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85-532: Inuit Nunangat ( / ˈ ɪ nj u ɪ t ˈ n u n æ ŋ æ t / ; Inuktitut syllabics : ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᓄᓇᖓᑦ /inuit nunaŋat/ ; translated as "the place where Inuit live") refers to the land, water, and ice of the homeland of Inuit in Canada. This Arctic homeland consists of four northern Canadian regions called the Inuvialuit Settlement Region (Inuvialuit Nunangit Sannaiqtuaq, home of

170-663: A Canadian jurisdiction , all of Inuit Nunangat falls under the federally overseen Criminal Code for criminal law . Inuvialuit Nunangat in the Northwest Territories and Yukon, Nunavut, and Nunatsiavut in Labrador are all subject to the English common law tradition. Nunavik, falling under the jurisdiction of Quebec , follows the civil law tradition as it pertains to private law . Finally, Inuit largely still follow Inuit Qaujimajatuqangit traditions, recognizing

255-635: A bilingual curriculum to achieve literacy in the Inuit language and at least one of Canada's official languages, and learning resources that are relevant to the Inuit culture, history and worldview; increasing the number of education leaders and bilingual educators in our schools and early childhood programs. In February 2017, the ITK and the Government of Canada, under the government of Justin Trudeau , created

340-573: A bimodal people, speaking both oral languages, Inuit languages and sign languages, Inuit Sign Language (Atgangmuurniq). Spanning much of the North American Arctic, Inuit Nunangat is mostly above the tree line . It is situated in Northern Canada, and some tribes can even expand to Siberia, Alaska and Greenland. In 2019, Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami released their National Inuit Climate Change Strategy to combat and respond to

425-515: A legislative career and in 1979, Curley ran in the federal election as a Liberal candidate but was defeated by Peter Ittinuar . In 1979 the ITC created the Inuit Committee on National Issues (ICNI) in order to represent their views regarding the constitution and other issues policy issues. The ICNI was a part of a larger Aboriginal Rights Coalition. In 1981, this coalition successfully lobbied

510-530: A multi-year funding plan which will go to the five areas in the strategy plan. In March 2020, it was also made a focus, under the heading of Reconciliation, for an action plan to be developed and implemented to contend with the calls to justice of the National Inquiry on Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls . Canada Goose is a high end premium Canadian brand that sells winter apparel such as hats, jackets, gloves, vests, pants and parkas. It

595-524: A part of the Aboriginal Rights Coalition, was present at these subsequent meetings. The ICNI was disbanded after these meetings after its funding expired. As early as 1976, the ITC submitted its first Inuit land claims proposal. This first proposal was not only a land claims but also called for the creation of a new territory, effectively calling for the settlement of land claims and political development simultaneously. This proposal

680-481: A security interest in all or any property of ITK, owned or subsequently acquired, to secure any obligation of ITK. The duties of the president include attending members, board and officers meetings, carrying out the decisions and directions made by the board and oversee the management of the activities and affairs of the ITK. The president normally resides in Ottawa, unless the board approves otherwise. The vice-president

765-401: A term of three years and can serve multiple terms if re-elected each time. The president must receive the majority vote of the vice-president, member representatives, and delegates, each of whom have only one vote. For an Inuk individual to become a candidate for the position of president they must submit a written declaration of candidacy to the executive director no fewer than twenty days before

850-856: A united voice regarding the "status of land and resource ownership in Inuit Nunangat " and to increase their autonomy. As potential projects, such as the Mackenzie Valley Pipeline and the James Bay Project , began to threaten the Inuit Nunangat, leaders decided to take action. Inuit Nunangat is currently made up of four regions: the Inuvialuit Settlement Region (northern Northwest Territories and Yukon ), Nunavut , Nunavik (northern Quebec) and Nunatsiavut (northern Labrador). Inuit culture has remained resilient across Inuit Nunangat, as an estimate of 60% of

935-496: A vast dialect continuum with mutual intelligibility between neighbouring variants from the westernmost Iñupiatun dialect to the three Greenlandic languages : Kalaallisut , Tunumiisut , and, the closest variation to Canadian dialects, Inuktun . In Canada, there is Inuvialuktun spoken in the West in Inuvialuit Settlement Region (Inuvialuit Nunangit Sannaiqtuaq); Inuktitut , the most spoken dialect; Inuinnaqtun which straddles

