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63-641: It holds its name from the Savoy historical region, as does the department of Savoie , located south of Haute-Savoie. In 2019, it had a population of 826,094. Its subprefectures are Bonneville , Saint-Julien-en-Genevois and Thonon-les-Bains . The French entrance to the Mont Blanc Tunnel into Italy is in Haute-Savoie. It is noted for winter sports; the first Winter Olympic Games were held at Chamonix in 1924 . The historical region of Savoy

126-692: A fir , or upland, forest. The word is likely ultimately from Gaulish – sapin itself is a blend of Gaulish sappos (fir tree) and Latin pinus (pine tree). It is first recorded in Ammianus Marcellinus (354), to describe the southern part of Maxima Sequanorum . According to the Chronica Gallica of 452 , the Burgundians were settled in the territory of Sapaudia in 443, after the Burgundian defeat by Flavius Aetius . By

189-705: A region in northwestern Italy that borders Savoy, which were also possessions of the House of Savoy. The capital of the Duchy remained at the traditional Savoyard capital of Chambéry until 1563, when it was moved to Turin. The region was occupied by the Allobroges , a Gallic people that the Roman Republic subdued in 121 BC. The name Savoy stems from the Late Latin Sapaudia , referring to

252-684: A short time, this province fell to the Arabs. From the 10th to 14th century, parts of what would ultimately become Savoy remained within the Kingdom of Burgundy-Arles . Beginning in the 11th century, the gradual rise to power of the House of Savoy is reflected in the increasing territory of their County of Savoy between 1003 and 1416. The County of Savoy was detached de jure from the Kingdom of Arles by Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor in 1361. It acquired

315-548: A solemn plebiscite of which our leaders can ignore neither the terms nor the commitments. [...] May the bells of our cities [...] in Savoy vibrate in unison to glorify, in this magnificent Centenary, the indefectible commitment of Savoy to France. The Savoyards did not feel Italian. Besides, they spoke French. This explains why in 1858–1859 when rumours ran of the Plombières secret agreement, where Napoleon III and Cavour decided of

378-576: Is managed for timber and other forest products , with the remaining 37,561 hectares (92,820 acres) having no commercial value or used for outdoor recreation . National nature reserves are designated by the French government as areas where an outstanding natural heritage is present in both rare and typical areas in terms of species and geology. Management is charged to local organizations, with direction and evaluation focusing on long-term protection for future generations and environmental education . Of

441-646: Is a large part of the Haute-Savoie economy, earning €117.2 million in 2006 and representing 74 percent of the net animal-product worth. Cattle earned €29.7 million. Cheese production (by variety) in 1999 (except as noted) was: In late 2000 crafts occupied 15 percent of the workforce, or 28,443 employees and 1,922 apprentices. The 11,951 companies represented on the Répertoire des Métiers (Trade Index) were divided into: In late December 2000, building construction and public works included 13,867 employees in 4,838 companies as follows: In late December 2000,

504-713: Is a mountain pass in the Alps in the Canton of Valais in Switzerland. It connects Martigny at 471 m (1,545 ft) and Le Châtelard ( Finhaut ). The road from Martigny to the Col has an average gradient of 6% but in parts is closer to 8%. After the Col, and Le Châtelard, the road leads to Chamonix in France via Vallorcine and the Col des Montets . The pass was little known in

567-541: Is a precision parts-machining industry, and Haute-Savoie generates the bulk of French screws. Firms engaged in screw-cutting are major employers in the department. While the automotive industry is the principal client, firms also service the electronics, household-appliance and medical sectors. Arve Industries is part of 67 "competitiveness clusters" created in 2005. The cluster is dedicated to mechatronics and includes 60,000 industrial jobs in over 280 companies (primarily small), 1,200 researchers and 250 patents in 2002. Among

630-553: Is accessible from Lyon, with an estimated travel time between two and three hours in normal traffic. Since it is closer to Geneva, the new highway connects the two cities in about an hour. Meythet Airport in Annecy has Air France Regional round-trip service to Paris Orly. Saint-Gervais is the only railroad station directly serving a ski resort. The main rail line serves Annecy-Annemasse-Geneva. The Annecy railway station has TGV (high speed trains) departures and arrivals to and from Paris via

