186-829: Italian Left ( Italian : Sinistra Italiana , SI ) is a left-wing political party in Italy . SI was launched in November 2015 as a parliamentary group in the Chamber of Deputies (full name: Italian Left – Left Ecology Freedom ), including Left Ecology Freedom (SEL), dissidents from the Democratic Party like Future to the Left , and splinters from the Five Star Movement . At its launch, SI included 32 deputies, who were soon followed by eight senators (who formed
372-688: A Romance language of the Indo-European language family that evolved from the Vulgar Latin of the Roman Empire . Italian is the least divergent language from Latin , together with Sardinian (meaning that Italian and Sardinian are the most conservative Romance languages). Spoken by about 85 million people, including 67 million native speakers (2024), Italian is an official language in Italy , San Marino , Switzerland ( Ticino and
558-683: A basic income and green -inspired policies, and has been compared to the anti-austerity movement in Spain , Pirate parties , and Occupy Wall Street . From 2014 to 2019, the M5S also supported some right-wing policies, especially on immigration , and has been described as a New Right or right-wing party, or also compared to the post-war populism of Guglielmo Giannini 's Common Man's Front . Additionally, it has been variously described as anti-globalist , anti-immigration , big tent , Eurosceptic , and pro-Russian . Its members stress that
744-558: A doctorate in philosophy from the Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies , wrote a manifesto for a new "labour" party, which was signed also by the other five MPs and, which read: "The genetic mutation of the PD, born as central force of the Italian centre-left, is unfortunately already completed. The Renzi experience and the introduced mutations won't be a parenthesis. They have already altered in
930-445: A left-wing stance on some major social issues. Fabio Bordignon states that the very first battles of Grillo's people had their roots relating to but not exclusively environmentalism and renewable energy, the problems of poverty and precarious employment, the battles against the power of big business and the effects of globalisation , and the morality of the political sphere and civil rights. He goes on to say that roughly about 10–15% of
1116-612: A "consultation pact", aimed at co-operating on the 2022 Italian presidential election held in late January. In that context, the two parties decided to jointly support Luigi Manconi , a former lawmaker for the Federation of the Greens , the Democrats of the Left , and the Democratic Party (PD) and expert on human rights issues. In June 2022, SI's national assembly formally approved the alliance with EV. In July 2022, SI and EV held
1302-510: A huge number of civil servants and soldiers recruited from all over the country introduced many more words and idioms from their home languages— ciao is derived from the Venetian word s-cia[v]o ("slave", that is "your servant"), panettone comes from the Lombard word panetton , etc. Only 2.5% of Italy's population could speak the Italian standardized language properly when
1488-640: A irreversible way the perception of the PD and its function in the collective imagination". Subsequently, a parliamentary group under the banner of Italian Left was formed in the Chamber of Deputies, whose core was formed by SEL. In February 2016, SI held its constituent assembly in Rome. Consequently, SI was established as a sub-group within the Mixed Group in the Senate: five senators of SEL, two dissidents from
1674-578: A joint convention in Rome named "New Energies", promoting their cooperation and a unitary electoral program. The alliance deliberately took inspiration from the New Ecologic and Social People's Union , the left-wing list formed in the run-up of the 2022 French legislative election . Following the fall of Draghi's government, the early dissolution of the Italian Parliament and the calling of
1860-471: A little over one million people in the United States speak Italian at home. Nevertheless, an Italian language media market does exist in the country. In Canada, Italian is the second most spoken non-official language when varieties of Chinese are not grouped together, with 375,645 claiming Italian as their mother tongue in 2016. Italian immigrants to South America have also brought a presence of
2046-657: A local vernacular. These dialects, as they are commonly referred to, evolved from Vulgar Latin over the course of centuries, unaffected by formal standards and teachings. They are not in any sense "dialects" of standard Italian, which itself started off as one of these local tongues, but sister languages of Italian. Mutual intelligibility with Italian varies widely, as it does with Romance languages in general. The Romance languages of Italy can differ greatly from Italian at all levels ( phonology , morphology , syntax , lexicon , pragmatics ) and are classified typologically as distinct languages. The standard Italian language has
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#17327654875292232-401: A medium-sized city in the metropolitan area of Florence , where it won 17.5% of the vote and its candidate for mayor was elected in the run-off with 65.5%, by beating his Democratic opponent. In December 2016, SEL was dissolved, to merge it into SI in early 2017. In February 2017, SI was officially formed and Nicola Fratoianni was elected as its first secretary. Contextually, SI leader in
2418-500: A mere 1.8% of the vote, leading Fratoianni to resign from secretary of SI. In August 2019, tensions grew within the coalition supporting the government, leading to the issuing of a motion of no-confidence by the League . During the following government crisis , the M5S and the PD agreed to form a new cabinet together, under outgoing Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte . SI, along with the MDP and
2604-641: A national coordination between associations, movements, and organisations. They met to practice promoting and experimenting with direct and participatory democracy, and to share a document of intent, which included the establishment of proposals, abrogative referendums , the direct election of the Ombudsman , the institution of participatory budgeting , a bound mandate for public administrators, and open primaries . On 14 June 2007, Grillo launched Vaffanculo Day (Fuck-off Day), or V-Day, in Bologna . V-Day
2790-567: A new cabinet. On 3 September, members of the M5S voted on the Rousseau platform in favour of an agreement with the PD under the premiership of Conte, with more than 79% of votes out of nearly 80,000 voters. On 4 September, Conte announced the ministers of his new cabinet, which was sworn in at the Quirinal Palace on the following day. On 18 September, Renzi left the PD to found the centrist liberal party Italia Viva (IV); he then joined
2976-658: A poetic and literary origin in the works of Tuscan writers of the 12th century, and, although the grammar and core lexicon are basically unchanged from those used in Florence in the 13th century, the modern standard of the language was largely shaped by relatively recent events. However, Romance vernacular as language spoken in the Italian Peninsula has a longer history. In fact, the earliest surviving texts that can definitely be called vernacular (as distinct from its predecessor Vulgar Latin) are legal formulae known as
3162-468: A policy space that the parties contested. His results were that the M5S ranks first among other parties in welfare expansion, environmental protection, and market regulation, where welfare expansion meant the expansion of public social services and excludes education, environmental protection meant policies in favour of preserving/conserving the environment, and market regulation meant policies designed to create an equitable and open economic market. One of
3348-453: A possible withdrawal of M5S's support to the national unity government, including allegations that Draghi privately criticised Conte and asked Grillo to replace him. This came amid tension between the M5S and the Draghi government on economic, environmental, and foreign policy issues. On 12 July, Draghi stated he would resign if the M5S withdraws its support to the government. On 14 July,
3534-665: A proponent of green politics and direct democracy , and, since the party's crescent involvement in the centre-left coalition , progressivism , social democracy and left-wing populism . From 2014 to 2017, the M5S was a member of the Europe of Freedom and Direct Democracy group in the European Parliament , along with the UK Independence Party and minor Eurosceptic parties. In January 2017, M5S members voted in favour of Grillo's proposal to join
3720-417: A renewed interest in linguistics in the 16th century, sparked a debate that raged throughout Italy concerning the criteria that should govern the establishment of a modern Italian literary and spoken language. This discussion, known as questione della lingua (i.e., the problem of the language ), ran through the Italian culture until the end of the 19th century, often linked to the political debate on achieving
3906-575: A result. Starting in late medieval times in much of Europe and the Mediterranean, Latin was replaced as the primary commercial language by languages of Italy, especially Tuscan and Venetian. These varieties were consolidated during the Renaissance with the strength of Italy and the rise of humanism and the arts . Italy came to enjoy increasing artistic prestige within Europe. A mark of
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#17327654875294092-438: A seven-vowel system, consisting of /a, ɛ, e, i, ɔ, o, u/ , as well as 23 consonants. Compared with most other Romance languages, Italian phonology is conservative, preserving many words nearly unchanged from Vulgar Latin . Some examples: Five Star Movement The Five Star Movement ( Italian : Movimento 5 Stelle [moviˈmento ˈtʃiŋkwe ˈstelle] , M5S ) is a political party in Italy . Its leader and president
