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76-604: French spellings of his name are often encountered in older works, for example Ioannes Leiçarraga and Jean de Liçarrague and various other spellings of his surname such as Leissarrague or Leiçarraga , or Juan de Lizárraga in Spanish. Leizarraga was born in the Northern Basque Country in the province of Labourd in a village called Briscous in 1506. Although the village was in Labourd, it fell within

152-466: A French department , and that is made up of a union of ten commonwealths and 157 of the 159 Basque communes, plus one Béarnese community. The oldest human remains that are known of in the territory of the current French Basque Country are approximately 150,000 years old. Some houses have been found on the terraces of the river Adour , in Ilbarritz ( Bidart ), Saint-Pierre-d'Irube and Mouguerre . In

228-658: A Mr Tardets who was a minister in Ostabat . Finally, in 1571, the printer Pierre Haultin based in La Rochelle printed three works by Leizarraga, amongst them is translation of the New Testament. It is indicative of the respect he commanded that in 1582 he was visited by Jacques Auguste de Thou , the man who would later negotiate the Edict of Nantes on religious tolerance. In his writings, Thou mentions Leizarraga and

304-601: A constant element during that last decades in elected posts for the main political parties, with representation from the French Socialist Party , The Republicans , and nationalist parties. 64% of Basque-French mayors support such a creation. The Association des Élus is an association that groups political posts such as regional councilors, general councilors and mayors of the French Basque Country, from both political spectrums, whose goal

380-637: A death toll of approx. 1,600 in Labourd . The Basques started to be forcibly recruited for the French army, with large numbers of youths in turn deciding to run away or defect among allegations of mistreatment, so starting a trend of exile and emigration to the Americas that was to last for more than a century. The mutual hostility and lack of trust between the new regime and the European monarchies led to

456-664: A district thriving on whale hunting . In 1579, an important handbook for navigation was published by Martin Oihartzabal , the Navigational Pilot , offering guidance and useful landmarks found in Newfoundland and other Basque traditional fisheries. In 1677, it was translated to Basque by Pierre Etxeberri. However, during the 17 and 18th century, that activity saw a gradual decline as the English took over from

532-403: A formally independent state until 1620–24, when this separation was suppressed. In 1634, Axular , in his literary work Gero , gives a rough description of the extent of Basque at the time: The language comprised all the provinces now known as Basque Country "and [in] so many other places". After Axular's accomplished book, other Basque writing authors followed suit, especially in Labourd ,

608-525: A matter of concern discussed by Napoleon Bonaparte and Dominique Garat . As of 1814, traditional cross-Pyrenean trade fell conspicuously, starting a period of economic stagnation. Eventually, trade across the Pyrénées border was cut off after the First Carlist War , with large numbers further departing to the Americas in search for a better life. In Soule, the emigration trend was mitigated by

684-478: A process of municipal meetings, on 2 May 2016, both conditions were met. On 1 January 2017, the Agglomeration Community of Basque Country , was created: an intercommunal cooperation movement (EPCI), which promotes a greater level of autonomy, with the French administrative categorization as an official territorial administrative structure with greater abilities than a pays , but fewer than

760-483: A scholar of Basque-Irish origin, Antoine d'Abbadie (Anton Abbadia), followed by several more editions up to 1897. Other political and cultural events in fellow Basque districts to the south of the Pyrenees had an impact in the French Basque Country, especially in church-related circles (periodicals like Eskualduna , 1887), the only institution that still spoke to the people in their language. This could not prevent

836-701: Is a Basque dialect spoken in the Lower Navarre and Labourd (Lapurdi) former provinces of the French Basque Country (in the Pyrénées Atlantiques département ). It consists of two dialects in older classifications, Lower Navarrese and Labourdin. It differs somewhat from Upper Navarrese spoken in the Peninsular Basque Country. Lower Navarrese or Low Navarrese ( Standard Basque : behe-nafarrera )

