130-520: Basilio Fernando Air Base , or simply Fernando Air Base (formerly known as Lipa Air Base ) is the site of the Philippine Air Force's (PAF) pilot training and education facilities located in the city of Lipa , Batangas , Philippines . It is named after Lieutenant Colonel Basilio Fernando, one of the pioneers of Philippine aviation, who died during an airplane training accident in the US. It
260-736: A coat of arms by the Royal Overseas Minister Don Víctor Balaguer . At the celebration of the elevation of Lipa to a city in January 1888, José Rizal was invited by Dr. Jose Lozada, Catalino Dimayuga and the brothers Celestino and Simeon Luz but Rizal responded only with his Hymno Al Trabajo which he dedicated to the zeal and industry of the Lipeños. The raising of cacao was introduced in Lipa by an Augustinian priest, Father Ignacio de Mercado, and that
390-531: A "Golden Age", regaining its pre-war moniker "Pearl of the Orient". After Lacson's term in the 1950s, Manila was led by Antonio Villegas for most of the 1960s. Ramon Bagatsing was mayor from 1972 until the 1986 People Power Revolution . During the administration of Ferdinand Marcos , Metro Manila was created as an integrated unit with the enactment of Presidential Decree No. 824 on November 7, 1975. The area encompassed four cities and thirteen adjoining towns as
520-680: A chance to flee into exile. Shortly after midnight on February 26, 1986, the Marcos Family fled Malacañang and were taken to Clark Airbase , after which they went into exile in Honolulu along with some select followers including Fabian Ver and Danding Cojuangco . Because the victory had been won by the civilians on the streets rather than the military, the event was dubbed the People Power revolution . Ferdinand Marcos' 21 years as President - and his 14 years as authoritarian leader - of
650-594: A government center occupying all of Wallace Field, which extends from Rizal Park to the present Taft Avenue . The Philippine capitol was to rise at the Taft Avenue end of the field, facing the sea. Along with buildings for government bureaus and departments, it would form a quadrangle with a central lagoon and a monument to José Rizal at the other end of the field. Of Burnham's proposed government center, only three units—the Legislative Building, and
780-653: A later date. The city attained great wealth due to its location at the confluence of the Silk Road , the Spice Route , and the Silver Way . Significant is the role of Armenians , who acted as merchant intermediaries that made trade between Europe and Asia possible in this area. France was the first nation to try financing its Asian trade with a partnership in Manila through Armenian khojas. The largest trade volume
910-418: A new, civilian-oriented Insular Government headed by Governor-General William Howard Taft invited city planner Daniel Burnham to adapt Manila to modern needs. The Burnham Plan included the development of a road system, the use of waterways for transportation, and the beautification of Manila with waterfront improvements and construction of parks, parkways, and buildings. The planned buildings included
1040-578: A number of Chinese merchants prior to the Spanish conquest explained the presence of hundreds of Chinese wares from potteries to stonewares and vases of Song dynasty period to the latter part of the 16th century, in the burial grounds at Calatagan sites of Pulung Bakaw, Kay Tomas, Pinagpatayan I and II at Butong, all in Taal, Batangas. By origin the early Lipeños were Buddhist in religion and Indian in civilization. With its not infrequent contact with
1170-680: A result, it attracts more customers from neighboring towns like Padre Garcia, Rosario, Ibaan, San Juan, Malvar, Mataas na Kahoy, Balete, Cuenca, and Lemery and from the cities of Batangas, Santo Tomas and Tanauan. An S&R Membership Shopping outlet is located besides it. It is also noticeable that Lipa City is being home to new settlers from different regions. Muslims from Mindanao for example have settled in Lipa City, primarily due to growing economy. There are also settlers from Mindoro, Bicol, Quezon and other places. Likewise, there are many Koreans who established their business in Lipa. Furthermore, it
1300-614: A sensationalized heritage issue . In 2017, the National Historical Commission of the Philippines erected a " comfort woman " statue on Roxas Boulevard , causing Japan to express regret about the statue's erection despite the healthy relationship between Japan and the Philippines. In the 2013 election , former President Joseph Estrada succeeded Lim as the city's mayor. During his term, Estrada allegedly paid ₱ 5 billion in city debts and increased
1430-486: A separate regional unit of government. On June 24, 1976, the 405th anniversary of the city's founding, President Marcos reinstated Manila as the capital of the Philippines for its historical significance as the seat of government since the Spanish Period. At the same time, Marcos designated his wife Imelda Marcos as the first governor of Metro Manila. She started the rejuvenation of the city and re-branded Manila
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#17327763753881560-625: A training base called the 100th Training Wing where training units and other support units of the Philippine Air Force were grouped. The base was used to train Philippine airmen. There were 3 different learning/training facilities on the base: The Air Force Flying School, the Technical Training Center, and the NCO Academy, which conducted continuing education for NCO's. These facilities were staffed with instructors from
1690-495: Is 1,220 feet (370 m) above sea level and is situated on a plateau overlooking Taal Volcano with an area of 712 acres (288 ha) of land which keep its climate temperature cool all day. The base was built by the U. S. Army prior to the Pacific War. On December 22, 1941, the 27th Bombardment Group temporarily transferred its personnel to Lipa before departing on December 25 to Cabcaben Airfield. During early 1942, it
1820-611: Is a 1st class component city in the province of Batangas , Philippines . According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 372,931 people. It is the first city charter in the province and one of five cities in Batangas alongside Batangas City , Calaca , Santo Tomas , and Tanauan . It is located 78 kilometres (48 mi) south of Manila and is the most populous city of Batangas. The Southern Tagalog Arterial Road (STAR) and South Luzon Expressway (SLEX) provide access to Batangas City and Metro Manila . Batangueños from
1950-737: Is a 25-hectare integrated active wellness township in joint venture with The Farm at San Benito group in Barangay Tipacan, Lipa. Museo de Lipa, inaugurated in November 2007, is a project of the Lipa City Tourism Council envisioned by its Past President, Lucila R. Resurreccion. On display are antique mementos such as: the Coffee Corner – an exhibit of the different tools used in coffee production; Las trajes de mestizas and ternos – gowns worn by women during
2080-715: Is a very common place found in every barangay. However, there are a few recognized by the Lipenos, like Renfel, Kids Lomihouse, LBN, Beegees, Liam's to mention a few. Goto is also a popular recipe. It is usually composed of internal organs of cows. This is a bowl of hot soup with beef, tripe, entrails, and blood, added with fish sauce and calamansi juice with chili. However, due to influx of culture from nearby provinces, Lipeños also enjoy new recipes like sisig of Pampanga, and Bicol Express of Bicol. Due to Lipa's craze for food, several food courts have been established. Lipa has few technologically advanced infrastructure . PKI