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1020-470: Is Inuit throat singing performed by artists such as Qaunaq Mikkigak , Tudjaat , and Tanya Tagaq (Inuktitut syllabics: ᑕᓐᔭ ᑕᒐᖅ). Yearly, the Alianait Music and Arts Festival features talented acts from across Inuit Nunangat, Canada, and the world, as one of many festivals that take place. Inuit art first came to outside attention in the 1940s through printmaking and carving. It is known for

1105-583: Is a dialect of Danish Tegnsprog . Within each of the primary oral language divisions, collectively referred to as Inuktut , ( Inuvialuktun , Inuinnaqtun , Inuktitut , Inuktitut , and Inuttut ), there exist several dialects therein. Within Inuvialuktun, the Siglit who live at the mouth of the Mackenzie River (Inuvialuktun: Kuukpak [kuːkpɑk] literally great river) speak Siglitun ; and

1190-509: Is a growth of 8.5 per cent over 2016 when there were 65,025 Inuit in Canada with 47,335 (72.80 per cent) living in Inuit Nunangat and 17,695 (27.21 per cent) living in other parts of Canada. There are six communities in the Inuvialuit Settlement Region (ISR). The ISR is made up of five hamlets and one town, Inuvik , which is the headquarters of the Inuvialuit Regional Corporation and the regional centre for

1275-515: Is a voting member. Each organization will nominate one director to sit on the board. A director will automatically be removed if: they are less than eighteen years of age; declared incapable by a court in Canada, or in another country; has the status of bankrupt; or on the director's death. There are also three non-voting representatives that sit on the board: National Inuit Youth Council (NIYC), Inuit Circumpolar Council (ICC Canada) and Pauktuutit Inuit Women of Canada. The ITK president serves for

1360-407: Is an Inuk politician and advocate of Inuit rights. Curley was a founding member of ITK and the first president. He was brought up in a traditional Inuit lifestyle , having strong connections to the land and culture. Before he took on the role of ITK president, he worked careers that dealt first hand with issues surrounding development and housing in Inuit communities. From 1966 to 1970, he worked with

1445-400: Is in high demand in pop culture as actors, athletes, rappers and many high-profile celebrities wear this brand. In 2019, Canada Goose and ITK agreed to collectively collaborate with each other for their January, 2019 launch. The collaboration is known as Project Atigi in which 20 Inuit representatives will be working and creating parka designs for Project Atigi. These projects are influenced by

1530-646: Is overseen by the Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami ( ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑕᐱᕇᑦ ᑲᓇᑕᒥ , meaning either "Inuit are united with Canada" or "Inuit are united in Canada") which acts as a cultural centre piece and quasi-central government for Inuit affairs within Canada. While Nunavut's confederation within Canada in 1999 via the Nunavut Act and Nunavut Land Claims Agreement is most visible, each of the regions of Inuit Nunangat. The Inuvialuit Settlement Region ( Inuinnaqtun : Inuvialuit Nunangit Sannaiqtuaq ) came under

1615-655: Is still recovering. Since European colonizers had little desire to settle much of Inuit Nunangat's territories, the violence experienced by southern First Nations was comparatively minimal in the north. However, assimilation policies including the wide-scale slaughter of community dogs between 1950 and 1970, the High Arctic relocation as well as forced participation within the Canadian Indian residential school system has left Inuit society with language loss and transgenerational trauma . Today, Inuit Nunangat

1700-519: Is the current president of the Inuit Circumpolar Council (Canada). The duties of the vice-president include performing the duties and exercising the powers of the president in their absence and supporting the president in their duties and decisions. The secretary/treasurer hold office for one year and is appointed by the board. The secretary/treasurer works in co-operation with the president and vice-president and are responsible for

1785-573: Is the dialect of Nunavik, Nunavimmiutitut , sometimes called Tarramiutut, Taqramiutut, or Inuttitut (not to be confused with Nunatsiavummiutut ( Inuttitut ) of Labrador ). Nunavimmiutitut includes the sub dialects spoken by the Tarrarmiut and Itivimuit. Nunatsiavummiut in Nunatsiavut, Labrador speak Inuttitut, Inuttut, or, alternatively, Labradorimiutut. Inuit are diverse peoples who share cultural and linguistic similarities. Moreover, they are