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912-571: Is a bird bone with three holes in it in the shape of a txistu . Moving into the Mesolithic era, humans began to live outside of caves, despite the fact that these were still used until a much later date. Also, during this era, the artefacts of ceramics , agriculture , and raising livestock were discovered. During the Neolithic era (4000–3000 B.C.E.), new techniques for the use of metals and agriculture arrived. The present-day territory

988-418: Is actually two subdialects, eastern and western; the western dialect continues into eastern Labourd. Labourdin (French labourdin ; Standard Basque lapurtera , locally lapurtara ) is spoken in western Lapurdi. Labourdin is felt by speakers of other dialect to be clear-cut and elegant, retaining like other northern Basque dialects the consonant /h/ , and it was used along with Gipuzkoan and High Navarrese in

1064-538: Is mentioned in the records of the Protestant Synod of Béarn . In his dedication of the New Testament to Jeanne d'Albret he mentions having spent time in prison but again, it is not known which prison he was in, what the charge was or how long he was imprisoned for. He was instituted as rector of the church in Bastide in Lower Navarre in 1567 by Jeanne d'Albret. By the time Leizarraga came to Bastide,

1140-482: Is regulated and receives subventions from the Regional Council of Aquitaine . In 2012, the French government proposed the creation of a single commonwealth for all of the towns in French Basque Country, under two conditions: being approved by at least half of the 158 communes in the historic territory, and that at least half of the nearly 300,000 residents be represented within this historic territory. After

1216-441: Is that he often used Romance loanwords where native terms exist. For example, he translates "fisher of men" as giza pescadorea rather than giza arrantzalea . At the same time, he uses grammatical forms which were most likely archaic even in his period. The other main criticism was that, as an over-regional standard, he based it too much on his native Lapurdian dialect and the two other Northern dialects with very little regard to

1292-546: Is the Testamentu Berria which even today is known as "Leizarraga's New Testament". Apart from the New Testament's main text, his translation also includes the following addenda: The Kalendrera is short, 15 page calendar with monthly listings of religious events and holidays, the ABC a short collection of common prayers and instructions on how to conduct daily worship. The main criticism that has been made of his work

1368-726: Is to achieve the division of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department into Basque and Béarnese departments respectively (24 of the existing mainland departments have smaller populations than the French Basque Country). The Council of the Development of the French Basque Country was created in 1994, and in 1995 the Council of the Elected of the French Basque Country ( Association des Élus du Pays Basque )

1444-601: The Dax ). The three Basque provinces were then shaken by traumatic events after the intervention of the French Convention Army during the War of the Pyrenees (1793–95). Besides prohibiting the native Basque language for public use, with Bertrand Barère even declaring that "fanaticism speaks Basque", an indiscriminate mass-deportation of civilians followed resulting in the expulsion from their homes of thousands and

1520-655: The Arrondissement of Oloron-Sainte-Marie , and the Arrondissement of Pau . French Basque Country includes all of Bayonne and Canton of Montagne Basque in Oloron-Sainte-Marie. Additionally, it includes the following territories in Béarn : Esquiule , Aramits , Géronce , and Arette (in the Canton of Oloron-Sainte-Marie-1 ). The French Basque Country included three pre-existing historic territories before

1596-528: The Basque Eurocity Bayonne-San Sebastián Euroregion . It is a popular tourist destination and is somewhat distinct from neighbouring parts of the southern Basque Country, since it was not industrialized as Biscay or Gipuzkoa and remained agricultural and a beach destination. The department of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques is divided into three districts or arrondissements : The Arrondissement of Bayonne ,

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1672-607: The French Revolution suppressed it radically, as it did elsewhere in France, eventually creating the department of Basses-Pyrénées , half-Basque and half-Gascon ( Béarn , a former sovereign territory). Louis XVI of France summoned the Estates General to discuss problems of state. This assembly united the three estates: nobles, clerics, and the common people (the third estate ). Third estate representatives of

1748-715: The Middle Paleolithic era (700,000–100,000 years BP ), Neanderthals inhabited this area. At the beginning they lived in the open air and later in caves, like the one in Isturits . Cro-magnon people appeared during the Upper Paleolithic (9,000–50,000 years BP). Many artistic objects from the Magdalenian era (9,000–14,000 years BP) have been found in Isturits. The most well-known object found

