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62-608: An improvement of the design of the Grumman Mallard , the Albatross was developed to land in open-ocean situations to accomplish rescues. Its deep-V hull cross-section and keel length enable it to land in the open sea. The Albatross was designed for optimal 4-foot (1.2 m) seas, and could land in more severe conditions, but required JATO (jet-assisted takeoff, or simply booster rockets) for takeoff in 8–10-foot (2.4–3.0 m) seas or greater. Most Albatrosses were used by

124-496: A fauna that is rather more Australasian than Asian. Malukan biodiversity and its distribution are affected by various tectonic activities; most of the islands are geologically young, being from 1 million to 15 million years old, and have never been attached to the larger landmasses. The Maluku islands differ from other areas in Indonesia; they contain some of the country's smallest islands, coral island reefs scattered through some of

186-481: A few years and then put in storage in Arizona. Most are still parked there, but some have been returned to regular flight operations with private operators. Satellite technology company Row 44 , now known as Anuvu, bought an HU-16B Albatross (registration N44HQ) in 2008 to test its in-flight satellite broadband internet service. Named Albatross One , the company selected the aircraft for its operations because it has

248-399: A later migration of Austronesian speakers around 2000 BC. Other archaeological finds showed possible Arab merchants began to arrive in the fourteenth century, bringing Islam . The conversion to Islam occurred in many islands, especially in the centres of trade, while aboriginal animism persisted in the hinterlands and more isolated islands. Archaeological evidence here relies largely on

310-484: A life extension program. Chalk's Ocean Airways purchased Mallard N1208 from the Fruehauf Corporation and later acquired several other examples of the aircraft. The type received much attention after a Turbo Mallard, operating as Chalk's Ocean Airways Flight 101, crashed after takeoff from Miami Harbor on December 19, 2005, bound for Bimini, Bahamas . Eighteen passengers and two crew perished when

372-681: A sense of shared interest with Europeans, particularly among the Ambonese. The Dutch arrived in 1599 and competed with the Portuguese in the area for trade. The Dutch East India Company in the course of Dutch–Portuguese War allied with the Sultan of Ternate and conquered Ambon and Tidore in 1605, expelling the Portuguese. A Spanish counterattack from the Philippines restored Iberian rule in parts of North Maluku up to 1663. However,

434-460: A small island to the west of the large island of Halmahera , but has been moved to Sofifi on Halmahera itself. The capital of the remaining part of Maluku province remains at Ambon . Religious and ethnic conflict erupted across the islands in January 1999. The subsequent 18 months were characterized by fighting between local groups of Muslims and Christians against jihadist groups from Java and

496-488: Is 30 °C (86 °F) while the wet's average maximum is 23 °C (73 °F). Northern Maluku has its wet monsoon from December to March in line with the rest of Indonesia. Each island group has its climatic variations, and the larger islands tend to have drier coastal lowlands and their mountainous hinterlands are wetter. Religion in Maluku Islands (December 2023) The population of Maluku Province in 2020

558-473: Is a medium, twin-engined amphibious aircraft . Many have been modified by replacing the original Pratt & Whitney Wasp H radial engines with modern turboprop engines . Manufactured from 1946 to 1951, production ended when Grumman's larger SA-16 Albatross was introduced. Building on the success of the Goose and Widgeon , Grumman Aircraft developed larger G-73 Mallard for commercial use. Retaining many of

620-672: Is held at Boulder City, Nevada , where Albatross pilots can become type rated. Amphibian Aerospace Industries in Darwin , Australia , acquired the type certificate and announced in December 2021 that it planned to commence manufacturing a new version of the Albatross from 2025. Dubbed the G-111T, it would have modern avionics and Pratt & Whitney PT6A-67F turboprop engines, with variants for passengers, freight, search and rescue, coastal surveillance, and aeromedical evacuation. One UF-1G

682-655: Is operated by TP Universal Exports in Minnesota and is still flying today. Data from Albatross: Amphibious Airborne Angel, United States Navy Aircraft since 1911, Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1958-59 Grumman Albatross: A History of the Legendary Seaplane General characteristics Performance Avionics Related development Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era Grumman Mallard The Grumman G-73 Mallard