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1870-824: The 2021 Canadian census the population of Inuit Nunangat was 58,220 an increase of 2.9 per cent over the 2016 census population of 56,585. The Indigenous population is 50,500 or 89.24 per cent of the total population, of which 48,695 (83.63 per cent) are Inuit. In 2021 of those Inuit living in Inuit Nunangat 6.46 per cent live in the Inuvialuit Settlement Region, 63.38 per cent in Nunavut, 25.87 per cent in Nunavik and 4.29 per cent in Nunatsiavut. In total there are 70,545 Inuit in Canada with 48,695 (69.02 per cent) living in Inuit Nunangat and 21,850 (30.98 per cent) living in other parts of Canada. This

1955-606: The Canadian Eskimo Dogs or huskies , known in Inuit languages as qimmiit , though Inuit have since transitioned to motorized forms of transport such as the snowmobile for navigating . In part because the massacre of most of their sled dogs in the eastern part of Inuit Nunangat between the 1950s and 1970s. It was believed that the killings were done in order to force Inuit out of their traditional way of life and assimilate them into southern Canadian society. In 2007,

2040-540: The Canadian federal government to court in Hamlet of Baker Lake v. Minister of Indian Affairs. The case raised questions concerning aboriginal rights, more specifically their right to hunt caribou . The plaintiffs sought to stop the mining activities happening in the area and for a declaration to be made that Baker Lake was subject to an Inuit aboriginal title to hunt and fish. The case concluded by Judge Pat Mahoney of

2125-670: The Crown-Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada (formerly known as the Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development) as a development officer. After that, he became a settlement manager in Naujaat (then called Repulse Bay) for a year. Curley successfully acted as president for four years, accomplished a lot, most notably in leading the movement to replace the term Eskimo with Inuit in all official Canadian documents. He then went on to pursue

2210-685: The Federal Court of Canada recognized the existence of Aboriginal Title in Nunavut. In the late 1970s, the ITC launched the Inukshuk Project, named for the Inuksuk , which was the first involvement of Inuit on broadcast television. In April 1974, the Cabinet approved a procedure that all Canadian communities, with a minimum population of five hundred, would have media broadcast in English or French. James Arvaluk , ITC president at

2295-592: The Federal–Provincial Conference of First Ministers on the Constitution to reinstate Section 35 into the Constitution after it was previously removed. Section 35 entrenches indigenous and treaty rights into the constitution. At the 1983 Federal–Provincial Conference of First Ministers on Aboriginal Constitutional Matters it was agreed to hold three more subsequent First Ministers' meetings to discuss aboriginal constitutional matters. The ICNI, as

2380-811: The Gwichʼin and Chipewyan (Dënesųłı̨né) of Denendeh (now in the Northwest Territories ) and Innu of Nitassinan ( Innu : ᓂᑕᔅᓯᓇᓐ ), though occasional conflicts arose. Martin Frobisher 's 1576 expedition to find the Northwest Passage landed on and around Baffin Island , in today's Qikiqtaaluk Region ( Inuktitut syllabics : ᕿᑭᖅᑖᓗᒃ ), where three Inuit, a man called Calichough ( Kalicho ), an unrelated Inuk woman , Egnock ( Arnaq ), and her child, Nutioc (Nuttaaq), were kidnapped and brought to

2465-627: The Indian-Eskimo Association (IEA). The IEA were a group of southern Canadian educators, church leaders, and civil servants who advocated and promoted issues related to First Nations and Inuit. The IEA worked towards enabling indigenous peoples to advocate for their own goals. Using the IEA's public support and funding they helped facilitate the founding of an Inuit organization: the Inuit Tapirisat of Canada (ITC). In 1970,

2550-589: The Inuvialuit and the northern portion of the Northwest Territories and Yukon ), the territory Nunavut ( ᓄᓇᕗᑦ ), Nunavik ( ᓄᓇᕕᒃ ) in northern Quebec , and Nunatsiavut of Newfoundland and Labrador . Originally using the Greenlandic term "Nunaat" excluding the waters and ice, Inuit of Canada, through the Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami , formally switched to the Inuktitut "Nunangat" in 2009 to reflect

2635-536: The Makivik Corporation was established upon the James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement signing in 1978, taking the mantle from the previous Nunavimmiut organization, the "Northern Quebec Inuit Association" ( ᑯᐸᐃᒃ ᑕᕐᕋᖓᓂ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑲᑐᔾᔨᖃᑎᒌᖏᑦ Kupaik Tarrangani Inuit Katujjiqatigiingit ). The Inuit-Crown Partnership Committee (ICPC) was created in 2017 and last met on April 21, 2022. At this meeting,