2210-552: Is actually nilád in Tagalog. ). Early 20th century writings, such as those of Julio Nakpil , and Blair and Robertson, repeated the claim. Today, this erroneous etymology continues to be perpetuated through casual repetition in literature and in popular use. Examples of popular adoption of this mistaken etymology include the name of a local utility company Maynilad Water Services and the name of an underpass close to Manila City Hall , Lagusnilad (meaning "Nilad Pass"). On
2340-631: Is also the location of PAF Air Education, Training, and doctrine Command of the Philippine Air Force . Throughout the years, it has been consistently awarded as the Philippine Air Force's Model Base of the Year for its well maintained appearance, excellent base services, aggressive ecological and environmental control, and consistent safety and security control. It is located in Lipa , Batangas , about 83 km SSE of Manila , Philippines . It
2470-402: Is an average tree, very rare straight, leafy wood, and compact like Molavin, where Mangle abounds, the place is called Manglar, so where nilad (abounds), Maynilad, whence the corruption Manila) , making this an earlier account of the change in this name. The earliest evidence of human life around present-day Manila is the nearby Angono Petroglyphs , which are dated to around 3000 BC. Negritos ,
2600-404: Is evident that Indian Nationals are also an everyday sight. Lipa is the home of lomi . According to history, this is primarily due to the influence of early Chinese settlers. Lomi is cooked using raw noodles, cassava mixed with water, beaten egg, salt and pepper, meat, liver and other ingredients that make it tasty. Eventually, there are countless of variations of Lomi these days. The lomi house
2730-638: Is fast emerging as a key city in the province , becoming a major institutional/administrative center, medical center, commercial center, financial center, agro-industrial center and residential center. It is identified as an ideal hub and center of the Calabarzon Agro-Industrial Region in the Regional Physical Framework Plan of Region IV-A . In the recent past, Lipa is being transformed from an agrarian to an urbanized area. A significant portion of
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#17327763753882860-490: Is from Spain. Finally, of the mestizos , the mixed-race people here, I cannot even write because in Manila there is no limit to combinations of peoples with peoples. This is in the city where all the buzz is. (Remesal, 1629: 680–1) After Mexico gained independence from Spain in 1821, the Spanish crown began to directly govern Manila. Under direct Spanish rule, banking, industry, and education flourished more than they had in
2990-592: Is one of the advanced factories that pioneered the productions in Lipa City. Since it was established in Barangay Inosluban, Lipa City was known to be an employment-friendly zone. This was followed by the establishment of LIMA Industrial Park, which houses multiple production lines. It houses various companies that employ hundreds of production workers. Not only from the city proper, it hires employees from its nearby cities like Tanauan, Rosario, Batangas, San Jose, Malvar etc. The San Benito Private Estate project
3120-529: Is the location of a 1940s apparition of the Virgin Mary which was seen by sister Teresing Castillo and numerous accounts of rose petal showers from the 1940s to the 1960s. Some of the rose petals, which had the silhouette of the Virgin Mary when flashed with light, have been preserved by the Diocese of Lipa and various townfolks who have witnessed the petal showers. An investigation conducted by researchers of
3250-463: Is why they were called detainees rather than prisoners. At least 11,103 of them have since been officially recognized by the Philippine government as having been extensively tortured and abused . and in April 1973 Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila student journalist Liliosa Hilao became the first of these detainees to be killed while in prison - one of 3,257 known extrajudicial killings during
3380-409: The 2010 city elections , which Lim won. Lim was sued by councilor Dennis Alcoreza on 2008 over human rights , he was charged with graft over the rehabilitation of public schools. In 2012, DMCI Homes began constructing Torre de Manila , which became controversial for ruining the sight line of Rizal Park. The tower became known as "Terror de Manila" and the "national photobomber", and became
3510-539: The Arabica species were said to be of two chupas brought in from Mexico by an Augustinian missionary. The coffee industry so flourished and made Lipa the richest municipality in the country with an annual income of P4,000,000.00 that on October 21, 1887, the Queen regent Maria Christina , acting for the young King Alfonso XIII , signed a decree elevating Lipa to a city known as "Villa de Lipa", and later authorized to use
3640-784: The Global Financial Centres Index ranks Manila 79th in the world. Manila is also the world's second most natural disaster-exposed city, yet is also among the fastest-developing cities in Southeast Asia. Maynilà , the Filipino name for the city, comes from the phrase may-nilà , meaning "where indigo is found". Nilà is derived from the Sanskrit word nīla ( नील ), which refers to indigo dye and, by extension, to several plant species from which this natural dye can be extracted. The name Maynilà
3770-554: The PAF Civilian Human Resource School responsible for professional education of PAF Civilian Human Resource. Working with the primary units are four Support Units: 13°57′16″N 121°07′28″E / 13.954444°N 121.124444°E / 13.954444; 121.124444 Lipa, Batangas Lipa ( [lɪˈpa] ), officially the City of Lipa ( Filipino : Lungsod ng Lipa ),
3900-757: The Pacific Islands to Southeast Asia, and vice versa . Silver that was mined in Mexico and Peru was exchanged for Chinese silk, Indian gems, and spices from Indonesia and Malaysia. Wine and olives grown in Europe and North Africa were shipped via Mexico to Manila. Because of the Ming ban on trade leveled against the Ashikaga shogunate in 1549, this resulted in the ban of all Japanese people from entering China and of Chinese ships from sailing to Japan. Manila became
4030-598: The Propaganda Movement , the Philippine revolution began; Manila was among the first eight provinces to rebel and their role was commemorated on the Philippine Flag , on which Manila was represented by one of the eight rays of the symbolic sun. After the 1898 Battle of Manila , Spain ceded the city to the United States. The First Philippine Republic based in nearby Bulacan fought against
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4160-1030: The Revolutionary Republic . These were Gregorio Aguilera who was delegate to the Malolos Congress ; Ceferino Pantoja, also a member of that congress; Jose Lozada, as envoy to Washington, D.C. , and Paris , and Cipriano Kalaw, the first vice-president and Treasurer of the Central Committee of Hong Kong . In the field of education, Father Valerio Malabanan was foremost among Lipeños who established schools. Others were Sebastian Virrey, Jacinto Silva, Candido Lantin and Gregorio Katigbak. In 1894, Brigido Morada established his own school at his house in Mataas na Lupa. Under Father Valerio Malabanan were such well-known figures as Apolinario Mabini , General Miguel Malvar and Sotero Laurel. Sebastian Virrey countered with such former students as