1824-457: The 3rd century, when use of the name Aquitania was extended to cover the region up to the river Loire , as Novempopulania ( Aquitania Tertia ). Its name in Latin means the nine peoples , as a reference to the nine tribes that inhabited it: The region reached a high level of Romanization , as many of the toponyms with Latin or Celtic suffixes, such as -acum or -anum , demonstrate. In

1900-704: The Basque Municipal Community amounts to 309,723 inhabitants distributed in 158 municipalities. It is delimited in the north by the department of Landes , in the west by the Bay of Biscay , in the south by the Southern Basque Country and in the east by Béarn (although in the Béarnese village of Esquiule , Basque is spoken), which is the eastern part of the department. Bayonne and Biarritz (BAB) are its chief towns, included in

1976-623: The Basque language from further receding, it becoming confined to local and domestic circles. In 1914, Basque ceased to be the trading language used by the local middle- and higher-class customers at the Mauleon marketplace (Soule). Basque young men could not avoid becoming entangled in World War I when they were drafted to the front. While across the border Gipuzkoa and Biscay thrived on their shipbuilding and steel processing industry supplying

2052-578: The Basque provinces attending the Estates-General of 1789 and the following national assemblies in Paris rejected the imposition of an alien political-administrative design, regarding the events with a blend of disbelief and indignation. The brothers Garat, representatives of Labourd, defended against a hostile audience the specificity of their province and that of the Basques, putting forward instead

2128-630: The Basques. The 16th century was probably the most tragic for the inhabitants of the French Basque Country in its history. The recurring French-Spanish conflict between 1512 and 1659 and the French Wars of Religion that lasted 30 years sowed terror and misery. On the other hand, the accusations made in the Parliament of Bordeaux motivated Labourd in sending the councilor Pierre de Lancre . He burned around 200 women, children and priests by forcing them to confess through torture. Pierre de Lancre

2204-591: The Duchy was created, the Frankish kings Theuderic II and Theudebert II exercised better military control over the area, including better tax collection and judicial administration, placing Duke Genial at the forefront. Later, between 635 and 638, King Dagobert I set out on a campaign to repress the Vascon inhabitants that eventually led to their submission. In the 8th century, a second autonomous Duchy of Gascony

2280-495: The European war effort, continental Basques under the age of 49 were required to travel to the front in north-east France. From the beginning and as the slaughter of the trenches wore on, thousands of Basques objected to military service, defected and fled to the south or the Americas. However, war took a heavy toll; 6,000 died at the front, equivalent to 3% of the French Basque population. It also produced strengthened

2356-560: The Northern Region ' ), is a region lying on the west of the French department of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques . Since 1 January 2017, it constitutes the Basque Municipal Community (Basque: Euskal Hirigune Elkargoa ; French: Communauté d'Agglomeration du Pays Basque ) presided over by Jean-René Etchegaray  [ fr ] . It includes three former historic French provinces in the north-east of

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2432-398: The Pyrénées. Since 963, the town Saint-Sever has been referred to as caput vasconiae , interpreted as meaning "the limit of Vasconia" or "prominence of Vasconia" (on account of its location on a hill overlooking the plains of Vasconia). The evangelization of the territory that today comprises French Basque Country was slow and precarious. Beginning in the 9th century, and in part due to

2508-468: The Southern dialects. However, it must be remembered that he was the first to tackle standardization and that there was no previous work he could build upon and that with his limited resources he had to carry out most of the work himself. Overall, the quality of his translations and the thoroughness of his effort at standardizing Basque were and are recognized today, and have in no small way contributed to

2584-482: The Voynet Law (LOADDT) from 25 June 1999. These are based on the notion of a country in the traditional sense, as a society belonging to a place, culture, etc., promoting the organization and development of the territory in a global manner. The creation of an institution of greater substance than what was represented by the geographical organization of pays and more specifically of a Basque department, has been

