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96-618: The Durham Public Schools district is a public school district in Durham , North Carolina . Formed in 1992 with the merger of Durham 's previous two school districts, it is 8th largest school system in North Carolina as of November 2020. There are 57 public schools in the system, consisting of 32 elementary (K-5), 9 middle (6–8), 2 secondary (6–12), 11 high (9–12), 1 alternative, 1 hospital school, and 1 virtual academy (K-12). Durham's schools are traditionally named after notable members of

192-673: A historically black university that is part of the University of North Carolina System . Together, the two universities make Durham one of the vertices of the Research Triangle area; central to this is the Research Triangle Park south of Durham, which encompasses an area of 11 square miles and is devoted to research facilities. On the Duke University campus are the neo-Gothic Duke Chapel and

288-428: A better future than "a new-fangled nonsense like a railroad" and refused to sell or lease land for a depot. In 1849, a North Carolina Railroad depot was established on a four-acre tract of land donated by Dr. Bartlett S. Durham ; the station was named after him in recognition of his gift. A U.S. post office was established there on April 26, 1853, now recognized as the city's official birthday. Durham Station, as it

384-642: A bill for the establishment of Durham County was ratified by the General Assembly, having been introduced by Caleb B.Green, creating Durham County from the eastern portion of Orange County and the western portion of Wake County . In 1911, parts of Cedar Fork Township of Wake County was transferred to Durham County and became Carr Township . The rapid growth and prosperity of the Bull Durham Tobacco Company, and Washington Duke 's W. Duke & Sons Tobacco Company, resulted in

480-439: A boutique hotel was built in this major renovation effort in downtown Durham. Skanska is responsible for managing this project. In 2014, it was announced that downtown Durham would be the site of a brand new 27 story high building, tentatively named "City Center Tower," but now called " One City Center ". Along with other new buildings in downtown Durham, it was under construction in 2018. Construction has already started, and

576-566: A good number of middle-class blacks. Due to immense migration, blacks began to control the Durham City School System and elected a majority black school board and a black superintendent . A merger attempt of the Durham City School System and the Durham County School System was made in 1972. There were several more attempt that failed to gain support. Finally, in 1992 an agreement was reached. During

672-568: A major new development, the Durham Innovation District, was announced. The development will span 15 acres and comprise over 1.7 million square feet of office, residential, and retail space. On April 10, 2019, a gas explosion rocked Kaffeinate, a coffee shop in Bright Leaf Historic District . The blast destroyed a city block and killed Kong Lee, the owner, as well as injuring 25 others. Durham

768-596: A middle school. It holds many sports teams including boys and girls soccer, basketball, track & field, cross country as well as a football, volleyball, wrestling, baseball and softball team. In 2024, the Brogden Boys Soccer Teams won the Durham Athletics Conference championships for the first time in over 10 years. Brogden sponsors 3 performing arts classes, namely band, orchestra and chorus. The school's band has competed with

864-636: A monopoly of the smoking and chewing tobacco business in the United States by 1900. In the early 1910s, the Federal Government forced a breakup of the Duke's business under the antitrust laws. The Dukes retained what became known as American Tobacco , a major corporation in its own right, with manufacturing based in Durham. American Tobacco's ubiquitous advertisements on radio shows beginning in

960-573: Is Emmet Alexander. It is in the process of being rebuilt on a new site approximately two miles away. Riverside High School is a four-year public high school located in Northern Durham. Opened in 1991, this school is one of seven public high schools in the Durham Public School System. Riverside students come from some middle school areas such as Carrington, Brogden, and Lucas. Riverside is SACS & NCDPI accredited, has

1056-571: Is Minnie Forte-Brown (District A). The vice chairman is Heidi Carter (District B). Board members are: Durham Public Schools employs 4,697 people (2,243 teachers) and had 33,035 students in the 2016–2017 school year. Durham Public Schools is the third largest employer in Durham, NC Teacher salaries range from $ 39,375-$ 99,359 (includes local supplement and differential). The school system utilizes more than 300 school buses to transport over 16,000 students throughout Durham every day. Yet, they still manage to get kids to school 30m to 1 hour late because of

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1152-790: Is a list of Durham's largest employers. Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals The Fifth Circuit has 17 active judgeships, and is headquartered at the John Minor Wisdom United States Court of Appeals Building in New Orleans, Louisiana , with the clerk's office located at the F. Edward Hebert Federal Building in New Orleans. Originally, the Fifth Circuit also included the federal district courts in Alabama , Georgia , and Florida . In 1981,