693-501: Is entirely within the watershed of the Rhone . Population development since 1861: The most populous commune is Annecy , the prefecture. As of 2019, there are 7 communes with more than 15,000 inhabitants: The research sector in Haute-Savoie filed 201 patents in 2000. It is represented by: In 2006 approximately 142,000 hectares (350,000 acres) of land was suitable for agriculture , of which 33,600 hectares (83,000 acres) (24 percent)

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756-454: Is lest the Savoy authorities in their zeal should fare as some of the French did in the vote of 1852, finding to their surprise rather more votes than voters inscribed on the list. In his letter to the ambassador of Vienna Lord Augustus Loftus, the then– Foreign Secretary , Lord John Russell , said, "Voting in Savoy and Nice a farce ... we are neither entertained or edified". The annexation

819-525: Is now western Italy and southwestern Switzerland . The current border between France and Italy is due to the Plombières Agreement of 1858, which in preparation for the unification of Italy ceded western Savoy to France, while the eastern territories in Piedmont and Liguria were retained by the House of Savoy, which was to become the ruling dynasty of Italy . In modern France, Savoy

882-513: Is on purpose that the word incorporation ( rattachement ) is highlighted here: the Savoyards attach great value to it, and it is the only one they have resolved to use in the official terminology of the Centenary. In that, they are infinitely right. Yesterday another term that was used: annexation. Looking at it more closely it was wrong! Can we say annexation when we talk about a decision which

945-766: Is part of the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region. Following its annexation to France in 1860, the territory of Savoy was divided administratively into two separate departments , Savoie and Haute-Savoie . The traditional capital remains Chambéry (in Italian : Ciamberì from the Latin : Camberia), on the rivers Leysse and Albane , hosting the castle of the House of Savoy and the Savoyard senate . The state included six districts: The County and Duchy of Savoy incorporated Turin and other territories in Piedmont ,

1008-539: The Aosta Valley in the east. Savoy emerged as the feudal County of Savoy ruled by the House of Savoy during the 11th to 14th centuries. The original territory, also known as "ducal Savoy" or "Savoy proper", is largely co-terminous with the modern French Savoie and Haute-Savoie départements , but the historical expansion of Savoyard territories, as the Duchy of Savoy (1416–1860) included parts of what

1071-464: The Congress of Vienna to strengthen Sardinia as a buffer state on France's southeastern border. The French Second Republic first attempted to annex Savoy in 1848. A corps of 1,500 was dispatched from Lyon and invaded Savoy on 3 April, occupying Chambéry (capital city) and proclaiming the annexation to France. On learning about the invasion countrymen rushed to Chambéry. The corps were chased away by

1134-682: The County of Nice and Duchy of Savoy to the Second French Empire . Though this was a secret arrangement, it quickly became widely known. The treaty annexing Nice and Savoy to France was signed in Turin on 24 March 1860 ( Treaty of Turin ). In the northern provinces of the Chablais and Faucigny, there was some support for annexation to neighboring Switzerland, with which the northern provinces had longstanding economic ties. To help reduce

1197-465: The County of Nice in 1388, and in 1401 added the County of Geneva , the area of Geneva except for the city proper, which was ruled by its prince-bishop , nominally under the duke's rule: the bishops of Geneva , by unspoken agreement, came from the House of Savoy until 1533. On 19 February 1416 Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor , made the County of Savoy an independent duchy , with Amadeus VIII as

1260-510: The free trade zone – both treaty articles having been broken unofficially in World War I . France was condemned in 1932 by the international court for noncompliance with the measures of the Treaty of Turin regarding the provinces of Savoy and Nice. In 1960, the term annexation having acquired negative connotations in France, particularly after Germany's 1871 annexation of Alsace-Lorraine,

1323-541: The 1998 regional elections. A new non-party organisation, La Région Savoie, j’y crois ! ( I believe in the Savoy Region! ), was founded in 1998. The organisation campaigns for the replacement of the Savoie and Haute-Savoie departments with a regional government, separate from the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region , with greater devolved powers . A very marginal separatist movement has also appeared in Savoy within