2660-512: The Wise and Richard Lionheart agreed to divide the country, Labourd remaining under Angevin sovereignty and Lower Navarre under Navarrese control. All vacant land, forests, and waters under this Viscounty belonged to the King and everyone had the right to use them, whether they were nobles or not. Nobles did not have any feudal rights and justice rested solely in the hands of the King. The Biltzar,

2736-520: The area of the Lower Navarrese dialect of Basque. His family's farmhouse bore the family's name, Leizarraga, and stood in Briscous until it was destroyed in 1944. Very little is known about Leizarraga's early years beyond these few facts. Leizarraga was baptized a Catholic . Although it is not known where, he was trained as a priest and converted to Protestantism in 1560. By 1563, his name

2812-531: The area was eventually incorporated as part of the independent Duchy of Vasconia in 602, a mixed ethnic polity stretching south of the river Garonne that broke up during the 8th to 9th centuries, following the Carolingian expansion, the pressure of Norman raids, and introduction of feudalism. At this time, the County of Vasconia was created, extending around the river Adour . According to Iñaki Bazán, after

2888-578: The area was made an official pays of France named Pays Basque , i.e., a representative body promoting several activities, but without its own budget. Neither Basque nor any of the other regional languages in France, such as Catalan, Breton or Occitan, have official recognition in France. According to the second article of the French Constitution, "the language of the Republic is French", and, despite several attempts to add "with respect to

2964-493: The capital of Soule . A slow but continuous French institutional evolution has been produced as a response to the historical claims of the French Basque Country. By an order from 29 January 1997 from the prefect of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques , a "Basque Country" was recognized as a pays , according to the French administrative category, in accordance with the laws called: the Pasqua Law (LOADT) from 4 February 1995, and

3040-576: The coast, where the largest cities are located, the predominant language is French, for example, in the Bayonne-Anglet-Biarritz agglomeration, Basque is spoken by 10% of the population. However, in the rural interior of the Northern Basque Country, Basque is the predominant language, spoken by the majority of the population. Lapurdian Navarro-Labourdin or Navarro-Lapurdian ( Basque : nafar-lapurtera )

3116-540: The coast, with Biarritz the most noteworthy case, in a colonie de peuplement type of settlement (Manex Goihenetxe, Eneko Bidegain). Upper-class tourism gained momentum from 1854 onwards ( Kanbo , Saint-Jean-de-Luz , Biarritz , Hendaye, etc.), as the high nobility (e.g., Eugénie de Montijo ) chose to take healing baths at spa resorts and sought to be closer to nature. In 1851, the first Lore Jokoak took place in Urruña (restored floral games tradition) organized by

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3192-571: The copy of the Basque translation of the New Testament he had been given as a gift during his visit. This copy today is in the National Library of France . It is also Thou who mentions the exceptionally harmonious relationship between Protestants and Catholics in Bastide where according to him both faiths were worshipped in the church, something that was rare in 16th century France which is known for its religious wars . By 1594 Leizarraga

3268-679: The creation of the Batua , a standardised form of Basque intended for teaching and the media. Classic Labourdin was a literary language of the 17th century, used by authors such as Axular . The type of syllable stress in Hondarribian Basque is considered to be a remainder of the one that may have been used in Classic Lapurdian. Salazarese , spoken in Spain, was once thought to be a subdialect of Navarro-Lapurdian, but it

3344-620: The creation of the First Coalition against revolutionary France. At first, French Basque Country stayed at the margins of the conflict, since Spain stayed neutral, but in 1793, France declared war on Spain . The political situation after the mass-deportation of civilians improved when General Moncey led the French to a counterattack in June 1794, expelling the Spanish, and even entering Gipuzkoa . Jacques Pinet and Jean-Baptiste Cavaignac went to Spain to manage conquered territory, courting

3420-538: The departmental division of France in 1789, with a few modifications: The most important city in the territory is Bayonne (French: Bayonne , in Gascon and Basque: Baiona ). The ancient Roman Lapurdum , from which the toponyms Labourd and Lapurdi originate, is a part of the Biarritz-Anglet-Bayonne agglomeration community (BAB) alongside Biarritz and Anglet (Basque: Angelu ),