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744-602: Is the subject of two major historical works of natural history by Georg Eberhard Rumphius : the Herbarium Amboinense and the Amboinsche Rariteitkamer . Rainforest covered most of northern and central Maluku, which, on the smaller islands has been replaced by plantations, including the region's endemic cloves and nutmeg . The Tanimbar Islands and other southeastern islands are arid and sparsely vegetated, much like nearby Timor . In 1997

806-498: The 1975 Dutch train hostage crisis , the 1977 Dutch train hijacking , and the 1977 Dutch school hostage crisis to bring attention to their plight for an independent Republic of South Maluku. Maluku is one of the first provinces of Indonesia, proclaimed in 1945 and lasting until 1999 when the Maluku Utara and Halmahera Tengah Regencies were split off as a separate province of North Maluku . Its capital used to be Ternate , on

868-1042: The Dutch–Portuguese War , also known as the Spice War. A second influx of immigrants primarily from Java began in the early 20th century under the Dutch and continues in the Indonesian era, which has also caused a lot of controversy as the Transmigrant programs are thought to be a contributing factor to the Maluku Riots . The etymology of the word Maluku is unclear and has been a matter of debate for many experts. The first recorded word that can be identified with Maluku comes from Nagarakertagama , an Old Javanese eulogy of 1365. Canto 14 stanza 5 mentioned Maloko , which Pigeaud identified with Ternate or Moluccas. A theory holds that Maluku comes from

930-589: The MAP program. It's No. 4 Squadron was equipped with these hydroplanes while based at Drigh Road Air Base . The SA-16s were used for maritime reconnaissance and coastal patrol during the 1965 War with India. At least one SA-16 was on patrol during the 17 day war flying 14 missions in support of the Navy . They were put in storage on 19 August 1968. The Indonesian Air Force operated 8 UF-1 acquired in 1958 and 4 ex-West German Navy UF-2S acquired in 1977, all were assigned to

992-667: The Manusela National Park , and in 2004, the Aketajawe-Lolobata National Park , were established, for the protection of endangered species. Nocturnal marsupials , such as cuscus and bandicoots , make up the majority of the mammal species and introduced mammals include Malayan civets and feral pigs. Bird species include approximately 100 endemics with the greatest variety on the large islands of Halmahera and Seram. North Maluku has two species of endemic birds of paradise. Uniquely among

1054-461: The Spice Islands because of the nutmeg , mace , and cloves that were exclusively found there, the presence of which sparked European colonial interests in the 16th century. The Maluku Islands formed a single province from Indonesian independence until 1999, when they were split into two provinces. A new province, North Maluku , incorporates the area between Morotai and Sula , with

1116-565: The U.S. Air Force (USAF), primarily in the search and rescue (SAR) mission role, and initially designated as SA-16. The USAF used the SA-16 extensively in Korea for combat rescue, where it gained a reputation as a rugged and seaworthy craft. Later, the redesignated HU-16B (long-wing variant) Albatross was used by the USAF's Aerospace Rescue and Recovery Service and saw extensive combat service during

1178-648: The Vietnam War . In addition, a small number of Air National Guard air commando groups were equipped with HU-16s for covert infiltration and extraction of special forces from 1956 to 1971. Other examples of the HU-16 made their way into Air Force Reserve rescue and recovery units prior to its retirement from USAF service. The U.S. Navy also employed the HU-16C/D Albatross as an SAR aircraft from coastal naval air stations , both stateside and overseas. It

1240-638: The company began operations in 1917. An original radial-engine Mallard, registration VH-CQA, crashed into the Swan River in Perth, Western Australia , on 26 January, 2017, during Australia Day celebrations, killing both the pilot , Peter Lynch , and his passenger. The cause of the accident was listed as pilot error and poor procedures on the part of the CASA and the City of Perth. Data from Jane's All

1302-545: The 59 Mallards delivered were for corporate use. A prominent user in the United States was Roy Fruehauf and the Fruehauf Trailer Corporation . Fruehauf owned and operated a fishing camp, Killarney Lodge at Georgian Bay , Canada, and ferried customers there from Detroit. Another Detroiter, William Packer of General Motors, also owned a Mallard, which he often flew to Killarney. another Mallard