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1386-484: The 19th century. It was not until the rise in tourism, particularly in Chamonix, that the region became a popular tourist area. The pass was originally a track used by mule teams and smugglers that zig-zagged up the mountain face from Martigny and over into France. Construction on the road was begun in 1827 and the tunnel completed in 1836 (and expanded in 1905). The road was at first opened only to public transport and

1449-418: The 37,561 hectares (92,820 acres) of land not managed for timber, Haute-Savoie has nine national nature reserves totaling 24,542 hectares (60,640 acres). Haute-Savoie has significant freshwater resources. Lake Annecy is a major attraction, along with the town of Évian-les-Bains , perhaps the best-known town on the French shore of Lake Geneva , and known worldwide for its Evian mineral water . Haute-Savoie

1512-701: The 8th century, the territory that would later become known as Savoy was part of Francia , and at the division of Francia at the Treaty of Verdun in 843, it became part of the short-lived kingdom of Middle Francia . After only 12 years, at the death of Lothair I in 855, Middle Francia was divided into Lotharingia north of the Alps, Italy south of the Alps , and the parts of Burgundy in the Western Alps, inherited by Charles of Provence . This latter territory comprised what would become known as Savoy and Provence . For

1575-761: The CTDEC ( Centre Technique du Decolletage ). The publication of the French standard NFX 04-008 demonstrates the relevance of topics covered by the cluster. Other programs involve the production of clean parts (4P project), developing new models of customer-supplier relationships to improve the effectiveness of simultaneous engineering tasks, and development of the international visibility of the cluster and its members. The companies concerned are involved with industrial mechanics, precision engineering, precision turning and sub-assemblies and mechanical assemblies, often associated with integrating technologies such as plastics, electronics and hydraulics. Markets served by member companies of

1638-959: The Haute-Savoie Union group ( miscellaneous right ), fourteen are part of the Avenir Haute-Savoie group ( The Republicans ) and five are part of the Union du Centre group ( The Centrists ). Martial Saddier had been President of the Departmental Council since 2021. Haute-Savoie elected the following members of the National Assembly in the 2022 legislative election : Haute-Savoie sends three Senators to Parliament . Loïc Hervé and Cyril Pellevat were both elected in 2014; Sylviane Noël took office in 2018. Haute-Savoie comprises four arrondissements , divided into 279 communes and 17 cantons . To

1701-641: The Treaty of Lausanne of 30 October 1564. In 1714, as a consequence of the War of the Spanish Succession , Savoy was technically subsumed into the Kingdom of Sicily , then (after that island was traded to Austria for Sardinia ) the Kingdom of Sardinia from 1720. While the heads of the House of Savoy were known as the Kings of Sardinia, Turin remained their capital. Savoy was occupied by French revolutionary forces between 1792 and 1815. The entire region

1764-415: The Treaty of Turin and subsequent plebiscite as null and void, arguing that the plebiscite did not meet the standards of a free and fair vote. Today, historians generally acknowledge that the plebiscite of 1860 did feature irregularities, but they also affirm that the annexation instrument was the Treaty of Turin and not the plebiscite, whose main purpose was to demonstrate favorable public opinion in Savoy for

1827-587: The United Kingdom. Imports come mainly from Germany, Italy, the United Kingdom, Switzerland and the United States. Haute-Savoie has property and income taxes. In 2006, 312,823 households were subject to property taxes and 27,747 were exempt. The average income tax per household was €25,621 in 2007 (compared with the national average of €21,930). Haute Savoie is served by the A41 and A43 highways. Annecy

1890-692: The annexation after the signature of the treaty. In an interview for the newspaper Le Dauphiné Libéré , Sylvain Milbach, a historian at the University of Savoy , qualifies the vote as Napoleonic, but also argues that a completely free and fair vote would not have dramatically changed the outcome, as the majority of Savoyards wished to become French. This is today the official stance of the General Council of Savoie . Col de la Forclaz Col de la Forclaz (el. 1,527 m or 5,010 ft)

1953-517: The annexation was renamed Rattachement de la Savoie à la France (Incorporation of Savoy to France). It was the latter term which was used by the French authorities during the festivities celebrating the 100th anniversary of the annexation. Daniel Rops of the French Academy justified the new title with these words: Savoy has begun to solemnize the feasts in 1960, commemorating the centenary of its incorporation ( rattachement ) to France. It

