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134-667: The term Nikkei (日系) was coined by sociologists and encompasses all of the world's Japanese immigrants across generations. Japanese descendants living overseas have special names for each of their generations. These are formed by combining one of the Japanese numerals with the Japanese word for generation ( sei , 世): The first Japanese settler in Canada was Manzo Nagano , who lived in Victoria, British Columbia in 1877 (a mountain in

268-531: A 1967 leadership convention in Toronto. Mulroney joined with Joe Clark and others in supporting former Justice minister E. Davie Fulton . Once Fulton dropped off the ballot, Mulroney helped in swinging most of his organization over to Robert Stanfield , who won. Mulroney, then 28, would soon become a chief adviser to the new leader in Quebec. Mulroney's professional reputation was further enhanced when he ended

402-652: A labour lawyer . After placing third in the 1976 Progressive Conservative leadership election , he was appointed president of the Iron Ore Company of Canada in 1977. He held that post until 1983 , when he became leader of the Progressive Conservatives . He led the party to a landslide victory in the 1984 federal election , winning the second-largest percentage of seats in Canadian history (at 74.8 percent) and receiving over 50 percent of

536-427: A "sacred trust" when he was Opposition leader in 1983, he began to reduce expenditures on the programs when he came into office. In terms of old age security , Mulroney's government gradually reduced its benefits at middle-income levels and above. Mulroney's government cut spending for unemployment insurance (UI) and reduced the range of workers covered by the benefits from the program. In their first budget in 1985 ,

670-674: A Liberal majority refused to pass the GST. Mulroney used Section 26 (the Deadlock Clause), a little-known Constitutional provision, allowing him in an emergency situation to ask the Queen to appoint eight new senators. On September 27, 1990, at the Queen's approval, Mulroney added the eight new senators, thus giving the Tories their first majority in the Senate in nearly 50 years. In December 1990,

804-624: A bare majority in Mulroney's home province of Quebec. Mulroney's strong showing amongst Ontario delegates (65 percent to 35 percent) seemed to account for most of his margin of victory. A New York Times article from 1984 argued that Mulroney was elected from "the right-wing elements" within the party. Tasha Kheiriddin , writing in La Presse , argued that "Brian Mulroney's injuries to Joe Clark in 1983 took more than 15 years to heal, as various factions continued to compete for leadership roles in

938-564: A community endowment fund to assist in rebuilding the community, which is run by the National Association of Japanese Canadians. In addition, to address the more systemic racism that led to the plan and later justifications of the effort to remove "all people of Japanese racial origin" from Canadian territory, the redress settlement included the establishment of the Race Relations Foundation and challenges to

1072-603: A few years. Early Japanese immigrants were particularly prominent in Broome, Western Australia , where until the Second World War they were the largest ethnic group, who were attracted to the opportunities in pearling. Several streets of Broome have Japanese names, and the town has one of the largest Japanese cemeteries outside Japan. Other immigrants were involved in the sugar cane industry in Queensland. During

1206-646: A former Peruvian president, Alberto Fujimori . Japanese food known as Nikkei cuisine is a rich part of Peruvian-Japanese culture, which includes the use of seaweed broth and sushi-inspired versions of ceviche . As a result of Peru's gastronomic revolution and global gastrodiplomacy campaign, Nikkei is now recognized among international culinary networks as a cuisine that is uniquely a fusion of Japanese and Peruvian influences. This change has created revenues for Japanese-Peruvian communities in Lima and enabled Nikkei chefs to open up restaurants in other metropolitan cities around

1340-570: A large population from Peru and smaller populations from other South American countries. As a response to the Great Recession , the Japanese government offered ¥ 300,000 ($ 3,300) for unemployed Japanese descendants from South America to return to their country of origin with the stated goal of alleviating the country's worsening labor shortage. Another ¥200,000 ($ 2,200) is offered for each additional family member to leave. Emigrants who took this offer were not allowed to return to Japan with

1474-447: A major tax reform bill, Bill C-139, which was made effective on January 1, 1988. It included reforms for personal and corporate income taxes. The bill expanded the tax base for personal and corporate income; lowered rates applicable to taxable income; supplanted exemptions with credits; and removed certain deductions for personal income tax. The bill replaced the 1987 rate schedule of 10 brackets (with rates ranging from 6 to 34 percent) with

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1608-510: A press conference in 1982, organized behind the scenes to defeat him at the party's leadership review . Clark's key Quebec organizer, Rodrigue Pageau, was, in fact, a double agent, working for Mulroney, undermining Clark's support. When Clark received an endorsement by only 66.9 percent of delegates at the party convention in January 1983 in Winnipeg , he resigned and ran to regain his post at

1742-541: A prominent role in Canadian politics for years to come. Mulroney secured a temporary appointment in Ottawa during the summer of 1962 as the executive assistant to Alvin Hamilton , minister of agriculture. Then, a federal election was called. Hamilton took Mulroney with him on the campaign trail, where the young organizer gained valuable experience. After graduating from Laval in 1964, Mulroney moved to Montreal to join

