115-641: Radio Philippines Network, Inc. (RPN) is a Philippine television and radio company based in Quezon City . It is currently owned through majority share by Nine Media Corporation of the ALC Group of Companies; along with the Presidential Communications Office (PCO), Far East Managers and Investors Inc. (owned by the family of Roberto Benedicto ), and other private sectors. The network's main offices and flagship transmitter
230-588: A 34% minority share in RPN. Presidential Communications Operations Office (PCOO) secretary Herminio Coloma, Jr. also began to hold meetings with the network's employees union to discuss the financial state of RPN as part of the planned privatization. On February 22, 2011, RPN's employees filed a strike notice , protesting a rumored shutdown of RPN on February 25, and accusing the government of attempting to privatize RPN without actively consulting its employees. On February 25, 2011, RPN signed off temporarily in preparation for
345-642: A Congress speech to denounce impending martial law, and Jose W. Diokno, who held a rally with 50,000 people from the Movement of Concerned Citizens for Civil Liberties (MCCCL) at Plaza Miranda on the same day. By dawn of the following day, many of the 400 individuals listed on the military's priority arrest list—journalists, members of the political opposition, constitutional convention delegates, outspoken lawyers, teachers, and students—had been detained. Media outlets were shuttered, although those linked with Marcos crony Roberto Benedicto were allowed to reopen within
460-815: A Post-World War II geopolitical framework. After gaining independence from the US after the war, the Philippines had retained strong economic, political and military ties to the United States, manifested in a Mutual Defense Treaty (MDT), Military Assistance Agreement (MAA), a US Military Advisory Group (JUSMAG), and the physical presence of several Military Bases where the US Military could conduct " unhampered US military operations " for 99 years (later reduced to 50). Filipino presidents were very politically dependent on American support, and this did not change until
575-427: A brief period in which Proclamation No. 1081 was formally in place, but without the knowledge of the public. For most of the Philippines, therefore, martial law was thus properly implemented when it was announced on the evening of September 23, 1972. The implementation of martial law began sometime before midnight on September 22, with the arrest of the two main opposition leaders, Ninoy Aquino, who on September 21 held
690-427: A co-production agreement to ABS-CBN, as they saw the resurgent network as a vital element in the sustaining of the three shows' success. By then, the once-dominant RPN had fallen to 4th place, trailing far behind ABS-CBN and GMA and locked in a losing battle with PTV for 3rd place. In October 8, 1989, RPN was renamed as New Vision 9 to recoup lost audience share in the ratings game of Philippine television networks. At
805-617: A few days before Martial Law was announced on September 23, 1972. After Nixon, the Ford and Reagan administrations were similarly supportive of Marcos. While the Carter administration expressed diplomatic concerns over the human rights abuses of the Marcos dictatorship , it could not totally withdraw its support from Marcos in light of US foreign policy's need to have the lease on the US Bases in
920-627: A loss of morale among the middle-ranks of the AFP, because it meant a significant slowdown in promotions and caused many officers to retire with ranks much lower than they would otherwise have earned. As a result, Security Affairs Professor Douglas J. Macdonald noted that "near the end of the dictatorship, the Military and the Intelligence organizations were badly polarized along generational lines, as they are today." In June 1970, Marcos authorized
1035-462: A major blow after losing the rights to one of its top-raters, the PBA games, to IBC). This, along with it being number 3 in daytime ratings, helped RPN to challenge ABC for third place in total day ratings. In 1996, the network quickly regained its foothold when it began to broadcast a Tagalog dub of the 1994 Mexican telenovela Marimar , which turned out to be a phenomenal success, and discombobulating
1150-675: A memorandum of agreement for the expanded coverage of both the TV and radio networks nationwide. Selected DWIZ programs will be simulcast on the Radyo Ronda Network. On August 20, 2014, Solar Entertainment Corporation chief Wilson Tieng announced that he ceded his entire share on Solar TV Network, Inc., including its 34% majority share on RPN, to Antonio Cabangon Chua , owner of business daily BusinessMirror and Aliw Broadcasting Corporation. Tieng sold Solar TV because they are losing money for operations and he will be focusing instead on
1265-466: A number of cable channels in the country. The company began co-producing new programming for the network, such as a local version of the Top Model franchise. The network underwent management changes on December 24, 2007, as Tonypet Albano (undersecretary and executive director of Malacañang's Office of Political Coalition Affairs and Deputy Spokesperson of TEAM Unity , now Vice-Governor of Isabela )
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#17327825879701380-450: A pioneer in broadcasting tokusatsu and sentai programs in the country in the process). These made it a reason for the network in 1982 to adopt The Leader as its official slogan, coupled with its Number 9 and the red corporate logos (the latter which is still the current logo of the network up to this day), due to its massive successes as the nation's number one network. In 1986, after the assumption of office of President Corazon Aquino ,
1495-456: A relaunch as ETC on March 2, 2011. Additional shares in RPN were sold to Far East Managers and Investors Inc. (FEMI), an organization company affiliated with Ambassador Roberto Benedicto (founder of RPN). The government would retain People's Television Network to serve as the sole state broadcaster of the country. However, due to privatization, RPN is forced to retrench 200 employees and stopping
1610-1031: A result, it was branded as Accucolor 9 , becoming the first Philippine television network to broadcast in full color. In 1970, KBS acquired a color-capable OB van for remote broadcasts of major events, including news and sports coverage. The network also launched NewsWatch , replacing the short-lived KBS Eyewitness Reports . During this period, broadcast hours were limited to late afternoons until around midnight, Monday through Saturday, with transmissions starting after midday on Sundays. By 1971, KBS had established itself as an all-color network, operating ten provincial stations located in Baguio (KBS-12), Laoag ( KBS-2 ), Bicol (KBS-10 in Iriga), Iloilo ( KBS-2 , Bacolod ( KBS-8 ), Cebu (KBS-9 in Mandaue ), Davao (KBS-4), General Santos (KBS-7), and Butuan (KBS-4), in addition to its flagship station, KBS-9 Manila. On September 23, 1972,