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1364-466: The 5th Air Squadron and were retired in the 1980s. The Indonesian Navy also operated two ex-U.S. Navy UF-2 received in 1960. Five UF-1 of the 5th Air Squadron were deployed in the frontline airfields during the Operation Trikora in 1962. They were utilized for various roles, such as maritime patrol, search-and-rescue, weather observation, and forward air control. One of them went missing and

1426-712: The British. During the French Revolutionary Wars and again in the Napoleonic Wars , British forces captured the islands in 1796–1801 and 1810, respectively, and held them until 1817. In that time they uprooted many of the spice trees for transplantation throughout the British Empire . With the declaration of a single republic of Indonesia in 1950 to replace the federal state, a Republic of South Maluku (Republik Maluku Selatan, RMS)

1488-651: The Dutch monopolized the production and trade of spices through a ruthless policy. This included the genocidal conquest of the nutmeg-producing Banda Islands in 1621, the elimination of the English in Ambon in 1623, and the subordination of Ternate and Tidore in the 1650s. An anticolonial resistance movement led by a Tidore prince, the Nuku Rebellion , engulfed large parts of Maluku and Papua in 1780-1810 and co-opted

1550-443: The Indonesian military backing them leading to the destruction of thousands of houses, the displacement of approximately 500,000 people, the loss of thousands of lives, and the segregation of Muslims and Christians. The Maluku Islands have a total area of 850,000 km (330,000 sq mi), 90% of which is sea. There are an estimated 1027 islands. The largest two islands, Halmahera and Seram , are sparsely populated, while

1612-661: The Maitimu family and village office of Negeri Ema, alongside many potteries. In August 1511 the Portuguese conquered the city-state of Malacca . The most significant lasting effects of the Portuguese presence were the disruption and reorganization of the Southeast Asian trade, and in eastern Indonesia—including Maluku—the introduction of Christianity. One Portuguese diary noted, "It is over thirty years since they became Moors ". Afonso de Albuquerque learned of

1674-486: The Mallard was designed for regional airline operations with two pilots and ten passengers, especially aimed at harbor-based, city-to-city hops on the eastern seaboard, postwar surplus aircraft sales and the availability of smaller airports limited market potential. A number of smaller air carriers did use the Mallard in its intended role, notably Tahiti-Hawaii Airlines and Pacific Western Airlines (Canada). However, most of

1736-477: The Maluku Islands, the Aru Islands have a purely Papuan fauna including kangaroos, cassowaries, and birds of paradise. While many ecological problems affect both small islands and large landmasses, small islands suffer their particular problems. Development pressures on small islands are increasing, although their effects are not always anticipated. Although Indonesia is richly endowed with natural resources,

1798-773: The Trust Territory Airlines in the Pacific to serve the islands of Micronesia. Pan American World Airways and finally Continental Airlines' Air Micronesia operated the Albatrosses serving Yap, Palau, Chuuk (Truk), and Pohnpei from Guam until 1970, when adequate island runways were built, allowing land operations. Many surplus Albatrosses were sold to civilian operators, mostly to private owners. These aircraft are operated under either Experimental-Exhibition or Restricted category and cannot be used for commercial operations, except under very limited conditions. In

1860-480: The United States. Many of the rest are in use around the globe. A similar program has been undertaken by Paspaley Pearling in combination with Aeronautical Engineers Australia to fit new engines and modernize its Mallard fleet, which is used to support its pearling operations in Northern Australia. The fleet has been extensively rebuilt and also refitted with PT6A turbines, and is currently undergoing

1922-493: The World's Aircraft 1948 General characteristics Performance Related development Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era Related lists Maluku Islands The Maluku Islands ( / m ə ˈ l uː k uː , m æ ˈ l uː k uː / mə- LOO -koo, mal- OO - ; Indonesian : Kepulauan Maluku ) or the Moluccas ( / m ə ˈ l ʌ k ə z / mə- LUK -əz ) are an archipelago in

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1984-466: The arc of islands from Buru and Seram to Wetar remaining within the existing Maluku Province . North Maluku is predominantly Muslim, and its capital is Sofifi on Halmahera island. Maluku province has a larger Christian population, and its capital is Ambon . Though originally Melanesian , many island populations especially in the Banda Islands , were massacred in the 17th century during