4278-479: A single language is that they have evolved so that they are no longer mutually intelligible ; this diagnostic is effective if mutual intelligibility is minimal or absent (e.g. in Romance, Romanian and Portuguese), but it fails in cases such as Spanish-Portuguese or Spanish-Italian, as educated native speakers of either pairing can understand each other well if they choose to do so; however, the level of intelligibility
4464-580: A strong performance in Southern Italy , the M5S defied single-digits polls in July 2022, and they won single-member constituencies in the South that otherwise would have been won by the centre-right coalition. In the 2024 Sardinian regional election , the M5S candidate Alessandra Todde was elected president of Sardinia , the party's first regional president and the region's first female president, at
4650-616: A sub-group within the Mixed Group of the Senate in February 2016), and two MEPs . SI was officially formed as a full-fledged party in February 2017, after SEL had chosen to merge into it in December 2016. The party is led by Nicola Fratoianni . Notable founding members included Nichi Vendola (former leader of SEL), Loredana De Petris , Stefano Fassina , and Sergio Cofferati . In the aftermath of its founding congress, 18 deputies left
4836-657: A surge in popularity in February 2013, the M5S won second place at the 2014 European Parliament election held on 26 May, receiving 21.15% of the vote and returning 17 MEP. In the run-up to the Eighth European Parliament term, the M5S lacked a European affiliation and sought a European parliament group . Initial negotiations were held with Europe of Freedom and Democracy (EFD) co-president Nigel Farage and The Greens–European Free Alliance (Greens/EFA). On 4 June 2014, The Greens/EFA rejected Grillo's attempts to obtain group membership. On 11 June 2014,
5022-532: A two-day online election in which 67,064 members voted, Conte was elected president of the M5S, with 62,242 votes (93%) in favour. The M5S suffered significant losses in the 2021 Italian regional elections in October, particularly the mayor of Rome Virginia Raggi , who was decisively defeated. In November 2021, the senator Emanuele Dessì left the M5S to join the Communist Party . On 7 February 2022,
5208-513: A united Italian state. Renaissance scholars divided into three main factions: A fourth faction claimed that the best Italian was the one that the papal court adopted, which was a mixture of the Tuscan and Roman dialects. Eventually, Bembo's ideas prevailed, and the foundation of the Accademia della Crusca in Florence (1582–1583), the official legislative body of the Italian language, led to
5394-427: Is Giuseppe Conte , who served as Prime Minister of Italy from 2018 until 2021. The party was founded on 4 October 2009 by Beppe Grillo , a political activist and comedian, and Gianroberto Casaleggio , a web strategist. The party is primarily described as populist of the syncretic kind, due to its members' long-time insistence that it has no place in the left–right political spectrum . The party has been
5580-427: Is 89% with French, 87% with Catalan , 85% with Sardinian , 82% with Spanish, 80% with Portuguese , 78% with Ladin , 77% with Romanian . Estimates may differ according to sources. One study, analyzing the degree of differentiation of Romance languages in comparison to Latin (comparing phonology , inflection , discourse , syntax , vocabulary , and intonation ), estimated that distance between Italian and Latin
5766-617: Is a mix of democratic socialism , social democracy , and anti-austerity stances. In his manifesto, D'Attorre wrote that the new party would need to "go beyond the separation between reformists and radicals" and later explained that SI would be Keynesian and opposed to neoliberalism . The coalition's economics adviser is Joseph Stiglitz , a well-known American economist and winner of the Nobel Prize in economics , who had already been involved with Syriza in Greece, Podemos in Spain, and
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5952-759: Is also spoken by a minority in Monaco and France, especially in the southeastern part of the country. Italian was the official language in Savoy and in Nice until 1860, when they were both annexed by France under the Treaty of Turin , a development that triggered the " Niçard exodus ", or the emigration of a quarter of the Niçard Italians to Italy, and the Niçard Vespers . Giuseppe Garibaldi complained about
6138-534: Is higher than that between Sardinian and Latin. In particular, its vowels are the second-closest to Latin after Sardinian . As in most Romance languages, stress is distinctive. Italian is the official language of Italy and San Marino and is spoken fluently by the majority of the countries' populations. Italian is the third most spoken language in Switzerland (after German and French; see Swiss Italian ), although its use there has moderately declined since
6324-460: Is markedly lower between Italian-Spanish, and considerably higher between the Iberian sister languages of Portuguese-Spanish. Speakers of this latter pair can communicate with one another with remarkable ease, each speaking to the other in his own native language without slang/jargon. Nevertheless, on the basis of accumulated differences in morphology, syntax, phonology, and to some extent lexicon, it
6510-504: Is neither a co-official nor a protected language in these countries. Some speakers of Italian are native bilinguals of both Italian (either in its standard form or regional varieties ) and a local language of Italy , most frequently the language spoken at home in their place of origin. Italian is a major language in Europe, being one of the official languages of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe and one of
6696-410: Is not difficult to identify that for the Romance varieties of Italy, the first extant written evidence of languages that can no longer be considered Latin comes from the ninth and tenth centuries C.E. These written sources demonstrate certain vernacular characteristics and sometimes explicitly mention the use of the vernacular in Italy. Full literary manifestations of the vernacular began to surface around
6882-576: Is that citizens will no longer delegate their power to parties, which are considered to be old and corrupted intermediates between the state and themselves, that serve the interests of lobby groups and financial powers. They will succeed only by creating a collective intelligence made possible by the Internet. To go in this direction, the M5S chose its Italian and European parliamentary candidates through online voting by registered members of Grillo's blog. Through an application called Rousseau reachable on
7068-417: Is the idea that the people can express their feelings of vaffanculo , which literally translates as "fuck you", or "fuck off", aimed at the entirety of the political class. This was at the same time an attempt to transform protest into legitimate political action, as they gathered 450,000 signatures for three legislative initiatives created to promulgate a "clean parliament". Eric Turner stipulates that despite
7254-648: Is the main working language of the Holy See , serving as the lingua franca (common language) in the Roman Catholic hierarchy as well as the official language of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta . Italian has a significant use in musical terminology and opera with numerous Italian words referring to music that have become international terms taken into various languages worldwide. Almost all native Italian words end with vowels , and
7440-549: Is used, and the town of Chipilo near Puebla, Mexico; each continues to use a derived form of Venetian dating back to the 19th century. Other examples are Cocoliche , an Italian–Spanish pidgin once spoken in Argentina and especially in Buenos Aires , and Lunfardo . The Rioplatense Spanish dialect of Argentina and Uruguay today has thus been heavily influenced by both standard Italian and Italian regional languages as
7626-509: The Il Globo (Australia) and the La gazzetta del Sud Africa (South Africa). Italian is widely taught in many schools around the world, but rarely as the first foreign language. In the 21st century, technology also allows for the continual spread of the Italian language, as people have new ways to learn how to speak, read, and write languages at their own pace and at any given time. For example,
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7812-991: The La Voce del Popolo ( Croatia ), the Corriere d'Italia (Germany), the L'italoeuropeo (United Kingdom), the Passaparola ( Luxembourg ), the America Oggi (United States), the Corriere Canadese and the Corriere Italiano (Canada), the Il punto d'incontro (Mexico), the L'Italia del Popolo ( Argentina ), the Fanfulla (Brazil), the Gente d'Italia ( Uruguay ), the La Voce d'Italia ( Venezuela ),
7998-401: The 2011 Italian local elections on 15 and 16 May, the M5S was present in 75 of the 1,177 municipalities in the vote, including 18 of the 23 provincial capitals called to vote. In the first round, the M5S entered its representatives in 28 municipalities (for a total of 34 elected councillors) and often resulting in some important decisive ballots. Its best results were in the cities and towns of
8184-477: The 2021 government crisis , which resulted in the formation of a national unity government , which lasted until the 2022 election. The party suffered a substantial defeat in the 2022 general election , winning 15% of the vote to become the third-most-voted party, but due to the electoral system became the fourth-largest party in parliament, where it sits in opposition to the Meloni government . Thanks in part to
8370-462: The 2022 general election , the AVS was officially launched and its logo presented. On 6 August 2022, the alliance formalised an electoral agreement with the PD. AVS elected 12 deputies and four senators, including four deputies and two senators from SI. The November 2023 congress, in which Fratoianni was re-elected secretary, marked the return to active politics by Nichi Vendola , former SEL leader, who
8556-515: The ALDE Group but the party was eventually refused, and sat as Non-Inscrits in the European Parliament , until joining The Left following the 2024 European Parliament election . In November 2014, Grillo appointed a directory composed of five leading members: Alessandro Di Battista , Luigi Di Maio , Roberto Fico , Carla Ruocco , and Carlo Sibilia . It lasted until the following October when Grillo dissolved it and proclaimed himself
