151-679: Jana Gana Mana ( lit. ' [Ruler of] the minds of the people ' ) is the national anthem of the Republic of India . It was originally composed as " Bharoto Bhagyo Bidhata " in Bengali by polymath Rabindranath Tagore on 11 December 1911. The first stanza of the song Bharoto Bhagyo Bidhata was adopted by the Constituent Assembly of India as the National Anthem on 24 January 1950. A formal rendition of
302-644: A Pashtun insurance agent ("Ziaudddin") to reach Afghanistan, Bose changed his guise and travelled to Moscow on the Italian passport of an Italian nobleman "Count Orlando Mazzotta". From Moscow, he reached Rome , and from there he travelled to Nazi Germany . Once in Russia the NKVD transported Bose to Moscow where he hoped that Russia's historical enmity to British rule in India would result in support for his plans for
453-482: A knighthood on him, which he renounced in 1919 in protest over the Jallianwala Bagh massacre ; writing a letter addressed to the viceroy of India Lord Chelmsford : "The time has come when badges of honour make our shame glaring in their incongruous context of humiliation, and I for my part wish to stand, shorn of all special distinctions, by the side of my country men." In Kerala , students belonging to
604-700: A royal anthem in the European fashion for the Kingdom of Vietnam . Following the reinstating of La Marseillaise in 1830 , in the wake of the July Revolution , as the national anthem of France, it became common for newly formed nations to define national anthems, notably as a result of the Latin American wars of independence , for Argentina (1813), Peru (1821), Brazil (1831) but also Belgium (1830). Consequently, adoption of national anthems prior to
755-575: A German submarine to travel, via transfer to a Japanese submarine, to Japanese-occupied southeast Asia. In all, 3,000 Indian prisoners of war signed up for the Free India Legion. But instead of being delighted, Bose was worried. A left-wing admirer of Russia, he was devastated when Hitler's tanks rolled across the Soviet border. Matters were worsened by the fact that the now-retreating German army would be in no position to offer him help in driving
906-417: A college servant testified to seeing Subhas Bose among those fleeing, confirming for the authorities what they had determined to be the rumor among the students. Bose was expelled from the college and rusticated from University of Calcutta . The incident shocked Calcutta and caused anguish to Bose's family. He was ordered back to Cuttack. His family's connections were employed to pressure Asutosh Mukherjee ,
1057-488: A land invasion of India throughout 1941. By the spring of 1942, the German army was mired in Russia and Bose became keen to move to southeast Asia, where Japan had just won quick victories. Adolf Hitler during his only meeting with Bose in late May 1942 agreed to arrange a submarine. During this time, Bose became a father; his wife, or companion, Emilie Schenkl , gave birth to a baby girl . Identifying strongly with
1208-1608: A literary register of the Bengali language called Sadhu Bhasha , which is heavily Sanskritised. জনগণমন-অধিনায়ক জয় হে ভারতভাগ্যবিধাতা! পঞ্জাব সিন্ধু গুজরাট মরাঠা দ্রাবিড় উৎকল বঙ্গ বিন্ধ্য হিমাচল যমুনা গঙ্গা উচ্ছলজলধিতরঙ্গ তব শুভ নামে জাগে, তব শুভ আশিষ মাগে, গাহে তব জয়গাথা। জনগণমঙ্গলদায়ক জয় হে ভারতভাগ্যবিধাতা! জয় হে, জয় হে, জয় হে, জয় জয় জয় জয় হে॥ Jana-gaṇa-mana-adhināẏaka jaẏa hē Bhārata-bhāgya-bidhātā! Pañjāba Sindhu Gujarāṭa Marāṭhā Drābiṛa Utkala Baṅga Bindhya Himācala Yamunā Gaṅgā Ucchala-jaladhi-taraṅga Taba śubha nāmē jāgē, taba śubha āśiṣa māgē, gāhē taba jaẏagāthā. Jana-gaṇa-maṅgala-dāẏaka jaẏa hē Bhārata-bhāgya-bidhātā! Jaẏa hē, jaẏa hē, jaẏa hē, jaẏa jaẏa jaẏa jaẏa hē. [d͡ʒɔ.no ɡɔ.no mɔ.no o.d̪ʱi.nae̯.ɔ.ko d͡ʒɔe̯.o ɦe |] [bʱa.ro.t̪o bʱaɡ.ɡo bi.d̪ʱa.t̪a ǁ] [pɔn.d͡ʒa.bo ʃin.d̪ʱu ɡud͡ʒ.ra.ʈo ma.ra.ʈʰa |] [d̪ra.bi.ɽo ut̪.kɔ.lo bɔŋ.ɡo ‖] [bin.d̪ʱo ɦi.ma.t͡ʃɔ.lo d͡ʒo.mu.na ɡɔŋ.ɡa |] [ut.t͡ʃʰɔ.lo d͡ʒɔ.lo.d̪ʱi.to.rɔŋ.ɡo ‖] [t̪ɔ.bo ʃu.bʱo na.me d͡ʒa.ɡe] [t̪ɔ.bo ʃu.bʱo a.ʃi.ʃo ma.ɡe] [ga.ɦe t̪ɔ.bo d͡ʒɔe̯.o ɡa.t̪ʰa ‖] [d͡ʒɔ.no ɡɔ.no moŋ.ɡɔ.lo d̪ae̯.ɔ.ko d͡ʒɔe̯.o ɦe |] [bʱa.ro.t̪o bʱaɡ.ɡo bi.d̪ʱa.t̪a ‖] [d͡ʒɔe̯.o ɦe | d͡ʒɔe̯.o ɦe | d͡ʒɔe̯.o ɦe |] [d͡ʒɔe̯.o d͡ʒɔe̯.o d͡ʒɔe̯.o d͡ʒɔe̯.o ɦe ‖] जनगणमन-अधिनायक जय हे भारतभाग्यविधाता! पंजाब सिन्धु गुजरात मराठा द्राविड़ उत्कल बंग विन्ध्य हिमाचल यमुना गंगा उच्छलजलधितरंग तव शुभ नामे जागे, तव शुभ आशिष मागे गाहे तव जयगाथा। जनगणमंगलदायक जय हे भारतभाग्यविधाता! जय हे, जय हे, जय हे, जय जय जय जय हे।। Jana-gana-mana-adhin
1359-558: A loud sound, similar to an engine backfiring. The mechanics on the tarmac saw something fall out of the plane. It was the portside engine, or a part of it, and the propeller. The plane swung wildly to the right and plummeted, crashing, breaking into two, and exploding into flames. Inside, the chief pilot, copilot and Lieutenant-General Tsunamasa Shidei , the Vice Chief of Staff of the Japanese Kwantung Army, who
1510-569: A movie hall went viral. They were questioned "Are you Pakistani?". There was a debate on the issue; some lawyers recalled Article 21, some people called it a way to gain media attention and some recommended attending the movie after the national anthem is played to avoid any problems. But after the debate, the Supreme Court reversed its earlier order making it mandatory for cinema halls to play the National Anthem. Another controversy
1661-575: A nurturing spirit, looking for situations in which to help people in distress, preferring gardening around the house to joining in sports with other boys. His father, who was reserved in manner and busy with professional life, was a distant presence in a large family, causing Subhas to feel he had a nondescript childhood. Still, Janakinath read English literature avidly— John Milton , William Cowper , Matthew Arnold , and Shakespeare 's Hamlet being among his favourites; several of his sons were to become English literature enthusiasts like him. In 1909,
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#17327766442981812-677: A patriotic song by Babu Rabindranath Tagore. Messages from well-wishers were then read and a resolution was passed expressing loyalty to King George V. Afterwards the song composed for welcoming King George V and Queen Mary was sung." On 10 November 1937, Tagore wrote a letter to Pulin Bihari Sen about the controversy. That letter in Bengali can be found in Tagore's biography Rabindrajibani, volume II page 339 by Prabhatkumar Mukherjee . "A certain high official in His Majesty's service, who
1963-435: A piece of geography giving a list of countries, mountains and rivers; and in the second verse, a list of the religions in India. The refrain to the first made us pick up our ears. The refrain to the second verse made us clear our throats. We asked for it again and again, and before long we were singing it with gusto: Jaya hai, Jaya hai, Jaya hai, Jaya JayaJayaJaya hai (Victory, victory, victory to thee). We had no idea who or what
2114-732: A popular rising in India. However, Bose found the Soviets' response disappointing and was rapidly passed over to the German Ambassador in Moscow, Count von der Schulenburg . He had Bose flown on to Berlin in a special courier aircraft at the beginning of April where he was to receive a more favourable hearing from Joachim von Ribbentrop and the Foreign Ministry officials at the Wilhelmstrasse . In Germany, Bose
2265-652: A provisional government of Burma, Manchukuo and Japanese-controlled Philippines . Of those countries, five were authorities established under Axis occupation. This government participated in the so-called Greater East Asia Conference as an observer in November 1943. The INA's first commitment was in the Japanese thrust towards Eastern Indian frontiers of Manipur . INA's special forces, the Bahadur Group , were involved in operations behind enemy lines both during
2416-456: A quarter-century would evolve to secure its independence. Gandhi happened to be in Bombay and agreed to see Bose that afternoon. In Bose's account of the meeting, written many years later, he pilloried Gandhi with question after question. Bose thought Gandhi's answers were vague, his goals unclear, his plan for achieving them not thought through. Gandhi and Bose differed in this first meeting on
2567-519: A rider, Subhas Bose felt the ICS was within easy reach. Yet between August 1920 and 1921 he began to have doubts about taking the final examination. Many letters were exchanged with his father and his brother Sarat Chandra Bose back in Calcutta. In one letter to Sarat, Subhas wrote, "But for a man of my temperament who has been feeding on ideas that might be called eccentric—the line of least resistance
