Kirschbaum, he annexed the region of the Slanské Hills in the eastern parts of present-day Slovakia. Barford even writes that the development of the state mentioned as "Great Moravia" by Constantine Porphyrogenitus commenced in Rastislav's reign. He turned against East Francia and supported the rebellion of Radbod , the deposed prefect of

14259-494: The interests of East Francia. He first sent envoys to Pope Nicholas I in 861 and asked him to send missionaries to Moravia who mastered the Slavic language. Having received no answer from Rome , Rastislav turned to the Byzantine Emperor Michael III with the same request. By establishing relations with Constantinople , he also desired to counter an anti-Moravian alliance recently concluded between

14406-430: The internal strife which followed Mojmír's death, while according to Kirschbaum, Mojmír was captured and dethroned during the campaign. However, it is without doubt that Louis the German appointed Mojmír's nephew, Rastislav , as the new duke of Moravia during this campaign. Rastislav ( r.   846–870), who initially accepted the suzerainty of Louis the German, consolidated his position within Moravia and expanded

14553-526: The islands of Zadar, but there were also findings in inner Lika and Krbava , reaching to Kupa river, and even as far as Međimurje and Slovenia . Hrvoje's Missal from 1404 was illuminated in Split , and it is considered one of the most beautiful Croatian Glagolitic books. The 1483 Missale Romanum Glagolitice was the first printed Croatian Glagolitic book. It was believed that Glagolitsa in Croatia

14700-399: The last years of Svatopluk's reign. According to Regino of Prüm , King Arnulf of East Francia "gave the command of the Bohemians to King Zwentibald of the Moravian Slavs" in 890. Bartl and other Slovak historians write that Svatopluk "probably" also annexed Silesia and Lusatia in the early 890s. According to the Annals of Fulda , King Arnulf proposed a meeting to Svatopluk in 892, "but

14847-467: The latter in his usual fashion refused to come to the king and betrayed his fidelity and all the things which he had promised before". In response, Arnulf invaded Moravia in 892, but could not defeat Svatopluk, although Magyar horsemen also supported the Eastern Frankish monarch. Svatopluk—"a man most prudent among his people and very cunning by nature", according to Regino of Prüm—died in

14994-507: The letters sha Ⱎ , tsi Ⱌ , and cherv Ⱍ were taken from the letters shin ש and tsadi צ of the Hebrew alphabet , and that Ⰶ zhivete derives from Coptic janja Ϫ. However, Cubberley suggests that if a single prototype were presumed, the most likely source would be Armenian . Other proposals include the Samaritan alphabet , which Cyril learned during his journey to

15141-425: The matter of the missal in this period led to its decline in the decades before Vatican II , whose promulgation of the vernacular had the effect of confining regular use of Glagolitic to a few monasteries and academic institutions, in addition to a small population of enthusiasts, whose numbers grew and shrank with the prevalence of the script in literature, but grew exponentially in pious and nationalist circles in

15288-519: The meaning of water, lake or sea (sea: Slavic more, Latin mare, Welsh môr, German Meer; humidity: English and German Moor, Slavic mokr- ). Compare also other river names like Mur in Austria and another Morava in Serbia, etc.). After the fall of Great Moravia, the central territory of Great Moravia was gradually divided into the newly ascending Kingdom of Bohemia and Hungarian Kingdom . The frontier

15435-625: The mostly similar Church Slavonic ones follow an approach more familiar to a generic English speaking reader. Several letters have no modern counterpart. The column for the angular variant, sometimes referred to as Croatian Glagolitic , is not complete as some of the letters were not used following the Croatian recension of Old Church Slavonic . In older texts, uk ( Ⱆ ) and three out of four yus es ( Ⱗ, Ⱘ, Ⱙ ) also can be written as digraphs, in two separate parts. The order of izhe ( Ⰹ, Ⰺ ) and i ( Ⰻ ) varies from source to source, as does

15582-537: The name "Slovenish" for the alphabet. Some other, rarer, names for this alphabet are Bukvitsa (from common Slavic word "bukva" meaning "letter", and a suffix "-itsa") and "Illyrian" (presumably similar to using the same anachronistic name for the Illyrian (Slavic) language). In the Middle Ages, Glagolitsa was also known as "St. Jerome's script" due to a popular mediaeval legend (created by Croatian scribes in