1876-465: A salary well into the six-figure range. In 1977, he was appointed company president. Drawing upon his labour law experience, he instituted improved labour relations, and, with commodity prices on the rise, company profits soared during the next several years. In 1983, Mulroney successfully negotiated the closing of the Schefferville mine, winning a generous settlement for the affected workers. In

2010-437: A schedule of only three brackets (with rates of 17 percent, 26 percent, and 29 percent). The bill also limited the lifetime capital gains exemption to $ 100,000; lowered capital cost allowances; established limitations on deductible business expenses; and cut the dividend tax credit. In August 1989, Mulroney's government announced the introduction of a nine percent national sales tax, the goods and services tax (GST), to replace

2144-571: A sharp decline happening in the 1960s due to a resurgence of Japan's domestic economy. The Japanese Colombian colony migrated between 1929 and 1935 in three waves. Their community is unique in terms of their resistance against the internal conflict occurring in Colombia during the decade of the 1950s, a period known as La Violencia . Japanese Peruvians form another notable ethnic Japanese community with an estimated 6,000 Issei and 100,000 Japanese descendants (Nisei, Sansei, Yonsei), and including

2278-576: A strike that was considered impossible to resolve at the Montreal newspaper La Presse . In doing so, Mulroney and the paper's owner, Canadian business mogul Paul Desmarais , became friends. After his initial difficulties, Mulroney's reputation in his firm steadily increased, and he was made a partner in 1971. Mulroney's big break came during the Cliche Commission in 1974, which was set up by Quebec premier Robert Bourassa to investigate

2412-519: A surprise victory. Mulroney became a youth delegate and attended the 1956 leadership convention in Ottawa . While initially undecided, Mulroney was captivated by John Diefenbaker 's powerful oratory and easy approachability. Mulroney joined the Youth for Diefenbaker committee, which was led by Ted Rogers , a future scion of Canadian business. Mulroney struck an early friendship with Diefenbaker (who won

2546-569: A tunnel made by the Japanese in time of the war . In the Philippines, Halo-halo is believed to be an indigenized version of the Japanese kakigori class of desserts, originating from pre- war Japanese migrants into the islands. Odong or udong of Davao Region and Visayas is inspired by Japanese udon. During the early 1900s, there was a large community of Japanese laborers in Davao, half of them Okinawans , and in this period,

2680-427: A voting delegate at the convention. In the leadership race, Mulroney spent an estimated $ 500,000, far more than the other candidates, and earned himself the nickname 'Cadillac candidate.' At the 1976 leadership convention , Mulroney placed second on the first ballot behind Wagner. His expensive campaign, slick image, lack of parliamentary experience, and vague policy positions did not endear him to many delegates, and he

2814-509: A witness, Mulroney refused, deeming it a violation of 'executive privilege.' Mulroney and Bourassa would later cultivate a friendship that would turn out to be extremely beneficial when Mulroney ran for re-election in 1988. The Stanfield-led Progressive Conservatives lost the 1974 election to the Pierre Trudeau -led Liberals, leading to Stanfield's resignation as leader. Mulroney, despite never having run for elected office, entered

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2948-647: Is also a small but growing Japanese community in New Zealand, primarily in Auckland and Wellington . In the census of December 1939, the total population of the South Seas Mandate was 129,104, of which 77,257 were Japanese. By December 1941, Saipan had a population of more than 30,000 people, including 25,000 Japanese. There are Japanese people in Palau , Guam and Northern Mariana Islands . In

3082-499: Is married to stylist Jessica , and their three children served as page boys and bridesmaids during the wedding of Prince Harry and Meghan Markle on May 19, 2018. Mark and Nicolas both work in the financial industry in Toronto. Mulroney entered St. Francis Xavier University in the fall of 1955 as a 16-year-old first-year student. His political life began when he was recruited to the campus Progressive Conservative group by Lowell Murray and others early in his first year. Murray, who

3216-574: Is wrong for Canada, and I am not going to ask Canadians to pay the price.' You had an option, sir—to say 'no'—and you chose to say 'yes' to the old attitudes and the old stories of the Liberal Party. That, sir, if I may say respectfully, is not good enough for Canadians. Turner froze and wilted under this withering riposte from Mulroney. He could repeat only, "I had no option." A visibly angry Mulroney called this "an avowal of failure" and "a confession of non-leadership." The exchange led most papers

3350-556: The Kasato Maru from the Japanese port of Kobe , moving to Brazil in search of better living conditions. Many of them ended up as laborers on coffee farms (for testimony of Kasato Maru 's travelers that continued to Argentina see es:Café El Japonés , see also Shindo Renmei ). Immigration of Japanese workers in Brazil was actually subsidized by São Paulo up until 1921, with around 40,000 Japanese emigrating to Brazil between

3484-495: The 1968 budget to $ 37.2 billion in the 1984 budget . By 1988 , Mulroney's government cut the deficit to $ 28 billion, though it would never decrease beyond that point and the deficit would instead increase. The Progressive Conservatives' final budget in 1993 produced a deficit of $ 38.5 billion, about the same level that it was when Trudeau left office. As a percent of GDP, the deficit was reduced from 8.3 percent to 5.6 percent during Mulroney's tenure. The worldwide recession of