2718-458: A wide array of contexts. Certain etiquette may be involved in the playing of a country's anthem. These usually involve military honours, standing up, removing headwear etc. In diplomatic situations the rules may be very formal. There may also be royal anthems , presidential anthems , state anthems etc. for special occasions. They are played on national holidays and festivals, and have also come to be closely connected with sporting events. Wales
2869-1321: A yaka jaya he Bh a rata-bh a gya-vidh a t a Panj a ba-Sindhu-Gujar a ta-Mar a th a Dr a vida-Utkala-Banga Vindhya-Him a chala-Yamun a -Gang a Uchchhala-jaladhi-taranga Tava subha n a m e j a g e , tava subh a s i sa m a g e , g a h e tava jaya-g a th a . Jana-gana-mangala-d a yaka jaya h e Bh a rata-bh a gya-vidh a t a . Jaya h e , jaya h e , jaya h e , jaya jaya jaya jaya h e . Jana-gaṇa-mana adhināyaka jaya hē Bhārata-bhāgya-vidhātā. Pañjāba-Sindha-Gujarāta-Marāṭhā, Drāviṛa-Utkala Baṅga Vindhya Himācala Yamunā Gaṅgā, Ucchala jaladhi taraṅga Tava śubha nāmē jāgē, tava śubhāśīṣa māṅgē gāhē tava jaya gāthā. Jana gaṇa maṅgala-dāyaka jaya hē, Bhārata bhāgya vidhātā. Jaya hē, jaya hē, jaya hē, jaya jaya jaya jaya hē. [d͡ʒə.nə gə.ɳə mə.nə ə.d̪ʱi.nɑː.jə.kə d͡ʒə.jə ɦeː] [bʱɑː.ɾə.t̪ə bʱɑːg.jə ʋɪ.dʱɑː.t̪ɑː ǁ] [pəɲ.d͡ʒɑː.bə sɪn.d̪ʱə gʊ.d͡ʒə.ɾɑː.t̪ə mə.ɾɑː.ʈʰɑː |] [d̪ɾɑː.ʋɪ.ɽə ʊt̪.kə.lə bəŋ.gə] [ʋɪnd̪ʱ.jə ɦɪ.mɑː.t͡ʃə.lə jə.mʊ.nɑː gəŋ.gɑː |] [ʊt.t͡ʃʰə.lə d͡ʒə.lə.d̪ʱi t̪ə.ɾəŋ.gə] [t̪ə.ʋə ʃʊ.bʱə nɑː.meː d͡ʒɑː.geː] [t̪ə.ʋə ʃʊ.bʱɑː.ʃiː.ʂə mɑːŋ.geː] [gɑː.ɦeː t̪ə.ʋə d͡ʒə.jə gɑː.t̪ʰɑː ‖] [d͡ʒə.nə gə.ɳə məŋ.gə.lə d̪ɑː.jə.kə d͡ʒə.jə ɦeː |] [bʱɑː.ɾə.t̪ə bʱɑːg.jə ʋɪ.d̪ʱɑː.t̪ɑː ‖] [d͡ʒə.jə ɦeː | d͡ʒə.jə ɦeː | d͡ʒə.jə ɦeː |] [d͡ʒə.jə d͡ʒə.jə d͡ʒə.jə d͡ʒə.jə ɦeː ‖] Victory to
3020-421: Is a Brahmo hymn that has five verses and only the first verse has been adopted as the national anthem. If put forward succinctly, the anthem conveys the spirit of pluralism or in a more popular term the concept of 'unity in diversity', which lies at the core of India's cultural heritage . The lyrics of the song first appeared in 5 stanzas in Bengali magazine in an issue of Tatwabodhini Patrika . The melody of
3171-694: Is defined by being officially designated as the national song of a particular state, then La Marseillaise , which was officially adopted by the French National Convention in 1796 , would qualify as the first official national anthem. The Olympic Charter of 1920 introduced the ritual of playing the national anthems of the gold medal winners. From this time, the playing of national anthems became increasingly popular at international sporting events, creating an incentive for such nations that did not yet have an officially defined national anthem to introduce one. The United States introduced
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#17327766442983322-415: Is not the best line to follow ... The uncertainties of life are not appalling to one who has not, at heart, worldly ambitions. Moreover, it is not possible to serve one's country in the best and fullest manner if one is chained on to the civil service." In April 1921, Subhas Bose made his decision firm not to take the final examination for the ICS and wrote to Sarat informing him of the same, apologizing for
3473-644: Is seen as a first of its kind in Asia. Even when faced with military reverses, Bose was able to maintain support for the Azad Hind movement. Spoken as a part of a motivational speech for the Indian National Army at a rally of Indians in Burma on 4 July 1944, Bose's most famous quote was "Give me blood, and I shall give you freedom!" In this, he urged the people of India to join him in his fight against
3624-624: Is sung in the raga Alhaiya Bilaval . In the national anthem, the tivra Madhyama svara is employed. The composition was first sung during a convention of the Indian National Congress in Calcutta on 27 December 1911. It was sung on the second day of the convention. The event was reported as such in the British Indian press: "The Bengali poet Rabindranath Tagore sang a song composed by him specially to welcome
3775-481: Is sung. It will not be right to say that disrespect is shown by not joining in the singing. Standing up respectfully when the National Anthem is sung but not singing oneself clearly does not either prevent the singing of the National Anthem or cause disturbance to an assembly engaged in such singing so as to constitute the offence mentioned in s. 3 of the Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act . In some states,
3926-493: Is that only those provinces that were under direct British rule, i.e. Punjab , Sindh , Gujarat , Maratha , Dravida ( South India ), Utkal ( Odisha ) and Bengal , were mentioned. None of the princely states – Jammu and Kashmir , Rajputana , Hyderabad , Mysore or the states in Northeast India , which are now parts of India, were mentioned. However, opponents of this proposition claim that Tagore mentioned only
4077-466: Is unknown and disputed. Very few countries have a national anthem written by a world-renowned composer. Exceptions include Germany, whose anthem " Das Lied der Deutschen " uses a melody written by Joseph Haydn , and Austria, whose national anthem " Land der Berge, Land am Strome " is sometimes credited to Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart . The music of the " Pontifical Anthem ", anthem of the Vatican City,
4228-497: Is used for sign-ons and closedowns instead). The use of a national anthem outside of its country, however, is dependent on the international recognition of that country. For instance, Taiwan has not been recognized by the International Olympic Committee as a separate nation since 1979 and must compete as Chinese Taipei ; its " National Banner Song " is used instead of its national anthem . In Taiwan,
4379-721: The pooja holidays. Following his five older brothers, Bose entered the Baptist Mission's Protestant European School in Cuttack in January 1902. English was the medium of all instruction in the school, the majority of the students being European or Anglo-Indians of mixed British and Indian ancestry. The curriculum included English—correctly written and spoken—Latin, the Bible, good manners, British geography, and British History; no Indian languages were taught. The choice of
4530-866: The Axis powers , Bose boarded a German submarine in February 1943. Off Madagascar, he was transferred to a Japanese submarine from which he disembarked in Japanese-held Sumatra in May 1943. With Japanese support, Bose revamped the Indian National Army (INA), which comprised Indian prisoners of war of the British Indian army who had been captured by the Japanese in the Battle of Singapore . A Provisional Government of Free India
4681-688: The Caribbean use a more simplistic fanfare . Some countries that are devolved into multiple constituent states have their own official musical compositions for them (such as with the United Kingdom , Russia , and the Soviet Union ); their constituencies' songs are sometimes referred to as national anthems even though they are not sovereign states . In the early modern period , some European monarchies adopted royal anthems . Some of these anthems have survived into current use. " God Save
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4832-648: The Cellular Jail . During Bose's visit to the islands several locals attempted to alert Bose to Singh's plight, but apparently without success. During this time Loganathan became aware of his lack of any genuine administrative control and resigned in protest as Governor General, later returning to the Government's headquarters in Rangoon. On the Indian mainland, an Indian Tricolour flag, modelled after that of
4983-523: The Dutch Revolt , it was already a popular orangist hymn during the 17th century, though it would take until 1932 for it to be officially recognized as the Dutch national anthem. The lyrics of the Japanese national anthem, Kimigayo , predate those of the Dutch anthem by several centuries, being taken from a Heian period (794–1185) poem, but were not set to music until 1880 . If a national anthem
5134-712: The Hikari Kikan and Mohan Singh, who came to believe that the Japanese High Command was using the INA as a mere pawn and propaganda tool. Singh was taken into custody and the troops returned to the prisoner-of-war camp. However, the idea of an independence army was revived with the arrival of Subhas Chandra Bose in the Far East in 1943. In July, at a meeting in Singapore, Rash Behari Bose handed over control of
5285-645: The Indian Civil Services (ICS) examination. Arriving in London on 20 October 1919, Subhas readied his application for the ICS. For his references he put down Lord Sinha of Raipur , Under Secretary of State for India, and Bhupendranath Basu , a wealthy Calcutta lawyer who sat on the Council of India in London. Bose was eager also to gain admission to a college at the University of Cambridge . It