3496-743: The end of the Hundred Years' War , Labourd and Soule passed to the Crown of France as autonomous provinces ( pays d'état ). After the conquest of Upper Navarre by Castile in 1512–21, the still independent north Pyrenean part of Navarre took the lead of the Huguenot party in the French Wars of Religion . In this time, the Bible was first translated into the Basque language . Eventually, Henry III of Navarre became King of France but kept Navarre as

3572-434: The establishment circa 1864 of a flourishing espadrille industry in Mauleon that attracted workers from Roncal and Aragon too. Others took to smuggling, a rising source of revenue. The mid-1800s were years of decay and yearning for the time before the French Revolution . The Basques were divided into Republicans, laicist Jacobins (but for a nuanced position held by Xaho ), and Royalists (traditional Catholics), with

3648-442: The establishment of a Basque department. However, eventually the brothers Garat from Labourd voted for the new design out of hopes to get a say in future political decisions. In 1790, the Lower Pyrenees department project arrived, uniting the ancient Basque countries with Béarn . The reorganization favored the Bayonne bishopric that included the entire department (up to the Lescar and Oloron coasts that disappeared, and part of

3724-403: The fall of the Roman Empire, the ancient province began to be referred to as Wasconia according to texts by Frankish chroniclers, mainly Gregory of Tours and the Chronicle of Fredegar from the 6th century, and was differentiated from the trans-Pyrenean territories that later chroniclers in the Ravenna Cosmography called Spanoguasconia . In the year 418, the Visigoths moved to

3800-459: The first printed text in Basque. With the conquest of the castles of Mauléon and Bayonne in 1449 and 1451 respectively, Labourd and Soule were under the domain of the French crown. When Henry III of Navarre took the French throne at the end of the 16th century (as Henry IV ), Lower Navarre was incorporated into the French Royal patrimony (becoming the King of France and Navarre). The three Basque provinces still enjoyed considerable autonomy until

3876-407: The formation of Standard Basque . Leizarraga's texts provide a wealth of data on the Basque of his time. As an example, the following is a comparison between Leizarraga's version and the modern version of the Lord's prayer (in Leizarraga's orthography): Leizarraga's work represents the first documented effort to bring together the various Basque dialects in a single standard. His form of Basque

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3952-414: The independent commander of Vasconia, but got involved in the Carolingian dynastic wars over succession after taking over Bordeaux (844), supporting the young Pepin II to the throne of Aquitaine. He became Duke of Vasconia after submitting to Charles the Bald (851). At this point, the Basque language was losing ground to Vulgar Latin and written Latin and was increasingly confined to the lands around

4028-412: The last third of the 6th century. Venantius Fortunatus ' chronicles cite the clashes with the Frankish king Chilperic I and the comes from Bordeaux , Galactorio, up until 580, while Gregory of Tours wrote about the incursions Duke Austrobald faced in 587 after the defeat of Duke Bladastes in 574 at Soule . After the Basque rebellions against Roman feudalism in the late 4th and 5th centuries,

4104-414: The later territory around the Nive (Errobi) and the coast. In 1020, Gascony ceded its jurisdiction over Labourd , then also including Lower Navarre , to Sancho the Great of Pamplona . This monarch made it a Viscounty in 1023 with its capital in Bayonne, which gave vassals to the King and Queen of Navarre until 1193. The area became disputed by the Angevin Dukes of Aquitaine until 1191 when Sancho

4180-434: The latter eventually prevailing in the area. Shepherding and small-scale mining and agriculture were the main economic activities, and were accompanied by the increased presence of customs officials, both locals and non-Basques. The railway arrived at Hendaye in 1864 (Mauleon in 1880), increasing the flow of freight and people from outside the Basque Country, resulting in the growth of the non-Basque population especially on