3618-446: The 1983 leadership convention . Despite still not being a member of Parliament, Mulroney ran against him, campaigning more shrewdly than he had done seven years before. Mulroney had been criticized in 1976 for lacking policy depth and substance, a weakness he addressed by making several major speeches across the country in the early 1980s, which were collected into a book, Where I Stand , published in 1983. Mulroney also avoided most of

3752-560: The 2018 Ontario PC leadership race and represents the party in the provincial legislature as the member for York—Simcoe . She served as Ontario's minister of transportation and minister of Francophone affairs . She moved from transportation to being President of the Treasury Board while continuing on as the minister of Francophone affairs. Ben was the host of the CTV morning show Your Morning from June 2016 to October 2021. Ben

3886-469: The Bank of Canada began to raise interest rates in order to meet a zero inflation target; the experiment was regarded as a failure that exacerbated the effect of the recession in Canada. Annual budget deficits ballooned to record levels, reaching $ 42 billion in his last year of office. These deficits grew the national debt dangerously close to the psychological benchmark of 100 percent of GDP, further weakening

4020-592: The Canadian dollar and damaging Canada's international credit rating. Mulroney's government de-indexed personal income tax brackets and eliminated open corporate tax loopholes. The government also increased taxes on alcohol, tobacco and gasoline. In 1988, Mulroney's government reduced the corporate income tax from 36 percent to 28 percent. That year, his government increased the capital gains tax inclusion rate from 50 percent to 66.67 percent before increasing it to 75 percent in 1990. Mulroney's government passed

4154-639: The Japanese emigrants from Japan (and their descendants ) residing in a country outside Japan. Emigration from Japan was recorded as early as the 15th century to the Philippines , but did not become a mass phenomenon until the Meiji period (1868–1912), when Japanese emigrated to the Philippines and to the Americas . There was significant emigration to the territories of the Empire of Japan during

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4288-586: The Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs reported the five countries with the highest number of Japanese expatriates as the United States (418,842), China (102,066), Australia (94,942), Thailand (78,431) and Canada (74,362). The term Nikkei, from the Japanese word nikkei ( 日系 , lit. "of Japanese lineage") , is often used to refer to Japanese people who emigrated from Japan and their descendants. These groups were historically differentiated by

4422-521: The Kuril Islands , 17,000 Japanese were expelled, most from the southern islands. During and after World War II, most of these overseas Japanese repatriated to Japan . The Allied powers repatriated over 6 million Japanese nationals from colonies and battlefields throughout Asia. Only a few remained overseas, often involuntarily, as in the case of orphans in China or prisoners of war captured by

4556-648: The Northeast ( Maine , New York , New Jersey , Vermont , Massachusetts , Rhode Island , Connecticut , New Hampshire and Pennsylvania ) and Midwest ( Illinois , Indiana , Iowa , Kansas , Michigan , Minnesota , Missouri , Nebraska , North Dakota , Ohio , South Dakota and Wisconsin ) states. Argentina is home to about 80,000 people of Japanese descent. Most of them lives in Buenos Aires and districts like Balvanera and Monserrat has many Japanese restaurants, shops and izakayas. Buenos Aires also has

4690-534: The Second World War , the Japanese population was detained and later expelled at the cessation of hostilities. The Japanese population in Australia was later replenished in the 1950s by the arrival of 500 Japanese war brides, who had married AIF soldiers stationed in occupied Japan. In recent years, Japanese migration to Australia, largely consisting of younger age females, has been on the rise. There

4824-491: The St. Lawrence Ports . He was noted for ending several strikes along the Montreal waterfront, where he met fellow lawyer W. David Angus of Stikeman Elliott , who would later become a valuable fundraiser for his campaigns. In addition, he met fellow then Stikeman Elliott lawyer Stanley Hartt , who later played a vital role assisting him during his political career as Mulroney's Chief of Staff. In 1966, Dalton Camp , who by then

4958-666: The War Measures Act . The Prime Minister also offered a formal apology in the House of Commons and the certificate of acknowledgement of injustices of the past, which was sent to each Japanese Canadian whose rights had been stripped, incarcerated, dispossessed and forcibly displaced. The younger generation of Japanese-Canadians born in the late 20th century are mostly Yonsei , the fourth generation. Many Yonsei are of mixed racial descent. According to Statistics Canada 's 2001 census of population information, Japanese-Canadians were

5092-600: The Western Accord on Energy with the governments of the oil-producing provinces. It permitted the full deregulation of oil prices and allowed the market forces of international and local supply and demand to determine prices. This accord abolished the National Energy Program , which was a policy of Trudeau's Liberal government that was highly unpopular in the Western provinces. The environment

5226-489: The bakufu began issuing travel documents for overseas travel and emigration. Before 1885, fewer and fewer Japanese people emigrated from Japan, in part because the Meiji government was reluctant to allow emigration, both because it lacked the political power to adequately protect Japanese emigrants and because it believed that the presence of Japanese as unskilled laborers in foreign countries would hamper its ability to revise