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2720-611: The Minister of Crown–Indigenous Relations , Carolyn Bennett , apologized to the Qikiqtani Inuit for the slaughter. Inuit cuisine , also known as "country food," incorporates a variety of meats (such as walrus , narwhal , bearded seal , caribou , polar bear , Arctic cod , and Arctic char , among others) and gathered plants (including crowberries , cloudberries , fireweed , seaweed , tubers and roots like mousefood , tuberous spring beauty , and sweet vetch ) Much of

2805-877: The Northern Quebec Inuit Association ( NQIA ), which was founded in 1971; the Labrador Inuit Association ( LIA ), which was founded in 1973; the Kitikmeot Inuit Association, the Keewatin (now Kivalliq) Inuit Association, and the Baffin Regional (now Qikiqtani) Inuit Association all founded in the mid-1970s. Later that year in Ottawa , Ontario the first conference was held and ITK has been headquartered out of Ottawa since 1972. In 2001,

2890-685: The Uummarmiut , or "people of the green trees" and are sometimes called "Canadian Iñupiat ," speak Uummarmiutun . Western Inuktut dialects are sometimes considered Inuvialuktun dialects, such as Inuinnaqtun (including one of its sub dialects, Kangiryuarmiutun , spoken by the Copper Inuit group, the Kangiryuarmiut ). Others include Natsilingmiutut , spoken by the Netsilik , with its sub-dialects including Utkuhiksalik (the language of

2975-557: The a form with a stand-alone letter ᐃ i. This fourth-vowel variant had been removed so that Inuktitut could be typed and printed using IBM Selectric balls in the 1970s. The reinstatement was justified on the grounds that modern printing and typesetting equipment no longer suffers the restrictions of earlier typewriting machinery. The ai-pai-tai column is used only in Nunavik. Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami ( Inuktitut syllabics : ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑕᐱᕇᑦ ᑲᓇᑕᒥ , meaning "Inuit are united in Canada"), previously known as

3060-657: The "people of the place where there is soapstone ": Utkuhiksalingmiut ); Kivallirmiutut spoken by the Caribou Inuit of the Kivalliq Region ; Aivilingmiutut of the Aivilingmiut ; and the northern Qikiqtaaluk uannangani spoken by Iglulingmiut of the Igloolik . On the southern part of Baffin Island (Qikiqtaaluk) around the Nunavut capital Iqaluit , Qikiqtaaluk nigiani is spoken, and relatively close

3145-471: The 1870s, Edmund Peck , another Anglican missionary, started printing according to that standard. Other missionaries, and later linguists in the employ of the Canadian and American governments, adapted the Latin alphabet to the dialects of the Mackenzie River delta, the western Arctic islands and Alaska . The Inuktitut script ( titirausiq nutaaq ) is commonly presented as a syllabary . The dots on

3230-606: The Canadian federal government, in partnership with the Inuit Nunangat, unanimously endorsed the federal policy called the Inuit Nunangat Policy (INP). In a live address shortly after this meeting, the Canadian Prime Minister, Justin Trudeau , said the policy "recognizes the Inuit homeland as a distinct geographical, cultural and political region," which includes the "land, sea, and ice." As of

3315-509: The Europe, where they all died. Canadian colonization extended in to Inuit Nunangat via the lands claimed as Rupert's Land , North-Western Territory and Quebec, later including Newfoundland and Labrador . Rapid spread of diseases, material wealth, the Christian churches and Canadian ( Royal Canadian Mounted Police ) policing saw a rapid decline and collapse of Inuit Nunangat, from which it

3400-484: The Government of Nunavut), Nanisivik and Umingmaktok , all with a population of zero. In Nunavik there are fourteen northern villages (village nordique, code=VN), governed by the Kativik Regional Government with the administrative capital at Kuujjuaq . All villages, with the exception of Puvirnituq , have Inuit reserved land (Terre de la catégorie I pour les Inuits, TI) associated with

3485-557: The IEA sponsored a meeting in Coppermine (now Kugluktuk) for the Inuit from across Canada's Arctic to talk of matters of mutual concern. From this meeting a telegram was created and sent to then Prime Minister Trudeau asking for the recognition of indigenous land rights in the north. This was this first instance of such a collective message being sent to the Federal government by the Inuit. Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami, then known as

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3570-471: The ITK led to the creation of Nunavut . Before European contact , the Inuit would choose leaders based on their survival skills with this role usually falling to the oldest male, but decisions were generally made via a group consensus. As interest in Canada's north increased there came further development. This development led to an increase of non-Inuit in northern Canada. These southern Canadians occupied