1725-477: A satellite antenna. On May 18, 1982, Eat Bulaga! was also included to the list of the network's DOMSAT-simulcast programs. This made RPN the first national network to achieve nationwide program simulcasting via satellite in 24 TV stations across the Philippines. The network also became home to, from 1978 up to the early 1980s, the Super Sentai series (making it the first in the Philippines to do so, becoming
1840-475: A scale where 3 was the highest Defense condition. In 1971, AFP Chief of Staff Manuel T. Yan had prominently told media that the grounds for Marcos to either impose of martial law or suspend the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus did not exist. One of the generals serving under General Fabian Ver of the National Intelligence and Security Authority later recalled that "Even when Martial Law
1955-452: A week before martial law was declared, other generals were able to deny that they had heard of any operation under the said code title, and it was easy for Marcos to pinpoint Soliman as the whistleblower who gave the information to Aquino. Not long after the declaration of martial law, the controlled press reported that Soliman had died of a heart attack, but his family believed that Marcos had ordered that he be killed. Marcos then dissolved
2070-507: Is limited to the period in which he exercised dictatorial powers under martial law, and the period where he continued to wield those powers despite lifting the proclamation in 1981. Numerous explanations have been put forward as reasons for Marcos to declare martial law in September 1972, some of which were presented by the Marcos administration as official justifications, and some of which were dissenting perspectives put forward by either
2185-683: Is located at Panay Avenue, Brgy. South Triangle also in Quezon City . Founded by James Lindenberg, and prior to its privatization, it was the sister network of current government owned and controlled Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation ; both networks were sequestered after the 1986 People Power Revolution , and formerly an attached agency of the now-PCO, which retained 20% of RPN's non-controlling shares following privatization. Radio Philippines Network operates television stations with airtime being leased by its parent Nine Media and content provider TV5 Network , serving as primary broadcasters of RPTV . RPN also operates regional AM radio stations under
2300-457: Is planned by the end of 2027. Much media ownership is concentrated in the hands of prominent families and businesses. Consequently, some reports tend to be one-sided presentations favoring special interests. The privately owned press also tends toward sensationalism at times. While the media companies are predominantly owned by moneyed and influential tycoons, the Filipino readers are given
2415-409: Is remembered for the Marcos administration's record of human rights abuses , particularly targeting political opponents, student activists, journalists, religious workers, farmers, and others who fought against the Marcos dictatorship. Based on the documentation of Amnesty International , Task Force Detainees of the Philippines , and similar human rights monitoring entities, historians believe that
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#17327825879702530-543: The C/S name as part of their permanent branding, and rebranded itself as C/S 9. On November 29, 2009, the network re-branded again under the new name Solar TV . In late 2010, it was revealed that RPN would no longer carry PBA games, due to planned network re-launch to occur in 2011, with more "feminine" programming. In 2010, the Philippine government began to actively consider privatizing RPN and IBC. Ricardo Abcede, member of
2645-530: The July 1972 MV Karagatan incident in which a secret arms shipment from China, meant for Communist Party forces, sank just off Digoyo Point in Palanan, Isabela. Numerous other incidents cited by Marcos as rationalizations for his declaration of Martial Law have either been discredited or disputed, in light of Marcos's known tactic of undertaking false flag operations as a propaganda technique. This includes:
2760-655: The National Task Force to End Local Communist Armed Conflict chaired by the President of the Philippines, have used red-tagging against journalists. From June 2016 to April 2021, there have been 51 cases of intimidation of journalists, including 30 cases of red-tagging. The Department of Justice filed five cases in Philippine courts against Rappler , which publishes articles critical of the Philippine government. The filing of cases has been seen as part of efforts to intimidate, threaten, and ultimately shut down
2875-633: The People Power Revolution which ousted the dictator Ferdinand Marcos and installed Corazon Aquino as president in February 1986, the stock and assets of RPN, IBC and BBC were sequestered by the Presidential Commission on Good Government (PCGG). President Corazon Aquino awarded BBC's Channel 2 frequency and its affiliates, through an executive order, to ABS-CBN , and RPN's and IBC's assets were turned over to
2990-478: The Plaza Miranda bombing and the alleged assassination attempt on Defense Secretary Enrile – the groundwork for its implementation had been laid down much earlier. Marcos's aide-turned whistleblower Primitivo Mijares noted that "The beginning infrastructure for martial law was actually laid down as early as the first day of his assumption of the Philippine presidency on December 30, 1965." Most notably, by
3105-803: The Presidential Broadcast Service (radio), are government-run, while most outlets are privately owned. The most trusted newspapers in the Philippines are the Philippine Daily Inquirer , Manila Bulletin , and The Philippine Star . Radio is introduced to the Philippines under the American colonial era. Radio broadcasting is regulated by the National Telecommunications Commission (NTC), on content, frequency and licensing matters. There are about 1,000 radio stations in
3220-469: The Presidential Commission on Good Government (PCGG), supported the plans, noting that the government should not need to subsidize three state broadcasters when most countries only have one, and could gain a significant profit if they were sold to a major company willing to invest in the stations. In January 2011, reports confirmed that Solar Entertainment Corporation , through Solar TV Network , and Roberto Benedicto's daughter Kitchie Benedicto now owned
3335-404: The continuing murders of journalists and increased legal harassment in the form of libel suits as part of the problem in the Philippines. Between 1986 and 2005, 52 journalists have been murdered and most of their killers go unpunished. The Committee to Protect Journalists ranked the Philippines among the deadliest and most dangerous places for journalists. The Philippines was also ranked as