8742-594: The Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (ALDE) group rejected the M5S as a potential affiliate in a statement citing the party's perceived Euroscepticism and populism . In an online referendum offered to M5S members on 12 June 2014, the choice of European Parliament affiliation offered were Europe of Freedom and Democracy (EFD), the European Conservatives and Reformists (ECR), or to become Non-Inscrits . Party activists voted 78.1% to join
8928-466: The Chamber of Deputies Arturo Scotto (who was originally a candidate for the leadership Massimiliano Smeriglio ), D'Attorre, Galli and Folino led a splinter group into the Article One – Democratic and Progressive Movement (MDP), a party formed by left-wing splinters of the PD. In March 2017, SI welcomed the four deputies of Possible (Pos) in its group in the Chamber. In April, Campanella left
9114-400: The Democratic Party (PD), won a majority of seats in the Italian Parliament , although the M5S became the largest individual party, with 32.7% of the vote and 227 seats in the Chamber. In May, the M5S entered into coalition talks with centre-left PD, but party secretary Matteo Renzi publicly criticised and rejected the deal being discussed by his fellow party members; the M5S then turned to
9300-504: The Five Star Movement ( Fabrizio Bocchino [ it ] and Francesco Campanella [ it ] ) and one former Democrat (Mineo) joined, while two SEL senators (including Sardinian nationalist Luciano Uras [ fr ; it ] ) refused to join and left their party altogether. Several lists named after SI participated in the 2016 local elections . The party did particularly well in Sesto Fiorentino ,
9486-702: The Gallo-Italic linguistic panorama of Northern Italy , the Italo-Dalmatian , Neapolitan and its related dialects were largely unaffected by the Franco- Occitan influences introduced to Italy mainly by bards from France during the Middle Ages, but after the Norman conquest of southern Italy , Sicily became the first Italian land to adopt Occitan lyric moods (and words) in poetry. Even in
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#17327654875299672-515: The Greens and Left Alliance (AVS) with Green Europe . In June 2015, Stefano Fassina , a former deputy minister in the Letta Cabinet , left the Democratic Party (PD) over disagreements with Matteo Renzi , then PD leader and Prime Minister . In doing this he was followed by his long-time ally Monica Gregori [ it ] . In July, during a convention, Fassina launched Future to
9858-852: The Grisons ), Corsica , and Vatican City . It has official minority status in Croatia , Slovenian Istria , and the municipalities of Santa Tereza and Encantado in Brazil . Italian is also spoken by large immigrant and expatriate communities in the Americas and Australia . Italian is included under the languages covered by the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages in Bosnia and Herzegovina and in Romania , although Italian
10044-399: The Kingdom of Italy in the Dodecanese ). Italian is widely spoken in Malta , where nearly two-thirds of the population can speak it fluently (see Maltese Italian ). Italian served as Malta's official language until 1934, when it was abolished by the British colonial administration amid strong local opposition. Italian language in Slovenia is an officially recognized minority language in
10230-698: The Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia ), although the masses kept speaking primarily their local vernaculars. Italian was also one of the many recognised languages in the Austro-Hungarian Empire . Italy has always had a distinctive dialect for each city because the cities, until recently, were thought of as city-states . Those dialects now have considerable variety . As Tuscan-derived Italian came to be used throughout Italy, features of local speech were naturally adopted, producing various versions of Regional Italian . The most characteristic differences, for instance, between Roman Italian and Milanese Italian are syntactic gemination of initial consonants in some contexts and
10416-420: The Labour Party under Jeremy Corbyn in the United Kingdom. Fassina has also proposed a "controlled disintegration of the Eurozone ". According to its statute, " Sinistra Italiana is an association that is formed to represent work [...] and it is inextricably linked to the movement for peace and anti-fascism. It fights for a society founded on social equality, on respect for the environment. Its objectives are
10602-409: The League . The talks resulted in the proposal for the self-described Government of Change under the leadership of Giuseppe Conte , a law professor close to the M5S. The formation of the cabinet initially failed on 27 May as President Sergio Mattarella did not agree on the appointment of Paolo Savona as the Italian Minister of Economy and Finance due to his perceived Euroscepticism . After
10788-423: The Placiti Cassinesi from the province of Benevento that date from 960 to 963, although the Veronese Riddle , probably from the 8th or early 9th century, contains a late form of Vulgar Latin that can be seen as a very early sample of a vernacular dialect of Italy. The Commodilla catacomb inscription is also a similar case. The Italian language has progressed through a long and slow process, which started after
10974-405: The V of citizenship is a reference to V-Day. On 17 February 2009 in Bologna, a gathering of civic lists discussed the future of the movement and the coming elections. In particular, Sonia Alfano consulted with the activist base of the movement about her possible candidacy for the European Parliament as an independent candidate with the Italy of Values (IdV) list. She became the first Member of
11160-406: The Western Roman Empire's fall in the 5th century. The language that came to be thought of as Italian developed in central Tuscany and was first formalized in the early 14th century through the works of Tuscan writer Dante Alighieri , written in his native Florentine . Dante's epic poems, known collectively as the Commedia , to which another Tuscan poet Giovanni Boccaccio later affixed
11346-416: The confidence vote in both houses of the Italian Parliament on 25–26 October. Conte said he would lead an "uncompromising opposition" and added: "We will be the outpost for the progressive agenda against inequalities, to protect families and businesses in difficulty, to defend the rights and values of our Constitution." In the 2024 Sardinian regional election , former deputy minister Alessandra Todde
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#173276548752911532-518: The motion picture and graphic novel V for Vendetta , which the M5S frequently relates with its principles of political renewal (the logo of the movement shares the use of a red V symbol with the franchise). The third refers to the interjection vaffanculo ("fuck you") directed at bad policy, while the fourth is a reference to the Roman numeral for five. V-Day, which continued the "Clean Parliament" initiative promoted by Grillo since 2006, took place in many Italian cities on 8 September 2007 to evoke
11718-406: The 111 Italian lecturer sections belonging to foreign schools where Italian is taught as a language of culture. As of 2022, Australia had the highest number of students learning Italian in the world. This occurred because of support by the Italian community in Australia and the Italian Government and also because of successful educational reform efforts led by local governments in Australia. From
11904-458: The 13th century in the form of various religious texts and poetry. Although these are the first written records of Italian varieties separate from Latin, the spoken language had probably diverged long before the first written records appeared since those who were literate generally wrote in Latin even if they spoke other Romance varieties in person. Throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, the use of Standard Italian became increasingly widespread and
12090-438: The 1970s. It is official both on the national level and on regional level in two cantons : Ticino and Grisons . In the latter canton, however, it is only spoken by a small minority, in the Italian Grisons . Ticino, which includes Lugano , the largest Italian-speaking city outside Italy, is the only canton where Italian is predominant. Italian is also used in administration and official documents in Vatican City . Italian
12276-404: The 2013 general election. For the first time in Italy, the candidates were chosen by party members through an online primary, which took place 3 to 6 December. On 12 December 2012, Grillo expelled two leading members from the party (Giovanni Favia, regional councillor of Emilia-Romagna, and Federica Salsi, municipal councillor in Bologna) for breaking the party's rules. The former had talked about
12462-401: The 2018 general election, the M5S started a decline in both opinion polls, deputies and senators, and election results, starting with the 2019 European Parliament election . Into the 2018 general election, the M5S proposed a constitutional law that would have obliged members of parliament to resign if they intend to change party. The M5S had won 227 deputies and 112 senators; by February 2022,
12648-409: The EFD group. On 18 June 2014, it was announced that the EFD group had enough MEPs to continue into the 8th European Parliament term. On 24 June 2014, M5S MEP David Borrelli was chosen as the group's new co-president and the EFD group name was amended to Europe of Freedom and Direct Democracy (EFDD) for the upcoming parliament. The EFDD group lost its official group status on 16 October 2014 after
12834-489: The European Parliament (MEP) from the M5S. On 8 March 2009, the first national meeting of the Five Star Civic Lists was held in Florence , where Grillo presented the Charter of Florence, a 12-point program of the various local civic lists in the afternoon. About twenty local groups presented their ideas and experiences. In April 2009, Grillo announced he had received a letter from Nobel Prize winner in economics Joseph Stiglitz in which he declared he would look carefully at