3655-571: The ITK, have aided in forming a partnership with the Government of Canada to discuss domestic and international issues. In 1979, the ITC was seeking an injunction to stop the mineral exploration at Baker Lake, Northwest Territories (now in Nunavut ). The plaintiffs, Baker Lake Hunters and Trappers Association, the ITC and the 112 Inuit who lived and hunted in Baker Lake at the time, took

3740-466: The Inuit (whose ancestors are often called Thule) occurred in the 1100–1300s CE. Coming from Siberia where they split from the Aleut and other related peoples about 4,000 years ago, Inuit had reached Inughuit Nunaat in western Greenland by about 1300 CE, bringing with them transport dogs and various new technologies. Trade relations were and remain strong with bordering countries and nations, such as with

3825-688: The Inuit Tapirisat of Canada ("Inuit will be united") changed its name to Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami, meaning "Inuit are united in Canada". The name was changed after the signing of the Labrador Inuit Land Claims Agreement-in-Principle (AIP). The Government of Canada and Labrador Inuit Association gathered to sign a land claims agreement, which reinforced Inuit title to their land and increased their self-sufficiency in their communities. Tagak Curley , born in 1944 in Southampton Island , Nunavut,

3910-433: The Inuit Tapirisat of Canada (Eskimo Brotherhood of Canada), is a nonprofit organization in Canada that represents over 65,000 Inuit across Inuit Nunangat and the rest of Canada. Their mission is to "serve as a national voice protecting and advancing the rights and interests of Inuit in Canada." Founded in 1971 by Inuit leaders, the organization has gone on to accomplish various Inuit priorities such as assisting in

3995-461: The Inuit Tapirisat of Canada (ITC), was founded in 1971 by seven Inuit community leaders, who were attending an IEA meeting in Toronto. The leaders attending this first meeting were Noah Qumak, Jacob Oweetaluktuk, Celestino Makpah , Josiah Kadlusiak, Ipeele KìLabuk, Tagak Curley , and Mary Cousins. The decision to form a national Inuit organization was made to lobby the Government of Canada through

4080-497: The Inuit and non-Inuit, both socially and economically, in the north. By the 1960s, there was a push to incorporate the Inuit into the political system and civil service. Such examples include the Government of the Northwest Territories, regional councils, and town/hamlet councils. A particular strong example of this was the Baffin Regional Council which was primarily administered by Inuit. Despite these efforts,

4165-530: The Inuit had concerns over a lack of autonomy, assimilative policies, and growing restrictions on traditional lands. In 1969, the White Paper was introduced which sought to terminate aboriginal status under the Indian Act and assimilate indigenous peoples. Based on these concerns and events the will for an Inuit political organization grew. Concerns, such as the lack of Inuit autonomy, were shared by

4250-730: The Inuit-Partnership Committee (ICPC). The purpose of the ICPC is to pursue goals that are common to both the Inuit and the Crown. The committee is co-chaired by the Prime Minister and the president of the ITK at one meeting a year, while subsequent annual meetings are co-chaired by the president of the ITK and the Minister of Crown-Indigenous Relations. Other members of the committee include select federal ministers,

4335-452: The Qikiqtani Inuit Association organized the Qikiqtani Truth Commission, one year after a Royal Canadian Mounted Police report denying the slaughter of 20,000 dogs to help force Inuit into settlements, and stated that "the killings went on far too long to be the result of a secret plan or conspiracy, and that the dog killings began ... several years before the federal government adopted a formal central policy of dog control." On 14 August 2019,

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4420-400: The choice parts of caribou or seal, chopped into tiny pieces and blended with melted fat and blood), misiraq (Inuktitut syllabics: ᒥᓯᕋᖅ) (aged to resemble an aromatic white wine, made from seal or whale blubber), and nirukkaq (Inuktitut syllabics: ᓂᕈᒃᑲᖅ), a smooth made pâté made from the contents of a caribou's stomach. Inuit Nunangat currently functions through a variety of legal systems. As

4505-455: The community. There are five towns in Nunatsiavut . The Nunatsiavut Assembly Building is located in Hopedale while the administrative capital is in Nain . The government of Canada also lists Bathurst Inlet, Killiniq and Umingmaktuuq (Umingmaktok) as forming part of Inuit Nunangat, giving a total of 53 communities. There are multiple Inuit languages , along with English and French, spoken across Inuit Nunangat. The oral languages form