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2016-484: The attractiveness of Switzerland, the French government conceded a Free-Trade Zone that maintained the longstanding duty-free relationship of northern Savoyard communes to Geneva. After the treaty was already signed, a plebiscite was held on 22–23 April. Employing universal male suffrage, voters in the ceded provinces were offered the option of voting "Yes" to approve the treaty and join France or voting "No" and rejecting

2079-461: The cluster include transport (cars, trucks, rail and air), production and distribution of electricity, hydraulics (gas or liquid, high-pressure vacuum), medical and health-related. In late December 2000, the service sector employed 75,768 people in 11,129 companies in: As of late December 2000, the tourism sector had a total of 635,000 beds divided as follows: In 1999 there were 37.9 million overnight stays: 56 percent in winter and 44 percent during

2142-526: The control of northern Italy, Savoy was important to France because it provided access to Italy. Savoy was important to Spain because it served as a buffer between France and the Spanish held lands in Italy. In 1563 Emmanuel Philibert moved the capital from Chambéry to Turin , which was less vulnerable to French interference. Vaud was annexed by Bern in 1536, and Savoy officially ceded Vaud to Bern in

2205-427: The fate of Savoy, the Savoyards themselves took the initiative to ask for the incorporation ( rattachement ). [...] Incorporation, not annexation [...] The incorporation was an act of free will, in the logical order of geography and history [...]. Since the mid-20th century, regionalist movements have appeared in Savoy much as in other historic provinces of France. The Mouvement Région Savoie (Savoy Regional Movement)

2268-416: The final steps in the process of unification of Italy . Victor Emmanuel's dynasty, the House of Savoy, retained its Italian lands of Piedmont and Liguria and became the ruling dynasty of Italy . In 1919, contrary to the annexation treaty, France officially ended the military neutrality of the parts of the country of Savoy that had originally been agreed to at the Congress of Vienna , and also eliminated

2331-472: The first duke. Straddling the Alps, Savoy lay within two competing spheres of influence, a French sphere and a North Italian one. At the time of the Renaissance, Savoy showed only modest development. Its towns were few and small. Savoy derived its subsistence from agriculture. The geographic location of Savoy was also of military importance. During the interminable wars between France and Spain over

2394-528: The high-speed line from Lyon Part-Dieu. Intercity Public transport is run by Lihsa. Savoy Savoy ( / s ə ˈ v ɔɪ / ; French : Savoie [savwa] )   is a cultural-historical region in the Western Alps . Situated on the cultural boundary between Occitania and Piedmont , the area extends from Lake Geneva in the north to the Dauphiné in the south and west and to

2457-564: The local population. Five Frenchmen were killed and 800 captured. On 21 July 1858 in Plombières-les-Bains , Vosges , the prime minister of the Kingdom of Sardinia, Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour , met in secret with Napoleon III to secure French military support against the Austrian Empire during the conflicts associated with the Italian unification . During the discussion, Cavour promised that Sardinia would cede

2520-517: The most important are the Col de la Forclaz (which connects Chamonix to the canton of Valais) and the Mont Blanc Tunnel , linking Chamonix to Courmayeur in the Aosta Valley . As of 1996, 178,624 hectares (441,390 acres) of Haute-Savoie is forested (38.8 percent of the total land area), compared to 34.4 percent for the Rhone-Alpes region and 27.1 percent for France as a whole. Of the forested area 141,063 hectares (348,570 acres) (79 percent)

2583-459: The mountains (Arpille, Bovine, etc.) or to the foot of the nearby Trient Glacier . The pass is generally open in winter, but together with the Col des Montets on the French side it can be closed in extreme weather and will frequently require snow chains and/or winter tires . In the event of closure, travellers who want to go to Chamonix must take the long detour around Lake Geneva . Conditions can be checked with Chamonix tourist office. There

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2646-568: The north, it borders the Swiss canton of Geneva and Lake Geneva ; to the east the Swiss canton of Valais and Italy's Aosta Valley ; to the west the French department of Ain ; and to the south the department of Savoie . Haute-Savoie has the largest range of elevations of all the departments in France; the lowest point is 250 metres (820 ft) in the Rhône Valley , and the highest Mont Blanc at 4,810.40 metres (15,782.2 ft). Some of