4256-431: The majority of inhabitants were not speaking Basque but Gascon , since it had come to be populated by a Gascon colony. Nonetheless, Leizarraga was even in his time renowned as a great scholar of the Basque language, the very reason he would later be entrusted with the translation of the New Testament. It is also known that various Basque shepherds in the area sent their children to him so that he would teach them Basque. He

4332-421: The most populated urban space in the territory. It is the political capital of its subprefecture and economic capital of the largest region, which includes the French Basque country and the south of Landes. Other important places are Saint-Jean-de-Luz (Basque: Donibane Lohizune ), Hendaye ( Hendaia ), Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port ( Donibane Garazi ), the capital of Lower Navarre, and Mauleón ( Maule ),

4408-450: The next in the Basque Country] In the 20th century, Federico Krutwig proposed to the Basque Academy Leizarraga's language as the basis for Modern Standard Basque, but his ideas did not get enough support. Northern Basque Country The French Basque Country ( French : Pays basque français ; Spanish : País Vasco francés ), or Northern Basque Country ( Basque : Ipar Euskal Herria , or Iparralde , lit.   '

4484-431: The north of what is now French Basque Country, these (toponyms) become more frequent: e.g., Loupiac and Gaillan. However, in the southeast of the territory, the less Romanized area, toponyms with Basque suffixes are abundant: -ousse , -ous -ost , and -oz , such as Biscarrosse and Almandoz, for example; some inscriptions have words similar to those in Basque on them. After the Germanic invasions that caused

4560-574: The notion in the Basque psyche that it is an integral part of the French nation, fostered by the above weekly Eskualduna on the grounds that "God champions France." During World War II , the French Basque Country was part of Occupied France and the coast was fortified as part of the Atlantic Wall . Over the last 200 years, the territory has shown a slow demographic rise: 126,493 (in 1801); 162,365 (1851); 226,749 (1979) (79% in Labourd, 13% in Lower Navarre, 8% in Soule); 259,850 (1990) (81%; 13%; 6% respectively); 262,000 (1999 census). On 29 January 1997

4636-406: The only existing assembly, was in charge of distributing taxes and charges, and its delegates were chosen by the etxeko-jaun of the parishes. Furthermore, parish assemblies that administered the collective goods of each parish existed. In 1215, Bayonne separated from Labourd, ruling from that moment on through its council. From the end of the 12th century until the French Revolution , Ustaritz

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4712-412: The peregrination to Santiago de Compostela , a stable and long-lasting ecclesiastic organization was established in the region. The most important trails leading to Santiago pass through the region, and this greatly influenced the development of the trails and the villas in the territory up to the present day. The lands to the south of the Adour became Labourd, encompassing initially a bigger region than

4788-429: The possibility of annexing it to France. After the fall of Robespierre , General Moncey forced the removal of Pinet and Cavaignac, who had managed to have a falling out with the Gipuzkoans. Due to this, they threw themselves into a desperate guerilla war, an antecedent to that of 1808. On July 22, the Treaty of Basel was signed and the conflict ended, giving rise to a period of relative peace and prosperity. It became

4864-403: The region in accordance with a federation pact or foedus made with Rome, but they were forced to leave in 507 as a consequence of their defeat against the Merovingians led by King Clovis I at the battle of Vouillé . After Clovis I's death in 511, the heirs to his throne consolidated their northern possessions centered on Neustria and Austrasia , placing them under the direct control of

4940-479: The regional languages that are part of our heritage" by 44 deputies in 2006, the proposal was rejected by 57 votes against and 44 in favor. Basques continue to practice many Basque cultural traditions. The town of Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle (Senpere, in Basque) is well known for its Herri Urrats celebration. According to a 2006 survey, 22.5% were bilinguals (French-Basque), 8.6% were French speakers who understand Basque, and 68.9% were not Basque speakers. But

5016-417: The results were very different in the three zones. In the inner land (Lower Navarre and Soule), 66.2% speak or understand Basque. In the coast (Labourd), the figure stands at 36.9%. And in the B.A.B. urban zone (Bayonne- Anglet-Biarritz), only 14.2% speak or understand Basque (20% of B.A.B. can speak or understand Gascon ). The proportion of French-Basque bilinguals fell from 26.4% in 1996 to 22.5% in 2006. On