4590-559: The ecological collapse and its effects on Inuit and Inuit Nunangat. Inuit culture transcends millennia and includes numerous music styles, sports and other cultural attributes. Inuit Nunangat has produced numerous contemporary bands and singers, such as Joshua Haulli , Quantum Tangle , The Jerry Cans (Inuktitut syllabics: ᐸᐃ ᒑᓚᖃᐅᑎᒃᑯᑦ, Pai Gaalaqautikkut ), Elisapie (Inuktitut syllabics: ᐃᓕᓴᐱ), Aasiva , Charlie Panigoniak , Riit (Inuktitut syllabics: ᕇᑦ), Willie Thrasher , and Tumasi Quissa , as well as many others. Of particular note

4675-403: The environment and climate change; housing and infrastructure, economic development and procurement; and legislative priorities. To combat climate change the ITK focused on five areas in their national climate change strategy. The five areas being: capacity building, health and environment, food systems, infrastructure and energy. The federal government has pledged $ 1 million for the strategy in

4760-428: The far north as part of the High Arctic relocation . The DIAND found that the Government of Canada acted appropriately and would not apologize for the relocation of Inuit. ITC then appealed to the Canadian Human Rights Commission (CHRC), and they proceeded to investigate. The ITC asked for three things, recognition of their contribution to the Canadian claim to territorial sovereignty in the High Arctic; an apology for

4845-424: The federal and territorial civil services along with the main industries present in the north. These positions required a western education which favoured the southern Canadians over the Inuit. As more and more southern Canadians came north they demanded consumer goods which made Inuit knowledge and survival skills less needed for the survival of southern Canadians in the north. This contributed to an inequality between

4930-686: The functioning of the community. The integration of Inuit Qaujimajatuqangit (or IQ) and the wider Canadian legal tradition is an ongoing process. For example, the Nunavut Court of Justice is the only "unified," single-level court in Canada, and the court travels to communities every six weeks to two years. There are also on-the-land, restorative justice , and contemporary healing circle programs administered. [REDACTED] Africa [REDACTED] Eurasia [REDACTED] North America [REDACTED] Oceania [REDACTED] South America Inuktitut syllabics The name qaniujaaqpait [qaniujaːqpaˈit] derives from

5015-403: The hardship that Inuit suffered in Grise Fiord and Resolute ; and compensation for the wrongs done to them. The CHRC report recommended that the Government should acknowledge and publicly thank the contribution of the Inuit relocated to the High Arctic; apologize for the shortcomings in planning the relocation; and acknowledge that it promised those Inuit who wished to go back to Northern Quebec

5100-410: The integral nature "land, water, and ice" have to Inuit culture . Aside from Métis , Inuit are the most recent Indigenous arrivals on the continent . Inuit ancestors known as the Thule settled the Arctic, replacing the previous dominant Dorset culture (Tuniit) over the course of around 200 years. Displacement of the Tuniit ( Inuktitut syllabics ; ᑐᓃᑦ ), or the Dorset people, and the arrival of

5185-451: The interconnected nature of reality. Inuit Qaujimajatuqangit (Inuktitut syllabics: ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᔭᑐᖃᖏᑦ, alternatively rendered Qaujimanituqangit or Qauyimayatuqangit ), comes from the root word qaujima- (Inuktitut syllabics: ᖃᐅᔨ) meaning "to know," and could be literally translated as "that which has long been known by Inuit." Leaders and Elders did not see themselves as agents of social control or law and order, as each individual contributes to

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5270-445: The jurisdiction of the Inuvialuit Regional Corporation two years after the 1984 Inuvialuit Final Agreement , and Nunatsiavut was granted an autonomous government in 2005 after the 2002 Labrador Inuit Association proposal for a separate government. Beginning with a land claim in 1977, negotiations launched in 1988 between the Labrador Inuit Association, the governments of Newfoundland and Labrador and that of Canada. In Northern Quebec ,

5355-495: The larger Inuvik Region . There are twenty-five populated communities in Nunavut , The territory is divided into three regions, Kitikmeot , with the regional centre in Cambridge Bay , the Kivalliq , with the regional centre in Rankin Inlet , and the Qikiqtaaluk , with the regional centre and capital in Iqaluit . Other than Iqaluit, which is a city, all other Nunavut communities are hamlets. Statistics Canada also lists three settlements, Bathurst Inlet (also recognized by