5360-408: The popular vote (compared to 53.4 percent in 1958) and led in every province, emerging as a national party for the first time since 1958. Especially important was the Tories' performance in Mulroney's home province, Quebec. The Tories had only won the most seats in that province once since 1896 – the 1958 Tory landslide. Largely out of anger at Trudeau and Mulroney's promise of a new deal for Quebec,

5494-549: The unequal treaties . A notable exception to this trend was a group of 153 contract laborers who immigrated—without official passports—to Hawai'i and Guam in 1868. A portion of this group stayed on after the expiration of the initial labor contract, forming the nucleus of the Nikkei community in Hawai'i. In 1885, the Meiji government began to turn to officially sponsored emigration programs to alleviate pressure from overpopulation and

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5628-725: The 16th century the Portuguese Empire purchased and sold on Japanese slaves . From the 15th through the early 17th century, Japanese seafarers traveled to China and Southeast Asia countries, in some cases establishing early Japantowns . This activity ended in the 1640s, when the Tokugawa shogunate imposed maritime restrictions which forbade Japanese from leaving the country and from returning if they were already abroad. This policy would not be lifted for over two hundred years. Travel restrictions were eased once Japan opened diplomatic relations with Western nations. In 1867,

5762-519: The 1868 Meiji Restoration . (see Japanese Americans and Japanese Canadians ) In Canada, small multi-generational communities of Japanese immigrants developed and adapted to life outside Japan. There was a small amount of Japanese settlement in the Dominican Republic between 1956 and 1961, in a program initiated by Dominican Republic leader Rafael Trujillo . Protests over the extreme hardships and broken government promises faced by

5896-577: The 1958 national election campaign at the local level in Nova Scotia. This campaign led to the largest majority in the history of the Canadian House of Commons. After graduating from St. Francis Xavier with a degree in political science in 1959, Mulroney at first pursued a law degree from Dalhousie Law School in Halifax . It was around this time that Mulroney also cultivated friendships with

6030-402: The 1980s, with Japan's growing economy facing a shortage of workers willing to do so-called three K jobs ( きつい , kitsui [difficult], 汚い , kitanai [dirty] and 危険 , kiken [dangerous]), Japan's Ministry of Labor began to grant visas to ethnic Japanese from South America to come to Japan and work in factories. The vast majority—estimated at 300,000—were from Brazil , but there is also

6164-846: The British Columbia parliament pushed for a total federal ban on immigration in the 1920s. After several years of negotiations, Japan eventually agreed to reduce its immigration quota under the Gentleman's Agreement to only 150 persons per year. On January 14, 1942, the Canadian government used the War Measures Act to brand Japanese-Canadians enemy aliens and to categorize them as security threats. There were 20,881 Japanese placed in internment camps and road camps in British Columbia, and prisoner-of-war camps in Ontario. Families were also sent as forced labourers to farms throughout

6298-988: The Canadian visible minority group most likely to have a formal or common-law marriage with a non-Japanese partner. Out of the 25,100 couples in Canada in 2001 that had at least one Japanese person, in only 30% of them were both partners of Japanese descent. As of 2001, 65% of Canada's Japanese population was born in Canada. Hoshū jugyō kō (Japanese supplementary schools) for instruction of the Japanese language include those in Calgary, Edmonton, Halifax, London, Montreal, Ottawa, Saskatoon, Toronto, and Vancouver. With teachers from Japan : Without teachers from Japan : Japanese Canadian population by province and territory in Canada in 2021 according to Statistics Canada : Japanese diaspora The Japanese diaspora and its individual members, known as Nikkei ( Japanese : 日系 , IPA: [ɲikkeː] ) or as Nikkeijin ( Japanese : 日系人 , IPA: [ɲikkeꜜːʑiɴ] ), comprise

6432-604: The GST was passed in the Senate and was made effective on January 1, 1991. Mulroney's use of an "emergency" clause in the constitution was controversial and contributed to his decline in popularity. One of the causes of the early 1990s recession was several tax increases instituted by Mulroney's government between 1989 and 1991. The introduction of the goods and services tax and increases related to excise and payroll taxes were modelled to have reduced real GDP growth by 1.6, 2.4 and 5.1 percentage points in 1990, 1991 and 1992, respectively. Had these tax increases had not been implemented,

6566-575: The Japanese became unemployed in large numbers. At the same time, return migration to Japan, along with repatriation to their home countries, has also created complex relationships with both their homeland and hostland, a condition which has been called a "'squared diaspora' in which the juxtaposition of homeland and hostland itself becomes questionable, instable and fluctuating." This has also taken on new forms of circular migration as first and second generation nikkei travel back and forth between Japan and their home countries. Note: The above data shows

6700-534: The Japanese manufactured odong . There was also a significant level of emigration to the overseas territories of the Empire of Japan during the Japanese colonial period, including Korea , Taiwan , Manchuria and Karafuto . Unlike emigrants to the Americas, Japanese going to the colonies occupied a higher rather than lower social niche upon their arrival. In 1938 about 309,000 Japanese lived in Taiwan . By

6834-628: The Liberals. Many Tories were also annoyed with Clark over his slowness in dispensing patronage appointments after he became prime minister in June 1979. By late 1982, Joe Clark's leadership of the Progressive Conservatives was being questioned in many party circles and among many Tory members of Parliament, despite his solid national lead over Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau in opinion polls. Mulroney, while publicly endorsing Clark at