5436-456: The Indian National Congress party. Bose attempted to maintain unity, but Gandhi advised Bose to form his own cabinet. The rift also divided Bose and Nehru; he appeared at the 1939 Congress meeting on a stretcher. He was elected president again over Gandhi's preferred candidate Pattabhi Sitaramayya . U. Muthuramalingam Thevar strongly supported Bose in the intra-Congress dispute. Thevar mobilised all south India votes for Bose. However, due to
5587-662: The Indian National Congress , was raised for the first time in the town of Moirang , in Manipur , in north-eastern India. The adjacent towns of Kohima and Imphal were then encircled and placed under siege by divisions of the Japanese Army, working in conjunction with the Burmese National Army, and with Brigades of the INA, known as the Gandhi and Nehru Brigades. This attempt at conquering the Indian mainland had
5738-601: The Jehovah's Witnesses religious denomination were expelled by school authorities for their refusal to sing the national anthem on religious grounds, although they stood up when the anthem was sung. The Kerala High Court concluded that there was nothing in it which could offend anyone's religious susceptibilities, and upheld their expulsion. On 11 August 1986, the Supreme Court reversed the High Court and ruled that
5889-465: The Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act for not standing during the anthem at a cinema, in the first such arrest of its kind made by a state government. On 3 July 2023, an executive magistrate in Srinagar sent 11 men to jail for a week, allegedly not rising for the anthem at a 25 June event in the presence of J&K Lt Governor Manoj Sinha . Other incidents of violent outbreaks associated with
6040-515: The Third Class . He prepared to sail for India in June 1921, electing for a fellow Indian student to pick up his diploma. Subhas Bose, aged 24, arrived ashore in India at Bombay on the morning of 16 July 1921 and immediately set about arranging an interview with Mahatma Gandhi. Gandhi, aged 51, was the leader of the non-cooperation movement that had taken India by storm the previous year and in
6191-692: The 12-year-old Subhas Bose followed his five brothers to the Ravenshaw Collegiate School in Cuttack. Here, Bengali and Sanskrit were also taught, as were ideas from Hindu scriptures such as the Vedas and the Upanishads not usually picked up at home. Although his western education continued apace, he began to wear Indian clothes and engage in religious speculation. To his mother, he wrote long letters which displayed acquaintance with
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6342-615: The 1930s was mostly by newly formed or newly independent states, such as the First Portuguese Republic ( A Portuguesa , 1911), the Kingdom of Greece (" Hymn to Liberty ", 1865), the First Philippine Republic ( Marcha Nacional Filipina , 1898), Lithuania ( Tautiška giesmė , 1919), Weimar Germany ( Deutschlandlied , 1922), Ireland ( Amhrán na bhFiann , 1926) and Greater Lebanon (" Lebanese National Anthem ", 1927). Though
6493-765: The Axis codename of Operation U-Go . During this operation, on 6 July 1944, in a speech broadcast by the Azad Hind Radio from Singapore, Bose addressed Mahatma Gandhi as the "Father of the Nation" and asked for his blessings and good wishes for the war he was fighting. This was the first time that Gandhi was referred to by this appellation. The protracted Japanese attempts to take these two towns depleted Japanese resources, with Operation U-Go ultimately proving unsuccessful. Through several months of Japanese onslaught on these two towns, Commonwealth forces remained entrenched in
6644-775: The British Raj. Spoken in Hindi, Bose's words are highly evocative. The troops of the INA were under the aegis of a provisional government, the Azad Hind Government, which came to produce its own currency, postage stamps, court and civil code, and was recognised by nine Axis states—Germany, Japan, Italian Social Republic , the Independent State of Croatia , the Wang Jingwei regime in Nanjing , China,
6795-507: The British from India. When he met Hitler in May 1942, his suspicions were confirmed, and he came to believe that the Nazi leader was more interested in using his men to win propaganda victories than military ones. So, in February 1943, Bose boarded a German U-boat and left for Japan. This left the men he had recruited leaderless and demoralised in Germany. In 1943, after being disillusioned that Germany could be of any help in gaining India's independence, Bose left for Japan. He travelled with
6946-492: The Congress as a Bertram Mills circus , which caused a great deal of indignation among the Bengalis. A little later, Bose was again arrested and jailed for civil disobedience ; this time he emerged to become Mayor of Calcutta in 1930. During the mid-1930s Bose travelled in Europe, visiting Indian students and European politicians, including Benito Mussolini . He observed party organisation and saw communism and fascism in action. In this period, he also researched and wrote
7097-421: The Congress leaders, including Gandhi, over the future federation of British India and princely states , but also because discomfort had grown among the Congress leadership over Bose's negotiable attitude to non-violence, and his plans for greater powers for himself. After the large majority of the Congress Working Committee members resigned in protest, Bose resigned as president and was eventually ousted from
7248-413: The Congress leadership. Having failed to persuade Gandhi of the necessity of this, Bose organised mass protests in Calcutta calling for the removal of the "Holwell Monument" , which then stood at the corner of Dalhousie Square in memoriam of those who died in the Black Hole of Calcutta . He was thrown in jail by the British, but was released following a seven-day hunger strike. Bose's house in Calcutta
7399-440: The Congress party and worked with Jawaharlal Nehru for independence. In late December 1928, Bose organised the Annual Meeting of the Indian National Congress in Calcutta. His most memorable role was as General officer commanding (GOC) Congress Volunteer Corps. Author Nirad Chaudhuri wrote about the meeting: Bose organized a volunteer corps in uniform, its officers were even provided with steel-cut epaulettes ... his uniform
7550-433: The Congress party session started with a prayer in Bengali to praise God (song of benediction). This was followed by a resolution expressing loyalty to King George V. Then another song was sung welcoming King George V." ( Amrita Bazar Patrika , 28 December 1911) "The annual session of Congress began by singing a song composed by the great Bengali poet Rabindranath Tagore. Then a resolution expressing loyalty to King George V
7701-399: The Emperor." ( Statesman , 28 December 1911) "The proceedings began with the singing by Rabindranath Tagore of a song specially composed by him in honour of the Emperor." ( Englishman , 28 December 1911) "When the proceedings of the Indian National Congress began on Wednesday 27 December 1911, a Bengali song in welcome of the Emperor was sung. A resolution welcoming the Emperor and Empress
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#17327766442987852-403: The Fourth or George the Fifth as the Eternal Charioteer leading the pilgrims on their journey through countless ages of the timeless history of mankind." (Purvasa, Phalgun, 1354, p. 738.) These clarifications by Tagore regarding the controversy occurred only after the death of King George V in 1936. Earlier, in 1915, after Tagore was awarded the Nobel Literature Prize , George V had conferred
8003-428: The German and Indian officials in the Special Bureau for India in Berlin. It is now used throughout India. Bose was born into wealth and privilege in a large Bengali family in Orissa during the British Raj . The early recipient of an Anglo-centric education, he was sent after college to England to take the Indian Civil Service examination. He succeeded with distinction in the first exam but demurred at taking
8154-403: The German armed forces whilst stating Bose's overall leadership of India. He was also, however, prepared to envisage an invasion of India via the USSR by Nazi troops, spearheaded by the Azad Hind Legion ; many have questioned his judgment here, as it seems unlikely that the Germans could have been easily persuaded to leave after such an invasion, which might also have resulted in an Axis victory in
8305-417: The German submarine U-180 around the Cape of Good Hope to the southeast of Madagascar, where he was transferred to the I-29 for the rest of the journey to Imperial Japan . This was the only civilian transfer between two submarines of two different navies in World War II. The Indian National Army (INA) was the brainchild of Japanese Major (and post-war Lieutenant-General) Iwaichi Fujiwara , head of