1248-475: Is administrated by principal Sheldon Lanier. In the 2021 – 2022 school year, it had an enrollment of 923 students. The Lowe's Grove Middle School is administrated by principal Jessica Austin. In the 2021 – 2022 school year, it had an enrollment of 601 students. The Lucas Middle School is administrated by principal Sarah Sanchez. In the 2021 – 2022 school year, it had an enrollment of 531 students. The Neal Middle School

1344-401: Is administrated by principal Terrence Covington. In the 2021 – 2022 school year, it had an enrollment of 759 students. The Rogers-Herr Middle School is administrated by principal Tawauna Stewart. In the 2021 – 2022 school year, it had an enrollment of 633 students. Durham, North Carolina Durham ( / ˈ d ɜːr ə m / DURR -əm ) is a city in

1440-435: Is filled by the judge highest in seniority among the group of qualified judges, with seniority determined first by commission date, then by age. The chief judge serves for a term of seven years, or until age 70, whichever occurs first. If no judge qualifies to be chief, the youngest judge over the age of 65 who has served on the court for at least one year shall act as chief until another judge qualifies. If no judge has served on

1536-475: Is home to several recognized institutions of higher education, most notably Duke University and North Carolina Central University . Durham is also a national leader in health-related activities, which are focused on the Duke University Hospital and many private companies. Duke and its Duke University Health System are the largest employers in the city. North Carolina Central University is

1632-458: Is located in the east–central part of the Piedmont region at 35°59′19″N 78°54′26″W  /  35.98861°N 78.90722°W  / 35.98861; -78.90722 (35.99, -78.9). Like much of the region, its topography is generally flat with some rolling hills. As of 2022 the city had a total area of 116.19 square miles (300.9 km ), of which 115.36 square miles (298.8 km )

1728-704: The Duke East Campus ). Durham's manufacturing fortunes declined during the mid-20th century. Textile mills began to close during the 1930s. Competition from other tobacco companies (as well as a decrease in smoking after the 1960s) reduced revenues from Durham's tobacco industry. In a far-sighted move in the late 1950s, Duke University, along with the University of North Carolina in Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University in Raleigh, persuaded

1824-641: The Eno River . Durham is the core of the four-county Durham–Chapel Hill metropolitan area, which had an estimated population of 608,879 in 2023. The Office of Management and Budget also includes Durham as a part of the Raleigh–Durham–Cary, NC Combined Statistical Area , commonly known as the Research Triangle, which had an estimated population of 2,368,947 in 2023. A railway depot was established in 1849 on land donated by Bartlett S. Durham ,

1920-610: The Nasher Museum of Art . Other notable sites in the city include the Museum of Life and Science , Durham Performing Arts Center , Carolina Theatre , and Duke Homestead and Tobacco Factory . Bennett Place commemorates the location where Joseph E. Johnston surrendered to William T. Sherman in the American Civil War. The city is served, along with Raleigh, by Raleigh–Durham International Airport . The Eno and

2016-644: The North Carolina General Assembly , on April 10, 1869. It was named for the man who provided the land on which the station was built, Dr. Bartlett Durham. At the time of its incorporation by the General Assembly, Durham was located in Orange County. The increase in business activity, land transfers etc., made the day long trip back and forth to the county seat in Hillsborough untenable, so twelve years later, on April 17, 1881,

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2112-584: The Occoneechi , related to the Sioux and the Shakori , lived in the area and may have established a village named Adshusheer (or Ajusher) in the area which became Durham. The Occaneechi Path , a corridor of trading roads and trails, went through the area. Native Americans expanded the region by establishing settlements and commercial transportation routes. In 1701, English explorer John Lawson , documented

2208-608: The Panama Canal Zone was added to the Fifth Circuit by 62 Stat. 870. The Fifth Circuit gained appellate jurisdiction over the United States District Court for the Canal Zone . On October 1, 1981, under Pub. L.   96–452 , the Fifth Circuit was split: Alabama, Georgia, and Florida were moved to the new Eleventh Circuit . On March 31, 1982, the Fifth Circuit lost jurisdiction over

2304-404: The U.S. state of North Carolina and the county seat of Durham County . Small portions of the city limits extend into Orange County and Wake County . With a population of 283,506 in the 2020 census , Durham is the fourth-most populous city in North Carolina and the 70th-most populous city in the United States. The city is located in the east-central part of the Piedmont region along

2400-755: The US Supreme Court from the beginning of the 2020 term through the end of the 2022 term was 74%, making it the 7th most frequently reversed circuit court; the average rate of reversals was 68%. Several members of the Supreme Court, including Chief Justice John Roberts , have indicated concern with how the Fifth Circuit approaches cases. Several court observers have interpreted the court as being exceptionally conservative in its rulings. As of October 4, 2024 : Chief judges have administrative responsibilities with respect to their circuits, and preside over any panel on which they serve, unless