15729-606: The north of the Middle Danube. A new archaeological horizon—the so-called " Blatnica-Mikulčice horizon "—emerged in the valley of the northern Morava river and its wider region in the same period. This horizon of metalwork represents a synthesis of "Late Avar" and Carolingian art. One of its signature items is a sword found in a grave in Blatnica in Slovakia, which is dated to the period between 825 and 850. According to

15876-427: The north to present-day Slovakia, Moravia and Bohemia. Similarly, in the 1820s, Friedrich Blumenerger placed Great Moravia to the south on the borders of Pannonia and Moesia. Their views remained isolated until the 1970s, when Imre Boba again published a theory that Moravia's core territory must have been located around Sirmium, near the river Great Morava . Péter Püspöki-Nagy proposed the existence of two Moravias:

16023-402: The order of the various forms of yus ( Ⱔ, Ⱗ, Ⱘ, Ⱙ ). Correspondence between Glagolitic izhe ( Ⰹ, Ⰺ ) and i ( Ⰻ ) with Cyrillic И and І is unknown. The Proto-Slavic language did not have the phoneme /f/, and the letters fert ( Ⱇ ) and fita ( Ⱚ ) were used for transcribing words of Greek origin, and so was izhitsa ( Ⱛ ) for the Greek upsilon. The Glagolitic alphabet

16170-452: The original Glagolitic alphabet is not known, but it may have been close to its presumed Greek model. The 41 letters known today include letters for non-Greek sounds, which may have been added by Saint Cyril, as well as ligatures added in the 12th century under the influence of Cyrillic , as Glagolitic lost its dominance. In later centuries, the number of letters dropped dramatically, to fewer than 30 in modern Croatian and Czech recensions of

16317-515: The other hand, he succeeded in restoring the Church organization in Moravia by persuading Pope John IX ( r.   898–900) to send his legates to Moravia in 898. The legates in short order installed an archbishop and "three bishops as his suffragans" in Moravia. Conflicts emerging between Mojmír II and his younger brother, Svatopluk II , gave King Arnulf a pretext to send his troops to Moravia in 898 and 899. The Annals of Fulda writes that

16464-468: The point and click adventure games made by Cateia Games, a Croatian game studio. In the 2023 PS5 game Forspoken , Athian script, the written language of the Athian continent and cultures, seems to be based upon Glagolitic script. It is also featured on 1 euro cent, 2 euro cent and 5 euro cent coins minted in Croatia. Great Moravia Its core territory is the region now called Moravia in

16611-534: The river Morava , today in present-day Czech Republic and Slovakia. Archaeological findings of large early medieval fortresses and the significant cluster of settlements growing around them suggest that an important centre of power emerged in this region in the 9th century. Early sources ( Alfred the Great 's contemporaneous translation of Orosius 's History of the World , which mentioned Moravia's neighbours, and

16758-415: The river Morava. In Slovakia, the oldest Slavic fortified settlements are documented for the last decades of the 8th century. They were exclusively in areas which were not under direct Avar influence, but probably not built only as protection against them, because some of them are also found in northern territories ( Orava , Spiš ). Variation in pottery implies the existence of at least three tribes inhabiting

16905-461: The running back of the river, is the renowned Sirmium by name, a journey of two days from Belgrade; and beyond lies great Moravia, the unbaptized, which the [Hungarians] have blotted out, but over which in former days [Svatopluk] used to rule. Such are the landmarks and names along the Danube river [...]. The work of Porphyrogenitos is the only nearly contemporaneous source using the adjective "great" in connection with Moravia. Other documents from

17052-485: The same Cyrillic letter in different times or places. The following table lists each letter in its modern order, showing its Unicode representation, images of the letter in both the round and angular/squared variant forms, the corresponding modern Cyrillic letter, the approximate sound transcribed with the IPA , the name, and suggestions for its origin. The Old Church Slavonic names follow the scientific transliteration , while