8456-411: The High Court had misdirected itself because the question is not whether a particular religious belief or practice appeals to our reason or sentiment but whether the belief is genuinely and conscientiously held as part of the profession or practice of religion. "Our personal views and reactions are irrelevant." The Supreme Court affirmed the principle that it is not for a secular judge to sit in judgment on
8607-404: The ICS. Subhas Bose took the open competitive exam for them in August 1920 and was placed fourth. This was a vital first step. Still remaining was a final examination in 1921 on more topics on India, including the Indian Penal Code , the Indian Evidence Act , Indian history, and an Indian language. Successful candidates had also to clear a riding test. Having no fear of these subjects and being
8758-479: The INC "should be organised on the broadest anti-imperialist front with the two-fold objective of winning political freedom and the establishment of a socialist regime." By 1938 Bose had become a leader of national stature and agreed to accept nomination as Congress President. He stood for unqualified Swaraj (self-governance), including the use of force against the British. This meant a confrontation with Mohandas Gandhi, who in fact opposed Bose's presidency, splitting
8909-486: The Japanese Navy remained in essential control of the island's administration. During Bose's only visit to the islands in early 1944, apparently in the interest of shielding Bose from attaining a full knowledge of ultimate Japanese intentions, his Japanese hosts carefully isolated him from the local population. At that time the island's Japanese administration had been torturing the leader of the island's Indian Independence League, Diwan Singh , who later died of his injuries in
9060-437: The Japanese intelligence unit Fujiwara Kikan . Fujiwara's mission was "to raise an army which would fight alongside the Japanese army." He first met Pritam Singh Dhillon , the president of the Bangkok chapter of the Indian Independence League , and through Pritam Singh's network recruited a captured British Indian army captain, Mohan Singh , on the western Malayan peninsula in December 1941. The First Indian National Army
9211-451: The King/Queen ", first performed in 1619, remains the royal anthem of the United Kingdom and the Commonwealth realms . La Marcha Real , adopted as the royal anthem of the Spanish monarchy in 1770, was adopted as the national anthem of Spain in 1939. Denmark retains its royal anthem, Kong Christian stod ved højen mast (1780) alongside its national anthem ( Der er et yndigt land , adopted 1835). In 1802, Gia Long commissioned
SECTION 60
#17327766442989362-505: The Lord of the minds of the people, the Dispenser of India's destiny! Punjab , Sindh , Gujarat , Maratha , Dravida , Odisha , Bengal , The Vindhyas , the Himalayas , the Yamunas , the Ganges , the wavering waves of the Ocean All arise in Your auspicious Name, seek Your auspicious blessings, sing Your victory lore. Victory to the Gracious of the people, the Dispenser of India's destiny! Victory to, victory to, victory to, victory victory victory to You. Thou art
9513-578: The United Kingdom ( God Save the King ) and Sweden ( Du gamla, Du fria ; the country also has a royal anthem, Kungssangen ). Countries that have moved to officially adopt de iure their long-standing de facto anthems since the 1990s include: Luxembourg ( Ons Heemecht , adopted 1993), South Africa ( National anthem of South Africa , adopted 1997), Israel ( Hatikvah , composed 1888, de facto use from 1948, adopted 2004) and Italy ( Il Canto degli Italiani , composed 1847, de facto use from 1946, adopted 2017). National anthems are used in
9664-455: The United Nations held in New York in 1947 gave a recording of "Jana Gana Mana" as the country's national anthem. The song was played by the house orchestra in front of a gathering consisting of representatives from all over the world. The National Anthem of India is played or sung on various occasions. Instructions have been issued from time to time about the correct versions of the anthem, the occasions on which these are to be played or sung and
9815-496: The Vice-Chancellor of Calcutta University. Despite this, Subhas Bose's expulsion remained in place until 20 July 1917, when the Syndicate of Calcutta University granted him permission to return, but to another college. He joined Scottish Church College , receiving his B.A. in 1918 in the First Class with honours in philosophy, placing second among all philosophy students in Calcutta University. At his father's urging, Subhas Bose agreed to travel to England to prepare and appear for
9966-664: The War. Soon, according to historian Romain Hayes, "the (German) Foreign Office procured a luxurious residence for (Bose) along with a butler, cook, gardener, and an SS-chauffeured car. Emilie Schenkl moved in openly with him. The Germans, aware of the nature of the relationship, refrained from any involvement." However, most of the staff in the Special Bureau for India , which had been set up to aid Bose, did not get along with Emilie. In particular Adam von Trott , Alexander Werth and Freda Kretschemer, according to historian Leonard A. Gordon , "appear to have disliked her intensely. They believed that she and Bose were not married and that she
10117-428: The anchor of family life, had her first child at age 14 and 13 children thereafter. Subhas was the ninth child and the sixth son. Jankinath, a successful lawyer and government pleader , was loyal to the government of British India and scrupulous about matters of language and the law. A self-made man from the rural outskirts of Calcutta , he had remained in touch with his roots, returning annually to his village during
10268-399: The anthem must be played before films are played at cinemas. On 30 November 2016, to instil "committed patriotism and nationalism", the Supreme Court ordered that all cinemas nationwide must play the national anthem, accompanied by an image of the flag of India, before all films. Patrons were expected to stand in respect of the anthem, and doors to a cinema hall were expected to be locked during
10419-433: The anthem to minimise disruption. The order was controversial, as it was argued that patrons who chose not to participate would be targeted and singled out, as was the case in an incident publicised in 2015 which purported to show a group of patrons (alleged by the YouTube uploader to be Muslims) being heckled by others. On 10 February 2017, two Kashmiris (which included an employee of the state government) were arrested under
10570-487: The auspices of the University of Calcutta . Subhas Bose followed his five brothers again 1913 to Presidency College, Calcutta , the historic and traditional college for Bengal's upper- caste Hindu men. He chose to study philosophy, his readings including Kant , Hegel , Bergson and other Western philosophers . A year earlier, he had befriended Hemanta Kumar Sarkar , a confidant and partner in religious yearnings. At Presidency, their emotional ties grew stronger. In
10721-415: The beginning, joined the Forward Bloc. When Bose visited Madurai on 6 September, Thevar organised a massive rally as his reception. When Subhas Chandra Bose was heading to Madurai, on an invitation of Muthuramalinga Thevar to amass support for the Forward Bloc, he passed through Madras and spent three days at Gandhi Peak. His correspondence reveals that despite his clear dislike for British subjugation, he
10872-452: The best-known national anthems were written by little-known or unknown composers such as Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle , composer of " La Marseillaise " and John Stafford Smith who wrote the tune for " The Anacreontic Song ", which became the tune for the U.S. national anthem, " The Star-Spangled Banner ". The author of "God Save the King", one of the oldest and best-known anthems in the world,
11023-611: The body, especially on his chest, doubting very much that he would live. Dr. Yoshimi promptly began to treat Bose and was assisted by Dr. Tsuruta. According to historian Leonard A. Gordon , who interviewed all the hospital personnel later, A disinfectant, Rivamol [ sic ], was put over most of his body and then a white ointment was applied and he was bandaged over most of his body. Dr. Yoshimi gave Bose four injections of Vita Camphor and two of Digitamine for his weakened heart. These were given about every 30 minutes. Since his body had lost fluids quickly upon being burnt, he
11174-514: The border states of India to include complete India. Whether the princely states would form a part of an independent Indian republic was a matter of debate even until Indian independence . In 2005, there were calls to delete the word "Sind" and substitute it with the word Kashmir . The argument was that Sindh was no longer a part of India, having become part of Pakistan as a result of the Partition of 1947 . Opponents of this proposal hold that