4290-764: The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Lipa today comprises the civil province of Batangas. Formed as the Diocese of Lipa on April 10, 1910, the archdiocese once covered other provinces such as Batangas, Laguna, Quezon, Marinduque and Mindoro, with Most Reverend Joseph Petrelli, D.D. as the first bishop. Currently, the archdiocese is divided into 6 vicariates , each headed by a vicar forane . There are 49 parishes in all, served by 143 priests (122 of which are diocesan), 13 religious brothers, and 197 religious sisters. There are also 23 existing Catholic schools, two high school seminaries, three college seminaries, and two pastoral centers. The Church and Monastery of Lipa
4420-568: The Spanish Americas through the galleon trade . This marked the first time an uninterrupted chain of trade routes circling the planet had been established. By 1258, a Tagalog -fortified polity called Maynila existed on the site of modern Manila. On June 24, 1571, after the defeat of the polity's last indigenous ruler, Rajah Sulayman , in the Battle of Bangkusay , Spanish conquistador Miguel López de Legazpi began constructing
4550-586: The Taal Volcano . Lipa is politically subdivided into 72 barangays . Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios . San Jose was formerly known as Patay. In 1955, the sitios of Duhatan, Tagbakin, Initan, Malabong and Halang (then part of the Pinagtungolan barrio) became an independent barrio . In 1957, the sitios of Waniwani, Sayatin and Look were moved from the Balete barrio to
4680-539: The Umayyad Caliphate , he took advantage of a territorial conflict between Hindu Tondo and Islamic Manila to justify expelling or converting Bruneian Muslim colonists who supported their Manila vassals while his Mexican grandson Juan de Salcedo had a romantic relationship with Kandarapa , a princess of Tondo. López de Legazpi had the local royalty executed or exiled after the failure of the Conspiracy of
4810-660: The " City of Man ". Many of the key events of the historical period from the first major protests against the administration of Ferdinand Marcos in January 1970 until his ouster in February 1986 took place within the city of Manila. The first, the January 26, 1970, State of the Nation Address Protest which kicked off the " First Quarter Storm ", took place at the Legislative Building (now the National Museum of Fine Arts ) on Padre Burgos Avenue , and
4940-433: The "Tagumpay ng Bayan" (People's Victory) rally at Luneta Park , announcing a civil disobedience campaign and calling for her supporters to boycott publications and companies which were associated with Marcos or any of his cronies. The event was attended by a crowd of about two million people. Aquino's camp began making preparations for more rallies, and Aquino herself went to Cebu to rally more people to their cause. In
5070-628: The 100th Training Wing until 22 September 1999, when the functions were subsumed by the Air Education and Training Command. It is one of the Major Commands of the Philippine Air Force . On 21 September 1999, the 100th Training Wing was deactivated and the Air Education and Training Command was established with a greater responsibility and wider scope of training task. On 2018, the capability to develop doctrines has been given to
5200-625: The 13th century, Manila consisted of a fortified settlement and trading quarter on the shore of the Pasig River. It was then conquered by the Indianized empire of Majapahit , according to the epic eulogy poem Nagarakretagama , which described the area's conquest by Maharaja Hayam Wuruk . Selurong (षेलुरोङ्), a historical name for Manila, is listed in Canto 14 alongside Sulot – which is now Sulu – and Kalka . Selurong, together with Sulot,
5330-405: The 2020 census was 372,931 people, with a density of 1,780 inhabitants per square kilometre or 4,600 inhabitants per square mile. Tagalog is the most widely spoken language in the city. English is the medium of instruction in schools and is widely understood and spoken especially in the business community and for official documents. Majority of the city's population are Roman Catholics , and
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5460-935: The Americans for control of the city. The Americans defeated the First Philippine Republic and captured its president Emilio Aguinaldo , who pledged allegiance to the U.S. on April 1, 1901. Upon drafting a new charter for Manila in June 1901, the U.S. officially recognized the city of Manila consisted of Intramuros and the surrounding areas. The new charter proclaimed Manila was composed of eleven municipal districts: Binondo, Ermita , Intramuros, Malate , Paco , Pandacan , Sampaloc , San Miguel , Santa Ana , Santa Cruz , and Tondo . The Catholic Church recognized five parishes as parts of Manila; Gagalangin, Trozo, Balic-Balic, Santa Mesa , and Singalong; and Balut and San Andres were later added. Under U.S. control,
5590-699: The Chinese traders, the Batangueños have absorbed and been influenced too by China. With the Spanish colonization of the Philippines and the Salcedo conquest of Batangas in 1572, the Lipeños were forced to embrace Western civilization . At the coming of the Spaniards to Batangas in 1570, the Malay settlements along the southern shores of Taal Lake at Tagbakin was inhabited by the warlike descendants of
5720-537: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints . Other religions include Islam and Buddhism . Poverty incidence of Lipa Source: Philippine Statistics Authority Lipa's proximity to the country's capital, Manila , having an approximate distance of 86 kilometers or an hour and half drive via the Southern Luzon Expressway enhances its strategic access to development trends. It
5850-542: The City Government approved five reclamation projects; the New Manila Bay–City of Pearl (New Manila Bay International Community) (407.43 hectares (1,006.8 acres)), Solar City (148 hectares (370 acres)), Manila Harbour Center expansion (50 hectares (120 acres)), Manila Waterfront City (318 hectares (790 acres)), and Horizon Manila (419 hectares (1,040 acres)). Of the five planned projects, only Horizon Manila
5980-570: The City of Manila. The first one was Ninoy Aquino who was arrested just before midnight on September 22 while at a hotel on UN Avenue preparing for a senate committee session the following morning. About 400 prominent critics of the Marcos administration were jailed in the first few hours of September 23 alone, and eventually about 70,000 individuals became Political detainees under the Marcos dictatorship - most of them arrested without warrants, which
6110-546: The Command with the designation of the Air Warfare Center under the command and control of the Command. Subsequently, it was renamed Air Education, Training, and Doctrine Command (AETDC). The command is composed of seven (6) primary schools namely: It also houses PAF Aviation Leadership and Excellence Nexus responsible for developing PAF personnel at all levels to become leaders of character and excellence and