17199-407: The script and jailed 200 followers of Methodius, mostly students of the original academy. They were then dispersed or, according to some sources, sold as slaves by the Franks. However, many of them, including Saints Naum , Clement , Angelar , Sava and Gorazd , reached the First Bulgarian Empire and were commissioned by Boris I of Bulgaria to teach and instruct the future clergy of the state in

17346-461: The self-styled Slavic intellectuals in Dalmatia very early began to ascribe to him the invention of glagolitsa , possibly with the intention of more successfully defending both Slavic writing and the Slavic holy service against prosecutions and prohibitions from Rome's hierarchy, thus using the opinion of the famous Latin Father of the Church to protect their church rituals which were inherited not from

17493-561: The source of the text; some, arguing on the similarity of the rounded Glagolitic with Sinaitic codices ( Psalterium Sinaiticum , Euchologium Sinaiticum ), hold that the manuscript originated in Macedonia , and others that it was written in Croatia , justifying it with the change of ь to ъ behind palatal č , ž , št and žd , a trait commonly found in other Croatian Glagolitic mediaeval manuscripts. The reasonable conclusion that follows

17640-525: The summer of 894. He was succeeded by his son, Mojmir II , but his empire shortly disintegrated, because the tribes subjugated to Svatopluk's rule by force started to get rid of Moravian supremacy. For instance, the Bohemian dukes (based in the Prague region) accepted King Arnulf's suzerainty in June 895, and Mojmír II attempted to restore his supremacy over them without success in the next two years. On

17787-421: The traditional view of the permanent annexation of huge territories in his reign. Other scholars warn that it's a mistake to draw the boundaries of core territories because Moravia did not reach that development level. In 1784, Slovak historian Juraj Sklenár disputed the traditional view on the location of Moravia and placed its core region in the region of Syrmia , stating that it spread from that location to

17934-555: The unique privilege of using their own language and this script in the Roman Rite liturgy. Formally granted to bishop Philip of Senj , permission to use the Glagolitic liturgy (the Roman Rite conducted in the Slavic language instead of Latin , not the Byzantine rite ), actually extended to all Croatian lands, mostly along the Adriatic coast. The Holy See had several Glagolitic missals published in Rome. Authorization for

18081-551: The use of Old Church Slavonic in the liturgy in the bull Quia te zelo . Bishop Wiching even convinced Svatopluk to expel all Methodius's disciples from Moravia in 886, thus marring the promising literary and cultural boom of Central European Slavs—the Slovaks took nearly a thousand years to develop a new literary language of their own. Pope Stephen addressed the Quia te zelo bull to Zventopolco regi Sclavorum ("Svatopluk, King of

18228-626: The use of the Glagolitic script at its peak before the Croatian-Ottoman wars corresponded roughly to the area that spoke the Chakavian dialect at the time, in addition to some adjacent Kajkavian regions within the Zagreb bishopric . As a result, vernacular impact on the liturgical language and script largely stems from Chakavian sub-dialects, although South Chakavian speakers mostly used Cyrillic, with Glagolitic only in certain parishes as

18375-482: The use of the vernacular in the liturgy in a letter of 869. In 869 Methodius was sent by the pope to Rastislav, Svatopluk and Kocel, but Methodius visited only Kocel, who sent him back to the pope. Hadrian then consecrated Methodius as archbishop with the title of Metropolitan of Sirmium to "the seat of Saint Andronicus ", i.e., the see of Sirmium. At the beginning of the 9th century, many Carantanians (Alpine Slavs), ancestors of present-day Slovenians , settled in

18522-614: The use of this language was extended to some other Slavic regions between 1886 and 1935. In missals, the Glagolitic script was eventually replaced with the Latin alphabet, but the use of the Slavic language in the Mass continued, until replaced by modern vernacular languages. At the end of the 9th century, one of these students of Methodius – Saint Naum , one of the founders of the Pliska Literary School (commonly known as

18669-479: The valley of the northern Morava river was made by the Byzantine historian Procopius . He wrote of a group of Germanic Heruli who "passed through the territory of all of the Sclavenes " while moving towards Denmark in 512. Archaeological sites have yielded hand-made ceramics, and closely analogous objects in southern Poland and western Ukraine appeared at the confluence of the northern Morava River and