13020-400: The European Parliament, resulting in the first and second preferences (of 419 000 and 143 000). In the same election, as stated by Grillo, 23 councillors were elected from the Five Star Civic Lists, especially in the municipalities of Emilia-Romagna in North Italy. On 9 September 2009, the launch of the National Five Star Movement (M5S), inspired by the ideologies of the Charter of Florence,
13206-462: The Future . In the 2013 Italian general election , the M5S was the second-most popular single party and the third-most popular political force overall, behind the centre-left coalition and the centre-right coalition . The M5S rejected a proposed coalition government with the Democratic Party and entered opposition. In 2016, its candidates, Chiara Appendino and Virginia Raggi were elected mayors of Turin and Rome, respectively. The M5S supported
13392-417: The Internet being promoted by Grillo as horizontal and without hierarchy, many people in Italy critique that claim as being deceiving. He quotes blogger Massimo Mantetellini by saying that the mass comments and posts created by the M5S actually create confusion and allows a top-down modality in which the leaders do not follow their own ideas and principles. The M5S has roots in environmentalism , as well as
13578-417: The Italian dialects has declined in the modern era , as Italy unified under Standard Italian and continues to do so aided by mass media from newspapers to radio to television, diglossia is still frequently encountered in Italy and triglossia is not uncommon in emigrant communities among older speakers. Both situations normally involve some degree of code-switching and code-mixing . Notes: Italian has
13764-489: The Italian language into a lingua franca used not only among clerks, nobility, and functionaries in the Italian courts but also by the bourgeoisie . Italian literature's first modern novel, I promessi sposi ( The Betrothed ) by Alessandro Manzoni , further defined the standard by "rinsing" his Milanese "in the waters of the Arno " ( Florence 's river), as he states in the preface to his 1840 edition. After unification,
13950-625: The League. Additionally, the education ministry Lorenzo Fioramonti left the M5S to join the Mixed Group, the senator Gianluigi Paragone , who would later found the Eurosceptic Italexit party and was joined by the senators Carlo Martelli and Mario Giarrusso , was ejected for voting against the finance bill and for his lack of confidence vote to Conte's second cabinet, the deputies Nunzio Angiola and Gianluca Rospi joined
14136-423: The Left (FaS), an incubator of a new left-leaning party, with other movements and breakaway groups such as Possible (Pos) and Left Ecology Freedom (SEL). In November, one senator ( Corradino Mineo ) and three more deputies ( Alfredo D'Attorre [ it ] , Carlo Galli [ es ; it ] and Vincenzo Folino [ it ] ) left the party in protest against Renzi. D'Attorre, who holds
14322-425: The M5S is not a party but a movement, and the five stars in the name and logo are a reference to five key issues for the party, among them the common good , integral ecology , social justice , technological innovation , and a green economy . The M5S has promoted e-democracy , direct democracy , the principle of "zero-cost politics", degrowth , and nonviolence . Grillo himself once provocatively referred to
14508-404: The M5S revoked the support to the government of national unity regarding a decree concerning economic stimulus to contrast the ongoing energy crisis, leading to a government crisis , and the collapse of Draghi's government on 21 July. Parliament was dissolved and a snap election was called for September 2022. Some early opinion polling for the 2022 Italian general election showed that
14694-561: The M5S–League government. Further defections came in 2019, when the deputy Sara Cunial was ejected after accusing the M5S of "favouring agromafia", the senator Paola Nugnes , who would later join the left-wing parliamentary group Free and Equal (LeU) as an independent representative of the Communist Refoundation Party (PRC), was removed from the M5S after voting against Salvini's decrees on immigration, as did
14880-556: The Mediterranean. The increasing political and cultural relevance of Florence during the periods of the rise of the Medici Bank , humanism , and the Renaissance made its dialect, or rather a refined version of it, a standard in the arts. The Renaissance era, known as il Rinascimento in Italian, was seen as a time of rebirth, which is the literal meaning of both renaissance (from French) and rinascimento (Italian). During this time, long-existing beliefs stemming from
15066-399: The Mixed Group, as did the deputies Santi Cappellani , Massimiliano De Toma , Rachele Silvestri , Nadia Aprile , and Michele Nitti , who joined the PD, and the senator Luigi Di Marzio , while the deputy Flora Frate was expelled from the M5S for failure to return her salary. On 22 January, four days before the 2020 Italian regional elections , Di Maio resigned as party leader and
15252-518: The PD, and the PdL-led centre-right coalition, obtained more votes as coalitions. The M5S was the largest party in the Abruzzo , Marche , Liguria , Sicily , and Sardinia regions. On 21 March 2013, Luigi Di Maio was elected vice-president of the Chamber of Deputies with 173 votes. Aged 26, he was the youngest vice-president of the house to date. Competing in its first European election, with
15438-472: The Republic was 23.79% in Italy and 10% abroad, a total of 7,375,412 votes, second only to the PD, which garnered 8,674,893 votes, electing 54 senators. The party gained a higher share of the vote than was predicted by any of the opinion polls. The M5S won 25.6% of the vote for the Chamber of Deputies, more than any other single party; however, both the centre-left coalition ( Italia. Bene Comune ) dominated by
15624-425: The Rousseau platform, the online platform used by the party, was questioned earlier on in the year. On 31 May 2019, Di Maio won the vote of confidence, with the support of 80% of 56,127 members who voted on the motion. Afterwards, Di Maio pledged to reform the party. In August 2019, Deputy Prime Minister Matteo Salvini announced a motion of no confidence against Prime Minister Conte after growing tensions within
15810-573: The adoption of large-scale energy projects, elimination of waste, sustainable mobility, protection of territory from overbuilding, and remote work . The movement's political discourse often refers to the Internet as a solution to many social, economic, and environmental problems. This approach bears similarities with North American cyber-utopianism and the Californian Ideology . The movement bases its principles on direct democracy as an evolution of representative democracy . The idea
15996-424: The adoption of measures to revitalise youth employment, a cut in pensions of over €5,000 net not entirely based on the contribution method, the reduction of IRPEF rates and the extension of the income tax threshold, and the increase in spending on family welfare measures from 1.5 to 2.5% of GDP. On 4 March, none of the three main groupings, namely the M5S, the centre-right coalition, and the centre-left coalition led by
16182-467: The campaign and reached 15%. Thanks to its stronghold in the South, the party was able to avoid an even bigger win for the centre-right coalition, which was favoured by the Italian electoral law of 2017 and division within the left and centre. For the first time since 2018, the M5S returned at the opposition level and voted against Giorgia Meloni 's government, which had been sworn in on 22 October, in
16368-444: The case of Northern Italian languages, however, scholars are careful not to overstate the effects of outsiders on the natural indigenous developments of the languages. The economic might and relatively advanced development of Tuscany at the time ( Late Middle Ages ) gave its language weight, although Venetian remained widespread in medieval Italian commercial life, and Ligurian (or Genoese) remained in use in maritime trade alongside
16554-506: The center-north, especially in Emilia-Romagna, where the list achieved a share of the vote of between 9% and 12% in Bologna , Rimini , and Ravenna ), and Piedmont . In Southern Italy , it rarely obtained 2% of the vote. In the 2011 Molise regional election on 16 and 17 October, the M5S had its own candidate for the presidency and its own list. The list received 2.27% of the votes and the presidential candidate garnered 5.60% of
16740-406: The centre-left and the centre-right. Fratoianni voiced concerns over SI's participation in the government and the party's national assembly voted against the cabinet. However, two out of three MPs, senator De Petris and deputy Palazzotto, announced their intention to vote in favour anyway, splitting the party. Subsequently, Palazzotto left the party. In January 2022, SI and Green Europe (EV) formed
16926-653: The colonial period. In the early 19th century, Eritrea was the country with the highest number of Italians abroad, and the Italian Eritreans grew from 4,000 during World War I to nearly 100,000 at the beginning of World War II. In Asmara there are two Italian schools, the Italian School of Asmara (Italian primary school with a Montessori department) and the Liceo Sperimentale "G. Marconi" (Italian international senior high school). Italian
17112-401: The consultations with all the parliamentary groups . On the same day, the national direction of the PD officially opened to a cabinet with the M5S, based on pro-Europeanism , a green economy , sustainable development , the fight against economic inequality , and a new immigration policy . In the days that preceded the second round, a confrontation between the PD and the M5S started, while
17298-573: The country (some 0.42% of the total population). Their numbers dropped dramatically after World War II following the Istrian–Dalmatian exodus , which caused the emigration of between 230,000 and 350,000 Istrian Italians and Dalmatian Italians. Italian was the official language of the Republic of Ragusa from 1492 to 1807. It formerly had official status in Albania due to the annexation of