2496-472: The first sit-in of the civil rights movement in North Carolina , on June 23, 1957, Moore and six others assembled at the church to plan the protest. The young African Americans moved over to the segregated Royal Ice Cream Parlor and took up whites-only booths. When they refused to budge, the manager called the police who charged them with trespassing. Unlike the Greensboro Four , three years later,

2592-458: The 1930s and television shows up to 1970 was the nation's image of Durham until Duke University supplanted it in the late 20th century. Prevented from further investment in the tobacco industry, the Dukes turned to the then new industry of electric power generation, which they had been investing in since the early 1890s. Duke Power (now Duke Energy) brought in electricity from hydroelectric dams in

2688-683: The 1970s and 1980s, with the construction of multiple housing developments in the southern part of the city, nearest Research Triangle Park , and the beginnings of downtown revitalization. In 1975, the St. Joseph's Historical Foundation at the Hayti Heritage Center was incorporated to "preserve the heritage of the old Hayti community, and to promote the understanding of and appreciation for the African American experience and African Americans' contributions to world culture." In 1987,

2784-527: The 2017–2018 school year. The current principal is Crystal Taylor-Simon Brogden Middle School is a public middle school in Durham, North Carolina. As of the 2023 – 2024 school year, Brogden serves 707 students from grades 6-8 in the Durham Public Schools district. The school is currently ran under the administration of principal Anthony White. Brogden was built in 1959 on a parcel of land containing an abandoned farmhouse, which

2880-529: The 2017–2018 school year. The schools current principal is Dr. William Logan. Charles E. Jordan High School is located on Garrett Road near Hope Valley Road in southwest Durham. The school mascot is the falcon . Jordan students come from many area middle schools such as Shepard, Githens, Lowe's Grove, and Rogers-Herr. The school features career pathways in Agriscience/Biotechnology and Commercial and Artistic Production. Other components of

2976-521: The 2019 U.S. census data estimate, had grown to 278,993, making it the 50th-fastest-growing city in the US, and the 2nd-fastest-growing city in North Carolina, behind Cary but ahead of Charlotte, Raleigh and Greensboro. As of the 2020 census , there were 283,506 people, 114,726 households, and 64,982 families residing in the city. As of the 2022 American Community Survey estimates, there were 291,844 people and 124,536 households. The population density

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3072-613: The American Tobacco Campus, home to successful small software firms including Red Hat , was selected by Google to host its launch of the Google Glass Road show in October 2013. The district is also slated for expansion featuring 158,000 square feet of offices, retail, residential or hotel space The Durham County Justice Center , a major addition to downtown Durham, was completed in early 2013. Many of

3168-552: The American Tobacco Factory in Durham closed, leading to an economic downturn and a decline in the city's reputation. A new downtown baseball stadium was constructed for the Durham Bulls in 1994. The Durham Performing Arts Center now ranks in the top ten in theater ticket sales in the US according to Pollstar magazine. Many famous people have performed there including B.B. King and Willie Nelson . After

3264-704: The Atlantic near Wilmington . A small portion of the city is in Wake County . Durham is located 10 miles northeast of Chapel Hill , 21 miles northwest of Raleigh , 50 miles east of Greensboro , 121 miles northeast of Charlotte and 134 miles southwest of Richmond, Virginia . The climate of Durham is humid subtropical ( Cfa according to the Köppen classification system), with hot and humid summers, cool winters, and warm to mild spring and autumn. Durham receives abundant precipitation, with thunderstorms common in

3360-608: The Business and Finance Academy. "Students may study electronics, engineering, and child care through the Workforce Development courses, as well as traditional business classes". The school mascot is the hornet. Hillside is known for performing arts such as their award-winning Marching Band and Drama Department. Hillside students come from many middle school areas such as Rogers-Herr, Githens, Lowes Grove, Shepard, Brogden, and Lakewood. Hillside enrolled 1370 students in

3456-460: The City of Durham. Much of the early city architecture , both commercial and residential, dates from the period of 1890–1930. Durham recorded its worst fire in history on March 23, 1914. The multimillion-dollar blaze destroyed a large portion of the downtown business district. The fire department's water source failed during the blaze, prompting voters to establish a city-owned water system in place of

3552-609: The Durham Community as an associate professor in the Department of Mass Communication at North Carolina Central University. She is also the daughter of the late Evelyn and Floyd McKissick, Jude Floyd B. McKissick Sr. In 1968, The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) sued the Durham County School System in order to integrate its schools. The Durham County School Board's integration plan