3450-679: The " Anti-Subversion Act of 1957 ", which made mere membership in any communist party illegal. The Philippines would take three and a half decades to repeal it, through Republic Act 7636, in 1992. RA No. 1700 was originally meant to counter the Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas (PKP) and its armed force, the Hukbalahap (also called the "Huks"). The campaign against the PKP and the Huks was bloody, but it had basically ended by 1954. Throughout
3565-509: The "communist threat" posed by the newly founded Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP), and the sectarian "rebellion" of the Muslim Independence Movement (MIM). Opposition figures of the time (such as Lorenzo Tañada , Jose W. Diokno , and Jovito Salonga ) accused Marcos of exaggerating these threats and using them as an excuse to consolidate power and extend his tenure beyond the two presidential terms allowed by
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3680-486: The 14th, 15th, and 18th Congress, Rep. Satur Ocampo filed bills seeking to decriminalize libel. In the 19th Congress, Rep. France Castro of the Alliance of Concerned Teachers party list filed House Bill 569, which aimed to decriminalize libel. Castro said the criminalization of libel has "caused the gagging of media practitioners, the concealment of the truth from public knowledge, prior restraint and chilling effect, and
3795-463: The 1935 constitution. Marcos signed Proclamation No. 1081 on September 21, 1972, marking the beginning of a fourteen-year period of one-man rule , which effectively lasted until Marcos was exiled from the country on February 25, 1986. Proclamation No. 1081 was formally lifted on January 17, 1981, although Marcos retained essentially all of his powers as dictator until he was ousted in February 1986 . This nine-year period in Philippine history
3910-474: The 37 cases also led to arrests of journalists. There was a rise in libel and cyber libel cases in the country in 2020, according to the National Union of Journalists of the Philippines (NUJP). Rappler CEO Maria Ressa was among those convicted of cyber libel in a 2020 case involving the retroactive application of a then new cybercrime law to an article that had been published years before. In
4025-414: The 60s, the remnants of the PKP pursued "a course of peaceful action" while working to rebuild their organisation, but, this was later challenged by a youth-based Maoist group within the organization created by University Professor Jose Maria Sison , who joined the PKP in 1962. Clashing with the PKP party leaders' view that armed struggle was an exercise in futility, Sison and his group were expelled from
4140-448: The AFP's leaders, and a hand in the military's day-to-day operationalization. Singaporean author and political science professor Terence Lee notes that this had the effect of "develop[ing] a patronage system within the defense establishment." Professor Albert Celoza, in his 1997 book on the political economy of authoritarianism in the Philippines, notes that: "It was alleged that a plan of action had existed as early as 1965...no one opposed
4255-634: The Armed Forces. As a way of assuring that any whistleblowers would be easily accounted for, the copies of the plan were distributed with codeword titles taken from the signs of the Zodiac. The copy marked "Sagittarius" was given to General Marcos "Mark" Soliman who commanded the National Intelligence Coordinating Agency . Thus, when Senator Benigno "Ninoy" Aquino Jr. exposed the existence of "Oplan Sagittarius"
4370-471: The August 1971 Plaza Miranda bombing ; the 1972 Manila bombings from March to September of that year; and the alleged September 1972 ambush of Defense Minister Juan Ponce Enrile . The social unrest of 1969 to 1970, and the violent dispersal of the resulting " First Quarter Storm " protests were among the early watershed events in which large numbers of Filipino students of the 1970s were radicalized against
4485-746: The CNN format of news reporting with news from the Philippines . In 2017, RPN and Nine Media Corporation acquired its UHF transmitter complex in Crestview Heights Subdivision, Brgy. San Roque, Antipolo , Rizal from Progressive Broadcasting Corporation to use RPN's Digital terrestrial television broadcast in Metro Manila and nearby provinces. On December 22, 2023, TV5 Network entered into an acquired agreement with RPN's parent company, Nine Media Corporation to broadcast
4600-539: The CPP allied with Huk commander Bernabe Buscayno to create the nascent New People's Army . Although the CPP-NPA was only a small force at the time, the AFP hyped up its formation, partly because doing so was good for building up the AFP budget. As a result, notes security specialist Richard J. Kessler , "the AFP mythologized the group, investing it with a revolutionary aura that only attracted more supporters." Even in
4715-520: The Constitution, under Article XVI, Section 10, the State is obligated to "provide the policy environment for … the balanced flow of information into, out of, and across the country, in accordance with a policy that respects the freedom of speech and of the press." The Constitution also guarantees freedom of the press under Article III, Section 4. The Office of the President is responsible for managing
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4830-525: The Government Communications Group and placed under the management of a Board of Administrators tasked to operate and manage its business and affairs subject to the control and supervision of Presidential Commission on Good Government . The period saw a major decline for RPN as its resources became outdated and endured major mismanagement which led to the network either shutting down or selling its stations. From being number 1 in
4945-747: The Ilocos, the most significant of whom had familial connections to Marcos – ensuring their familial and regionalistic loyalties to him. The practice was so pervasive that it quickly earned a moniker: "Ilocanization". The most important of these appointments included Juan Ponce Enrile as Secretary of Defense, and Fidel Ramos as Armed Forces Vice Chief of Staff, who were both related to Marcos; and Fabian Ver, Marcos's townmate from Sarrat, Ilocos Norte, as Armed Forces Chief of Staff. In tandem with this "Ilocanization", generals loyal to Marcos were allowed to stay in their positions past their supposed retirement age, or were rewarded with civilian government posts. This led to
5060-593: The KBS television and radio stations and the newspaper publication Philippines Daily Express , all belonging to the Roberto Benedicto group, were allowed to operate during the martial law period with the former airing Wacky Races and Francisco Tatad 's reading of Proclamation No. 1081 , where most of the media outfits were closed down after the declaration of martial law with Proclamation No. 1081 by Ferdinand Marcos . On September 28, 1972, Marcos ordered