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6968-762: The Meech Lake Accord's demise revived Quebec separatism , leading to the rise of the Bloc Québécois . In foreign policy, Mulroney strengthened Canada's ties with the United States and opposed the apartheid regime in South Africa, leading an effort within the Commonwealth to sanction the country. Mulroney's tenure was marked by the Air India Flight 182 bombing, the largest mass killing in Canadian history, though his response to

7102-625: The Meiji period still maintain recognizable communities in those countries, forming separate ethnic groups from Japanese people in Japan. The largest of these foreign communities are in the Brazilian states of São Paulo and Paraná . There are also significant cohesive Japanese communities in the Philippines , Peru and in the American state of Hawaiʻi . Nevertheless, most emigrant Japanese are largely assimilated outside of Japan. As of 2022 ,

7236-472: The Mulroney government announced that Registered home ownership savings plan (RHOSP) contributions would not be deductible if made after May 22, 1985, (funds left in the RHOSP after this date could be withdrawn tax-free, "regardless of the use" ) and no contribution could be made after December 31, 1985; the government also announced that income earned in an RHOSP after December 31, 1985, was to be included in

7370-451: The Progressive Conservatives were reduced from a majority government of 156 seats to two, with its support being eroded by the Bloc and Reform parties. In his retirement, Mulroney served as an international business consultant and sat on the board of directors of multiple corporations. Although he places above average in rankings of Canadian prime ministers , his legacy remains controversial. He

7504-835: The Red Army and forced to work in Siberia . During the 1950s and 1960s, an estimated 6,000 Japanese accompanied Zainichi Korean spouses repatriating to North Korea, while another 27,000 prisoners-of-war are estimated to have been sent there by the Soviet Union; see Japanese people in North Korea . There is a community of Japanese people in Hong Kong largely made up of expatriate businessmen. Additionally, there are 19,612 Japanese expatriates in Indonesia based mostly in

7638-434: The Tories' 1958 landslide in which they won 78.5 percent of seats). They took 211 seats, three more than their previous record in 1958 and the highest number of seats ever won by any party in Canadian history. The Liberals won only 40 seats, which, at the time, was their worst performance ever and the worst defeat for a governing party at the federal level in Canadian history. The Progressive Conservatives won just over half of

7772-400: The Tory premier of Nova Scotia , Robert Stanfield , and his chief adviser Dalton Camp . In his role as an advance man, Mulroney assisted with Stanfield's successful 1960 re-election campaign. Mulroney neglected his studies, fell seriously ill during the winter term, was hospitalized, and, despite getting extensions for several courses because of his illness, left his program at Dalhousie after

7906-485: The University of San Carlos with the National Museum of the Philippines, discovered ancient Japanese pottery that is believed to have been in existence since the early 1700s. The ancient Japanese pottery that was discovered there has proven that there was trading activity between Japan and Cebu Island Philippines going back to the 16th century. In the 16th century the Japanese settlement was established in Ayutthaya , Thailand and in early 17th century Japanese settlers

8040-405: The appointments—which convention would then have required Sauvé to do. Turner did not, instead appointing several more Liberals to prominent political offices per a signed legal agreement with Trudeau. Ironically, Turner had planned to attack Mulroney over the patronage machine that the latter had set up in anticipation of victory. In a televised leaders' debate, Turner launched what appeared to be

8174-405: The attack came under criticism. Mulroney made environmental protection a priority by securing a treaty with the United States on acid rain , making Canada the first industrialized country to ratify the Convention on Biological Diversity , adding significant national parks, and passing the Environmental Assessment Act and the Environmental Protection Act . The unpopularity of the GST and

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8308-420: The brother of former Japanese Communist Party chairman Satomi Hakamada, whose daughter Irina Hakamada is a notable Russian political figure. The 2002 Russian census showed 835 people claiming Japanese ethnicity (nationality). There is a sizable Japanese community in Düsseldorf , Germany of nearly 8,400 (as of 2018 ) Japanese nationals (not ethnics). Many of them are expatriates who stay there only for

8442-448: The campaign is best remembered for his attacks on a raft of Liberal patronage appointments. In his final days in office, Trudeau had controversially appointed a flurry of senators , judges, and executives on various governmental and crown corporation boards, widely seen as a way to offer 'plum jobs' to loyal members of the Liberal Party. Upon assuming office, Turner had been under pressure to advise Governor General Jeanne Sauvé to cancel

8576-432: The cities of Jakarta and Bali . The Japanese diaspora has been unique in the absence of new emigration flows in the second half of the 20th century. However, research reports that during the post-war many Japanese migrated individually to join existing communities abroad. People from Japan began migrating to the U.S. and Canada in significant numbers following the political, cultural and social changes stemming from

8710-471: The closing of post offices in some small towns and the elimination of certain train routes. The government also introduced fees for forwarding misdirected letters. Under Mulroney, military spending growth was reduced to 1.5 percent per year and foreign aid growth was reduced to 3 percent per year. Mulroney also put spending limits on medicare . One of Mulroney's priorities was to lower the deficit , which under Pierre Trudeau had increased from $ 667 million in