2709-582: The number of border residents there. Following an agreement signed in Geneva in 1973, the Canton of Geneva transferred to Haute-Savoie 3.5 percent of total worker compensation, equivalent in December 2006 to €77.687 million. Exports are an important part of the economy; forty percent of Haute-Savoie employees work for exporting firms. Exports are primarily to Germany, the United States, Switzerland, Italy and

2772-612: The past twenty years, most prominently represented by the Ligue Savoisienne , founded in 1994. In the March 1998 regional elections, 1 seat (out of 23) was won by Patrice Abeille, leader of the Ligue, which won a total of 17,865 votes across the two departments. In 2004, Waiting for Freedom in Savoy was founded to promote the peaceful separatist cause to young people. According to surveys conducted in 2000, between 41% and 55% of

2835-437: The population were in favour of the proposal for a separate Savoy region. Towards the end of 2005, Hervé Gaymard called for Savoie to be given special status, similar to a French region, under his proposed "Conseil des Pays de Savoie". In recent years, sparked by the tiny Savoyard separatist movement, much attention has been focused on questioning the validity of the 1860 annexation. The Ligue Savoisienne, for example, rejects

2898-580: The proclamations; no control possible; even travellers suspected and dogged lest they should pry into the matter; all opposition put down by intimidation, and all liberty of action completely taken away. One can really scarcely reproach the Opposition with having given up the game; there was too great force used against them. As for the result of the vote, therefore, no one need trouble himself about it; it will be just as brilliant as that in Nice. The only danger

2961-592: The projects supported by the cluster is inertial tolerancing , a new approach in evaluating the quality of machined parts. Based on the Taguchi loss function , inertia is defined by its deviation from its target. Inertial tolerancing is a research-and-development program supported by the cluster for its member companies. It is led by a research team from the Symme Laboratory of the University of Savoie and

3024-766: The rest of the year. Many people who live in Haute-Savoie (more than 52,200 in November 2006) work in Switzerland (in the cantons of Geneva , Vaud and Valais ). The phenomenon has accelerated since bilateral agreements concluded between Switzerland and the European Union , of which a significant part concerned free movement of people. In 2007, commuting increased over 12%. Effective June 1, 2007, residents of Haute-Savoie may freely work in Switzerland. The department and municipalities receive compensation ("frontier funds") allocated to municipalities in proportion to

3087-497: The service sector, with a high percentage offering service to individuals (hotels, restaurants, recreational, cultural, sports, personal and household services). This accounted for 21.6 percent of new businesses. The most active sectors were real estate (up 24 percent), construction (up 15.4 percent), business services (up 12.4 percent) and the food industry (up 10 percent). In 1999, Haute-Savoie had 2,779 industrial companies producing 13.60 percent of all business income. Screw-cutting

3150-442: The trade sector accounted for 33,994 employees in 9,351 companies as follows: In late 2006, the département had 600 commercial establishments in over 300 square metres (3,200 sq ft) (for a total area of 705,419 square metres (7,593,070 sq ft)), including: From 1998 to 2005, 65 new supermarkets were built for an area totaling 50,000 square metres (540,000 sq ft). The average expenditure per capita in 2006

3213-469: The treaty. Voters were not permitted the options of either joining Switzerland , remaining with Italy , or regaining its independence, were the source of some opposition. With a 99.8% vote in favour of joining France, there were allegations of vote-rigging , notably by the British government, which opposed continental expansion by its traditional French enemy. The correspondent of The Times in Savoy who

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3276-662: The world's best-known ski resorts are in Haute-Savoie. The terrain of the department includes the Alpine Mont Blanc range ; the French Prealps of the Aravis Range , the Chablais , Bornes and Bauges Alps; and the peneplains of Genevois haut-savoyard and Albanais (known collectively as L'Avant-pays savoyard ). Its mountainous terrain makes mountain passes important to trade and economic life. Some of