5175-410: The Marcos administration. Due to these dispersals, many students who had previously held "moderate" positions (i.e., calling for legislative reforms) became convinced that they had no choice but to call for more radical social change. Other watershed events that would later radicalize many otherwise "moderate" opposition members include the February 1971 Diliman Commune ; the August 1971 suspension of
5290-515: The Marcos dictatorship was marked by 3,257 known extrajudicial killings , 35,000 documented tortures, 737 "disappeared", and 70,000 incarcerations. After Marcos was ousted, government investigators discovered that the declaration of martial law had also allowed the Marcoses to hide secret stashes of unexplained wealth that various courts later determined to be "of criminal origin". While Marcos's presidency began in late 1965 , this article
5405-742: The National Intelligence Coordinating Agency (NICA) and put a powerful super-agency, the National Intelligence and Security Authority (NISA) in its place, with steadfast Marcos follower General Fabian Ver in command. By 1971, Marcos had reached out to US Ambassador to the Philippines Henry Byroade, with the question of whether the United States, then under the administration of President Richard Nixon, would support him should he choose to proclaim Martial Law. Byroade brought
5520-701: The PC. One prominent early example of an officer forced to resign his commission was Navy Commodore Ramon Alcaraz – a World War II hero who would eventually be dubbed the "father of the Philippine Marines" and have a Philippine Navy ship named after him. Alcaraz was forced to resign from the Armed Forces because his success in the Navy's anti-smuggling operations had come into conflict with Marcos's accommodations with alleged "smuggler-king" Lino Bocalan. In their place, Marcos appointed officers from his home region,
5635-477: The PKP in 1967, and on December 26, 1968 founded the Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP) along Maoist lines. While the PKP sought to marginalize this new group, it soon became the leading communist party in the Philippines. When Marcos became president in 1965, the PKP was a weakened organization, and the Hukbalahap reduced to "what amounted to banditry." But Marcos immediately made noise about
5750-538: The Philippine franchisee of CNN , and the third local CNN channel in Asia (after CNN Indonesia and India's CNN-IBN ). CNN Philippines was officially launched on March 16, 2015. On March 16, 2015, 9TV started broadcasting on CNN Philippines brand. CNN Philippines is the seventh rebrand of Radio Philippines Network since its inception as Kanlaon Broadcasting System. It dropped the transitional brand 9TV after seven months of operations under such brand. The new brand reflects
5865-506: The Philippines Mass media in the Philippines consists of several types of media: television , radio , newspapers , magazines , cinema , and websites. In 2004, the Philippines had 225 television stations, 369 AM radio broadcast stations, 583 FM radio broadcast stations, 10 internet radio stations, 5 shortwave stations and 7 million newspapers in circulation. Media outlets, such as PTV / RPN / IBC (television) and
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#17327825879705980-655: The Philippines renewed by Marcos. Of the various threats cited in the Proclamation 1081 document as rationalizations for declaration of Martial Law, the most extensively described was the threat supposedly posed by Communist insurgents – specifically the newly formed Communist Party of the Philippines , a Maoist organization which had only recently broken off from the Marxist–Leninist Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas . When Marcos became president in 1965, Philippine policy and politics functioned under
6095-601: The Philippines have been victims of various forms of threats and attacks, including verbal assault and intimidation, physical assault, and libel charges. Journalists have also been blacklisted from covering public events. In August 2019, President Rodrigo Duterte signed a law expanding the Shield Law or Sotto Law; the new law expanded protection of journalists to include broadcast and online journalists from disclosing confidential sources of "any news item, report or information appearing or being reported or disseminated" unless
6210-650: The Philippines, both on the AM and FM bands. Broadcast radio stations in the Philippines are assigned four-letter callsigns, containing the two-letter prefixes DW, DX, DY and DZ. The suffix usually indicates the island group the station is in (DW and DZ used for Luzon , DX for Mindanao and DY for the Visayas ). The Philippines is one of the few Asian countries that use callsigns for broadcast radio stations (the others being Indonesia, Japan, South Korea and Taiwan). Radio networks are primarily owned by private broadcasters, some of
6325-498: The Philippines. Penalties for online libel include imprisonment for a maximum of 12 years and a fine of a maximum of ₱1,000,000. Since the American colonial period in the Philippines, libel laws have been used to stifle dissent. Media organizations contend that libel has been "used by people in power to harass journalists and muzzle critical reportage". There were 37 cases of libel and oral defamation recorded from July 2016 to April 2021. Eighteen of these were online libel, while 8 of
6440-559: The acronym for its franchise name, Radio Philippines Network (the RPN name was first used in the provincial stations before the RPN brand would later be used for the Manila station as well; the KBS name was also used for other aspects such as KBS Sports until 1986). The network covered special events such as the Olympic Games (it is also the first sporting coverage to broadcast in full color), Thrilla in Manila in 1975; and also became
6555-623: The administration tried to chase out of their homes; to the Philippines' political old-guard, whom Marcos had tried to displace from power; to academics and economists who disagreed with the specifics of Marcos's martial law policies. All of these, regardless of their social position or policy beliefs, subscribed to the interpretation that Marcos declared martial law: In addition, some critics who ascribe an economic component to Marcos's motivations, suggesting that martial law: Although Marcos initially claimed that he had declared martial law in response to violent acts that took place in 1971–72 – such as
6670-434: The birthplace and the first humble abode of the now longest running daytime variety show Eat Bulaga! (premiering in 1979); as well as the longest running game show on Philippine television Family Kuarta o Kahon hosted by Pepe Pimentel (originally aired on ABS-CBN then BBC-2 ); the latter program had enjoyed its successful 38 year run until it finally pulled the plug during the year 2000 . The network also pioneered