3648-658: The Hayti district for the construction of the Durham Freeway during the late 1960s. The freeway construction resulted in losses to other historic neighborhoods, including Morehead Hill, West End, and West Durham. Combined with large-scale demolition using Urban Renewal funds, Durham suffered significant losses to its historic architectural base. In 1970, the Census Bureau reported city's population as 38.8% black and 60.8% white. Durham's growth began to rekindle during

3744-478: The Jordan community that have won national and state awards include the marching band, show choir, DECA (marketing and business), Future Farmers of America, Future Business Leaders of America, the foreign language program, and the school newspaper. Jordan enrolled 1,979 students in the 2017–2018 school year. The schools current principal is Susan Taylor. Northern High School is a four-year public high school located in

3840-660: The North Carolina Bandmaster's Association, and students have represented the school in the North Carolina All-State band. Choral students from Brogden have participated in the North Carolina All-State chorus. Brogden hosts various recitals through the year to allow band, orchestra and chorus students to perform. The Carrington Middle School is administrated by principal Holly Emanuel. In the 2021 – 2022 school year, it had an enrollment of 718 students. The Githens Middle School

3936-528: The North Carolina Legislature to purchase a large tract of sparsely settled land in southern Durham County and create the nation's first "science park" for industry. Cheap land and a steady supply of trained workers from the local universities made the Research Triangle Park an enormous success which, along with the expansion resulting from the clinical and scientific advances of Duke Medical Center and Duke University, more than made up for

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4032-674: The Panama Canal Zone, which was transferred to Panamanian control. Starting in the late 1950s, judges Elbert Parr Tuttle (chief judge 1960–67), John Minor Wisdom , John R. Brown (chief judge 1967–79), and Richard T. Rives (chief judge 1959–60) became known as the " Fifth Circuit Four ", or simply "The Four", for decisions crucial in advancing the civil rights of African Americans . In this, they were usually opposed by their fellow Fifth Circuit Judge, Benjamin F. Cameron of Mississippi, until his death in 1964. Hurricane Katrina struck New Orleans on August 29, 2005, devastating

4128-821: The Project Lead the Way (PLTW) Engineering Magnet, and the Air Force JROTC Magnet. Riverside enrolled 1,826 students in the 2017–2018 school year. The schools current principal is Gloria Woods-Weeks. Southern High School is a four-year public high school located in southern Durham. Southern is a 4A school, and has football, baseball, and basketball programs as well as the Symphonic Soul of the South Marching Band. Southern students mostly come from Neal and Brogden. Durham Public Schools, with

4224-475: The Revolutionary War. Durham's location is a result of the needs of the 19th century railroad industry. The wood-burning steam locomotives of the time had to stop frequently for wood and water and the new North Carolina Railroad needed a depot between the settled towns of Raleigh and Hillsborough. The residents of what is now downtown Durham thought their businesses catering to livestock drivers had

4320-603: The Royal Seven were arrested and ultimately found guilty of trespassing. The six-month-long sit-in at a Woolworth 's counter in Greensboro, North Carolina , captured the nation's attention. Within a week, students from North Carolina College at Durham and Duke University staged a sit-in in Durham. About a week later, Martin Luther King Jr. met Moore in Durham, where King coined his famous rallying cry "Fill up

4416-489: The antebellum period. By 1860, Stagville Plantation lay at the center of one of the largest plantation holdings in the South. African slaves were brought to labor on these farms and plantations, and slave quarters became the hearth of distinctively Southern cultural traditions involving crafts, social relations, life rituals, music, and dance. There were free African-Americans in the area as well, including several who fought in

4512-502: The area and would later call it "the flower of the Carolinas". Lawson claimed that Ajusher was situated 14 miles (23 km) from Occaneechi Town. In the mid-1700s, Scots, Irish, and English colonists settled on land granted to George Carteret by King Charles I , a grant that had by then been inherited by his great-grandson John . Early settlers built settlements as well as farms and mills, like West Point Mill . Frontiersmen in

4608-694: The area, prior to the American Revolutionary War , participated in the Regulator Movement . Loyalist militia used Cornwallis Road to cut through the area in 1771 to quell the rebellion. William Johnston, a local a farmer and shopkeeper, made munitions for the Continental Army , served in the Provincial Congress in 1775, and financially supported Daniel Boone on his westward explorations. Prior to

4704-531: The arrival of the railroad, the area now known as Durham was the eastern part of present-day Orange County and was almost entirely agricultural, with a few businesses catering to travelers (particularly livestock drivers) along the Hillsborough Road. This road, eventually followed by US Route 70, was the major east–west route in North Carolina from colonial times until the construction of interstate highways. Steady population growth and an intersection with