8844-399: The commission. Mulroney asked Lucien Bouchard to join as counsel. The committee's proceedings, which showed Mafia infiltration of the unions, made Mulroney well known in Quebec, as the hearings were extensively covered in the media. The Cliche Commission's report was largely adopted by the Bourassa government. A notable incident included the revelation that the controversy may have involved

8978-426: The contest to replace him. Mulroney and provincial rival Claude Wagner were both seen as potentially able to improve the party's standing in Quebec, which had supported the federal Liberals for decades. Mulroney had played the lead role in recruiting Wagner to the PC party a few years earlier, and the two wound up as rivals for Quebec delegates, most of whom were snared by Wagner, who even blocked Mulroney from becoming

9112-408: The controversy surrounding its passage in the Senate , combined with the early 1990s recession , the collapse of the Charlottetown Accord, and growing Western alienation that triggered the rise of the Reform Party , caused a stark decline in Mulroney's popularity, which induced him to resign and hand over power to his cabinet minister Kim Campbell in June 1993. In the election later that year ,

9246-498: The convention's defeat. The conference also introduced the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change , which sought to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to an environmentally friendly level; Canada was the first Group of Seven (G7) nation to sign the treaty. At the convention, Mulroney pledged $ 260 million from Canada toward advancing sustainable development for developing nations; this included an offer to forgive $ 145 million in debts owed to Canada by Latin American nations on

9380-449: The country. As his business reputation grew, he was invited onto several corporate boards. Joe Clark led the Progressive Conservative party to a minority government in the 1979 federal election , which ended 16 years of continuous Liberal rule. The government fell after a successful no-confidence motion over his minority government's budget in December 1979. The PCs subsequently lost the federal election held two months later to Trudeau and

9514-454: The discovery that CFCs were burning a hole through the ozone layer . Mulroney secured the U.S.–Canada Air Quality Agreement , an environmental treaty on acid rain , with United States President George H. W. Bush in 1991. Both nations committed to reducing the emissions of the air pollutants (sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxide) that caused acid rain through a cap-and-trade system. Negotiations began in 1986 when Mulroney first discussed

9648-402: The early 1990s significantly damaged the government's financial situation. Mulroney's inability to improve the government's finances, as well as his use of tax increases to deal with it, were major factors in alienating the Western conservative portion of his power base – this contrasted with his tax cuts earlier as part of his 'pro-business' plan which had increased the deficit. At the same time,

9782-562: The early 20th century, Davao City soon became dubbed as Davaokuo (in Philippine and American media) or (in Japanese : 小日本國「こにっぽ​んこく」 , romanized :  Ko Nippon Koku , lit.   'Little Japan') with a Japanese school, a Shinto shrine, and a diplomatic mission from Japan. The place that used to be " Little Tokyo " in Davao was Mintal. There is even a popular restaurant called "The Japanese Tunnel", which includes

9916-564: The early years of the 20th century, anxiety about the rapid growth of cheap Japanese labor in California came to a head when in 1906, when the School Board of San Francisco passed a resolution barring children of Japanese heritage from attending regular public schools. President Roosevelt intervened to rescind the resolution, but only on the understanding that steps would be taken to put a stop to further Japanese immigration. In 1907, in

10050-532: The effects of the Matsukata deflation in rural areas. For the next decade, the government was closely involved in the selection and pre-departure instruction of emigrants. The Japanese government was keen on keeping Japanese emigrants well-mannered while abroad in order to show the West that Japan was a dignified society, worthy of respect. By the mid-1890s, immigration companies ( imin-kaisha , 移民会社), not sponsored by

10184-615: The end of World War II , there were over 850,000 Japanese in Korea and more than 2 million in China , most of them farmers in Manchukuo (the Japanese had a plan to bring in 5 million Japanese settlers into Manchukuo). Over 400,000 people lived on Karafuto (Southern Sakhalin ) when the Soviet offensive began in early August 1945. Most were of Japanese or Korean descent. When Japan lost

10318-511: The face of Japanese government protests, the so-called " Gentlemen's Agreement " between the governments of Japan and the United States ended immigration of Japanese workers (i.e., men), but permitted the immigration of spouses of Japanese immigrants already in the US. The Immigration Act of 1924 banned the immigration of all but a token few Japanese, until the Immigration Act of 1965 , there

10452-521: The federal workforce by 1 percent each year from 1986 to 1991, resulting in the laying off of 11,000 federal employees. Mulroney's government transferred the costs of universal health care and higher education to the provinces, breaking the tradition of the two levels of government splitting the costs. As a result, some provinces had to drop insurance coverage for certain medical procedures and drugs. Mulroney's government eliminated subsidies to government-owned passenger rail and postal services, resulting in

10586-615: The field and youth wings." Two months later, Mulroney entered Parliament as the MP for Central Nova in Nova Scotia, winning a by-election in what was then considered a safe Tory seat after Elmer MacKay stood aside in his favour. The Progressive Conservatives only had one seat in Mulroney's home province of Quebec at the time. Throughout his political career, Mulroney's fluency in English and French, with Quebec roots in both cultures, gave him an advantage that eventually proved decisive. By