5092-410: The sovereign, while the rest of their territories were organized into autonomous entities led by powerful officials of the kingdom: counts, dukes, patricians, and vice chancellors, in accordance with the Merovingian tradition of decentralizing power. In Wasconia and the Pyrenean periphery in Vasconum saltus , armed incursions and confrontations with Merovingian potentates were frequent during

5168-402: The traditional Basque Country totalling 2,967 km (1,146 sq mi): Lower Navarre (French: Basse-Navarre ; Basque: Nafarroa Beherea ), until 1789 nominally Kingdom of Navarre , with 1,284 km (496 sq mi); Labourd ( Lapurdi ), with 800 km (310 sq mi); Soule ( Zuberoa ), with 785 km (303 sq mi). The population included in

5244-427: Was created. On 15 January 2005, the Euskal Herriko Laborantza Ganbara (Chamber of Agriculture for the Basque Country), was created as a house for the representation and promotion of the interests of livestock farmers and agriculturists of the French Basque Country, promoted by the agrarian union, Laborarien Batasuna . Initially, this institution wasn't recognised, and its function was illegal. Now, its function

5320-405: Was created. By the end of the 9th century, Guillermo Sanchez was named the duke of all Vascons. Some years later, Guy Geoffroy united the duchies of Vasconia and Aquitania (with the Poitiers county). During this period, northern Basques very likely participated in the successive battles of Roncevaux against the Franks, in 778, 812 and 824. Count Sans Sancion detached from the Franks and became

5396-409: Was inhabited by the Tarbelli and the Sibulates , tribal divisions of the Aquitani. When Caesar conquered Gaul , he found all the region south and west of the Garonne inhabited by a people known as the Aquitani , who were not Celtic and are nowadays assumed to have been early Basques (see Aquitanian language ). In early Roman times, the region was initially known as Aquitania , but by the end of

5472-496: Was largely based on the Northern dialects Lapurdian , Zuberoan and Lower Navarrese which at the time were considered the prestigious varieties of Basque. He discusses the issue of dialectal divergence in the foreword and says: ...batbederac daqui heuscal herriã quasi etche batetic bercera-ere minçatzeco manerán cer differentiá eta diuersitatea den... [everyone knows how the manner of speaking almost changes from one house to

5548-727: Was married but it is not known when or to whom. In March 1563 Leizarraga was instructed by Jeanne d'Albret , the Queen of Navarre at the Synod of Béarn to produce a Basque translation of the New Testament. Having negotiated the tricky issue of translating into a language which by then had no great written tradition, common standard or spelling system, he persevered with some help from four old Catholic colleagues: Piarres Landetxeberri from Espès-Undurein , Sanz de Tartas from Charritte-de-Bas (both in Soule ), Joanes Etxeberri from Saint-Jean-de-Luz and

5624-402: Was no longer attending the Synod of Béarn, the record stating Monsieur de Lissarrague, ministre de Labastide de Clarence, excusé pour sa vieillesse et pour son indisposition Mr Liazarraga, minister of Bastida, makes his excuse due to old age and being indisposed . He died in Bastide in 1601 at the age of 95. Leizarraga published three books, all in 1571: The most famous of these undoubtedly

5700-462: Was responsible for the witch hunt in Labourd . He believed women had a sinful nature, and that they were so dangerous that one judge alone could not judge a woman because men are weak. He said that a tribunal made up of several men was necessary to do so. However, after overcoming the disasters suffered, a sort of renaissance was lived during the 17th century. Among other things, Rabelais published his Gargantua and Pantagruel , and Etxepare wrote

5776-588: Was the capital of Labourd. Bayonne continued to be the economic hub of the area until the 19th century. However, above all, it was the port of Navarre that connected it to the North of Europe. Meanwhile, Soule ( Zuberoa ) was constituted as an independent viscounty, generally supported by Navarre against the pretensions of the Counts of Béarn , though at times also it admitted a certain Angevin overlordship. With

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