11325-472: The college (also an expert in European music and wife of Irish poet James Cousins). Based on the notes provided by Tagore himself, the song was preserved in 1919 in Western notation at Madanapalle of Andhra Pradesh by Margaret Cousins and her students. The whole episode was recorded by James Cousins in his autobiography "We Two Together": In a voice surprisingly light for so large a man, he sang something like
11476-401: The correctness of a religious belief. The Supreme Court observed in its ruling that: There is no provision of law which obliges anyone to sing the National Anthem nor is it disrespectful to the National Anthem if a person who stands up respectfully when the National Anthem is sung does not join the singing. Proper respect is shown to the National Anthem by standing up when the National Anthem
11627-406: The country generally). Various solutions may be used when countries with different national anthems compete in a unified team. When North Korea and South Korea participated together in the 2018 Winter Olympics , the folk song " Arirang ", beloved on both sides of the border and seen as a symbol of Korea as a whole, was used as an anthem instead of the national anthem of either state. Most of
11778-818: The country's first constitution, and in Malta, written by Dun Karm Psaila , already a National Poet . A similar case is Liberia, the national anthem of which was written by its third president, Daniel Bashiel Warner . A national anthem, when it has lyrics (as is usually the case), is most often in the national or most common language of the country, whether de facto or official , though there are notable exceptions. Most commonly, states with more than one national language may offer several versions of their anthem, for instance: Subhas Chandra Bose Subhas Chandra Bose ( / ʃ ʊ b ˈ h ɑː s ˈ tʃ ʌ n d r ə ˈ b oʊ s / shuub- HAHSS CHUN -drə BOHSS ; 23 January 1897 – 18 August 1945)
11929-564: The country's national anthem is sung before instead of during flag-rising and flag-lowering , followed by the National Banner Song during the actual flag-rising and flag-lowering. Even within a state, the state's citizenry may interpret the national anthem differently (such as in the United States some view the U.S. national anthem as representing respect for dead soldiers and policemen whereas others view it as honouring
12080-403: The crash had occurred, expecting Bose to return to secure India's independence. The Indian National Congress , the main instrument of Indian nationalism, praised Bose's patriotism but distanced itself from his tactics and ideology. The British Raj , never seriously threatened by the INA, charged 300 INA officers with treason in the Indian National Army trials , but eventually backtracked in
12231-580: The curved. That Lord of Destiny, that Reader of the Collective Mind of India, that Perennial Guide, could never be George V, George VI, or any other George. Even my official friend understood this about the song. After all, even if his admiration for the crown was excessive, he was not lacking in simple common sense." Again in his letter of 19 March 1939, Tagore writes: "I should only insult myself if I cared to answer those who consider me capable of such unbounded stupidity as to sing in praise of George
12382-547: The custom of an officially adopted national anthem became popular in the 19th century, some national anthems predate this period, often existing as patriotic songs long before their designation as national anthem. If an anthem is defined as consisting of both a melody and lyrics, then the oldest national anthem in use today is the national anthem of the Netherlands, the Wilhelmus . Written between 1568 and 1572 during
12533-625: The diversionary attacks in Arakan, as well as the Japanese thrust towards Imphal and Kohima . The Japanese also took possession of Andaman and Nicobar Islands in 1942 and a year later, the Provisional Government and the INA were established in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands with Lt Col. Arcot Doraiswamy Loganadan appointed its Governor General. The islands were renamed Shaheed (Martyr) and Swaraj (Independence). However,
12684-613: The face of opposition by the Congress, and a new mood in Britain for rapid decolonisation in India. Bose's legacy is mixed. Among many in India, he is seen as a hero, his saga serving as a would-be counterpoise to the many actions of regeneration, negotiation, and reconciliation over a quarter-century through which the independence of India was achieved. His collaborations with Japanese fascism and Nazism pose serious ethical dilemmas, especially his reluctance to publicly criticize
12835-782: The fall of Rangoon , Bose's government ceased to be an effective political entity. A large proportion of the INA troops surrendered under Lt Col Loganathan. The remaining troops retreated with Bose towards Malaya or made for Thailand . Japan's surrender at the end of the war also led to the surrender of the remaining elements of the Indian National Army. The INA prisoners were then repatriated to India and some tried for treason . Subhas Chandra Bose died on 18 August 1945 from third-degree burns after his airplane crashed in Japanese-ruled Formosa (now Taiwan ). However, many among his supporters, especially in Bengal, refused at
12986-578: The fanciful language of religious imagery, they declared their pure love for each other. In the long vacations of 1914, they traveled to northern India for several months to search for a spiritual guru to guide them. Subhas's family was not told clearly about the trip, leading them to think he had run away. During the trip, in which the guru proved elusive, Subhas came down with typhoid fever. His absence caused emotional distress to his parents, leading both parents to break down upon his return. Heated words were exchanged between Janakinath and Subhas. It took
13137-617: The first and last lines of the National Anthem is also played on certain occasions. जन-गण-मन अधिनायक जय हे भारत भाग्य विधाता । जय हे, जय हे, जय हे, जय जय जय जय हे । Jana-gana-mana-adhin a yaka jaya h e Bh a rat-bh a gya vidh a t a . Jaya h e , jaya h e , jaya h e , jaya jaya jaya jaya h e . Jana-gaṇa-mana adhināyaka jaya hē Bhārat-bhāgya-vidhātā. Jaya hē, jaya hē, jaya hē, jaya jaya jaya jaya hē. [d͡ʒə.nə gə.ɳə mə.nə ə.d̪ʱi.nɑː.jə.kə d͡ʒə.jə ɦeː] [bʱɑː.ɾə.t̪ə bʱɑːg.jə ʋɪ.dʱɑː.t̪ɑː ǁ] [d͡ʒə.jə ɦeː | d͡ʒə.jə ɦeː | d͡ʒə.jə ɦeː |] [d͡ʒə.jə d͡ʒə.jə d͡ʒə.jə d͡ʒə.jə ɦeː ‖] "Jana Gana Mana"
13288-612: The first part of his book The Indian Struggle , which covered the country's independence movement in the years 1920–1934. Although it was published in London in 1935, the British government banned the book in the colony out of fears that it would encourage unrest. Bose was supported in Europe by the Indian Central European Society organized by Otto Faltis from Vienna. In 1938 Bose stated his opinion that
13439-701: The founding meeting of the German-Indian Society on 11 September 1942 in the Hotel Atlantic in Hamburg , "Jana Gana Mana" was played for the first time by the Hamburg Radio Symphony Orchestra as the national anthem of India. The musical notations for this interpretation of the song were prepared by B.L. Mukherjee and Ambik Majumdar. Before it officially became the national anthem of India in 1950, "Jana Gana Mana"
13590-435: The front. The ground staff, now approaching the plane, saw two people staggering towards them, one of whom had become a human torch. The human torch turned out to be Bose, whose gasoline-soaked clothes had instantly ignited. Rahman and a few others managed to smother the flames, but also noticed that Bose's face and head appeared badly burned. According to Joyce Chapman Lebra, "A truck which served as ambulance rushed Bose and
13741-564: The help of Mian Akbar Shah, then a Forward Bloc leader in the North-West Frontier Province. Shah had been out of India en route to the Soviet Union and suggested a novel disguise for Bose to assume. Since Bose could not speak Pashto , it would have made him an easy target of Pashto speakers working for the British. For this reason, Shah suggested that Bose act deaf and dumb, and let his beard grow to mimic those of
13892-470: The host nation's anthem being played last. In some countries, the national anthem is played to students each day at the start and/or end of school as an exercise in patriotism, such as in Tanzania. In other countries the state anthem may be played in a theatre before a play or in a cinema before a movie. Many radio and television stations have adopted this and play the national anthem when they sign on in