10720-554: The first four years of these contracts worked primarily on sugar plantations, coal mines, and railroads. Japanese immigrants (particularly from the Okinawa Prefecture , including Okinawans ) arrived in small numbers during the early 20th century. In the United States, particularly after the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, Japanese immigrants were sought by industrialists to replace Chinese immigrants. In

10854-533: The first year. He then applied to Université Laval in Quebec City and continued his legal studies there later in 1960. In Quebec City , Mulroney befriended future Quebec Premier Daniel Johnson Sr. and frequented the provincial legislature, making connections with politicians, aides, and journalists. At Laval, Mulroney built a network of friends, including Lucien Bouchard , Bernard Roy , Michel Cogger , Michael Meighen , and Jean Bazin , that would play

10988-438: The flash of his earlier campaign, for which he had been criticized. Mulroney was elected party leader on June 11, 1983, beating Clark on the fourth ballot, attracting broad support from the many factions of the party and especially from representatives of his native Quebec. Pundits noted that a poll of delegates on the final ballot showed that Mulroney had won a bare majority of Clark's home province of Alberta and that Clark had won

11122-454: The government lowered benefits for unemployed Canadians and eliminated benefits for the unemployed who failed to prove the reason they left their job. In 1985, Mulroney's government introduced a four-year plan to restructure family benefits. Starting in 1986, family allowances were partially indexed to the cost of living . For three years, from 1986 to 1988, the refundable child tax credits were increased to $ 549 per year. Starting in 1989,

11256-870: The government, began to dominate the process of recruiting emigrants, but government-sanctioned ideology continued to influence emigration patterns. In 1898, the Dutch East Indies colonial government statistics showed 614 Japanese in the Dutch East Indies (166 men, 448 women). During the American colonial era in the Philippines , the Japanese population of Davao , most of whom first started out as laborers working in abaca plantations in Davao , were recorded in statistics as only numbering 30 in 1903, then 5,533 by 1920, then 12,469 by 1930, then later increased to 20,000 by 1941. The number of Japanese laborers working in plantations rose so high that in

11390-503: The hidden 13.5 percent manufacturers' sales tax (MST). The government argued that the MST damaged the Canadian economy's competitiveness as it only applied to domestically manufactured goods, as opposed to the new GST, which applied to domestic and imported goods. The GST did not apply to basic groceries, prescription drugs, health and dental care, educational services, daycare, and legal aid. Following public backlash, Mulroney's government changed

11524-441: The honour both before becoming prime minister and when prime minister (the other being Lester Pearson ). The first Conservative majority victory in 26 years—and only the second in 54 years—initially seemed to give Mulroney a very formidable position. The Tories had won just over half the popular vote, and no other party crossed the 50-seat mark. He had wide discretion to take Canada in virtually any direction he wanted. His position

11658-492: The initial group of migrants set the stage for the end of state-supported labor emigration in Japan. Mexico received Japanese immigrants in 1897, when the first thirty five arrived in Chiapas to work on coffee farms. Immigration into Mexico died down in the following years, but was eventually spurred again in 1903 due to the acceptance of mutually recognized contracts on immigration by both countries. Immigrants coming in

11792-468: The internment. There were 63% of Canadians who supported redress and 45% who favoured individual compensation. On September 22, 1988, the National Association of Japanese Canadians succeeded in negotiating a redress settlement with the government at the time, under the leadership of Prime Minister Brian Mulroney . The settlement included $ 21,000 for each individual directly affected, which was by 1993 almost 18,000 survivors. The federal government also provided

11926-621: The issue with then-president Ronald Reagan . Mulroney repeatedly pressed the issue in public meetings with Reagan in 1987 and 1988. Under Mulroney, Canada became the first industrialized country to ratify the 1992 Convention on Biological Diversity at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Conference experts claimed that Canada's signing of the treaty motivated the United Kingdom and Germany to pledge their support and thus avoid

12060-616: The largest Japanese garden outside Japan, called Jardín Japonés , located in Palermo district. Japanese Brazilians are the largest ethnic Japanese community outside Japan (numbering about 2 million, compared to about 1.5 million in the United States ) and São Paulo contains the largest concentration of Japanese outside Japan. Paraná and Mato Grosso do Sul also have a large Japanese community. The first Japanese immigrants (791 people, mostly farmers) came to Brazil in 1908 on

12194-401: The law firm Howard, Cate, Ogilvy et al. The firm at the time was the largest law firm in the Commonwealth of Nations . Despite twice failing his bar exams, the firm kept him due to his charming personality. Mulroney finally passed the exam and was admitted to the Quebec bar in 1965, after which he began practising as a labour lawyer. He worked on Laurent Picard 's Commission of Inquiry on

12328-436: The leadership) and received telephone calls from him. Mulroney won several public speaking contests at St. Francis Xavier University, was a star member of the school's debating team, and never lost an inter-university debate. He was also very active in campus politics, serving with distinction in several Model Parliaments , and was campus prime minister in a Maritimes -wide Model Parliament in 1958. Mulroney assisted with