5440-436: The letters in the table mark long vowels ; in the Latin transcription, the vowel is doubled. For geminate consonants , the final consonant symbol is placed before the CV syllabic, for instance - kk u-, - nnu - are rendered ᒃ ᑯ and ᓐ ᓄ respectively. The Makivik Corporation expanded the official version of the script to restore the ai-pai-tai column. The common diphthong ai has generally been represented by combining

5525-452: The line between Inuktitut and Inuvialuktun; and Inuttitut spoken in the Labradorian east by Nunatsiavummiut . And, attested contemporarily only in a few Nunavut communities, Inuit Sign Language (also known as Atgangmuurngniq and Uukturausingit) continues to be passed down through generations regardless of deafness. It is unknown by academia if there is any relation between Greenlandic and Inuit Sign Languages or if Greenlandic Sign Language

5610-412: The majority of programs are broadcast in Inuktitut . The IBC has employed some of Nunavut's most distinguished media personalities and leaders. In 1990, the ITC made a complaint to the Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development (DIAND) concerning the relocations of Inuit families. In 1953 and 1955, the Canadian Government decided to relocate families from Inukjuak in Northern Quebec to

5695-681: The meat is served frozen, raw, or boiled, much like sushi or sashimi in Japanese cuisine . Delicacies include akutuq (Inuktitut syllabics: ᐊᑯᑐᖅ), an ice cream-like dessert made with fat or tallow, meat, and mixed with berries; igunaq (Inuktitut syllabics: ᐃᒍᓇᖅ), a year-long fermentation of select meats; muktuk (Inuktitut syllabics: ᒪᒃᑖᖅ) (alternatively, maktaaq, maktak (Inuktitut syllabics: ᒪᒃᑕᒃ) or maktaq), whale skin and blubber usually eaten raw, sometimes frozen or pickled, and occasionally finely diced, breaded, deep fried, and then served with soy sauce; Labrador tea ; and various dips such as aalu (Inuktitut syllabics: ᐋᓗ) (intended for meat made from

5780-462: The meeting of the members and the declaration must be signed by at least twenty other Inuit. The board of ITK manages and supervises the management of the activities and affairs of ITK. They possess the power to borrow money on the credit of ITK; issue, reissue, sell, pledge or hypothecate debt obligations of ITK; give a guarantee on behalf of ITK to secure performance of an obligation of any person; and mortgage, hypothecate, pledge or otherwise create

5865-444: The negotiation of land claims, representing the voice of Inuit and their culture by using television, taking legal action against those who have violated their rights, and creating a programme to improve education for Inuit children. The ITK has sought to attain its goals either in cooperation with various levels of government or in opposition. Altogether, the ITK looks to advocate on the behalf of Inuit in Canada. The contributions of

5950-426: The opportunity to do so within, at most, three years of being relocated. In 1976, the ITK proposed their first land claims to the federal government in which education reform was at the forefront of the proposal. The National Strategy on Inuit Education was launched in 2006 by Mary Simon , former President of ITK, as a national education initiative focused on improving outcomes in Inuit education and being on par with

6035-476: The population continue to speak Inuktut (the collective name for several Inuit languages and dialects), and access traditional foods through the hunting of marine mammals and caribou . ITK represents 51 communities and the 65,000 Inuit residing in Inuit Nunangat. The creation of political organizations such as the ITK and Committee for Original Peoples' Entitlement (COPE), led to the creation of 5 more organizations to represent Inuit. These organizations include

6120-557: The presidents of the four regional land claims organizations, and the presidents of National Inuit Youth Council, Pauktuutit Inuit Women of Canada, and the Inuit Circumpolar Council Canada (as observers). The ICPC has several areas of focus which include: Inuit-Crown land claims; Inuit Nunangat policy space; Inuktut revitalization, maintenance, protection, and promotion; reconciliation measures; education, early learning, and training; health and wellness;

6205-612: The reforms of 1976. Inuktitut is one variation on Canadian Aboriginal syllabics , and can be digitally encoded using the Unicode standard. The Unicode block for Inuktitut characters is called Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics . The first efforts to write Inuktitut came from Moravian missionaries in Greenland and Labrador in the mid-19th century using Latin script. The first book printed in Inuktitut using Cree script

6290-449: The rest of Canada. It would lead to a summit in the Northwest Territories about Inuit education in 2008. The objective of the strategy is to increase the confidence of Inuit children in their language, culture and opportunities. Less than 25% of Inuit student who are enrolled in school actually graduate. They list three core areas to improve education outcomes across Inuit Nunangat: supporting children to help them stay in school; providing