2046-466: The deepest seas in the world, and no large islands such as Java or Sumatra . Flora and fauna immigration between islands is thus restricted, leading to a high rate of endemic biota evolving. The ecology of the Maluku Islands has fascinated naturalists for centuries; Alfred Wallace 's book, The Malay Archipelago , was the first significant study of the area's natural history and remains an important resource for studying Indonesian biodiversity. Maluku

2108-600: The early 1980s, Chalk's International Airlines owned by Merv Griffin's Resorts International had 13 Albatrosses converted to Standard category as G-111s. This made them eligible to be used in scheduled airline operations. These aircraft had extensive modification from the standard military configuration, including rebuilt wings with titanium wing spar caps, additional doors and modifications to existing doors and hatches, stainless steel engine oil tanks, dual engine fire extinguishing systems on each engine, and propeller auto feather systems installed. The G-111s were operated for only

2170-694: The eastern part of Indonesia . Tectonically they are located on the Halmahera Plate within the Molucca Sea Collision Zone . Geographically they are located east of Sulawesi , west of New Guinea , and north and east of Timor . Lying within Wallacea (mostly east of the biogeographical Weber Line ), the Moluccas have been considered a geographical and cultural intersection of Asia and Oceania . The islands were known as

2232-522: The features of the smaller aircraft, such as twin radial engines, high wings with underwing floats, retractable landing gear and a large straight tail, the company built 59 Mallards between 1946 and 1951. Unlike the smaller aircraft, the Mallard featured tricycle gear , stressed skin, a two-step hull and wingtip fuel tanks. The Mallard prototype first flew on 30 April 1946, with the first production aircraft entering service in September of that year. While

2294-483: The first Albatross to circumnavigate the globe. The 26,347 nmi flight around the world lasted 73 days, included 38 stops in 21 countries, and was completed with 190 hours of flight time. In 2013 Reid Dennis donated N44RD to the Hiller Aviation Museum . Since the aircraft weighs over 12,500 pounds, pilots of civilian US-registered Albatross aircraft must have a type rating . A yearly Albatross fly-in

2356-464: The head of a mercenary band of Portuguese seamen under the service of one of the two local feuding sultans who controlled most of the spice trade. Both Serrão and Ferdinand Magellan , however, perished before they could meet one another. The Portuguese first landed in Ambon in 1513, but it only became the new centre for their activities in Maluku following the expulsion from Ternate. European power in

2418-604: The interior people of the islands Seram and Buru . Later added to this Austronesian-Melanesian mix were some Indian and Arab strain. More recent arrivals include Bugis trader settlers from Sulawesi and Javanese transmigrants . Over 130 languages were once spoken across the islands; however, many have now switched to the creoles of Ternate and Ambonese , the lingua franca of northern and southern Maluku, respectively. The Maluku Islands are divided into two provinces : Maluku and North Maluku . Cloves and nutmeg are still cultivated, as are cocoa, coffee and fruit. Fishing

2480-463: The invasion, the Albatross was modified so it could be armed with 12.7 mm M2 Browning machine guns, bombs and rockets. The Albatross was only used once for a ground attack mission. The Royal Canadian Air Force operated Grumman Albatrosses with the designation "CSR-110". In the mid-1960s the U.S. Department of the Interior acquired three military Grumman HU-16s from the U.S. Navy and established

2542-490: The last 500 years and earthquakes are common. The geology of the Maluku Islands shares much similar history, characteristics, and processes with the neighbouring Nusa Tenggara region. There is a long history of geological study of these regions since Indonesian colonial times ; however, the geological formation and progression are not fully understood, and theories of the island's geological evolution have changed extensively in recent decades. The Maluku Islands comprise some of

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2604-446: The location of mountains, in which case "Maloko Kie Raha" in the phrase "Ternate se Tidore, Moti se Mara Maloko Kie Raha " means "Ternate, Tidore, Moti, and Mara the place of the four mountains " or with the shifting of pronunciation of loko towards luku , means "Ternate, Tidore, Moti, and Mara the world of the four mountains ". Australo-Melanesians were the first people to inhabit the islands at least 40,000 years ago, and then