6785-1170: The brand Radyo Ronda , serving as partial affiliate of sister station DWIZ in Metro Manila. Radio Philippines Network was founded on February 25, 1960, by James Lindenberg , who was also credited as the founder of ABS-CBN . RPN was officially established when the Congress of the Philippines approved its franchise on June 19, 1960. RPN initially operated as a radio network, with its first station, DZBI, based in Manila . By 1967, it had expanded to seven radio stations nationwide, including DZRR and DZAX in Manila, DZBS in Baguio , DZTG in Tuguegarao , DZRL in Laoag (later relocated to Batac ), DXXX in Zamboanga , and DXDX in Dadiangas . Ben Aniceto served as operations director during this time. In
6900-821: The competition for some time. The network became the driving force in Tagalog-dubbed foreign programs and movies and made the popular and turnaround its ratings on the evening prime time. Due to the success, the other networks followed and broadcast telenovelas not only from Mexico but also Spanish language telenovelas from the United States , Colombia (GMA 7's Betty La Fea ), Venezuela (GMA 7's Samantha and All My Love ) and Argentina (GMA 7's Monica Brava ) and eventually even drama series from Brazil (ABS-CBN's Ana Manuela ) and Asian drama series from Taiwan (notably Meteor Garden ) and South Korea (notably Bright Girl ). The network also became
7015-512: The congestion of court dockets. The Philippine Commission on Human Rights supports the decriminalization of libel, citing concerns on libel laws being used to suppress freedom of the press. Media watchdogs have called on Congress to decriminalize libel and cyber libel, with the NUJP noting how these are "commonly used weapons against independent journalism." Makabayan lawmakers and United Nations Special Rapporteur Irene Khan have also called for
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#17327825879707130-640: The continued dominance of ABS-CBN and GMA, but also the return of another station shut down during martial law, ABC , and the onset of cable and UHF channels which started to eat up the audience shares of the least-watched networks. In 1994, New Vision 9 was renamed back as Radio Philippines Network (RPN) and in the same year, RPN became the second VHF television network in the Philippines to broadcast in full surround stereo (after GMA Network introduced StereoVision in 1987). Following this, RPN managed to recover in primetime ratings, from being dead last in 1994 to fifth place in 1995, beating PTV (which by then suffered
7245-432: The court or Congress "finds that such revelation is demanded by the security of the State". The Philippines is among the most dangerous countries in the world according to various media watchdogs. The fifth annual Worldwide Press Freedom Index released by the international press freedom watchdog Reporters Without Borders (RSF) has placed the Philippines among the worst-ranked countries for 2006 at 142nd place. It indicated
7360-588: The creation of civil militias called "Barangay Self Defense Units", which would be renamed the Civilian Home Defense Forces in 1977 through Presidential Decree 1016. At its inception, the CHDF numbered 73,000 men, and it earned a reputation as the perpetrators of the worst human rights violations during martial law. When Marcos was ready to declare martial law, copies of the plan for its implementation were distributed to key officials within
7475-665: The days immediately before Marcos's declaration of Martial Law on September 23, 1972, the Philippine National Security Council did not consider the two communist movements to represent a sizeable threat. At around that time, the US Senate Committee on Foreign Relations received notice that as of September 19, 1972, the Philippine Council had set their threat assessment at "between 'normal' and 'Internal Defense Condition 1'" on
7590-637: The decriminalization of libel. Former Congress Representative Walden Bello filed a petition asking the Supreme Court to decriminalize libel. Journalists have been subjected to red-tagging and other forms of harassment, such as surveillance, doxing, and extortion. Red-tagging endangers journalists and makes them vulnerable to violence and to being jailed on trumped up charges, such as illegal possession of firearms. Media organizations and journalists have also been subjected to vilification and various forms of intimidation. Government agencies, such as
7705-437: The dictatorship was able to suppress negative news and create an exaggerated perception of progress. Martial law under Ferdinand Marcos Presidency Family Unexplained wealth Legacy Related [REDACTED] At 7:15 p.m. on September 23, 1972, President Ferdinand Marcos announced on television that he had placed the Philippines under martial law , stating he had done so in response to
7820-483: The differences in the accounts: "Whether they conflict or not, all accounts indicate that Marcos's obsession with numerology (particularly the number seven) necessitated that Proclamation No. 1081 be officially signed on a date that was divisible by seven. Thus, September 21, 1972 became the official date that martial law was established and the day that the Marcos dictatorship began. This also allowed Marcos to control history on his own terms." September 22, 1972, marked
7935-543: The end of the Cold War in 1989, and the termination of the 1947 US Military Bases Treaty, in 1992. With its close ties to the US, the Philippines was ideologically caught up in the anticommunist scare perpetuated by the US during the Cold War. The government was not yet strongly-established, and it was "fearful of being swept away by [communism]'s rising tide", so in 1957, it passed Republic Act (RA) No. 1700, known as
8050-403: The first to do so in the country) and imported and syndicated programs from the United States . RPN is the first network to cover the Philippine Basketball Association games live in 1975 (and 1977), before the broadcasts moved on to BBC in 1976. On January 15, 1980, RPN began to broadcast primetime programs through its new domestic satellite technology (DOMSAT) in which the 1980s logo resembles
8165-512: The following year until early 2003. In the mid-2000s, a major network war in the ratings game ensued with the battle of the Taiwanese/Korean-language television series (which started through ABS-CBN's broadcast of Taiwanese series Meteor Garden ) between the two leading networks, ABS-CBN and GMA, causing RPN into decline in the telenovelas battle. On February 19, 2004, Republic Act No. 9250 signed by President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo renewed RPN its congressional franchise for another 25 years. It