6375-415: The root qaniq , meaning "mouth". The alternative, Latin-based writing system is named qaliujaaqpait ( ᖃᓕᐅᔮᖅᐸᐃᑦ ), and it derives from qaliit , a word describing the markings or the grain in rocks. Titirausiq nutaaq [titiʁauˈsiq nuˈtaːq] meaning "new writing system" is to be seen in contrast to titirausiit nutaunngittut ( ᑎᑎᕋᐅᓰᑦ ᓄᑕᐅᓐᖏᑦᑐᑦ ), the "old syllabics" used before

6460-472: The sound financial operation and administration of ITK. The executive director's duties include those of the board and the responsibility for the day-to-day operations and management of ITK. Terry Audla was elected President of Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami on 6 June 2012. He was succeeded by Natan Obed , who was elected with 54% of the vote on 17 September 2015, in Cambridge Bay , Nunavut . Nathan Obed

6545-594: The time, objected to the Cabinets' decision because of the lack of local representation of Inuit communities. > As a result, they launched the Inukshuk Project, which targeted the Inuit population, allowing them to communicate about important issues and exchange information in their own language. From the Inukshuk Project, the Inuit Broadcasting Corporation (IBC) was created in 1980, a television broadcasting company based in Nunavut, in which

6630-526: The traditional clothing and culture of the Inuit. There will be future collection drops in the project with Inuit representatives chosen by ITK. ITK is governed by a board of directors and president. The board of directors consists of presidents from four regional Inuit land claims organizations: Nunavut Tunngavik Incorporated , Makivik Corporation , Nunatsiavut Government , and the Inuvialuit Regional Corporation . Each director

6715-506: The use of soapstone , such as for carvings and for making qulliq (Inuktitut syllabics: ᖁᓪᓕᖅ, seal oil lamps). Although power tools are used, soapstone carving is often preferably done by axe and file. The modern kayak originates from Inuit culture, originally called a qajaq (Inuktitut syllabics: ᖃᔭᖅ). As well, Inuit use the larger (6–12 m (20–39 ft)), wood-framed flat-bottomed umiak or umiaq for transporting people, goods, and dogs; and, on land, qamutiik ( dog sled ) pulled by

6800-550: The years as they have continued to make progress in defending Inuit rights. In the beginning the organizations main focus was on the preservation of Inuit land, throughout the 1970s and 1980s Inuit have negotiated four land claim agreements with the federal government. In 1975, the James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement and Complementary Agreements (JBNQA) was reached; in 1984 the Inuvialuit Final Agreement

6885-622: Was a land claims proposal that blended elements of previous claims. In 1982, the Tunngavik Federation of Nunavut (TFN) was formed in order to take over land claims negotiations from the NLCP. In 1990, an agreement-in-principle was reached which eventually led to the 1993 ratification of the agreement via the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement and the Nunavut Act (which created the territory of Nunavut). The TFN

6970-582: Was an 8-page pamphlet known as Selections from the Gospels in the dialect of the Inuit of Little Whale River ( ᒋᓴᓯᑊ ᐅᑲᐤᓯᐣᑭᐟ , "Jesus' words"), printed by John Horden in 1855–56 at Moose Factory for Edwin Arthur Watkins to use among the Inuit at Fort George . In November 1865, Horden and Watkins met in London under Henry Venn 's direction to adapt Cree syllabics to the Inuktitut language. In

7055-694: Was later rejected due to complexity. A further proposal was set-up by the NWT Inuit Land Claims Commission (ILCC) in 1977. This proposal was halted due to political deadlock which ultimately led to the dissolution of the ILCC. In 1979, the Nunavut Land Claims Project (NLCP) continued the land claims process. That same year's ITC meeting, members agreed to the Political Development in Nunavut. This

7140-683: Was reached; in 1993 the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement was settled; and finally in 2003 the Labrador Inuit Land Claims Agreement was settled. Although the importance of land claims remains an objective for ITK they have also shifted their focus on more social issues surrounding Inuit. Those include preserving culture heritage and Inuit languages and raising awareness concerning education, healthcare, environment, climate change and economic development. The creation of Inuit organization, such as

7225-575: Was superseded by the Nunavut Tunngavik Incorporated (NTI). The NTI, along with the Nunavut Implementation Commission , worked to implement this new land claim before the actual creation of Nunavut in 1999. The creation of Nunavut Land Claims Agreement is the largest and most all-encompassing land claims and self-determination agreement in Canadian history. The goals of ITK have changed over

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