2666-611: The meaning of Moloko or Moloku is. One possible meaning is in Ternate language , it meant "to hold or grasp", in which case Moloko Kie Raha could be understood to mean " Confederation of the Four Mountains ". Another possibility is that the word originates from the word maloko , which is a combination of the particle ma- and the root loko in North Halmahera languages means the variety of words relating to

2728-747: The month. The final US Navy HU-16 flight was made 13 August 1976, when an Albatross was delivered to the National Museum of Naval Aviation at NAS Pensacola, Florida. The final USCG HU-16 flight was at CGAS Cape Cod in March 1983, when the aircraft type was retired by the USCG. The Albatross continued to be used in the military service of other countries, the last being retired by the Hellenic Navy (Greece) in 1995. The Pakistan Air Force operated 4 SA-16As from 1958 to 1968 which it received under

2790-545: The most developed, Ambon and Ternate , are small. The majority of the islands are forested and mountainous. The Tanimbar Islands are dry and hilly, while the Aru Islands are flat and swampy. Mount Binaiya (3,027 m; 9,931 ft) on Seram is the highest mountain. Several islands, such as Ternate (1,721 m; 5,646 ft) and the TNS islands, are volcanoes emerging from the sea with villages sited around their coasts. There have been over 70 serious volcanic eruptions in

2852-740: The most geologically complex and active regions in the world, resulting from their position at the meeting point of four geological plates and two continental blocks. Biogeographically , all of the islands apart from the Aru group lie in Wallacea , the region between the Sunda Shelf (part of the Asia block), and the Arafura Shelf (part of the Australian block). More specifically, they lie between Weber's Line and Lydekker's Line and thus have

2914-496: The name of Kapitan Ading Adang Anaan Tanahatuila. The meeting was facilitated by Malessy Soa Lisa Maitimu; however, it failed to reach an agreement. As Sutarmi failed, she decided to stay in exile while her retinues settled and married locals of Ema, and her spear bearer settled on the coast but was killed later by Gunung Maut troops. Archaeological finds relating to this expedition include a water source with Sun symbols with nine rays, and heirlooms of spears and Totobuang kept by

2976-496: The newcomers were welcomed in the area as buyers of supplies and spices during a lull in the regional trade due to the temporary disruption of Javanese and Malay sailings to the area following the 1511 conflict in Malacca. The spice trade soon revived but the Portuguese would not be able to fully monopolize or disrupt this trade. Allying himself with Ternate's ruler, Serrão constructed a fortress on that tiny island and served as

3038-486: The occurrence of pigs' teeth, as evidence of pork eating or abstinence therefrom. Remnants of Majapahit expeditions were also found in oral as well as archaeological sites. A story from Letvuan on Kai Kecil island, tells of a Balinese envoy of Gajah Mada by the name of Kasdev, his wife Dit Ratngil, and eight of their children. Archaeological sites of ancient tombs found in Sorbay Bay south of Letvuan seemed to support

3100-509: The phrase Moloko Kie Raha or Moloku Kie Raha . In the Ternate language , raha means "four", while kie here means "mountain". Kie raha or "four mountains" refers to Ternate , Tidore , Bacan , and Jailolo (the name Jailolo has been used in the past to refer to Halmahera island), all of which have their kolano (a local title for kings rooted in Panji tales ). It is unclear what

3162-471: The region was weak and Ternate became an expanding, fiercely Islamic, and anti-European state; the Portuguese-Ternate wars raged throughout the reigns of Sultan Baab Ullah (r. 1570–1583) and his son Sultan Saidi Berkat (r. 1583–1606). Following Portuguese missionary work, there have been large Christian communities in eastern Indonesia through to contemporary times, which has contributed to

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3224-453: The resources of the small islands of Maluku are limited and specialised; furthermore, human resources, in particular, are limited. General observations about small islands that can be applied to the Maluku Islands include: Central and southern Maluku Islands experience the dry monsoon between October and March and the wet monsoon from May to August, which is the reverse of the rest of Indonesia. The dry monsoon's average maximum temperature