8280-486: The form of live online audio streams of terrestrial radio stations and online-only stations, has also a presence, primarily aimed toward niche audiences and overseas Filipinos . Television is introduced to the Philippines in the 1950s, becoming the first Southeast Asian nation to do so. As like with radio, television broadcasting is also regulated by the National Telecommunications Commission (NTC). The majority of free-to-air TV networks are operated by private broadcasters,
8395-401: The free press, which is considered a key feature of a functioning democracy. He shut down media outlets and set up set up print and broadcast outlets that he controlled through his cronies . In doing so, he silenced public criticism and opposition by controlling information that the people had access to. This allowed him to have the final say on what passed as truth. By controlling the press,
8510-690: The government sequestered Radio Philippines Network for allegedly being part of the crony capitalism under the Marcos regime. By then, it was the leading network in the Philippines cornering the highest audience share in the entire country. During the live broadcast of Marcos' inauguration from the Malacañang Palace during the last day of the People Power Revolution, rebels shut down the RPN transmitter in Panay Avenue, and it resumed broadcasts again on March 3, 1986. After
8625-642: The government's policy toward the press. The Philippines is also a signatory to the United Nations International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights , which aims to protect freedom of expression and the freedom of the press. Although independent observers credit the government with respecting freedom of the press in general, the government has been criticized for failing to investigate thoroughly summary killings of journalists and for subjecting journalists to harassment and surveillance. In addition to killings, journalists in
8740-561: The home of the cream of the crop amongst the English language television programs around the world with its strong primetime programming line-up. This lineup helped RPN maintain its overall 4th place standing in the ratings during the latter half of the 90s, despite later facing competition with UHF stations such as ABS-CBN's Studio 23 , which offered more canned programs compared to most VHF stations. In 1999, RPN slid again to fifth place behind ABC, but managed to recover its 4th place standing
8855-731: The largest being the MBC Media Group , Radio Mindanao Network and GMA Network . The remainder fall under government broadcasters such as the Presidential Broadcast Service (PBS) and religious broadcasters such as the Catholic Media Network (CMN) and the Far East Broadcasting Company (FEBC). AM stations usually broadcast in news and talk formats; FM stations usually broadcast both local and foreign popular music, but has also seen usage by news/talk and community radio broadcasters especially in
8970-599: The largest by viewer share being A2Z , GMA Network and TV5 . There is no public television network, but there are multiple government-owned networks, such as the Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation (IBC), People's Television Network (PTV) and Radio Philippines Network (RPN). Digital TV broadcasting in the Philippines was introduced in 2010, using the Japanese ISDB-T standard. Shutdown of analog TV transmissions
9085-608: The late 1960s, Lindenberg sold the network to Roberto Benedicto . The network rebranded as the Kanlaon Broadcasting System (KBS), named after Mount Kanlaon on the island of Negros, Benedicto’s hometown. On October 15, 1969, the network launched its flagship television station, KBS-9 Manila. KBS-12 Baguio followed later that year. KBS's initial properties and equipment came from ABS-CBN, including its old headquarters and studios on Roxas Boulevard, along with Toshiba equipment that enabled color broadcasting. As
9200-595: The launching of Kids Weekend , Small Acts, Big Stories , Something to Chew On and Boys Ride Out . However, the 9TV branding was done to transition from the Tieng to the Cabangon-Chua ownership. On October 14, 2014, Nine Media Corporation (formerly Solar Television Network) inked a 5-year brand licensing agreement with the Turner Broadcasting System to rebrand 9TV into CNN Philippines as
9315-845: The live coverage of the MICAA basketball games. Color production with color-ready equipment would enable the government to invest in RPN for color coverages of national events, as then state network GTV (now PTV ), which began two years later after the beginning of martial law, was mostly monochrome before its first color broadcasts in 1976. In 1974, the KBS network grew with the opening of more stations in Tuguegarao (KBS-9), Bayombong (KBS-7), Legazpi (KBS-2), Palawan (KBS-5), Roxas (KBS-7), Dumaguete (KBS-5 moved to RPN-8), Tacloban (KBS-5), Zamboanga ( KBS-5 ), Dipolog (KBS-5), Pagadian (KBS-5), Ozamiz (KBS-13), Cagayan de Oro ( KBS-5 ), Surigao (KBS-4) and Cotabato (KBS-10). In 1975, KBS formally relaunched as RPN,
9430-623: The longest-running and Number 1 noontime variety show Eat Bulaga! and selected games from the Philippine Basketball Association (PBA) every Saturday and Sunday on CNN Philippines starting January 6, 2024. This marks the return of the two programs previously aired on RPN to strengthen CNN Philippines' weekend line-up. However on January 25, 2024, Media Newser Philippines reported that Nine Media Corporation and CNN agreed to shut down CNN Philippines by mutual agreement due to financial losses as well as poor ratings of
9545-495: The mainstream political opposition or by analysts studying the political economy of the decision. In his 1987 treatise, Dictatorship & Martial Law: Philippine Authoritarianism in 1972 , University of the Philippines public administration professor Alex Brillantes Jr. identifies three reasons expressed by the Marcos administration, saying that martial law: The first two justifications were explicitly stated in Proclamation 1081, which cited two explicit justifications: "to save
9660-617: The matter up with Nixon in a conversation in January 1971. According to the US National Archives' copy of the Memorandum of Conversation between Nixon and Byroade: The president declared that we would "absolutely" back Marcos up, and "to the hilt" so long as what he was doing was to preserve the system against those who would destroy it in the name of liberty. The President indicated that... we would not support anyone who
9775-544: The most dangerous country in Asia for journalists in 2018 according to the Philippine Center for Media Freedom and Responsibility , which tallied 85 attacks on the media in 2018 under President Rodrigo Duterte. United Nations Special Rapporteur Irene Khan in 2024 urged the government to do more to stop the killing of journalists in the Philippines. Khan described the killings as "most egregious form of censorship". Libel and online libel are criminal offenses in