14043-521: The ideals for which Mahatma Gandhi stands. I cannot tell you how happy I have been to receive such a letter. It will be worth a treasure for me as it has removed something like a burden from my mind." For some time before Subhas Bose had been in touch with C. R. Das , a lawyer who had risen to the helm of politics in Bengal; Das encouraged Subhas to return to Calcutta. With the ICS decision now firmly behind him, Subhas Bose took his Cambridge B.A. Final examinations half-heartedly, passing, but being placed in
14194-426: The ideas of the Bengali mystic Ramakrishna Paramahamsa and his disciple Swami Vivekananda , and the novel Ananda Math by Bankim Chandra Chatterjee , popular then among young Hindu men. Despite the preoccupation, Subhas was able to demonstrate an ability when needed to focus on his studies, to compete, and to succeed in exams. In 1912, he secured the second position in the matriculation examination conducted under
14345-406: The intent of the order, arguing that citizens "don't have to wear patriotism on our sleeve", and that it should not be assumed that people who do not stand for the anthem were any less patriotic than those who did. In January 2018, the order was lifted, pending further government discussion. In October 2019, a video of a Bengaluru couple being bullied for not standing up during the national anthem in
14496-468: The latter was elected mayor of Calcutta in 1924. During the same year, when Bose was leading a protest march in Calcutta, he, Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi and other leaders were arrested and imprisoned. After a roundup of nationalists in 1925, Bose was sent to prison in Mandalay , British Burma , where he contracted tuberculosis . In 1927, after being released from prison, Bose became general secretary of
14647-489: The leader whom he sought." Das was more flexible than Gandhi, more sympathetic to the extremism that had attracted idealistic young men such as Bose in Bengal. Das launched Bose into nationalist politics. Bose would work within the ambit of the Indian National Congress politics for nearly 20 years even as he tried to change its course. In 1922 Bose founded the newspaper Swaraj and assumed charge of
14798-544: The lines of Turkey's Kemal Atatürk , for at least two decades. For political reasons Bose was refused permission by the British authorities to meet Atatürk at Ankara . During his sojourn in England Bose tried to schedule appointments with several politicians, but only the Labour Party and Liberal politicians agreed to meet with him. Conservative Party officials refused to meet him or show him courtesy because he
14949-629: The manoeuvrings of the Gandhi-led clique in the Congress Working Committee, Bose found himself forced to resign from the Congress presidency. On 22 June 1939 Bose organised the All India Forward Bloc a faction within the Indian National Congress, aimed at consolidating the political left, but its main strength was in his home state, Bengal. U Muthuramalingam Thevar, who was a staunch supporter of Bose from
15100-540: The morning and again when they sign off at night. For instance, the national anthem of China is played before the broadcast of evening news on Hong Kong's local television stations including TVB Jade . In Colombia, it is a law to play the National Anthem at 6:00 and 18:00 on every public radio and television station, while in Thailand, " Phleng Chat Thai " is played at 08:00 and 18:00 nationwide (the Royal Anthem
15251-403: The national anthem of Singapore. None were deemed suitable. The tune eventually selected was (and still is) the anthem of the constituent state of Perak , which was in turn adopted from a popular French melody titled "La Rosalie" composed by the lyricist Pierre-Jean de Béranger . A few anthems have words by Nobel laureates in literature . The first Asian laureate, Rabindranath Tagore , wrote
15402-540: The national anthem takes approximately 52 seconds. A shortened version consisting of the first and last lines (and taking about 20 seconds to play) is also staged occasionally. It was first publicly sung on 27 December 1911 at the Calcutta (present-day Kolkata ) Session of the Indian National Congress . The National Anthem of India is titled "Jana Gana Mana". The song was originally composed in Bengali by India's first Nobel laureate Rabindranath Tagore on 11 December 1911. The parent song, ' Bharoto Bhagyo Bidhata '
15553-411: The need for paying respect to the anthem by observance of proper decorum on such occasions. The substance of these instructions has been embodied in the information sheet issued by the government of India for general information and guidance. The approximate duration of the full version of the National Anthem of India is 52 seconds; the shorter version is approximately 20 seconds. The poem was composed in
15704-632: The night of 17 January 1941, accompanied by his nephew Sisir Kumar Bose , later reaching Gomoh Railway Station (now Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Gomoh Station ) in the then state of Bihar (now Jharkhand ), India. Bose journeyed to Peshawar with the help of the Abwehr , where he was met by Akbar Shah, Mohammed Shah and Bhagat Ram Talwar . Bose was taken to the home of Abad Khan, a trusted friend of Akbar Shah's. On 26 January 1941, Bose began his journey to reach Russia through British India 's North West frontier with Afghanistan. For this reason, he enlisted
15855-524: The notes provided by Tagore himself. And soon it took its place in the "daily deciation" of the combined school and college of Besant Hall in Madanapalle and is still sung to this date. It was also here that the song was first translated into English by Tagore as "The Morning Song of India". The song was selected as the national anthem by Subhas Chandra Bose while he was in Germany. On the occasion of
16006-529: The organisation to Subhas Chandra Bose. Bose was able to reorganise the fledgling army and organise massive support among the expatriate Indian population in south-east Asia, who lent their support by both enlisting in the Indian National Army, as well as financially in response to Bose's calls for sacrifice for the independence cause. INA had a separate women's unit, the Rani of Jhansi Regiment (named after Rani Lakshmi Bai ) headed by Capt. Lakshmi Swaminathan , which
16157-502: The other passengers to the Nanmon Military Hospital south of Taihoku." The airport personnel called Dr. Taneyoshi Yoshimi, the surgeon-in-charge at the hospital at around 3 pm. Bose was conscious and mostly coherent when they reached the hospital, and for some time thereafter. Bose was naked, except for a blanket wrapped around him, and Dr. Yoshimi immediately saw evidence of third-degree burns on many parts of
16308-593: The pain he would cause to his father, his mother, and other members of his family. On 22 April 1921, he wrote to the Secretary of State for India , Edwin Montagu , stating, "I wish to have my name removed from the list of probationers in the Indian Civil Service." The following day he wrote again to Sarat: I received a letter from mother saying that in spite of what father and others think she prefers
16459-537: The participating INA contingent were killed. The remaining INA was driven down the Malay Peninsula and surrendered with the recapture of Singapore . Bose chose to escape to Manchuria to seek a future in the Soviet Union which he believed to have turned anti-British. Bose died from third-degree burns after his plane crashed in Japanese Taiwan on 18 August 1945. Some Indians did not believe that
16610-656: The party. In April 1941 Bose arrived in Nazi Germany, where the leadership offered unexpected but equivocal sympathy for India's independence. German funds were employed to open a Free India Centre in Berlin . A 3,000-strong Free India Legion was recruited from among Indian POWs captured by Erwin Rommel 's Afrika Korps to serve under Bose. Although peripheral to their main goals, the Germans inconclusively considered
16761-411: The patriotic song The Star-Spangled Banner as a national anthem in 1931. Following this, several nations moved to adopt as official national anthem patriotic songs that had already been in de facto use at official functions, such as Mexico ( Mexicanos, al grito de guerra , composed 1854, adopted 1943) and Switzerland (" Swiss Psalm ", composed 1841, de facto use from 1961, adopted 1981). By
16912-523: The period of decolonisation in the 1960s, it had become common practice for newly independent nations to adopt an official national anthem. Some of these anthems were specifically commissioned, such as the anthem of Kenya, Ee Mungu Nguvu Yetu , produced by a dedicated "Kenyan Anthem Commission" in 1963. A number of nations remain without an official national anthem adopted de jure . In these cases, there are established de facto anthems played at sporting events or diplomatic receptions. These include