3286-455: The right wing separated from the fuselage of the 58-year-old aircraft. The cause of the accident was determined by the subsequent investigation to be undetected cracks and/or corrosion in the wing spar . Prior to 2005, Chalk's Ocean Airways had an exemplary safety record operating Mallards for many years between Florida and the Bahamas , having never had a passenger fatality since

3348-484: The route to the Banda Islands and other 'Spice Islands', and sent an exploratory expedition of three vessels under the command of António de Abreu , Simão Afonso Bisigudo, and Francisco Serrão . On the return trip, Serrão was shipwrecked at Hitu island (northern Ambon ) in 1512. There he established ties with the local ruler who was impressed with his martial skills. The rulers of the competing island states of Ternate and Tidore also sought Portuguese assistance and

3410-469: The same curvature atop its fuselage as the Boeing 737 aircraft for which the company manufactures its equipment. The plane purchased by Row 44 was used at one time as a training aircraft for space shuttle astronauts by NASA . It features the autographs of the astronauts who trained aboard the plane on one of the cabin walls. In 1997, a Grumman Albatross (N44RD), piloted by Reid Dennis and Andy Macfie, became

3472-476: The story as well as some cultural practices of Kei of Balinese origin. Other archaeological finds in Kei islands include Shiva statue from Kei Besar island. Another oral story was of 14th century Majapahit expedition to Negeri Ema, Ambon Island , by an envoy named Nyi Mas Kenang Eko Sutarmi alongside 22 of her retinues, and a spear bearer trying to form an alliance and trading relationship with Negeri Ema's leader by

3534-475: Was 1,848,923 and that of North Maluku Province was 1,282,937. Hence the total population of the Maluku Islands as a region in 2020 was 3,131,860. A long history of trade and seafaring has resulted in a high degree of mixed ancestry in Malukans. Austronesian peoples added to the native Melanesian population around 2000 BCE. Melanesian features are strongest in the islands of Kei and Aru and amongst

3596-759: Was also employed as an operational support aircraft worldwide and for missions from the former Naval Air Station Agana , Guam , during the Vietnam War. Goodwill flights were also common to the surrounding Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands in the early 1970s. Open-water landings and water takeoff training using JATO was also conducted frequently by U.S. Navy HU-16s from locations such as NAS Agana, Guam; Naval Station Guantanamo Bay , Cuba; NAS Barbers Point , Hawaii; NAS North Island , California, NAS Key West , Florida; NAS Jacksonville , Florida, and NAS Pensacola , Florida, among other locations. The HU-16

3658-612: Was also operated by the U.S. Coast Guard as both a coastal and long-range open-ocean SAR aircraft for many years until it was supplanted by the HU-25 Guardian and HC-130 Hercules . The final USAF HU-16 flight was the delivery of AF Serial No. 51-5282 to the National Museum of the United States Air Force at Wright-Patterson AFB , Ohio, in July 1973 after setting an altitude record of 32,883 ft earlier in

3720-686: Was declared and attempted to secede, led by Chris Soumokil (former Supreme Prosecutor of the Eastern Indonesia state) and supported by the Moluccan members of the Netherlands KNIL special troops. This movement was defeated by the Indonesian army and by special agreement with the Netherlands the Moluccan troops were ordered to move to the Netherlands. . Decades later, descendants of these Moluccan KNIL soldiers participated in

3782-399: Was presumed to have crashed into the sea after entering cumulonimbus cloud during a SAR mission on 17 May 1962. Two Indonesian Navy's UF-2 were also deployed to Maluku Islands during Operation Trikora. Three Grumman Albatrosses from the Indonesian Air Force took part in the 1975 invasion of East Timor for maritime patrol role. Due to shortage of ground attack aircraft in the initial stage of

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3844-557: Was purchased in the early 1950s by the Aga Khan . The Toronto Globe & Mail newspaper owned one for use as a "flying newsroom". The Royal Egyptian Air Force used a Mallard as part of their Royal Flight; it was reportedly King Farouk 's favourite aircraft. The Mallard received a new lease of life in the 1970s when a number of airframes were refitted by Frakes Aviation with Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A turbines and upgraded for 17 passengers, to become "Turbo Mallards". Today, through attrition, only 32 Mallards remain registered in

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