6240-598: The Dumangsil and Balkasusa clans came the ancestry of Lipa and as later on, their descendants who spread out towards Laguna de Bay and Bicol Peninsula. The remains excavated from their ancient settlements in Butong, Taal , Calatagan and Balayan attest to the fact of their presence in the said site at least in the latter part of the 13th century down to the coming of Goiti and Legaspi in Batangas in 1570. The flourishing trade relations between these early Batangueños with
6370-521: The Lipeños that he constructed the Parish Church (now Cathedral of the Archdiocese of Lipa ) and a new and bigger cemetery with a chapel. A plaque of dedication to the opening and blessing of the new Campo Santo De Lipa (Cemetery of Lipa) can still be seen at the archway of the entrance, an attestment of Fr. Benito Baras' dedication to the people of Villa de Lipa. Moreover, without aid from
6500-406: The Maharlikas , a plot in which an alliance of datus , rajahs , Japanese merchants, and the Sultanate of Brunei would band together to execute the Spaniards, along with their Latin American recruits and Visayan allies. The victorious Spaniards made Manila the capital of the Spanish East Indies and of the Philippines, which their empire would control for the next three centuries. In 1574, Manila
6630-423: The Marcos dictatorship which paved the way for similar protest actions elsewhere in the country. From then, Manila continued to be a center of resistance activity; youth and student demonstrators repeatedly clashed with the police and military. Another major protest was the September 1984 Welcome Rotonda protest dispersal at the border of Manila and Quezon City, which came in the wake of the Aquino assassination
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#17327763753886760-469: The Marcos government. Marcos' declaration of martial law in September 1972 saw the immediate shutdown of all media not approved by Marcos, including Quezon City media outlets, including the Manila-based Manila Times , Philippines Free Press , The Manila Tribune and the Philippines Herald . At the same time, it saw the arrest of many students, journalists, academics, and politicians who were considered political threats to Marcos, many of them residents of
6890-421: The Nation Address at the legislative building on January 26. The protesters were initially bickering amongst themselves because both moderate reformist and radical activist groups were present and fighting to gain control of the stage. But all of them, regardless of advocacy, were violently dispersed by the Philippine Constabulary . This was followed by six more major protests which were violently dispersed, from
7020-417: The Philippines to Quezon City , a new capital in the suburbs and fields northeast of Manila, which was created in 1939 during the administration of President Manuel L. Quezon . The move ended any implementation of the Burnham Plan's intent for the government center to be at Luneta. When Arsenio Lacson became the first elected Mayor of Manila in 1952, before which all mayors were appointed, Manila underwent
7150-442: The Philippines was over. From 1986 to 1992, Mel Lopez was mayor of Manila, first due to presidential designation, before being elected in 1988. In 1992, Alfredo Lim was elected mayor, the first Chinese-Filipino to hold the office. He was known for his anti-crime crusades. Lim was succeeded by Lito Atienza , who served as his vice mayor, and was known for his campaign and slogun "Buhayin ang Maynila" (Revive Manila), which saw
7280-400: The Spaniards [Through America], and others brought by the Portuguese [Through India]. There is an African Moor with his turban here. There are Javanese from Java, Japanese and Bengalese from Bengal. Among all these people are the Chinese whose numbers here are untold and who outnumber everyone else. From China there are peoples so different from each other, and from provinces as distant, as Italy
7410-435: The Spanish name Manila . According to an antiquated, inaccurate, and now debunked etymological theory, the city's name originated from the word may-nilad (meaning "where nilad is found"). There are two versions of this false etymology. One popular incorrect notion is that the old word nilad refers to the water hyacinth ( Eichhornia crassipes ) that grows on the banks of the Pasig River . This plant species, however,
7540-441: The State, he constructed the bridge at Sabang and the road that served as a national highway to Manila and Laguna . The Parish of Lipa, established in 1716, became a diocesan center in 1910, included the provinces of Batangas, Laguna, Tayabas ( Quezon ), Marinduque and Mindoro , with Msgr. Jose Petrelli as the first bishop. On August 15, 1972, the diocese was raised to an ecclesiastical province composed of Batangas province and
7670-420: The Top 10 next wave cities of 2010 by the Commission of Information and Communication Technology (ICCT). Teletech Inc. pioneered the BPO company in Lipa City in 2006. Alorica followed after few years. The most recent BPO company is The Results. Likewise, due to a very strategic location, the Lipa City Market is comparatively busy than other neighboring towns. Thus it boasts a large quantity of market business. As
7800-425: The University of the Philippines proved that the figures on the petals were natural and not stamped by man-made means. A few years after the apparition of the Virgin Mary, the Vatican released a document stating that the apparition in Lipa was false. Despite this, the rose petal showers continued until the last apparition of Mary appeared, saying three things, of which the most important was to 'pray for China', which at
7930-402: The aboriginal inhabitants of the Philippines, lived across the island of Luzon , where Manila is located, before Malayo-Polynesians arrived and assimilated them. Manila was an active trade partner with the Song and Yuan dynasties of China. The polity of Tondo flourished during the latter half of the Ming dynasty as a result of direct trade relations with China. Tondo district was
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#17327763753888060-620: The aftermath of the election and the revelations of irregularities, Juan Ponce Enrile and the Reform the Armed Forces Movement (RAM) - a cabal of disgruntled officers of the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) - set into motion a coup attempt against Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos. Enrile and RAM's coup was quickly uncovered, which prompted Enrile to ask for the support of Philippine Constabulary chief Fidel Ramos . Ramos agreed to join Enrile but even so, their combined forces were trapped in Camp Crame and Camp Aguinaldo , and were about to be overrun by Marcos loyalist forces. Discovering what
8190-426: The agricultural land area of the city has been converted to residential subdivisions, industrial area with the establishment of Lima Technology Center utilizing lands in the city and Malvar Municipality . Recently, the influx of business process outsourcing (BPO) firms such as call centers have contributed much to the growth of the local economy. BPO sites are scattered throughout the city. It ranked 6th out of 10 in
8320-401: The arrival of Muslim traders from the Middle East and Southeast Asia. On June 24, 1571, conquistador Miguel López de Legazpi arrived in Manila and declared it a territory of New Spain (Mexico), establishing a city council in what is now Intramuros district. Inspired by the Reconquista , a war in mainland Spain to re-Christianize and reclaim parts of the country that had been ruled by