17484-518: The country to the Kingdom of Italy (1939–1943). Albania has a large population of non-native speakers, with over half of the population having some knowledge of the Italian language. The Albanian government has pushed to make Italian a compulsory second language in schools. The Italian language is well-known and studied in Albania, due to its historical ties and geographical proximity to Italy and to
17670-446: The country. A few hundred Italian settlers returned to Libya in the 2000s. Italian was the official language of Eritrea during Italian colonisation . Italian is today used in commerce, and it is still spoken especially among elders; besides that, Italian words are incorporated as loan words in the main language spoken in the country (Tigrinya). The capital city of Eritrea, Asmara , still has several Italian schools, established during
17856-525: The country. The official census, carried out in 2002, reported 2,258 ethnic Italians ( Istrian Italians ) in Slovenia (0.11% of the total population). Italian language in Croatia is an official minority language in the country, with many schools and public announcements published in both languages. The 2001 census in Croatia reported 19,636 ethnic Italians (Istrian Italians and Dalmatian Italians ) in
18042-510: The court of Naples suspended the resolutions regarding the change in the M5S statute and the election of Conte as president of the M5S. On 21 June, Di Maio announced a split over foreign policy disagreements with Conte's faction, leading the formation of the Together for the Future parliamentary group, joined by 51 deputies and 11 senators formerly of M5S. During 2022, rumours arose around
18228-462: The defection of Latvian MEP Iveta Grigule until Polish MEP Robert Iwaszkiewicz joined the group four days later. On 17 November 2015, after an online poll in which 40,995 people took part, the movement changed its logo to replace the URL of co-founder Grillo (beppegrillo.it) with the official movement URL. The other option was to remove Grillo's URL entirely, replacing it with nothing. The grounds for
18414-400: The demands of the rich financier of the moment". It's also against foreign states financing of politicians. It proposes a proportional electoral law and the right for 'out-of-office' citizens to vote in their homes. Italian language Italian ( italiano , pronounced [itaˈljaːno] , or lingua italiana , pronounced [ˈliŋɡwa itaˈljaːna] ) is
18600-533: The deputies Veronica Giannone and Gloria Vizzini , who opposed some of the M5S–League government's legislation, while the deputy Davide Galantino, who would later join the right-wing Brothers of Italy , left the M5S to join the Mixed Group , as did the senator Elena Fattori , who joined Italian Left (SI) in January 2021. In the 2019 European Parliament election in May, the M5S saw decline in its vote share and
18786-464: The design and fashion industries, in some sports such as football and especially in culinary terms. In Italy, almost all the other languages spoken as the vernacular —other than standard Italian and some languages spoken among immigrant communities—are often called " Italian dialects ", a label that can be very misleading if it is understood to mean "dialects of Italian". The Romance dialects of Italy are local evolutions of spoken Latin that pre-date
18972-534: The diffusion of Italian television in the country. Due to heavy Italian influence during the Italian colonial period , Italian is still understood by some in former colonies such as Libya. Although it was the primary language in Libya since colonial rule , Italian greatly declined under the rule of Muammar Gaddafi , who expelled the Italian Libyan population and made Arabic the sole official language of
19158-478: The educated gentlemen was to make the Grand Tour , visiting Italy to see its great historical monuments and works of art. It was expected that the visitor would learn at least some Italian, understood as language based on Florentine. In England, while the classical languages Latin and Greek were the first to be learned, Italian became the second most common modern language after French, a position it held until
19344-401: The election, SI obtained three deputies (Fratoianni, Fassina and Erasmo Palazzotto [ arz ; it ] ) and one senator (De Petris). In October, SI focused on forming an alliance with Luigi de Magistris ' Popular Coalition for the 2019 European Parliament election , and broke with the MDP and LeU. In January 2019, after the MDP's departure, SI returned into LeU's fold and, under
19530-414: The entire LeU, joined Conte's second government , in which SI's Giuseppe De Cristofaro [ Wikidata ] was appointed undersecretary of University. In January 2021, Fratoianni was re-elected secretary of the party during an online congress. In February, after the collapse of the government led by Conte, Mario Draghi was sworn in at the head of a government comprising the main parties of
19716-462: The establishment of Italian, and as such are sister languages to the Tuscan that was the historical source of Italian. They can be quite different from Italian and from each other, with some belonging to different linguistic branches of Romance. The only exceptions to this are twelve groups considered " historical language minorities ", which are officially recognized as distinct minority languages by
19902-465: The experience of local civic lists promoted through the blog. On 29 March 2009, Grillo announced that in the upcoming 2009 European Parliament election in Italy he would support Luigi de Magistris and Sonia Alfano (figures close to the movement) as independent candidates in the lists of IdV, together with the journalist Carlo Vulpio (also close to the movement). On 11 June, De Magistris and Alfano, candidates in all five constituencies, were elected to
20088-487: The fact that it was linguistically an intermediate between the northern and the southern Italian dialects. Thus the dialect of Florence became the basis for what would become the official language of Italy. Italian was progressively made an official language of most of the Italian states predating unification, slowly replacing Latin, even when ruled by foreign powers (such as Spain in the Kingdom of Naples , or Austria in
20274-476: The free website and application Duolingo has 4.94 million English speakers learning the Italian language. According to the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs , every year there are more than 200,000 foreign students who study the Italian language; they are distributed among the 90 Institutes of Italian Culture that are located around the world, in the 179 Italian schools located abroad, or in
20460-507: The full implementation of the Constitution and a democratic and social State of law, in the belief that the freedom of all is the condition and not the limit of everyone's freedom ". The party strongly supports the reduction of working hours for equal pay, the introduction of a minimum wage (of at least 10 euros per hour) to combat "poverty, social despair and precariousness" (such as the citizenship income to which it's in favour),and
20646-426: The government with IV to keep the League and Salvini out of power. During Conte's second government, the M5S continued to suffer parliamentary defections, among them the senator Gelsomina Vono , who left the M5S to join first IV an then FI, the senator Elena Fattori , who moved to the Mixed Group and then joined SI in January 2021. while the senator Ugo Grassi , Stefano Lucidi , and Francesco Urraro joined
20832-654: The head of a centre-left coalition. On 16 July 2005, Beppe Grillo suggested through his blog that supporters adopt social networks, such as Meetup , to communicate and coordinate local meetings. The first "40 Friends of Beppe Grillo" meetups began with the initial aim to "have fun, get together, share ideas and proposals for a better world, starting from one's own city, and discuss and develop my posts, if you believe them". Meetups featured thematic working groups on topics entitled "technology and innovation", "press-communication", " ethical consumerism ", "currency study", "no incinerators", and others. From these beginnings, Grillo
21018-432: The introduction in schools of courses on sex and sentimental education and education to respect and differences; funding for a "freedom income", investments in anti-violence associations and centres, in order to "build a society free from patriarchy and imposed religious legacies". It also supports compulsory and equal parental leave for both parents in order to ensure greater gender equality in work. The party proposes
21204-437: The introduction of jus soli , medical abortion in day hospital, gestation for others (solidarity, altruistic and regulated) and the introduction of identification codes on the uniforms of law enforcement officers to prevent them from engaging in illicit behaviour (such as abuse of power) on the civilians. On LGBT rights, the party proposes: the legalization of equal marriage and adoption for gay couples (and for singles ),
21390-486: The introduction of a representation law to combat exploitation and promote good employment, with the aim of rebuilding a relationship and political representation of labour. It supports a greater investment in public health and public education (from preschool to university), and condemns their strong privatization . It proposes the establishment of a free basic psychologist for all, psychological support services in schools, awareness campaigns and structural investments for
21576-518: The introduction of a wealth tax on large assets ("tax on the rich") to redistribute wealth so that "those who have a lot pay a lot and those who have little pay less". This is done through the elimination of the IMU and stamp duty , replacing them with a single and progressive tax on large net assets per natural person, in order to obtain tens of billions of euros to be used for health, education, free nurseries, pensions and public transport. It also supports
21762-469: The introduction of an anti-relocation law, the fight against tax havens , the lowering of the threshold limit for the use of cash and the gradual replacement of the use of cash with electronic payment methods (eliminating bank commissions) in order to fight tax evasion (recovering hundreds of billions of euros) and mafias. The party is strongly in favour of the legalisation of euthanasia , the legalisation of cannabis (mainly to combat crime), LGBT rights ,