4800-511: The building will be at the corner of Main St. and Corcoran St. It will be directly across from Durham's current tallest building, but once completed, will be the new tallest building in downtown Durham and the 4th largest building in the Triangle. Originally scheduled for a 2016 opening, the building was then expected to open in May 2018. This is an ambitious, $ 80 million project. In October 2014,

4896-531: The case in December. The judge stated that Durham County and City Schools had been given 15 years to accomplish integration and had failed. The Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals ruled integration would happen immediately. In the fall of 1969, all three high schools (Southern, C.E. Jordan, and Northern) and junior high schools were integrated as ordered. Durham City Schools' high schools were Durham High School and Hillside High School, which were at this time were still

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4992-478: The circuit justice (the Supreme Court justice responsible for the circuit) is also on the panel. Unlike the Supreme Court, where one justice is specifically nominated to be chief, the office of chief judge rotates among the circuit judges. To be chief, a judge must have been in active service on the court for at least one year, be under the age of 65, and have not previously served as chief judge. A vacancy

5088-604: The city and slightly damaging the John Minor Wisdom Courthouse. All deadlines concerning filings were extended. The court temporarily relocated its administrative operations to Houston, and returned to normal operations in New Orleans in March 2007. During his administration, President Donald Trump appointed six judges to the court, with many observers thereafter regarding it as the most conservative court of appeals . The Fifth Circuit's reversal rate at

5184-525: The community about how successful integration would be in Durham County. One problem that existed was at Southern High School whose principal was Sidney Ray. Southern High School's mascot was the Rebel, and the high school used the confederate flag , and that the community thought that part of town was the redneck part of town. The mascot was later changed to the Spartan. There was less concern about Jordan High School because it had been attended by more affluent families of all colors. At Northern High School, there

5280-664: The court for more than a year, the most senior judge shall act as chief. Judges can forfeit or resign their chief judgeship or acting chief judgeship while retaining their active status as a circuit judge. When the office was created in 1948, the chief judge was the longest-serving judge who had not elected to retire, on what has since 1958 been known as senior status , or declined to serve as chief judge. After August 6, 1959, judges could not become or remain chief after turning 70 years old. The current rules have been in operation since October 1, 1982. The court has had 29 seats for active judges. Twelve of these seats were reassigned to

5376-918: The decline of Durham's tobacco and textile industries. As a result of its substantial African-American community, including many activists, a prominent civil rights movement developed in Durham. Multiple sit-ins were held, and Martin Luther King Jr. , visited the city during the struggle for equal rights. The Durham Committee on Negro Affairs, organized in 1935 by C.C. Spaulding, Louis Austin, Conrad Pearson, and James E. Shepard , has been cited nationally for its role in fighting for black voting rights. The committee also has used its voting strength to pursue social and economic rights for African-Americans and other ethnic groups. In 1957, Douglas E. Moore , minister of Durham's Asbury Temple Methodist Church, along with other religious and community leaders, pioneered sit-ins throughout North Carolina to protest discrimination at lunch counters that served only whites. Widely credited as

5472-468: The departure of the tobacco industry, large-scale renovations of the historic factories into offices, condominiums, and restaurants began to reshape downtown. While these efforts continue, the large majority of Durham's residential and retail growth since 1990 has been along the I-40 corridor in southern Durham County. Major employers in Durham are Duke University and Duke Medical Center (39,000 employees, 14,000 students), about 2 miles (3.2 km) west of

5568-419: The desegregation. She recalls, "My family prepared us all, every day, with the armor to return the next. " Not many students are willing to talk about their experiences. McKissick-Melton also states, "It is too painful." She goes onto write, "There are a few exceptions such as my good friend Janice Guess, whom I encouraged to write her story, and she did in, 'Little Black Girls Want Pearls Too.'" The integration

5664-454: The district courts for those states were transferred to the newly created U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit . This court was created by the Evarts Act on June 16, 1891, which moved the circuit judges and appellate jurisdiction from the Circuit Courts of the Fifth Circuit to this court. At the time of its creation, the Fifth Circuit covered Florida , Georgia , Alabama , Mississippi , Louisiana , and Texas . On June 25, 1948,

5760-400: The first African American student at Durham High School (now Durham School of the Arts). In September 1963, Charmaine McKissick among eight other minority youths were the first to desegregate into the Durham Public School system at the Elementary level. Along with her Floyd McKissick Jr, they entered into the North Durham Elementary School. Charmaine McKissick was the youngest to participate in

5856-458: The historic tobacco buildings elsewhere in the city have been converted into loft-style apartment complexes. The downtown corridor along West Main St. has seen significant redevelopment including bars, entertainment venues, art studios, and co-working spaces, in addition to shopping and dining in nearby Brightleaf Square , another former tobacco warehouse in the Bright Leaf Historic District . Other current and future projects include expansion of