18816-581: The very location of Great Moravia ( historiographical terms, as its original formal name is unknown) are a subject of debate. Rival theories place its centre south of the Danube (the Morava in Serbia) or on the Great Hungarian Plain. The exact date when the Moravian state was founded is also disputed, but it probably occurred in the early 830s under Prince Mojmír I ( r.   820s/830s–846),

18963-416: The victories bestowed by heaven. Svatopluk allied himself with the Franks and helped them seize Rastislav in 870. Carloman annexed Rastislav's realm and appointed two Frankish lords, William and Engelschalk , to administer it. Frankish soldiers arrested Archbishop Methodius on his way from Rome to Moravia at the end of the year. Svatopluk, who continued to administer his own realm after his uncle's fall,

19110-408: The walled fortifications of the region, seized and carried off the treasures which had been hidden in the woods or buried in the fields, and killed or put to fight all who came against him. Carloman also laid waste the territory of [Svatopluk], [Rastislav's] nephew, with fire and war. When the whole region had been laid waste the brothers Charles and Carloman came together and congratulated each other on

19257-415: The wider region of the northern Morava river in the early 9th century. Settlement complexes from the period were unearthed, for instance, near modern Bratislava , Brno and Olomouc . Fortresses erected at Bratislava, Rajhrad , Staré Město and other places around 800 evidence the development of local centres of power in the same regions. Charlemagne launched a series of military expeditions against

19404-1105: The word glagoljati , literally "verb ( glagol ) using ( jati )", meaning to say Mass in Old Church Slavonic liturgy. In the languages now spoken in the places where Glagolitic script was once used, the script is known as глаголица (romanized as glagolitsa or glagolica , depending on which language) in Bulgarian , Macedonian and Russian ; glagoljica (глагољица) in Croatian and Serbian ; глаголиця ( hlaholytsia ) in Ukrainian ; глаголіца ( hlaholitsa ) in Belarusian ; hlaholice in Czech ; hlaholika in Slovak ; głagolica in Polish ; and glagolica in Slovene and Sorbian . The creation of

19551-464: The years leading up to and following Independence of Croatia , and again more broadly with the Internet . The word glagolitic comes from Neo-Latin glagoliticus and Croatian glagoljica , from Old Church Slavonic ⰳⰾⰰⰳⱁⰾⱏ ( glagolŭ ), meaning "utterance" or "word". The name glagolitsa is speculated to have developed in Croatia , around the 14th century, and was derived from

19698-644: Was Arnulf of Carinthia who maintained control over Pannonia in 884. Svatopluk had a meeting with Emperor Charles the Fat ( r.   881–888) at Tulln an der Donau in Bavaria in 884. At the meeting, "dux" Svatopluk became the emperor's vassal and "swore fidelity to him", promising that he would never attack the emperor's realm. Archbishop Methodius died on April 6, 885. Led by Bishop Wiching of Nitra, Methodius's opponents took advantage of his death and persuaded Pope Stephen V ( r.   885–891) to restrict

19845-572: Was Mojmír's lieutenant in Nitra . Historians who identify Pribina as the ruler of an autonomous state, the Principality of Nitra —for instance, Bartl, Kirschbaum and Urbańczyk —add that "Great Moravia" emerged through the enforced integration of his principality into Moravia under Mojmír. The 9th-century Catalogue of Fortresses and Regions to the North of the Danube —which lists the peoples along

19992-402: Was accused of treachery and arrested by Carloman on Louis the German's orders in 871. The Moravians rose up in open rebellion against the two Frankish governors and elected a kinsman of Svatopluk, Slavomír , duke. Svatopluk returned to Moravia, took over command of the insurgents, and drove the Franks from Moravia. According to the Czech historian Dušan Třeštík , the rebellion of 871 led to

20139-452: Was added to the Unicode Standard in March 2005 with the release of version 4.1. The Unicode block for Glagolitic is U+2C00–U+2C5F. The Glagolitic combining letters for Glagolitic Supplement block (U+1E000–U+1E02F) was added to the Unicode Standard in June, 2016 with the release of version 9.0: A hypothetical pre-Glagolitic writing system is typically referred to as cherty i rezy (strokes and incisions) – but no material evidence of