8450-440: The barrio of Look. Lipa has a tropical monsoon climate (Köppen system: Am ) under the Köppen climate classification , with a dry season between January and April, and rain for the rest of the year. The average yearly temperature is 25.6 °C (78.1 °F). The highest recorded temperature is 35.7 °C (96.3 °F), and the lowest recorded temperature is 16.4 °C (61.5 °F). The population of Lipa, Batangas, in
8580-421: The brothers Alfonso and Claro M. Recto ; Fidel and Carmelo Reyes; Teodoro and Maximo Kalaw; Pacifico, Jose and Enrique Laygo; and Manuel Luz Roxas, Jose D. Dimayuga, Bernabe Africa, Pablo Borbon, Potenciano Malvar, Leoncio Aranda and Bishop Alfredo Obviar. The later school, perhaps marked for permanence by the enthusiastic patronage of its high standard maintained through the years since its founding in 1922 until
8710-434: The buildings of the Finance and Agricultural Departments—were completed before World War II began. During the Japanese occupation of the Philippines , American soldiers were ordered to withdraw from Manila and all military installations were removed by December 24, 1941. Two days later, General Douglas MacArthur declared Manila an open city to prevent further death and destruction but Japanese warplanes continued bombing
8840-500: The city's revenues. In 2015, in line with President Noynoy Aquino 's administration progress, the city became the most-competitive city in the Philippines. In the 2016 elections , Estrada narrowly won over Lim. Throughout Estrada's term, numerous Filipino heritage sites were demolished, gutted, or approved for demolition; these include the post-war Santa Cruz Building, Capitol Theater , El Hogar, Magnolia Ice Cream Plant, and Rizal Memorial Stadium . Some of these sites were saved after
8970-400: The city, including students of Universidad de Manila and the University of the City of Manila . In 2022, Time Out ranked Manila in 34th position in its list of the 53 best cities in the world, citing it as "an underrated hub for art and culture, with unique customs and cuisine to boot". Manila was also voted the third-most-resilient and least-rude city for the year's index. In 2023,
9100-451: The city. Japanese forces occupied Manila on January 2, 1942. From February 3 to March 3, 1945, Manila was the site of one of the bloodiest battles in the Pacific theater of World War II. Under orders of Japanese Rear Admiral Sanji Iwabuchi , retreating Japanese forces killed about 100,000 Filipino civilians and perpetrated the mass rape of women in February. At the end of the war, Manila had suffered from heavy bombardment and became
9230-426: The coasts of Batangas into the inner lake region of Taal which was accessible to navigation through the Pansipit River, thus, the possibility of miscegenetic marriages and cross culture among the aboriginal inhabitants, the old settlers and the later Dumangsil and Balkasusa clans, or whether violent wars have been waged between the old inhabitants and new colonizers is uncertain as well. Out of this Bornean tribe of
9360-638: The confluence of many foreign languages in Manila, the confessional in Manila was "the most difficult in the world". Juan de Cobo, another Spanish missionary of the 1600s, was so astonished by the commerce, cultural complexity, and ethnic diversity in Manila he wrote to his brethren in Mexico: The diversity here is immense such that I could go on forever trying to differentiate lands and peoples. There are Castilians from all provinces. There are Portuguese and Italians; Dutch, Greeks and Canary Islanders, and Mexican Indians. There are slaves from Africa brought by
9490-401: The dioceses of Lucena , Infanta and Calapan , with Msgr Alejandro Olalia as the first Archbishop. On August 31, 1947, Lipa was inaugurated as a chartered City created under Republic Act No. 162 approved on June 20, 1947. Lipa covers an area of 20,940 hectares (209.4 km ) at an elevation of 1,025 feet (312 m) above sea level. Lipa's fishing area is located at barangay Halang, in
9620-522: The dispersed colonial families founded by two datus, namely, Dumangsil and Balkasusa in Taal, Batangas , between the 10th and 13th century. These pioneer settlers under the leadership of the fleeing Datu Puti, formerly purchased the lowlands from King Marikudo of Panay. It is however subject to conjecture whether the pre-historic Negritos 12,000 to 15,000 years age or the much later waves of Austronesian seafarers from 5,000 to 300 B.C. were able to settle along
9750-489: The early years had their settlement in Bombon Lake and began dispersing to other places when the volcano erupted. While a group of people was moving to another settlement area, the image of St. Sebastian was stolen from them and later on was found on a tree called "lipa." People believed that the patron saint wished to name that place "Lipa". The primal composition in the southeastern region of Bombon Lake were elements of
9880-426: The eastern shore of Manila Bay on the island of Luzon , it is classified as a highly urbanized city . Manila is the world's most densely populated city proper , with 43,611.5 inhabitants per square kilometer (112,953/sq mi) and a population of 1,846,513 people in 2020; it is also the historic core of a built-up area that extends well beyond its administrative limits and includes some 24 million people. Manila
10010-559: The end of January until March 17, 1970. Instability continued the following year, with the most significant incident being the August 1971 Plaza Miranda bombing caused nine deaths and injured 95 others, including many prominent Liberal Party politicians including incumbent Senators Jovito Salonga , Eddie Ilarde , Eva Estrada-Kalaw , and Liberal Party president Gerardo Roxas , Sergio Osmeña Jr. , Manila 2nd District Councilor Ambrosio "King" Lorenzo Jr., and Congressman Ramon Bagatsing who
10140-469: The establishment of several parks, and the repair and rehabilitation of the city's deteriorating facilities. He was the city's mayor for nine years before being termed out of office. Lim once again ran for mayor and defeated Atienza's son Ali in the 2007 city election, and immediately reversed all of Atienza's projects, which he said made little contribution to the improvements of the city. The relationship of both parties turned bitter, with them both contesting
10270-410: The first curate. With the eruption of Taal Volcano in 1724, the people moved to what is now "Lumang Lipa" and, again, in 1754, they moved to Balete where they settled for two years until 1756 when they moved inland to the present site obviously for more security from volcanic eruptions. When Don Galo de los Reyes was the governadorcillo of Lipa, he introduced the cultivation of coffee . The seeds of
10400-619: The ideological foundations of the Philippine Revolution , which sought independence from Spain. A revolt by Andres Novales was inspired by the Latin American wars of independence but the revolt itself was led by demoted Latin-American military officers stationed in the city from the newly independent nations of Mexico, Colombia, Venezuela, Peru, Chile, Argentina, and Costa Rica. Following the Cavite Mutiny and
10530-495: The intervention of governmental cultural agencies and heritage advocate groups. In May 2019, Estrada said Manila was debt-free; two months later, however, the Commission on Audit said Manila was ₱4.4 billion in debt. Estrada, who was seeking for re-election for his third and final term, lost to Isko Moreno in the 2019 local elections . Moreno has served as the vice mayor under both Lim and Estrada. Estrada's defeat