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5952-417: The jails," during a speech at White Rock Baptist Church. Advocating non-violent confrontation with segregation laws for the first time, King said, "Let us not fear going to jail. If the officials threaten to arrest us for standing up for our rights, we must answer by saying that we are willing and prepared to fill up the jails of the South." This community was not enough to prevent the demolition of portions of

6048-427: The largest public schools in both the city and county of Durham. In 1970, Durham County elementary schools were fully integrated. Durham City schools began to decline after integration. Middle- and upper-class began emigrating out of the Durham City School System to the Durham County School System. The Durham City School System became populated with poorer people. Hillside High School, almost entirely black, maintained

6144-419: The late 19th and early 20th century encouraged the then-growing textile industry to locate just outside Durham. The early electrification of Durham was also a large incentive. Drawing a labor force from the economic demise of single-family farms in the region at the time, these textile mills doubled the population of Durham. These areas were known as East Durham and West Durham until they were eventually annexed by

6240-591: The local community. In 1927, Hope Valley School was built for grades 1 through 11. It was the first public school in Southwestern Durham. Changes to the Hope Valley School facility were made in 1941 and 1952. the school was subsequently downgraded to an elementary school with the opening of Southern High School in the fall of 1956. In 1964, Jordan High School on Garrett Road was constructed. Prior to integration, white students attended Durham High School and black students attended Hillside High School. In 1956, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. spoke at Hillside High School, which

6336-836: The merger, the Durham County School System's junior high (grades 7, 8 & 9) and senior high (10, 11, & 12) format was abolished and the Durham City School System's format of middle schools (grades 6, 7 and 8) and high schools (grades 9, 10, 11 and 12) was implemented. In 1992, the Durham County School System and the Durham City School System merged to form Durham Public Schools. Board members are: Board members are: Board members are: * DPS Board of Education District 3 Candidate Selection - March 16, 2023 Board members are: * swearing-in ceremony on July 8, 2022 Board members are: Board members are: Board members are: Board members are: (The swearing-in ceremony took place on July 10, 2018) Board members are: Board members are: Board members are: Board members are: The chairman

6432-421: The mild flavor of the area's Brightleaf tobacco , which was considered more pleasant to smoke or chew than was available back home after the war. Some began sending letters to Durham to get more. The community of Durham Station grew slowly before the Civil War, but expanded rapidly following the war. Much of this growth attributed to the establishment of a thriving tobacco industry. Veterans returned home after

6528-401: The mismanagement. As of the 2017–2018 school year there were 33,072 students enrolled in Durham Public Schools. Hillside High School is a four-year public high school . Of more than 300 historically black high schools that once operated in the state before desegregation , only five remain today, with Hillside being the oldest. The school features the International Baccalaureate Program and

6624-661: The namesake of the city. Following the American Civil War , the community of Durham Station expanded rapidly, in part due to the tobacco industry . The town was incorporated by act of the North Carolina General Assembly , in April 1869. The establishment of Durham County was ratified by the General Assembly 12 years later, in 1881. It became known as the founding place and headquarters of the American Tobacco Company . Textile and electric power industries also played an important role. While these industries have declined, Durham underwent revitalization and population growth to become an educational, medical, and research center. Durham

6720-405: The nation's first publicly supported liberal arts college for African-Americans. In 1924, James Buchanan Duke established a philanthropic foundation in honor of his father Washington Duke to support Trinity College in Durham. The college changed its name to Duke University and built a large campus and hospital a mile west of Trinity College (the original site of Trinity College is now known as

6816-451: The northern part of Durham. Northern is one of Durham's seven public high schools. Students take 4 classes each day. Northern's mascot is a knight . Northern students come from some middle school such as Lucas, Brogden, and Carrington. Northern also offers specialty course programs like Culinary Arts, Astronomy, Sports Medicine, Mythology, and many more. Northern enrolled 1,536 students in the 2017–2018 school year. The schools current principal

6912-621: The open-space surrounding the American Tobacco Trail , new hotels and apartment complexes, a $ 6.35-million facelift of Durham City Hall, and ongoing redevelopment of the Duke University Central Campus. In 2013, 21c Museum Hotels announced plans to fully renovate the Hill Building . The renovations added a contemporary art museum and upscale restaurant to the historic building. Additionally,

7008-491: The original downtown area, and companies in the Research Triangle Park (49,000 employees), about 10 miles (16 km) southeast. These centers are connected by the Durham Freeway ( NC 147 ). In recent years the city of Durham has stepped up revitalization of its downtown and undergone an economic and cultural renaissance of sorts. Partnering with developers from around the world, the city continues to promote