21948-489: The island of Corsica (but not in the neighbouring Sardinia , which on the contrary underwent Italianization well into the late 18th century, under Savoyard sway: the island's linguistic composition, roofed by the prestige of Spanish among the Sardinians , would therein make for a rather slow process of assimilation to the Italian cultural sphere ). The rediscovery of Dante's De vulgari eloquentia , as well as
22134-487: The lack of democracy within the party while the latter had taken part in a political talk show on Italian television, something that was discouraged and later forbidden by Grillo. On 22 February 2013, a large crowd of 800,000 people attended Grillo's final rally before the 2013 general election in Piazza San Giovanni in Rome . On 24 and 25 February 2013, the M5S contested all Italian constituencies; Grillo
22320-577: The language has a 7-vowel sound system ('e' and 'o' have mid-low and mid-high sounds). Italian has contrast between short and long consonants and gemination (doubling) of consonants. During the Middle Ages , the established written language in Europe was Latin, although the great majority of people were illiterate, and only few were well versed in the language. In the Italian Peninsula , as in most of Europe, most would instead speak
22506-588: The language to that continent. According to some sources, Italian is the second most spoken language in Argentina after the official language of Spanish, although its number of speakers, mainly of the older generation, is decreasing. Italian bilingual speakers can be found scattered across the Southeast of Brazil as well as in the South. In Venezuela , Italian is the most spoken language after Spanish and Portuguese, with around 200,000 speakers. In Uruguay , people who speak Italian as their home language are 1.1% of
22692-498: The late 18th century when it tended to be replaced by German. John Milton , for instance, wrote some of his early poetry in Italian. Within the Catholic Church , Italian is known by a large part of the ecclesiastical hierarchy and is used in substitution for Latin in some official documents. Italian loanwords continue to be used in most languages in matters of art and music (especially classical music including opera), in
22878-534: The late 19th to the mid-20th century, millions of Italians settled in Argentina, Uruguay, Southern Brazil and Venezuela, as well as in Canada and the United States, where they formed a physical and cultural presence. In some cases, colonies were established where variants of regional languages of Italy were used, and some continue to use this regional language. Examples are Rio Grande do Sul , Brazil, where Talian
23064-512: The latter's proposed reforms led to an increasingly strained relationship. After the separation, the M5S accused the association of interference in the party's decisions. In May 2021, Isabella Adinolfi became the eighth MEP to defect from the M5S since the 2019 European Parliament election . In July 2021, the senator Matteo Mantero left the M5S to join Power to the People . On 6 August, after
23250-567: The law. On the other hand, Corsican (a language spoken on the French island of Corsica ) is closely related to medieval Tuscan , from which Standard Italian derives and evolved. The differences in the evolution of Latin in the different regions of Italy can be attributed to the natural changes that all languages in regular use are subject to, and to some extent to the presence of three other types of languages: substrata, superstrata, and adstrata . The most prevalent were substrata (the language of
23436-436: The laws proposed over the years are dedicated to the environment alone. Paolo Natale says that in the first years of the party's major success around 2012, the M5S was made up of mainly younger generations of people, and for the most part males who had received high levels of education as well as having left-wing political stances. He states that these people were searching for alternative ways of participating in politics besides
23622-422: The leadership of senator Francesco Laforgia and deputy Luca Pastorino (dissenting members of the MDP and Possible, respectively), the two organisations initiated a collaboration with the goal of forming a joint party at some point. For the 2019 European Parliament election , SI formed a joint list named The Left with the Communist Refoundation Party and other left-wing and far-left groups. The list obtained
23808-463: The left-wing parliamentary group LeU announced its support for a potential M5S–PD cabinet. On 28 August, the PD's newly-elected secretary Nicola Zingaretti announced at the Quirinal Palace his favourable position on forming a new government with the M5S, with Conte at its head. On the same day, Mattarella summoned Conte to the Quirinal Palace for 29 August to give him the task of forming
23994-518: The mainland. In the election, Cancelleri came third with 18.2% of the vote, while the M5S was the most voted for party at 14.9%, obtaining 15 seats out of 90 in the Sicilian Regional Assembly in a very fragmented political landscape; however, the election was characterised by low participation as only 47.4% of eligible voters turned out to vote. On 29 October 2012, Grillo announced guidelines for candidates wishing to stand in
24180-538: The majority. Many political analysts believe the no confidence motion was an attempt to force early elections to improve the League's standing in the Italian Parliament , ensuring Salvini could become the next prime minister. On 20 August, following the parliamentary debate in which he accused Salvini of being a political opportunist who "had triggered the political crisis only to serve his personal interest", Prime Minister Conte resigned his post to President Sergio Mattarella . On 21 August, President Mattarella started
24366-543: The mediation of directive or representational organisms, recognizing to all users of the Internet the role of government and direction that is normally attributed to a few". From the economic point of view, it embraces the theories of degrowth, supporting the creation of "green jobs", and the rejection of polluting and expensive "great works", including incinerators and high-speed rail , aiming for an overall better quality of life and greater social justice. The M5S proposes
24552-473: The meetups and local civic lists, in the initial wake of the discussions started on the net and in the wake of the previous meeting of Perugia, defined the policies for the establishment of civic lists. On 10 October 2007, Grillo gave guidance on how to create the civic lists. On 3 December 2008, Grillo presented the symbol of the Five Star Civic Lists for the 2009 local elections. The logo in
24738-419: The most important rules of M5S is that politics is a temporary service; no one who has already been elected twice at any level (local or national) can be a candidate again and has to return to their original job. Another feature of the movement is the so-called "zero-cost politics", according to which politics must not become a career and way to make money. Belonging to the movement requires the self-reduction of
24924-414: The movement as populist. More recently, the party has been described as progressive . In the M5S, themes are derived from ecology and anti-particracy , promoting the direct participation of citizens, who converge in the management of public affairs through forms of digital democracy, such as e-democracy. The movement wants to be a "democratic encounter outside of party and associative ties and without
25110-412: The nation was unified in 1861. Italian is a Romance language , a descendant of Vulgar Latin (colloquial spoken Latin). Standard Italian is based on Tuscan , especially its Florentine dialect , and is, therefore, an Italo-Dalmatian language , a classification that includes most other central and southern Italian languages and the extinct Dalmatian . According to Ethnologue , lexical similarity
25296-408: The number of printing presses in Italy grew rapidly and by the year 1500 reached a total of 56, the biggest number of printing presses in all of Europe. This enabled the production of more pieces of literature at a lower cost and Italian, as the dominant language, spread. Italian became the language used in the courts of every state in the Italian Peninsula , as well as the prestige variety used on
25482-493: The number of seats held from 21.2% of the vote and 17 seats to 17.1% of the vote and 14 seats. The results were seen as a significant defeat for the party, as the League was able to surpass the M5S in terms of vote share and seats by a large margin. Additionally, the results showed the party had seen a significant decline since the 2018 general election. After the results, Di Maio called a vote of confidence in his leadership after several officials criticised him; transperency of
25668-477: The only way to avoid a right-wing alliance victory was the formation of a large big tent coalition including the M5S, minor left-wing and centrist parties, and their 2019–2021 government ally, the PD. As the M5S was blamed by the PD for causing the fall of Mario Draghi 's government, an alliance was excluded from both sides, despite some pressure from the left to maintain the PD–M5S alliance. They remained allies at
25854-630: The openness of vowels, the length of the consonants, and influence of the local language (for example, in informal situations andà , annà and nare replace the standard Italian andare in the area of Tuscany, Rome and Venice respectively for the infinitive "to go"). There is no definitive date when the various Italian variants of Latin—including varieties that contributed to modern Standard Italian—began to be distinct enough from Latin to be considered separate languages. One criterion for determining that two language variants are to be considered separate languages rather than variants of