17063-554: The policy were also reported. A cinema club in Kerala (whose film festival was required to comply with the order, leading to several arrests) challenged the order as an infringement of their fundamental rights, arguing that cinemas were "singularly unsuited for the gravitas and sobriety that must accompany the playing of the national anthem", and that the films screened would often "be at odds with sentiments of national respect". In October 2017, Justice Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud questioned
17214-900: The publicity for the Bengal Provincial Congress Committee. His mentor was Chittaranjan Das , a voice for aggressive nationalism in Bengal . In 1923, Bose was elected the President of Indian Youth Congress and also the Secretary of the Bengal State Congress. He became the editor of the newspaper "Forward", which had been founded by Chittaranjan Das . Bose worked as the CEO of the Calcutta Municipal Corporation for Das when
17365-507: The question of means—for Gandhi non-violent means to any end were non-negotiable; in Bose's thought, all means were acceptable in the service of anti-colonial ends. They differed on the question of ends—Bose was attracted to totalitarian models of governance, which were anathematized by Gandhi. According to historian Gordon, "Gandhi, however, set Bose on to the leader of the Congress and Indian nationalism in Bengal, C. R. Das, and in him Bose found
17516-461: The return of Subhas's favorite brother, Sarat Chandra Bose , from law studies in England for the tempers to subside. Subhas returned to presidency and busied himself with studies, debating and student journalism. In February 1916, Bose was alleged to have masterminded, or participated in, an incident involving E. F. Oaten, Professor of History at Presidency. Before the incident, it was claimed by
17667-443: The routine final exam, citing nationalism to be the higher calling. Returning to India in 1921, Bose joined the nationalist movement led by Mahatma Gandhi and the Indian National Congress . He followed Jawaharlal Nehru to leadership in a group within the Congress which was less keen on constitutional reform and more open to socialism. Bose became Congress president in 1938. After reelection in 1939, differences arose between him and
17818-812: The ruler of the minds of all people, dispenser of India's destiny. Thy name rouses the hearts of the Punjab, Sindh, Gujarat and Maratha. of the Dravida, Orissa and Bengal. It echoes in the hills of the Vindhyas and Himalayas, mingles in the music of the Yamuna and Ganges and is chanted by the waves of the Indian Ocean. They pray for thy blessings and sing thy praise. The saving of all people waits in thy hand, thou dispenser of India's destiny. Victory, Victory, Victory to thee. A short version consisting of
17969-487: The school was Janakinath's , who wanted his sons to speak flawless English with flawless intonation, believing both to be important for access to the British in India. The school contrasted with Subhas's home, where only Bengali was spoken. At home, his mother worshipped the Hindu goddesses Durga and Kali , told stories from the epics Mahabharata and Ramayana , and sang Bengali religious songs. From her, Subhas imbibed
18120-469: The song, in raga Alhaiya Bilaval , was composed as a Brahmo Hymn by Tagore himself with possibly some help from his musician grand-nephew Dinendranath Tagore. The final form of the song before the first public performance was set on 11 December 1911. The song was first publicly sung on the second day of the annual session of the Indian National Congress in Calcutta (Kolkata) on 27 December 1911 by Rabindranath Tagore's niece in her school assembly. Then, it
18271-442: The students, Oaten had made rude remarks about Indian culture, and collared and pushed some students; according to Oaten, the students were making an unacceptably loud noise just outside his class. A few days later, on 15 February, some students accosted Oaten on a stairway, surrounded him, beat him with sandals, and took to flight. An inquiry committee was constituted. Although Oaten, who was unhurt, could not identify his assailants,
18422-414: The time, and have refused since, to believe either the fact or the circumstances of his death. Conspiracy theories appeared within hours of his death and have thereafter had a long shelf life, keeping alive various martial myths about Bose. In Taihoku , at around 2:30 pm as the bomber with Bose on board was leaving the standard path taken by aircraft during take-off, the passengers inside heard
18573-684: The towns. Commonwealth forces then counter-attacked, inflicting serious losses on the Axis led forces, who were then forced into a retreat back into Burmese territory. After the Japanese defeat at the battles of Kohima and Imphal, Bose's Provisional Government's aim of establishing a base in mainland India was lost forever. Still the INA fought in key battles against the British Indian Army in Burmese territory, notable in Meiktilla, Mandalay , Pegu , Nyangyu and Mount Popa . However, with
18724-535: The tribesmen. Bose's guide Bhagat Ram Talwar , unknown to him, was a Soviet agent. Supporters of the Aga Khan III helped him across the border into Afghanistan where he was met by an Abwehr unit posing as a party of road construction engineers from the Organization Todt who then aided his passage across Afghanistan via Kabul to the border with the Soviet Union . After assuming the guise of
18875-522: The word "Sind" refers to the Indus River and Sindhi culture and that Sindhi people are a part of India's cultural fabric. The Supreme Court of India declined to change the national anthem and the wording remains unchanged. On 17 December 2013, MLA of Assam , Phani Bhushan Choudhury cited an article in The Times of India published on 26 January 1950, stating that originally the word "Kamarup"
19026-511: The words and music of " Jana Gana Mana " and " Amar Shonar Bangla ", later adopted as the national anthems of India and Bangladesh respectively. Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson wrote the lyrics for the Norwegian national anthem " Ja, vi elsker dette landet ". Other countries had their anthems composed by locally important people. This is the case for Colombia, whose anthem's lyrics were written by former president and poet Rafael Nuñez , who also wrote
19177-561: The worst excesses of German anti-Semitism from 1938 onwards or to offer refuge in India to its victims. Subhas Chandra Bose was born to Bengali parents Prabhabati Bose ( née Dutt ) and Janakinath Bose on 23 January 1897 in Cuttack —in what is today the state of Odisha in India but was part of the Bengal Presidency in British India . Prabhabati, or familiarly Mā jananī ( lit. ' mother ' ),
19328-535: Was mired in the USSR . Bose, due to disappointment over the lack of response from Nazi Germany, was now keen to move to Southeast Asia, where Japan had just won quick victories. However, he still expected official recognition from Nazi Germany. Adolf Hitler during his only meeting with Bose in late May 1942 refused to entertain Bose's requests and facilitated him with a submarine voyage to East Asia. In February 1943, Bose left Schenkl and their baby daughter and boarded
19479-582: Was a politician coming from a colony. In the 1930s leading figures in the Conservative Party had opposed even Dominion status for India. It was during the Labour Party government of 1945–1951, with Attlee as the Prime Minister, that India gained independence. On the outbreak of war, Bose advocated a campaign of mass civil disobedience to protest against Viceroy Lord Linlithgow 's decision to declare war on India's behalf without consulting
19630-631: Was again performed at the Congress conference and this time in aid of instrumental music by the Mahraja Bahadur of Nattore. Outside of Calcutta, the song was first sung by the bard himself at a session in Besant Theosophical College in Madanapalle , Andhra Pradesh on 28 February 1919 when Tagore visited the college and sang the song. The song enthralled the college students and Margaret Cousins, then vice-principal of
19781-460: Was also adopted unanimously." ( Indian , 29 December 1911) Many historians aver that the newspaper reports cited above were misguided. The confusion arose in the Indian press since a different song, "Badshah Humara" written in Hindi by Rambhuj Chaudhary, was sung on the same occasion in praise of George V . The nationalist press in India stated this difference of events clearly: "The proceedings of