7104-415: The other towns of central and western North Carolina, making even more money than they ever made from tobacco. Duke Power also had a significant business in local franchises for public transit (buses and trolleys) before local government took over this responsibility in the mid- to late 20th century. Duke Power ran Durham's public bus system (now GoDurham ) until 1991. The success of the tobacco industry in

7200-403: The population. Of the 124,536 households, 24.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 23.2% had seniors 65 years or older living with them, 36.4% were married couples living together, 8.4% were couples cohabitating, 20.2% had a male householder with no partner present, and 35.1% had a female householder with no partner present. The median household size

7296-637: The private systems that had served the city since 1887. Durham quickly developed a black community, the center of which was an area known as Hayti , (pronounced HAY-tie), just south of the center of town, where some of the most prominent and successful black-owned businesses in the country during the early 20th century were established. These businesses — the best known of which are North Carolina Mutual Life Insurance Company and Mechanics & Farmers Bank — were centered on Parrish St., which would come to be known as "Black Wall Street". In 1910, Dr. James E. Shepard founded North Carolina Central University ,

7392-556: The rapid growth of the city of Durham. Throughout the Gilded Age and into the early twentieth century, Durham industrialists, including George Washington Watts , John Sprunt Hill , and Julian S. Carr , built large mansions such as Somerset Villa , Harwood Hall , the John Sprunt Hill House , and Greystone Manor . Washington Duke was a good businessman, but his sons were brilliant and established what amounted to

7488-725: The redevelopment of many of its former tobacco districts, projects supplemented by the earlier construction of the Durham Performing Arts Center and new Durham Bulls Athletic Park . The American Tobacco Historic District , adjacent to both the athletic park and performing arts center, is one such project, having successfully lured a number of restaurants, entertainment venues, and office space geared toward hi-tech entrepreneurs, investors, and startups. Many other companies have purchased and renovated historic buildings, such as Measurement Incorporated and Capitol Broadcasting Company . The American Underground section of

7584-476: The region. The number of days of inland flooding within the Piedmont is also expected to increase, which puts Durham at higher risk of future flooding. High-intensity short-duration storms are predicted to grow in frequency to upwards of 9 days a year by 2100. Inland flooding is anticipated to have a greater impact on the elderly and other at-risk groups. Durham's population, as of July 1, 2019 and according to

7680-401: The road connecting Roxboro and Fayetteville made the area near this site suitable for a US Post Office. Roxboro, Fayetteville and Hillsborough Roads remain major thoroughfares in Durham, although they no longer exactly follow their early 19th century rights-of-way. Large plantations, Hardscrabble , Fairntosh , Lipscomb , Walnut Hall , Patterson , and Leigh among them, were established in

7776-436: The summer and high temperatures from 80 to 100 degrees F. The region sees an average of 7 inches (180 mm) of snow per year, with any snowfall usually melting within a few days. The Durham area consistently ranks in the top 10 most challenging places to live with seasonal allergies. Climate change is expected to increase the number of days of extreme precipitation in Durham as well as moderately increase temperature within

7872-565: The support of the New Schools Project of the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, has reinvented the high school experience at Southern School of Energy & Sustainability. Southern enrolled 1,429 students in the 2017–2018 school year. The schools current principal is Jerome Leathers. Middle College High School is located on the campus of Durham Tech . This high school is only for juniors and seniors . There were 197 students during

7968-555: The war with an interest in acquiring more of the tobacco they had sampled in North Carolina. Numerous orders were mailed to John Ruffin Green's tobacco company requesting more of the Durham tobacco. W.T. Blackwell partnered with Green and renamed the company as the " Bull Durham Tobacco Factory ". The name "Bull Durham" is said to have been taken from the bull on the British Colman's Mustard, which Mr. Blackwell mistakenly believed

8064-525: The west. After the surrender of the Army of Northern Virginia by Gen. Robert E. Lee at Appomattox, Virginia on April 9, 1865, Gen. Johnston sought surrender terms, which were negotiated on April 17, 18 and 26 at Bennett Place , the small farm of James and Nancy Bennett, located halfway between the army's lines about 3 miles (4.8 km) west of Durham Station. As both armies passed through Durham, Hillsborough, and surrounding Piedmont communities, they enjoyed

8160-415: The western mountains of North Carolina through the newly invented technology of high voltage power lines. At this time (1910–1920), the few towns and cities in North Carolina that had electricity depended on local "powerhouses". These were large, noisy, and smoky coal-fired plants located next to the railroad tracks. Duke Power quickly took over the electricity franchises in these towns and then electrified all