26040-584: The original inhabitants), as the Italian dialects were most probably simply Latin as spoken by native cultural groups. Superstrata and adstrata were both less important. Foreign conquerors of Italy that dominated different regions at different times left behind little to no influence on the dialects. Foreign cultures with which Italy engaged in peaceful relations with, such as trade, had no significant influence either. Throughout Italy, regional varieties of Standard Italian, called Regional Italian , are spoken. Regional differences can be recognized by various factors:
26226-458: The other hand, almost everyone still speaks the Corsican idiom , which, due to its linguistic proximity to the Italian standard language, appears both linguistically as an Italian dialect and therefore as a carrier of Italian culture, despite the French government's decades-long efforts to cut Corsica off from the Italian motherland. Italian was the official language in Monaco until 1860, when it
26412-562: The party had declined to 157 deputies and 62 senators, though it remained the biggest party in both houses of parliament . The first defections came when the deputy Andrea Mura was removed by the M5S for his abstentionism and later resigned from his duties, while the deputy Matteo Dall'Osso left the party to join Forza Italia (FI), Silvio Berlusconi 's centre-right party, and the senators Saverio De Bonis and Gregorio De Falco were ejected due to their opposition to policies of
26598-545: The party were made to vote on whether to join a government headed by Mario Draghi government through the SkyVote platform; 59% voted in favour. The debate over whether to support the Draghi government led to a split in the party, and the party expelled parliamentarians who voted against Draghi, and would soon found Alternative , and ManifestA later in February 2022. Prominent member Alessandro Di Battista , who opposed
26784-497: The party's decision, left the M5S on 11 February. On 23 April, M5S and its web platform called Rousseau separated from one another. This was mainly due to a strained relationship as many parliamentarians refused to cover costs of the Rousseau Association. This resulted on the association cutting its ties and sending its employees home on reduced pay. Additionally, disagreements between Davide Casaleggio and Conte over
26970-412: The party, leaving it with 13 deputies, eight senators and 2 MEPs: 17 deputies, led by former group leader Arturo Scotto , joined the brand-new Article One , while Laura Boldrini (President of the Chamber of Deputies) joined the Chamber's Mixed Group. In late 2017, the party was a founding member of Free and Equal , a left-wing joint list for the 2018 general election , and more recently in 2022 founded
27156-517: The party. On 24 June 2017, SI was accepted into the Party of the European Left as an observer member. On 3 December 2017, SI established Free and Equal (LeU), a left-wing joint list for the 2018 general election , together with the MDP and Possible, and chose the president of the Senate and former anti-Mafia prosecutor Pietro Grasso as its leader and candidate for Prime Minister. In
27342-426: The political head of the M5S. From the foundation until 2021, Grillo also formally served as president of the association named Five Star Movement; his nephew Enrico Grillo served as vice-president and his accountant Enrico Maria Nadasi as secretary. In the 2017 M5S leadership election , Di Maio won 82% of the vote, while Grillo continued to be M5S's guarantor. In January 2018, Grillo separated his own blog , which
27528-406: The population of Italy could speak Standard Italian. He reports that in 1951 that percentage had risen to 87%. The ability to speak Italian did not necessarily mean it was in everyday use, and most people (63.5%) still usually spoke their native dialects. In addition, other factors such as mass emigration, industrialization, and urbanization, and internal migrations after World War II , contributed to
27714-427: The president of Casaleggio Associati and took his father's office as leader and strategist of the M5S. For the 2018 general election, the M5S presented a programme whose main points are the introduction of a basic income , known as the citizens' income , to fight poverty, a measure that would cost between €15 and €20 billion annually, plus the cut of the public debt by 40 points in relation to GDP in ten years,
27900-424: The prohibition of reparative therapies and the prohibition of medically unnecessary surgery on intersex children, a law against homotransphobia (and against ableism ). The party, in addition to being in favor of granting citizenship to minor children of legal foreigners born and raised in Italy (ius soli), supports the timely rescue of migrants in the sea, their reception and integration, their regularisation for
28086-469: The proliferation of Standard Italian. The Italians who emigrated during the Italian diaspora beginning in 1861 were often of the uneducated lower class, and thus the emigration had the effect of increasing the percentage of literates, who often knew and understood the importance of Standard Italian, back home in Italy. A large percentage of those who had emigrated also eventually returned to Italy, often more educated than when they had left. Although use of
28272-528: The pronunciation of stressed "e", and of "s" between vowels in many words: e.g. va bene "all right" is pronounced [vabˈbɛːne] by a Roman (and by any standard Italian speaker), [vaˈbeːne] by a Milanese (and by any speaker whose native dialect lies to the north of the La Spezia–Rimini Line ); a casa "at home" is [akˈkaːsa] for Roman, [akˈkaːsa] or [akˈkaːza] for standard, [aˈkaːza] for Milanese and generally northern. In contrast to
28458-410: The protection of mental health, so that psychological well-being will be "a guaranteed and accessible right for all". It also proposes a salary increase for teachers, policies to combat precariousness , free public nursery schools , a reduction in the number of students per class, free textbooks for schoolchildren, free public university (with the gradual abolition of student fees and a remodulation of
28644-415: The publication of Agnolo Monosini 's Latin tome Floris italicae linguae libri novem in 1604 followed by the first Italian dictionary in 1612. An important event that helped the diffusion of Italian was the conquest and occupation of Italy by Napoleon in the early 19th century (who was himself of Italian-Corsican descent). This conquest propelled the unification of Italy some decades after and pushed
28830-481: The recognition of the "invisible" and the establishment of humanitarian corridors . The party advocates pacifism , Europeanism , low national spending on military defense , a common European army , diplomacy as a tool for resolving disputes between nations, and ideally global disarmament. The party proposes a ban on private funding of political parties and associations in order to prevent them from becoming "politically weak, susceptible to blackmail and permeable to
29016-487: The referendum that allowed France to annex Savoy and Nice, and a group of his followers (among the Italian Savoyards ) took refuge in Italy in the following years. Corsica passed from the Republic of Genoa to France in 1769 after the Treaty of Versailles . Italian was the official language of Corsica until 1859. Giuseppe Garibaldi called for the inclusion of the " Corsican Italians " within Italy when Rome
29202-487: The regional level, such as in Liguria and Sicily, though not without criticism and issues. Under Conte's leadership in 2022, the M5S declared themselves to be part of the progressive pole and to be to the left of the PD; their campaign centered around the minimum wage and in defence of the citizens' income from right-wing criticism. In the general election held on 25 September, the M5S defied single-digit polls before
29388-474: The regional tax on the right to study), the ban of unpaid internships , policies to combat the emigration of young people abroad and a greater investment in research. To reduce deaths in the workplace, it proposes more inspections and controls, constant training for safety at work, contracts that guarantee stability, and fewer working hours. To counter gender stereotypes , gender-based violence and homotransphobia , it proposes specific information campaigns,
29574-456: The regular scheme of what existed, and especially to achieve good administration, high-quality public transport, and green spaces, but with sensitivity to problems linked to local crime. To exemplify how the M5S ranks among other parties for social and environmental stances for the 2013 general election, Nicolò Conti created a chart using poll data, the various parties' individual manifestos, and how these preferences interacted and translated into
29760-453: The removal of Grillo's name was that "the 5 Star Movement is mature enough and is preparing to govern Italy, so I believe it's correct not to associate it to a name anymore". The movement's founder and main strategist Gianroberto Casaleggio died on 12 April 2016 in Milan , at the age of 61, after a long period of illness due to brain cancer . After his death, his son Davide was appointed as
29946-539: The replacement of polluting incinerators with systems applying mechanical-biological waste treatment were discussed. During the fourth national meeting held in Genoa on 3 February 2007, Grillo announced his desire to provide an autonomous space during his touring shows for local meetup activists. On 14 July 2007, some civic list representatives who participated in local elections the previous spring met in Parma to establish
30132-561: The run-offs, it won the mayorships of Parma (60.2%), Mira (52.5%), and Comacchio (69.2%). After the election, the M5S consistently scored around 15–20% nationally in opinion polls, frequently ahead of the centre-right The People of Freedom (PdL) and second to the centre-left Democratic Party (PD). In the 2012 Sicilian regional election on 28 October, the M5S fielded Giancarlo Cancelleri as candidate. The campaign kicked off with Grillo's arrival in Messina on 10 October swimming from
30318-501: The salaries of the citizens elected. The movement also rejects campaign contributions. In the 2012 regional elections, the Sicilian wing of the M5S decided to allocate the money saved by the reduction of the salaries of their elected to a fund for microcredit to help small and medium enterprises. In the 2013 general election, the M5S stated to have rejected over €42 million of public electoral refunds, supporting its expenses for