3339-468: Was arable land suitable for market gardening , cultivation or pasture ; 600 hectares (1,500 acres) was orchards ; 300 hectares (740 acres) was vineyards , and 108,300 hectares (268,000 acres) was alpine tundra or grasses . There were 4,450 farmers in 1999, 4,800 farmers and over 1,700 full-time farm employees at the end of 2006. In 1999, crop production was valued at €71.5 million and animal production at €165.4 million. Dairy production

3402-503: Was approved by 130,889 voters over 135,449? [...]. Savoy was not annexed [...] but actually incorporated freely and by the will of its inhabitants. A former French deputy, P. Taponnier, spoke of the annexation: In late March 1860, the betrothal ceremony of Savoy to France took place in Tuileries Palace [...], a ceremony which was a pact of love and fidelity [...] it is with free consent that she [Savoy] gave itself to France by

3465-422: Was first created to form the département of Mont-Blanc . In 1798, it was then divided between the departments of Mont-Blanc and Léman (French name of Lake Geneva). In 1801, Savoy officially left the Holy Roman Empire . On 13 September 1793 the combined forces of Savoy, Piedmont and Aosta Valley fought against and lost to the occupying French forces at the Battle of Méribel (Sallanches). Two-thirds of Savoy

3528-402: Was founded in December 1971 as a 'movement' (rather than a traditional political party) in favour of regional autonomy. Unlike other historic provinces, including Normandy and Brittany , Savoy does not currently have its own region within France and is part of the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region. In the 1996 local elections, the Savoy Regional Movement received 19,434 votes; it received 4,849 in

3591-474: Was governed by the House of Savoy , the ruling dynasty of Savoy from 1032 to 1860. The Dukes of Savoy were rulers of the Savoy region from 1416 to 1720. The territory occupied by modern Haute-Savoie and the adjoining department of Savoie became part of the Kingdom of Sardinia after the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713. Annexation of the region by France was formalised in the Treaty of Turin on March 24, 1860. From November 1942 to September 1943, Haute-Savoie

3654-431: Was in Bonneville on 22 April called the vote "the lowest and most immoral farce(s) which was ever played in the history of nations". He finished his letter with those words: I leave you to draw your own conclusions from this trip, which will show clearly what the vote was in this part of Savoy. The vote was the bitterest irony ever made on popular suffrage. The ballot-box in the hands of those very authorities who issued

3717-413: Was not open to private vehicles until 1920. At the time, the pass was closed at night, and the speed limit was 18 km/h (11.2 mph). Today, the pass is an important link to the tourist areas around the Mont Blanc . There is a restaurant and shop at the pass, and it is a popular destination for weekend excursions and bicycle and motorcycle tours. A number of trailheads at the pass invite hikers into

3780-423: Was promulgated on 14 June 1860. On 23 August 1860 and 7 March 1861, two agreements were signed between the Second French Empire and the Kingdom of Sardinia to settle the remaining issues concerning the annexation. This was part of a secret agreement ( the Plombières Agreement ) brokered between the French emperor Napoleon III and the Count Camillo of Cavour (Prime Minister of Sardinia at that time) that allowed

3843-403: Was restored to the Kingdom of Sardinia in the First Restoration of 1814 following Napoleon's abdication; approximately one-third of Savoy, including the two most important cities of Chambéry and Annecy, remained in France. Following Napoleon's brief return to power during the Hundred Days and subsequent defeat at Waterloo, the remaining one-third of Savoy was restored to the Kingdom of Sardinia at

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3906-449: Was subjected to military occupation by Fascist Italy . The Maquis des Glières (a band of Free French Resistance fighters who opposed the Nazi , Vichy and Milice regimes during World War II ) operated from Haute-Savoie. In the winter of 1943–1944, German troops burned down around 500 farms in response to French Resistance activities. The Departmental Council of Haute-Savoie has 34 seats. As of 2020, fifteen councillors are part of

3969-431: Was €21,706. With the 2004–2007 rise of the euro, Swiss customer traffic decreased five or six percent (Swiss shoppers make up half the shoppers in the Genève–Savoyard district). At the end of 2006, traditional small businesses (less than 300 square metres (3,200 sq ft)) represented 84 percent of businesses and 40 percent of retail space. 4,301 companies were established in 2004 in Haute-Savoie: nearly 80 percent in

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