8256-783: Was $ 46,082. Out of the 282,061 people with a determined poverty status, 11.2% were below the poverty line . Further, 17.7% of minors and 7.3% of seniors were below the poverty line. In the survey, residents self-identified with various ethnic ancestries. People of English descent made up 9.3% of the population of the town, followed by German at 7.7%, Irish at 6.8%, Italian at 3.0%, American at 3.0%, Sub-Saharan African at 2.6%, Polish at 2.0%, Scottish at 1.9%, French at 1.4%, Scotch-Irish at 1.3%, Caribbean (excluding Hispanics) at 0.9%, Dutch at 0.8%, Norwegian at 0.8%, Swedish at 0.8%, Russian at 0.7%, and Welsh at 0.6%. Duke University and Duke University Health System are Durham's largest employers. Below

8352-427: Was 2,499.6 inhabitants per square mile (965.1/km ). There were 134,423 housing units at an average density of 1,151.3 per square mile (444.5/km ). The racial makeup of the city was 41.1% White, 34.7% Black or African American, 9.9% some other race, 6.7% Asian, and 0.6% Native American or Alaskan Native, with 7.1% from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 14.1% of

8448-452: Was 2.26 and the median family size was 3.00. The age distribution was 19.7% under 18, 12.0% from 18 to 24, 33.2% from 25 to 44, 21.3% from 45 to 64, and 13.8% who were 65 or older. The median age was 35.0 years. For every 100 females, there were 87.4 males. The median income for a household was $ 78,105, with family households having a median income of $ 90,521 and non-family households $ 60,203. The per capita income

8544-527: Was a harsh burden for a lot of those children and families involved. McKissick also writes, "The hurt is so deep from the wounds of more than fifty years ago that they still feel the pain." McKissick-Melton also write, "We had some difficult times but nothing compared to the older students, including my sisters before me. I had it easier because the kids had not had enough time to learn and display their hatred, racist and their bigoted behavior." Charmaine McKissick-Melton, Ph.D., has since then decided to give back to

8640-827: Was a mix. The school had one of the toughest principals in the district. In 1969, the U.S. Supreme Court in Alexander vs. Holmes County Board of Education reversed the decision of the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals , ruling that continued operation of segregated schools in Mississippi was no longer permissible. The NAACP filed suit in the Court of Appeals in Richmond saying, based on Alexander-Holmes Decision, they wanted all of Durham's elementary schools integrated. The Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals agreed to hear

8736-547: Was accepted by the Federal District Court in Greensboro. The plan stated that all high schools and junior high schools would be integrated in the fall of 1969. The Federal District Judge gave an extra year for elementary schools due to space limitations and the need to purchase mobile units. Durham County School System's principals had all been hired during legal segregation, so there was much discussion in

8832-477: Was known for its first 20 years, was a depot for the occasional passenger or express package until early April 1865, when the Federal Army commanded by Major General William T. Sherman occupied the nearby state capital of Raleigh during the American Civil War. The last formidable Confederate Army in the South, commanded by General Joseph E. Johnston , was headquartered in Greensboro 50 miles (80 km) to

8928-627: Was land and 0.82 square miles (2.1 km ) (0.71%) was water. The soil is predominantly clay, making it poor for agriculture. The Eno River , a tributary of the Neuse River , passes through the northern part of Durham, along with several other small creeks. The center of Durham is on a ridge that forms the divide between the Neuse River watershed, flowing east to Pamlico Sound , and the Cape Fear River watershed, flowing south to

9024-417: Was manufactured in Durham , England. Mustard known as Durham Mustard was originally produced in Durham , England, by Mrs Clements and later by Ainsley during the eighteenth century. However, production of the original Durham Mustard has now been passed into the hands of Colman's of Norwich , England. As Durham Station's population rapidly increased, the station became a town and was incorporated by act of

9120-727: Was one of the Southeast's highest-ranked black high schools. In 1957, the parents of Joycelyn McKissick and Elaine Richardson sued for their daughters to be reassigned to Durham High School of the Durham City School System. In 1958, Rencher N. Harris became the first black member of Durham City Board of Education. In 1959, the Durham City School Board allowed reassignment of eight black pupils to previously all-white schools. The first black students to integrate were Anita Brame and Lucy Jones at Brogden Junior High (now Brogden Middle School). In 1959, Joycelyn McKissick became

9216-518: Was razed to facilitate the construction of a school. The site was owned by the Northgate Shopping Center — a mall which operates near Broad Street as of 2024. The school was opened to grades 7-9 as a Junior High School in 1959 under the name Brogden Junior High. The newly constructed Brogden school was set to replace the E.K. Powe Junior High, which would later become the E.K. Powe Elementary school. As of 2024, Brogden functions as

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