19932-537: Was also my friend, had requested that I write a song of felicitation towards the Emperor. The request simply amazed me. It caused a great stir in my heart. In response to that great mental turmoil, I pronounced the victory in Jana Gana Mana of that Bhagya Bidhata [ed. God of Destiny] of India who has from age after age held steadfast the reins of India's chariot through rise and fall, through the straight path and
20083-490: Was an Indian nationalist whose defiance of British authority in India made him a hero among many Indians, but his wartime alliances with Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan left a legacy vexed by authoritarianism , anti-Semitism , and military failure . The honorific 'Netaji' ( Hindustani : "Respected Leader") was first applied to Bose in Germany in early 1942—by the Indian soldiers of the Indische Legion and by
20234-812: Was attached to the Special Bureau for India under Adam von Trott zu Solz which was responsible for broadcasting on the German-sponsored Azad Hind Radio . He founded the Free India Center in Berlin and created the Indian Legion (consisting of some 4500 soldiers) out of Indian prisoners of war who had previously fought for the British in North Africa prior to their capture by Axis forces. The Indian Legion
20385-519: Was attached to the Wehrmacht, and later transferred to the Waffen SS . Its members swore the following allegiance to Hitler and Bose: "I swear by God this holy oath that I will obey the leader of the German race and state, Adolf Hitler , as the commander of the German armed forces in the fight for India, whose leader is Subhas Chandra Bose". This oath clearly abrogated control of the Indian legion to
20536-807: Was composed in 1869 by Charles Gounod , for the golden jubilee of Pope Pius IX 's priestly ordination. When Armenia was under Soviet rule, its anthem, the " Anthem of the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic " used a melody by Aram Khachaturian . The committee charged with choosing a national anthem for the Federation of Malaya (later Malaysia) at independence decided to invite selected composers of international repute to submit compositions for consideration, including Benjamin Britten , William Walton , Gian Carlo Menotti and Zubir Said , who later composed " Majulah Singapura ",
20687-484: Was declared on the Japanese-occupied Andaman and Nicobar Islands and was nominally presided by Bose. Although Bose was unusually driven and charismatic, the Japanese considered him to be militarily unskilled, and his soldierly effort was short-lived. In late 1944 and early 1945, the British Indian Army reversed the Japanese attack on India . Almost half of the Japanese forces and fully half of
20838-512: Was deeply impressed by their methodical and systematic approach and their steadfastly disciplinarian outlook towards life. In England, he exchanged ideas on the future of India with British Labour Party leaders and political thinkers like Lord Halifax , George Lansbury , Clement Attlee , Arthur Greenwood , Harold Laski , J.B.S. Haldane , Ivor Jennings , G.D.H. Cole , Gilbert Murray and Sir Stafford Cripps . He came to believe that an independent India needed socialist authoritarianism , on
20989-723: Was followed in January 1912 at the annual event of the Adi Brahmo Samaj , However, it was largely unknown except to the readers of the Adi Brahmo Samaj journal, Tattwabodhini Patrika . The poem was published in January 1912, under the title Bharat Bhagya Bidhata in the Tatwabodhini Patrika, which was the official publication of the Brahmo Samaj with Tagore then the Editor. In 1917, the song
21140-440: Was formed as a result of discussion between Fujiwara and Mohan Singh in the second half of December 1941, and the name chosen jointly by them in the first week of January 1942. This was along the concept of, and with support of, what was then known as the Indian Independence League headed from Tokyo by expatriate nationalist leader Rash Behari Bose . The first INA was however disbanded in December 1942 after disagreements between
21291-409: Was heard in the 1945 film Hamrahi . It was also adopted as a school song of The Doon School, Dehradun in 1935. On the occasion of India attaining freedom, the Indian Constituent Assembly assembled for the first time as a sovereign body at midnight on 14 August 1947; the session closed with a unanimous performance of "Jana Gana Mana". The members of the Indian delegation to the General Assembly of
21442-401: Was included in the song, but was later changed to "Sindhu" and claimed that Kamarup should be re-included. To this, the then minister Rockybul Hussain replied that the state government would initiate steps in this regard after a response from the newspaper. The debate was further joined by the then minister Ardhendu Dey, mentioning "Sanchayita" (edited by Tagore himself) etc. where he said Kamarup
21593-536: Was kept under surveillance by the CID . Bose's arrest and subsequent release set the scene for his escape to Nazi Germany, via Afghanistan and the Soviet Union. A few days before his escape, he sought solitude and, on this pretext, avoided meeting British guards and grew a beard. Late night 16 January 1941, the night of his escape, he dressed as a Pathan (brown long coat, a black fez-type coat and broad pyjamas) to avoid being identified. Bose escaped from under British surveillance from his Elgin Roadhouse in Calcutta on
21744-408: Was made by a firm of British tailors in Calcutta, Harman's. A telegram addressed to him as GOC was delivered to the British General in Fort William and was the subject of a good deal of malicious gossip in the (British Indian) press. Mahatma Gandhi as a sincere pacifist vowed to non-violence, did not like the strutting, clicking of boots, and saluting, and he afterward described the Calcutta session of
21895-422: Was not mentioned. National anthem A national anthem is a patriotic musical composition symbolizing and evoking eulogies of the history and traditions of a country or nation . The majority of national anthems are marches or hymns in style. American , Central Asian , and European nations tend towards more ornate and operatic pieces, while those in the Middle East , Oceania , Africa , and
22046-412: Was passed. A song paying a heartfelt homage to King George V was then sung by a group of boys and girls." ( The Bengalee , 28 December 1911) Even the report of the annual session of the Indian National Congress of December 1911 stated this difference: "On the first day of 28th annual session of the Congress, proceedings started after singing Vande Mataram . On the second day the work began after singing
22197-535: Was past the deadline for admission. He sought help from some Indian students and from the Non-Collegiate Students Board. The Board offered the university's education at an economical cost without formal admission to a college. Bose entered the register of the university on 19 November 1919 and simultaneously set about preparing for the Civil Service exams. He chose the Mental and Moral Sciences Tripos at Cambridge, its completion requirement reduced to two years on account of his Indian B. A. There were six vacancies in
22348-428: Was the first country to adopt this, during a rugby game against New Zealand in 1905. Since then during sporting competitions, such as the Olympic Games , the national anthem of the gold medal winner is played at each medal ceremony ; also played before games in many sports leagues, since being adopted in baseball during World War II. When teams from two nations play each other, the anthems of both nations are played,
22499-413: Was to have made the negotiations for Bose with the Soviet army in Manchuria, were instantly killed. Bose's assistant Habibur Rahman was stunned, passing out briefly, and Bose, although conscious and not fatally hurt, was soaked in gasoline. When Rahman came to, he and Bose attempted to leave by the rear door, but found it blocked by the luggage. They then decided to run through the flames and exit from
22650-410: Was to have the victory. The next day Rabindranath gave the swarams(notes) of "Jana gana" to Mrs.Cousins so that the melody should have accurate permanent record. He also made the translation of the song into English as 'The Morning Song of India'. Thus, Margaret Cousins became probably the first person to transcribe and preserve Tagore's composition in Western sheet music notation at Madanapalle based on
22801-412: Was using her liaison with Bose to live an especially comfortable life during the hard times of war" and that differences were compounded by issues of class. In November 1942, Schenkl gave birth to their daughter. The Germans were unwilling to form an alliance with Bose because they considered him unpopular in comparison with Mahatma Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru . By the spring of 1942, the German army
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