20286-422: Was based on the Eastern South Slavic dialect he and his brother Methodius knew from their native Thessaloniki . Old Church Slavonic, therefore, differed somewhat from the local Slavic dialect of Great Moravia which was the ancestral idiom to the later dialects spoken in Moravia and western Slovakia. Later, the disciples of Cyril and Methodius were expelled from Great Moravia by King Svatopluk I , who re-orientated

20433-416: Was extended, according to annals, in the early 830s, when Mojmir I of Moravia conquered the neighbouring principality of Nitra (present-day western Slovakia). The former principality of Nitra was used as what is termed in Slovak údelné kniežatsvo , or the territory given to and ruled by the successor to the throne, traditionally the ruling kъnendzь (Prince)'s sister's son. Nevertheless, the extent, and even

20580-429: Was issued in the years 903–906, still refers to the "markets of the Moravians", suggesting that Moravia still existed at that time. It is without doubt that no Moravian forces fought in the battle at Brezalauspurc , where the Hungarians routed a large Bavarian force in 907. The Moravian land, according to the prophecy of the holy archbishop Methodius, was promptly punished by God for their lawlessness and heresy, for

20727-469: Was its gradual death as a written script in most of its continental range, but also the unusually late survival of medieval scribal tradition for the reproduction of Glagolitic texts in isolated areas like the island of Krk and the Zadar Archipelago . Although the Propaganda Fide would eventually resume printing Glagolitic books, very few titles were published, so the majority of Glagolitic literary works continued to be written and copied by hand well into

20874-399: Was originally settled on the Morava river. However, from the 12th century, the Czech kings managed to gain more and more of the region on the eastern bank, eventually gaining the whole stretch of the eastern territory from Uherské Hradiště down to Strážnice along the White Carpathians. The original core territory of Great Moravia, nowadays forming the eastern part of Moravia and situated between

21021-469: Was owned by the Croatian nobles of the House of Frankopan , who used the codex as a house relic (it was bound with silver and gold) in worship, believing St. Jerome to be the author. Count Cloz donated the codex to the City Museum in Trent , where the first 12 folios are being kept today. The remaining 2 folios, discovered by Slovene Slavist Franz Miklosich , are kept in the Ferdinandeum museum in Innsbruck . Linguists somewhat disagree when discussing

21168-441: Was present only in those areas. But, in 1992, the discovery of Glagolitic inscriptions in churches along the Orljava river in Slavonia totally changed the picture (churches in Brodski Drenovac , Lovčić , and some others), showing that use of the Glagolitic alphabet was spread from Slavonia also. Sporadic instances aside, Glagolitic survived beyond the 12th century as a primary script in Croatian lands alone, although from there

21315-522: Was published by Václav Vondrák ( Glagolita Clozùv 1893) and finally by Antonín Dostál ( Clozianus, staroslověnsky hlaholský sborník tridentský a innsbrucký , Prague 1959). Dostal's edition contains photographs, Cyrillic transcription, Ancient Greek original, translations to Czech and a dictionary. Text of codex Archived 2014-11-04 at the Wayback Machine Glagolitic script The Glagolitic script ( / ˌ ɡ l æ ɡ ə ˈ l ɪ t ɪ k / GLAG -ə- LIT -ik , ⰳⰾⰰⰳⱁⰾⰻⱌⰰ , glagolitsa )

21462-445: Was used in the Duchy of Kopnik before the Wendish Crusade , but it was certainly used in Kievan Rus' . Another use of Glagolitic is presumed in now southern Poland ( Duchy of Vistula / White Croats state) and the Transcarpathia region. In Croatia, from the 12th century, Glagolitic inscriptions appeared mostly in littoral areas: Istria , Primorje, Kvarner , and Kvarner islands, notably Krk , Cres , and Lošinj ; in Dalmatia, on

21609-420: Was written in the script after the third quarter of the 19th century except for ceremonial purposes, and soon very few could read the cursive script apart from a few scholars. The exact nature of relationship between the Glagolitic alphabet and the Early Cyrillic alphabet , their order of development, and influence on each other has been a matter of great study, controversy, and dispute in Slavic studies since

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