10660-491: The landed gentry of Lipa: antique cabinets, tables, mirrors, antique silverware chinaware, tea sets, religious images and articles, jars, and brass artifacts. Manila Manila ( / m ə ˈ n ɪ l ə / mə- NIL -ə ; Filipino : Maynila ), officially the City of Manila (Filipino: Lungsod ng Maynila ), is the capital and second-most populous city of the Philippines , after Quezon City . Located on
10790-467: The last 14 years of Marcos' presidency. In 1975, Marcos formalized the creation of a region called Metropolitan Manila, incorporating the four cities of Manila, Quezon City , Caloocan , Pasay , and the thirteen municipalities of Las Piñas , Makati , Malabon , Mandaluyong , Marikina , Muntinlupa , Navotas , Parañaque , Pasig , Pateros , San Juan , Taguig , and Valenzuela . And then he appointed his wife Imelda Marcos , who had been angered by
10920-560: The media for notable poems and literary works of Albino Dimayuga, Baldomero Roxas, Luis Lina Kison, Bernardo Solis, Benedicto Solis, Emiliano Manguiat and Petronio Katigbak. Roman Dimayuga wrote plays, while Pedro Laygo published articles on domestic and international politics and Tomas Umali on military affairs. Hispanistas during the American regime included national figures like Teodoro Kalaw, Fidel Reyes, Arsenio Luz, Max B. Solis, Enrique Laygo and Claro M. Recto . Lipeños also served in
11050-495: The name "Manila" is commonly used to refer to the entire metropolitan area, the greater metropolitan area , and the city proper . Metro Manila , the officially defined metropolitan area, is the capital region of the Philippines, and includes the much larger Quezon City and the Makati Central Business District . It is the most populous region in the country, one of the most populous urban areas in
11180-677: The only place where the Japanese and Chinese could openly trade. In 1606, upon the Spanish conquest of the Sultanate of Ternate , one of monopolizers of the growing of spice, the Spanish deported the ruler Sultan Said Din Burkat of Ternate, along with his clan and his entourage to Manila, where they were initially enslaved and eventually converted to Christianity. About 200 families of mixed Spanish-Mexican-Filipino and Moluccan-Indonesian-Portuguese descent from Ternate and Tidor followed him there at
11310-428: The opposition together and referred to them as communists, and many former moderates fled to the mountain encampments of the radical opposition to avoid being arrested by Marcos' forces. Those who became disenchanted with the excesses of the Marcos administration and wanted to join the opposition after 1971 often joined the ranks of the radicals, simply because they represented the only group vocally offering opposition to
11440-608: The other hand, in a rather first account of importance on the Philippine flora that appeared in 1704 as an Appendix to Ray's Historia Plantarum which is the Herbarium aliarumque Stirpium in Insula Luzone Philippinarum primaria nascentium... by Fr. Georg Josef Kamel , he mentioned that, Nilad arbor mediocris, rarissimi recta, ligno folido, et compacto ut Molavin, ubi abundant Mangle, locum vocant Manglar, ita ubi nilad, Maynilad, unde corrupte Manila (Nilad
11570-516: The palace"). The Emperor of China considered the lakans —the rulers of ancient Manila—"王" (kings). During the 12th century, then-Hindu Brunei called "Pon-i", as reported in the Chinese annals Nanhai zhi , invaded Malilu 麻裏蘆 (present-day Manila) as it also administered Sarawak and Sabah , as well as the Philippine kingdoms of: Butuan , Sulu , Ma-i (Mindoro), Shahuchong 沙胡重 (present-day Zamboanga ), Yachen 啞陳 ( Oton ), and 文杜陵 Wenduling (present-day Mindanao ). Manila regained independence. In
11700-412: The place name Maynilà was always written without a final /d/. This documentation shows that the may-nilad etymology is spurious. Originally, the mistaken identification of nilad as the source of the toponym probably originated in an 1887 essay by Trinidad Pardo de Tavera , in which he mistakenly used the word nila to refer both to Indigofera tinctoria (true indigo) and to Ixora manila , which
11830-556: The pre-war days and during festive occasions; the Satsuma Vase – a gift given by the Luna brothers to the unparalleled hospitality shown by the aristocratic couple Doña Germana Solis and Dr. Jose Lozada; and the office tables of Don Claro Mayo Recto and Mayor Carlos Solis, the 24-hour Mayor. Other artifacts exhibited are certain collections of furniture and objects of art loaned and donated by different antique collectors and by some of
11960-475: The present, is the Mabini Academy established by Dr. Jose Ma. Katigbak, Randall A. Rowley, Tarcila Malabanan-Katigbak and Emilia Malabanan. The fact that Lipeños, even up to the present, are very religious, may be attributed to the fact that Fr. Benito Baras, who was Parish Priest of Lipa for almost three decades (1865–1894), has considered Villa de Lipa as his very own and had shown great paternal love for
12090-528: The present. The first newspaper in Batangas, published in Spanish , was the Lumubog-Lumutang , printed in Lipa in 1889, and established by the well-known writers Cipriano Kalaw, Gregorio Katigbak, Benito Reyes, Hugo Latorre and Pedro Laygo. Other pioneer Spanish writers were Bernardo Solis, Catalino Dimayuga and Manuel Luz. During the revolution, Gregorio Aguilera Solis edited a newspaper Columnas Voluntas de la Federacion Malaya . This paper became
12220-463: The previous two centuries. The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 facilitated direct trade and communications with Spain. The city's growing wealth and education attracted indigenous peoples, Negritos, Malays, Africans, Chinese, Indians, Arabs, Europeans, Latinos and Papuans from the surrounding provinces, and facilitated the rise of an ilustrado class who espoused liberal ideas, which became
12350-509: The public once more. Thousands of devotees went back to the church and since then, the statue has been in public view. During a certain event, the priest ordered a mass outside the church to bless the municipality of Lipa, where the apparition statue was brought outside as well. During that time, sun beatings from heaven, which was viewed by thousands of people during a mass outside the church, occurred. Devotees flocked Lipa afterwards, where cures for blindness and terminal sickness were cured through
12480-455: The region and established the rajahnate of Maynilà (كوتا سلودوڠ; Kota Seludong ). The rajahnate was ruled under Brunei and gave yearly tribute as a satellite state . It created a new dynasty under the local leader, who accepted Islam and became Rajah Salalila or Sulaiman I . He established a trading challenge to the already rich House of Lakan Dula in Tondo. Islam was further strengthened by
12610-619: The rest of the archipelago, the British withdrew in accordance with the Treaty of Paris signed in 1763, which brought an end to the war. An unknown number of Indian soldiers known as sepoys , who came with the British, deserted and settled in nearby Cainta, Rizal . The Chinese minority were punished for supporting the British, and the fortress city Intramuros, which was initially populated by 1,200 pure Spanish families and garrisoned by 400 Spanish troops, kept its cannons pointed at Binondo ,