30504-561: The state of confusion caused by the Badoglio Proclamation on 8 September 1943. On that day, 336,000 signatures were collected, far exceeding the 50,000 required to file a popular initiative law. For the occasion, Michele Serra coined the term grillismo . V2-Day was organised for 25 April 2008, a second day of action aimed at collecting signatures for three referendums. On 29 and 30 September 2007 in Lucca, several members of
30690-403: The successful No vote in the 2016 constitutional referendum . In the 2018 general election , the M5S became the largest party overall, and successfully formed a government headed by M5S-backed independent Giuseppe Conte together with Lega . In 2019 the government collapsed and the party formed a new government with the centre-left Democratic Party , with Conte remaining premier until
30876-473: The teachings of the Roman Catholic Church began to be understood from new perspectives as humanists —individuals who placed emphasis on the human body and its full potential—began to shift focus from the church to human beings themselves. The continual advancements in technology play a crucial role in the diffusion of languages. After the invention of the printing press in the 15th century,
31062-469: The title Divina , were read throughout the peninsula and his written dialect became the "canonical standard" that all educated Italians could understand. Dante is still credited with standardizing the Italian language. In addition to the widespread exposure gained through literature, the Florentine dialect also gained prestige due to the political and cultural significance of Florence at the time and
31248-542: The total population of the country. In Australia, Italian is the second most spoken foreign language after Chinese, with 1.4% of the population speaking it as their home language. The main Italian-language newspapers published outside Italy are the L'Osservatore Romano ( Vatican City ), the L'Informazione di San Marino ( San Marino ), the Corriere del Ticino and the laRegione Ticino ( Switzerland ),
31434-541: The vote, but the movement achieved no seats. In the 2012 Italian local elections , the M5S did well in several cities of the Northern Italy , notably in Genoa (14.1%), Verona (9.5%), Parma (19.9%), Monza (10.2%), and Piacenza (10.0%). In the small Venetian town of Sarego , the M5S's candidate was elected mayor with 35.2% of the vote (there is no run-off in towns with less than 15,000 inhabitants). In
31620-469: The web, the registered users of M5S discuss, approve, or reject legislative proposals submitted then in Parliament by the M5S group. As an example, the M5S electoral law was shaped through a series of online votes, like the name of the M5S candidate for President of Italy . The choice to support the abolition of a law against immigrants was taken online by members of the M5S, even if the final decision
31806-463: The web, which acts as a mythical panacea, can, and wants to cure the social and economic ills of Italy, leading the nation towards a more prudent future. They also say that the web is described as a "supermedium", which will significantly change all political, social, informational, and organisational processes. Roberto Biorcio says that Grillo used the internet as a way for widespread dissemination of their politics consisting of two elements. The first
31992-659: The working languages of the Council of Europe . It is the third-most-widely spoken native language in the European Union (13% of the EU population) and it is spoken as a second language by 13.4 million EU citizens (3%). Including Italian speakers in non-EU European countries (such as Switzerland, Albania and the United Kingdom ) and on other continents, the total number of speakers is approximately 85 million. Italian
32178-463: Was against the opinions of Grillo and Casaleggio. The partnership with the UK Independence Party was also decided by online voting, although the given options for the choice of European Parliament group for M5S were limited to Europe of Freedom and Democracy (EFD), European Conservatives and Reformists (ECR), and to stay independent ( Non-Inscrits ). The option of joining the Greens/EFA group
32364-561: Was also introduced to Somalia through colonialism and was the sole official language of administration and education during the colonial period but fell out of use after government, educational and economic infrastructure were destroyed in the Somali Civil War . Italian is also spoken by large immigrant and expatriate communities in the Americas and Australia. Although over 17 million Americans are of Italian descent , only
32550-525: Was annexed to the Kingdom of Italy , but King Victor Emmanuel II did not agree to it. Italian is generally understood in Corsica by the population resident therein who speak Corsican , which is an Italo-Romance idiom similar to Tuscan. Francization occurred in Nice case, and caused a near-disappearance of the Italian language as many of the Italian speakers in these areas migrated to Italy. In Corsica, on
32736-1022: Was announced. On 4 October 2009, Grillo, along with Gianroberto Casaleggio , Grillo declared the birth of the M5S and presented a programme at the Emerald Theatre in Milan . During the 2010 Italian regional elections , the M5S obtained notable results in the five regions where it ran a candidate for president, as Giovanni Favia gained 7.0% of the vote in Emilia-Romagna (6.0% for the list, with two regional councillors elected); Davide Bono 4.1% in Piedmont (3.7%, two councillors); David Borrelli 3.2% in Veneto (2.6%, no councillors); Vito Crimi 3.0% in Lombardy (2.3%, no councillors); and Roberto Fico 1.3% in Campania (1.3%, no councillors). In
32922-624: Was asked to stand in the October 2005 centre-left coalition primaries for the selection of the prime ministerial candidate of The Union . On three occasions (17 December 2005 in Turin, 26 March 2006 in Piacenza, and 16 to 18 June 2006 in Sorrento), the representatives of the Friends of Beppe Grillo meetups held national meetings with Grillo, where proposals regarding environmental issues such as
33108-406: Was discussed, but this option was not available at the time of the voting due to that group's prior rejection of the M5S. Andrea Ballatore and Simone Natale wrote about how digital utopianism plays a pivotal role in M5S's worldview, saying that Grillo and Casaleggio describe the web as a "transparent, unified, coherent entity", with its own logic, laws, agency and disruptive agenda. They say that
33294-428: Was elected president of Sardinia at the head of a centre-left coalition including the PD, left-wing parties and regional ones. Todde was the first regional president hailing from the M5S. The M5S was conceived as a post-ideological movement, within the context of post-modern politics, and has been described as anti-establishment , environmentalist , and populist . It has promoted left-wing issues, such as
33480-523: Was elected president. The alliance with EV is renewed for the 2024 European Parliament , where AVS with a 6.78% elected six MEPs , including two candidates from SI, Ilaria Salis and Mimmo Lucano , both of them decide to join The Left group in the EU parliament. The party's founding members were: Along these, some youth organisations (including ACT! Agire Costruire Trasformare and TILT ), local groups and individuals have joined SI. SI's ideology
33666-413: Was listed as head of the coalition, although he was not an electoral candidate. The vote for M5S in the Chamber of Deputies reached 25.55% of the vote in Italy and 9.67% for overseas voters, a total of 8,784,499 votes, making it the second most voted-for list after the PD, which acquired 25.42% of the votes in Italy and 29.9% abroad, or 8,932,615 votes, electing 108 deputies. The M5S vote for the Senate of
33852-622: Was meant to mobilise the collection of signatures to submit a popular initiative seeking to introduce preferences in the current electoral law and to prevent parliamentary candidate nominations for the criminally convicted and those who have already completed two terms in office. The name V-Day was chosen to reflect four references. The first refers to the Normandy landings of the Allies in Normandy during World War II to symbolise how Italian citizens would invade bad policy. The second refers to
34038-443: Was mirrored by a decline in the use of the dialects. An increase in literacy was one of the main driving factors (one can assume that only literates were capable of learning Standard Italian, whereas those who were illiterate had access only to their native dialect). The percentage of literates rose from 25% in 1861 to 60% in 1911, and then on to 78.1% in 1951. Tullio De Mauro , an Italian linguist, has asserted that in 1861 only 2.5% of
34224-533: Was replaced ad interim by Vito Crimi . On 15 June, the conservative Spanish newspaper ABC reported that then-Foreign Minister of Venezuela Nicolás Maduro paid Gianroberto Casaleggio €3.5 million in 2010 to finance an "anticapitalist, leftist movement in the Italian Republic". Davide Casaleggio said this was fake news that had already surfaced in 2016. On 26 January 2021, Conte resigned as prime minister. On 11 February, registered members of
34410-658: Was replaced by the French. This was due to the annexation of the surrounding County of Nice to France following the Treaty of Turin (1860) . It formerly had official status in Montenegro (because of the Venetian Albania ), parts of Slovenia and Croatia (because of the Venetian Istria and Venetian Dalmatia ), parts of Greece (because of the Venetian rule in the Ionian Islands and by
34596-435: Was used the party's online newspaper , with the brand-new Blog delle Stelle . After the 2021 leadership election , a new party statute was approved and former Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte became the new president, while Grillo continued as guarantor of the movement. M5S has undergone several splits since its formation, including the formation of Alternativa , Environment 2050 , and most recently Di Maio's Together for
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