9890-458: The network and loss of advertisers' support. While CNN is still weighing in for its future options, RPN was officially played the looping logo plug of its new branded station, RPTV, after CNN Philippines officially closed its operations around 10 PM. On January 29, 2024, CNN Philippines confirmed that it has ceased live news productions effective immediately, and to be dissolved entirely on January 31, citing financial losses and to shift its focus on
10005-490: The network as it pioneered 24-hour television broadcasting in the Philippines. During the latter part of the New Vision 9 era, its ratings further suffered at last place in primetime (behind ABS-CBN, GMA, ABC, IBC, and PTV). Worse yet, RPN's nationwide reach suffered as well as its TV network – In 1989 it composed 24 TV stations nationwide (8 originating stations and 16 Relay stations). By then, RPN not only had to deal with
10120-498: The official broadcaster for the Miss Universe pageant held in Manila in 1974, and the first Metropop Song Festival and its succeeding editions from 1978. The network also headlined some top-rated programs such as John en Marsha (which both the media and academe regarded the show as the paradigm of development communication), Flordeluna and Superstar (formerly known as The Nora Aunor-Eddie Peregrina Show ). RPN became
10235-603: The operations of their sister channel, Aliw Channel 23 . On January 31, 2024, Bilyonaryo.com reported that TV5 Network partners with Nine Media and RPN to carry its selected sports, news and entertainment programming including Eat Bulaga! and PBA games alongside classic RPN shows and programs originally produced by Nine Media under its channel's new branding RPTV , which launched the following day. Selected programs from One PH and Radyo5 True FM are also airing on RPTV, marking its return to analog free-to-air television after 5 years since AksyonTV 's closure. On February 6, 2024,
10350-480: The option with the advent of the new media and this has leveled the playing field. Reputable online news publications or news portals, blog sites, and other online available resources has disrupted the readership of other giant news media companies. Some giant media companies in the broadcasting industry have adapted also in the online news portal this include GMA Network , ABS-CBN Corporation , TV5 Network , and government owned television network PTV4 . This strategy
10465-501: The partnership was formalized after MediaQuest Holdings , TV5, and Nine Media signed a content distribution, sales and marketing services agreement for the new channel. RPTV programming consists of simulcast and reruns of original TV5 and its sister channels programs including Eat Bulaga! and PBA games that was first aired simultaneously on CNN Philippines before its closure on January 31, 2024, as well as Ted Failon at DJ Chacha sa Radyo5 and Wanted sa Radyo . Media of
10580-401: The physical Proclamation No. 1081 document, which placed the entirety of the Philippines under martial law. Whichever the case, the document was formally dated September 21 because of his superstitions and numerological beliefs concerning the number seven. The Official Gazette of the republic of the Philippines, in a retrospective article on Marcos's proclamation of martial law, comments on
10695-792: The plan because no one was certain that the plan would be carried out." Marcos soon carried out the "largest reshuffle in the history of the armed forces" when he forcibly retired fourteen of the AFP's twenty-five flag officers, including the AFP Chief of Staff, the AFP Vice Chief of Staff, the commanding general of the Philippine Army, the Chief of the Philippine Constabulary, the commanders of all four Constabulary Zones, and one third of all Provincial Commanders of
10810-558: The production of RPN NewsWatch , its last RPN-produced program, on October 29, 2012, as Solar TV takes over the entire RPN's airtime. In November 2013, it was reported that San Miguel Corporation President and COO Ramon S. Ang is reportedly interested in acquiring Solar Television Network. On November 30, 2013, ETC returned to SBN while Solar News Channel moved to RPN since the following day to widen its nationwide telecast. (SBN broadcasts ETC from 2008 to 2011) On January 3, 2014, RPN and Aliw Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) signed
10925-734: The provinces. Most radio stations broadcast in Tagalog and regional languages, and the rest in English. Government-owned radio broadcasting is primarily under the Presidential Broadcast Service (PBS), which operates a network of owned-and-operated news and talk stations in the AM and shortwave bands under the Radyo Pilipinas banner, as well as smaller community and information radio stations on both AM and FM bands, either as O&Os or through affiliates. Since 2017, PBS has also ventured into music broadcasting, with
11040-538: The ratings, RPN's ratings slumped, due to the growth of GMA Radio-Television Arts and PTV , and more importantly as a result of ABS-CBN's meteoric rise to the number 1 spot in 1988. During the post-EDSA Revolution era, RPN launched the first Filipino-created animated series, Ang Panday. By 1989, some of RPN's programming such as John en Marsha and Superstar were cancelled, and TAPE Inc. 's daytime programs Eat Bulaga! , Agila and Coney Reyes on Camera (a co-production with Coney Reyes' CAN Television) moved under
11155-463: The remaining television channels he personally owned through Solar Entertainment Corporation . To reflect the change of ownership, on August 13, 2014, Solar Television Network and RPN announced the rebranding of Solar News Channel into 9TV by August 23, dropping the Solar branding. 9TV retained the news and current affairs programming while expanding its weekend programming to cater more audiences with
11270-450: The republic" (from various plots); and "to reform society" (after the failure of American-style democracy). The third rationalization arose from the administration's propaganda, which portrayed Marcos as a hypermasculine or ultranationalist figure able to compel the obedience of supposedly "spoiled" Filipinos. Opposition to Marcos's declaration of martial law ran the whole gamut of Philippine society – ranging from impoverished peasants whom
11385-544: The resulting incapacitation of the people from gaining a meaningful understanding of the various public issues that are of paramount concern". In the Philippine Senate, Senator Risa Hontiveros filed Senate Bill 1593 or the Decriminalization of Libel Act, stating that "Our libel laws have been weaponized to stifle very basic fundamental rights." She also said the large number of libel cases have led to
11500-469: The same year, New Vision 9 transmitter's effective radiated power was increased to 1 million watts, ensuing clearer and better signal reception in the Greater Luzon Area. The rebrand took place after RPN and Syndicated Media Access Corporation (SMAC) took over the network's management and marketing. The rebranding, although it proved futile in the turnaround of RPN's ratings, did make history for