12740-487: The revelation of his dalliances during the Dovie Beams scandal , Governor of Metro Manila . Despite Marcos' declaration of martial law, poverty and other social issues persisted, so even with the military in his control, Marcos could not hold back the unrest. A major turning point was reached in Tondo in the form of the 1975 La Tondeña Distillery strike which was one of the first major open acts of resistance against
12870-492: The search site Crossword Solm utilizing internet geotagging, showed that Manila is the world's most loving capital city. In August 2023, President Bongbong Marcos suspended all reclamation projects in Manila Bay , including those in the City of Manila. However, the city has no objections and is willing to pursue the suspended reclamation projects. The City of Manila is situated on the eastern shore of Manila Bay , on
13000-416: The second-most-destroyed city of World War II. Manila was recaptured by American and Philippine troops. After the war, reconstruction efforts started. Buildings like Manila City Hall , the Legislative Building (now the National Museum of Fine Arts ), and Manila Post Office were rebuilt, and roads and other infrastructures were repaired. In 1948, President Elpidio Quirino moved the seat of government of
13130-504: The southwest, the municipalities of Cuenca and Mataasnakahoy and Taal Lake in the west and the municipalities of Balete and Malvar in the northwest. The city's location, in a valley between the Malepunyo Mountain Range and Mount Macolod , makes it a low-risk area for natural disasters. These two mountains serve as a windbreak during typhoons. Mount Macolod, in the west, also served as shield during eruptions of
13260-466: The time was among the poorest regions in the world. Due to the decline of the Vatican regarding the apparition, the Diocese of Lipa ordered the destruction of Mary's statue in the church which depicted the apparition. However, the founding nuns of the church hid it instead. Decades afterwards in the 21st century, before the death of a founding nun, she wished for the statue of the apparition to be viewed by
13390-556: The traditional capital of the empire and its rulers were sovereign kings rather than chieftains. Tondo was named using traditional Chinese characters in the Hokkien reading, Chinese : 東都 ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī : Tong-to͘ ; lit. 'Eastern Capital', due to its chief position southeast of China. The kings of Tondo were addressed as panginoón in Tagalog ("lords"); anák banwa ("son of heaven"); or lakandula ("lord of
13520-552: The two datus called the Tagalogs. In 1605, after Marshall Gabriel de Rivera received the encomienda of Bombon, the Augustinian Fathers made Tagbakin the first settlement of the Lipeños and a mission center with the name of San Sebastian, perhaps after the installed Patron Saint, which continued to the present. The settlement was made a regular municipality in 1702 and a regular parish in 1716 with Fray Diego de Alday as
13650-639: The usage of prayers with the preserved petals from the petal showers of the 1940s to the 1960s. In 2014, it was later found out that most of the bishops who signed in favor of declaring the apparitions of the 1940s as a lie were forced to sign such documents. This sparked the current Lipa Church to gather as much evidence to back the existence and miracles of the apparitions. There are other Christian groups such as various Protestant denominations including Evangelicals , Born Again , Iglesia ni Cristo , Members Church of God International (MCGI) , Kingdom of Jesus Christ, Jehovah's Witnesses , Seventh-Day Adventist , and
13780-500: The very last saw the Marcos family flee Malacañang Palace into exile in the United States. The beginning weeks of Ferdinand Marcos' second term as president was marked by the 1969 balance of payments crisis , which economists trace to his first term tactic of using foreign loans to fund massive government projects in an effort to curry votes. In protest, protest groups led mostly by students decided to picket Marcos' 1970 State of
13910-596: The walled fortification of Intramuros on the ruins of an older settlement from whose name the Spanish and English name Manila derives. Manila was used as the capital of the captaincy general of the Spanish East Indies , which included the Marianas , Guam , and other islands, and was controlled and administered for the Spanish crown by Mexico City in the Viceroyalty of New Spain . In modern times,
14040-420: The waters of the Pasig River and on land reclaimed from Manila Bay . Manila's land has been substantially altered by human intervention; there has been considerable land reclamation along the waterfronts since the early-to-mid twentieth century. Some of the city's natural variations in topography have been leveled. As of 2013 , Manila had a total area of 42.88 square kilometres (16.56 sq mi). In 2017,
14170-438: The west of the city; it is actually a portion of Taal Lake, which is connected to other municipalities ( Cuenca , Mataasnakahoy and Balete ). Lipa is bounded by the city of Santo Tomas in the northeast, the city of San Pablo of Laguna , and the municipalities of Tiaong and San Antonio, Quezon in the east, the municipalities of Padre Garcia and Rosario in the southeast, the municipalities of Ibaan and San Jose in
14300-557: The western coast of Luzon , 1,300 km (810 mi) from mainland Asia. The protected harbor on which Manila lies is regarded as the finest in Asia. The Pasig River flows through the middle of city, dividing it into north and south. The overall grade of the city's central, built-up areas is relatively consistent with the natural flatness of the natural geography, generally exhibiting only slight differentiation. Almost all of Manila sits on top prehistoric alluvial deposits built by
14430-494: The word Maynilà is unlikely to have developed from this term. It is unlikely native Tagalog speakers would completely drop the final consonant /d/ in nilad to arrive at the present form Maynilà . As an example, nearby Bacoor retains the final consonant of the old Tagalog word bakoód ("elevated piece of land"), even in old Spanish renderings of the placename (e.g., Vacol , Bacor ). Historians Ambeth Ocampo and Joseph Baumgartner have shown, in every early document, that
14560-428: The world's oldest Chinatown . The population of native Spaniards was concentrated in the southern part of Manila and in 1787, La Pérouse recorded one regiment of 1,300 Mexicans garrisoned at Manila, and they were also at Cavite , where ships from Spain's American colonies docked at, and at Ermita , which was thus-named because of a Mexican hermit who lived there. The Hermit-Priest's name was Juan Fernandez de Leon who
14690-753: The world, and one of the wealthiest regions in Southeast Asia . The Pasig River flows through the middle of Manila, dividing it into northern and southern sections. The city comprises 16 administrative districts and is divided into six political districts for the purposes of representation in the Congress of the Philippines and the election of city council members. In 2018, the Globalization and World Cities Research Network listed Manila as an "Alpha-" global city , and ranked it seventh in economic performance globally and second regionally, while
14820-529: The year before in 1983. International pressure had forced Marcos to give the press more freedom, so coverage exposed Filipinos to how opposition figures including 80-year-old former Senator Lorenzo Tañada and 71-year old Manila Times founder Chino Roces were waterhosed despite their frailty and how student leader Fidel Nemenzo (later Chancellor of the University of the Philippines Diliman)
14950-533: Was a Hermit in Mexico before relocating to Manila. Priests weren't usually alone too since they often brought along Lay Brothers and Sisters. The years: 1603, 1636, 1644, 1654, 1655, 1670, and 1672; saw the deployment of 900, 446, 407, 821, 799, 708, and 667 Latin-American soldiers from Mexico at Manila . The Philippines hosts the only Latin-American-established districts in Asia. The Spanish evacuated Ternate and settled Papuan refugees in Ternate, Cavite , which
15080-530: Was able to regain independence afterward, and Sulu attacked and looted the then-Majapahit-invaded province Po-ni (Brunei) in retribution. During the reign of the Arab emir, Sultan Bolkiah – Sharif Ali 's descendant – from 1485 to 1521, the Sultanate of Brunei which had seceded from Hindu Majapahit and converted to Islam, had invaded the area. The Bruneians wanted to take advantage of Tondo's strategic position in direct trade with China and subsequently attacked
15210-622: Was approved by the Philippine Reclamation Authority in December 2019 and was scheduled for construction in 2021. Another reclamation project is possible and when built, it will include in-city housing relocation projects. Environmental activists and the Catholic Church have criticized the land reclamation projects, saying they are not sustainable and would put communities at risk of flooding. In line of
15340-580: Was besieged by the Chinese pirate Lim Hong , who was thwarted by local inhabitants. Upon Spanish settlement, Manila was immediately made, by papal decree, a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Mexico . By royal decree of Philip II of Spain , Manila was put under the spiritual patronage of Saint Pudentiana and Our Lady of Guidance . Manila became famous for its role in the Manila–Acapulco galleon trade, which lasted for more than two centuries and brought goods from Europe, Africa, and Hispanic America across
15470-462: Was happening, multiple units of the Armed Forces of the Philippines defected Marcos, with air units under the command of General Antonio Sotelo and Colonel Charles Hotchkiss, even performed calculated operations which included strafing the grounds of Malacañang palace with bullets and disabling gunships at nearby Villamor Airbase . The Reagan administration eventually decided to offer Marcos
15600-446: Was happening, the forces which had been organizing Aquino's civil disobedience campaign went to the stretch of Efipanio De Los Santos Avenue (EDSA) between the two camps, beginning to form a human barricade to keep Marcos loyalist forces from attacking. The crowd grew even larger when Ramos telephoned Manila Cardinal Jaime Sin for help, and Sin went on Radyo Veritas to invite Catholics to join in protecting Enrile and Ramos. Seeing what
15730-475: Was in iron, and 1,000 iron bars were traded in 1721. In 1762, the city was captured by Great Britain as part of the Seven Years' War , in which Spain had recently become involved. The British occupied the city for twenty months from 1762 to 1764 in their attempt to capture the Spanish East Indies but they were unable to extend their occupation past Manila proper. Frustrated by their inability to take
15860-465: Was named after their former homeland. In 1603, Manila was also home to 25,000 Chinese and housed 14,437 native (Malay-Filipino) families, as well as 3,528 mixed Spanish-Filipino families. The rise of Spanish Manila marked the first time all hemispheres and continents were interconnected in a worldwide trade network, making Manila, alongside Mexico City and Madrid , the world's original set of global cities . A Spanish Jesuit priest commented due to
15990-531: Was occupied by elements of the Japanese Imperial Army 16th Division commanded by General Morioka. During the Japanese occupation, Lipa Airfield was repaired and expanded by the Japanese. On 12 April 1948, the late President Manuel Roxas directed the renaming of Lipa Air Base to Fernando Field and subsequently, to Fernando Air Base in honor of Lt. Col. Basilio Fernando, one of the pioneers of Philippine aviation. In 1952, Fernando Air Base became
16120-407: Was only recently introduced into the Philippines from South America and therefore could not be the source of the toponym for old Manila. Another incorrect etymology arose from the observation that, in Tagalog , nilád or nilár refers to a shrub-like tree ( Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea ; formerly Ixora manila Blanco) that grows in or near mangrove swamps. Linguistic analysis, however, shows
16250-430: Was probably bestowed because of the indigo-yielding plants that grew in the area surrounding the settlement rather than because it was known as a settlement that traded in indigo dye. Indigo dye extraction only became an important economic activity in the area in the 18th century, several hundred years after Maynila settlement was founded and named. Maynilà eventually underwent a process of Hispanicization and adopted
16380-514: Was seen as the end of their reign as a political clan, whose other family members run for national and local positions. After assuming office, Moreno initiated a city-wide cleanup of illegal vendors, signed an executive order promoting open governance, and vowed to stop bribery and corruption in the city. Under his administration, several ordinances were signed, giving additional perks and privileges to Manila's elderly people, and monthly allowances for Grade 12 Manileño students in all public schools in
16510-541: Was shot nearly to death. In late 1985, in the face of escalating public discontent and under pressure from foreign allies, Marcos called a snap election with more than a year left in his term, selecting Arturo Tolentino as his running mate. The opposition to Marcos united behind Ninoy's widow Corazon Aquino and her running mate, Salvador Laurel . The elections were held on February 7, 1986, an exercise marred by widespread reports of violence and tampering of election results. On February 16, 1986, Corazon Aquino held
16640-408: Was the beginning of its cultivation throughout the Philippines. The Lipeños also engaged themselves in livestock raising and varied home crafts for men, and small industries, like weaving, embroidery and sewing for women. After World War II , citrus production prevailed until 1970 and, after its decline, about 1965, poultry and swine raising began to take roots and to thrive in no small degree until
16770-484: Was the first chartered city in the country, designated by Philippine Commission Act No. 183 on July 31, 1901. It became autonomous with the passage of Republic Act No. 409, "The Revised Charter of the City of Manila", on June 18, 1949. Manila is considered to be part of the world's original set of global cities because its commercial networks were the first to extend across the Pacific Ocean and connect Asia with
16900-399: Was the party's mayoral candidate for Manila. Marcos reacted to the bombing by blaming the still nascent Communist Party of the Philippines and then suspending of the writ of Habeas Corpus. The suspension is noted for forcing many members of the moderate opposition, including figures like Edgar Jopson , to join the ranks of the radicals. In the aftermath of the bombing, Marcos lumped all of
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