11615-524: The supposed "communist threat" – drawing on images of the bloody Huk encounters of the 1950s, and courting the Johnson administration's political support in light of the U.S.' recent entry into the Vietnam war . Marcos continued using communism as a bogeyman after 1968, as the PKP faded into obscurity and the nascent CPP became more prominent. The Armed Forces of the Philippines did likewise in 1969, when
11730-450: The takeover of ABS-CBN Broadcasting Corporation and turned over its facilities to KBS, controlled by Benedicto. ABS-CBN's facilities were later transferred from KBS to the government-owned Maharlika Broadcasting System . Crony-owned media companies broadcast or published news and entertainment meant to project a positive image for the dictatorship and conceal its abuses. In 1973, RPN brought the first slow-motion production machine to support
11845-452: The time Marcos declared martial law in September 1972, he had: Marcos began increasing his influence over the armed forces of the Philippines as soon as he became president in 1965 by following President Ramon Magsaysay 's precedent of concurrently hold the portfolio of defense secretary in the first thirteen months of his presidency. American defense analyst Donald Berlin notes that this gave Marcos an opportunity for direct interaction with
11960-410: The top 40-formatted Republika FM1 and the adult contemporary-formatted Capital FM2 , both located in Metro Manila. Other government agencies as well as local governments also operate their own radio stations. The Philippines has not yet adopted a digital radio standard, but some stations in the larger cities have adopted North American HD Radio technology for digital broadcasting. Internet radio, in
12075-515: The use of computer graphics for their program plugs and station IDs. It also became the only network in the country known for its broadcasts of its easily recognizable digital clock embedded on the lower left part of the screen during the entire broadcast day except for newscasts, commercials, continuity plugs, station ID, and during sign-off. It eventually became the centerpiece of the network's broadcasts for 32 years (starting in 1975), and viewers have been setting their watches and clocks to RPN through
12190-562: The website. Then-President Rodrigo Duterte also threatened to shut down over alleged tax liabilities the Philippine Daily Inquirer , which published reports critical of the Philippine government's war on drugs . Before the declaration of martial law in September 1972, mass media in the Philippines functioned as a government watchdog and source of information for citizens. Marcos exerted considerable effort to stifle
12305-478: The writ of habeas corpus in the wake of the Plaza Miranda bombing; the September 1972 declaration of Martial Law ; the 1980 murder of Macli-ing Dulag ; and the August 1983 assassination of Ninoy Aquino . This radicalization led to a significant growth of the Communist Party of the Philippines under the Marcos administration. Writer and peace advocate Gus Miclat cites the example of Mindanao: " There
12420-552: The years, until it was abandoned at the end of 2007. After the fire that razed its first studios on June 6, 1973, RPN moved to the Broadcast Plaza (now ABS-CBN Broadcasting Center ) in the same year, and to its current Broadcast City home in July 1978, alongside sister networks Banahaw Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) and Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation (IBC). RPN also aired anime programming (making them one of
12535-487: Was added to RPN's lineup at the beginning of the new year, and PBA basketball would also return to the network beginning in the 2008–09 season, as part of Solar Sports ' new three-year deal with the league after an expiration of ABC's contract due to the network's rebranding as TV5, because of the blocktime agreement with Malaysian-based Media Prima Berhad subsidiary MPB Primedia, Inc. and intense bidding war with ABS-CBN . In October 2008, RPN's stations ultimately took on
12650-454: Was also in the same year when the network launched its primetime block, dubbed as The Prime Shift, blocktimed by Solar Entertainment Corporation . The said programming block lasted until 2006 – largely due to continued financial turmoil – shrunk to 24 TV Stations to just 8 TV Stations by 2007. On March 11, 2007, after its initial tieup with The Prime Shift block, RPN announced a partnership with Solar Entertainment Corporation , an operator of
12765-430: Was appointed chairman of the network (replacing Education Undersecretary Mona Valisno, incumbent Presidential Assistant for Education). Undersecretary Robert Rivera was appointed director of the board, while the president and chief executive officer became former senator Orlando "Orly" Mercado . Mercado's first major move was to expand their partnerships with Solar Entertainment. Programming from Solar's cable network C/S
12880-607: Was declared, the communists were not a real threat. The military could handle them." Despite historical consensus that the Marcos administration willfully exaggerated the capabilities and actions of the Communist Party of the Philippines , a few of the incidents cited by Marcos have been confirmed as genuine activities of the CPP. These included: the December 1970 raid on the Philippine Military Academy 's armory by defecting army officer Victor Corpus ; and
12995-667: Was not one NPA cadre in Mindanao in 1972. Yes, there were activists, there were some firebrands... but there were no armed rebels then except for those that eventually formed the Moro National Liberation Front. When Marcos fled in 1986, the NPA was virtually in all Mindanao provinces, enjoying even a tacit alliance with the MNLF. " Several conflicting accounts about exist regarding the exact date on which Marcos signed
13110-427: Was strongly considered due to the growing number of Filipinos who use social media instead of television in watching the news through snippets or short video clips. Alternative media outlets present in the Philippines include Tudla Productions, Southern Tagalog Exposure, Mayday Multimedia, Altermidya, and Bulatlat . Freedom of speech and freedom of the press are enshrined in the 1987 Constitution . According to
13225-524: Was trying to set himself up as military dictator, but we would do everything we can to back a man who was trying to make the system work and to preserve order. Of course, we understood that Marcos would not be entirely motivated by national interests, but this was something which we had come to expect from Asian leaders. Marcos informed the US Ambassador to the Philippines about his intent to declare Martial Law plan as early as September 17, 1972, just
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