12462-589: The long time out of government. Mulroney included a large number of Westerners in his Cabinet (including Clark as minister of external affairs ). He was not completely successful, even aside from economic and constitutional policy. For example, he moved CF-18 servicing from Manitoba to Quebec in 1986, even though the Manitoba bid was lower and the company was better rated. Mulroney also received death threats for exerting pressure on Manitoba over French language rights. Despite Mulroney referring to social programs as

12596-506: The most. In 1992, the government replaced family allowances with a new Child Tax Benefit that included the family allowance, the Refundable Child Tax Credit, and a non-refundable child tax credit. The new benefit paid a maximum of $ 85 per month per child up to the age of 18 and was tax-free. It was income-tested on the net family income reported in the preceding year's income tax returns. Mulroney's government reduced

12730-765: The national debt would have increased significantly. Mulroney's government privatized many of Canada's crown corporations . In 1984, the Government of Canada held 61 crown corporations. Under Mulroney, it sold off 23 of them, including Air Canada , which was completely privatized by 1989, although the Air Canada Public Participation Act continued to make certain requirements of the airline. Mulroney's government also privatized Connaught Laboratories in 1984 through two public issues (one in 1984 and one in 1987) and Petro-Canada in 1991. On June 1, 1985, Mulroney's government negotiated

12864-461: The new Japanese-Mestizo community. In the 16th and 17th centuries, thousands of traders from Japan also migrated to the Philippines and assimilated into the local population. In the 15th century AD, shimamono tea-jars were bought by the shōguns to Uji in Kyoto from the Philippines by merchants such as Luzon Sukezaemon which was used in the Japanese tea ceremony . In the latter half of

12998-422: The next day, with most of them paraphrasing Mulroney's counterattack as "You had an option, sir—you could have said 'no.'" Many observers believe that at this point, Mulroney assured himself of becoming prime minister. On September 4, Mulroney and the Tories won the second largest majority government (in terms of percentage of seats) in Canadian history, winning 74.8 percent of seats in the House of Commons (behind

13132-611: The number of Japanese nationals living overseas as of October 13, 2020, according to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan . Brian Mulroney Martin Brian Mulroney (March 20, 1939 – February 29, 2024) was a Canadian lawyer, businessman, and politician who served as the 18th prime minister of Canada from 1984 to 1993. Born in the eastern Quebec city of Baie-Comeau , Mulroney studied political science and law. He then moved to Montreal and gained prominence as

13266-595: The office of the Premier of Quebec when it emerged that Paul Desrochers, Bourassa's special executive assistant, had met with the union boss André Desjardins , known as the "King of Construction," to ask for his help with winning a by-election in exchange guaranteeing that only companies employing workers from his union would work on the James Bay project. Although Bouchard favoured calling in Robert Bourassa as

13400-549: The other hand, in the United States and some other places where Nikkei people have developed their own communities and identities, first-generation Japanese immigrants with Japanese citizenship tend to be included if they are involved in the local community. The Japanese American National Museum , based upon a collaborative project that involved more than 100 scholars from 10 countries, has defined Nikkei as follows: We are talking about Nikkei people - Japanese emigrants and their descendants who have created communities throughout

13534-572: The owner's taxable income, effectively ending the last desirable feature of RHOSPs. In 1990, the government limited cost-sharing under the Canada Assistance Plan in three provinces in response to their concerns that unemployed workers would apply for cost-shared provincial social assistance (as a result of rising unemployment). Also in 1990, Mulroney's government eliminated its financial contribution to UI, making all UI costs covered by worker and employer contributions. In Spring 1993,

13668-616: The period of Japanese colonial expansion (1875–1945); however, most of these emigrants repatriated to Japan after the 1945 surrender of Japan ended World War II in Asia . According to the Association of Nikkei and Japanese Abroad, about 4 million Nikkei live in their adopted countries. The largest of these foreign communities are in Brazil , the United States , the Philippines , China , Canada and Peru . Descendants of emigrants from

13802-517: The polls to take a lead after trailing by more than 20 percentage points. Only four days after being sworn in as prime minister, Turner called a general election for September . But the Liberal election campaign machinery was in disarray, leading to a weak campaign. In the early days of the campaign, Mulroney made several gaffes regarding patronage, including the reference to Ambassador Bryce Mackasey as "there's no whore like an old whore". Most of

13936-511: The popular vote. He later won a second majority government in 1988 . Mulroney's tenure as prime minister was marked by the introduction of major economic reforms, such as the Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement , the goods and services tax (GST) that was created to replace the manufacturers' sales tax, and the privatization of 23 of 61 Crown corporations including Air Canada and Petro-Canada . However, he

14070-523: The prairies. Three quarters of them were already citizens in Canada. A parallel situation occurred in the United States, the Japanese American internment . The property and homes of Japanese Canadians living in the province of British Columbia were seized and sold off without their consent in 1943. The funds were used to pay for their internment. They also had to "pay rent" for living in the internment shacks that they were assigned. In 1945, after

14204-552: The province swung over dramatically to support him. The Tories had only won one seat out of 75 in 1980 but took 58 seats in 1984. Mulroney yielded Central Nova back to MacKay and instead ran and won in the eastern Quebec riding of Manicouagan , which included Baie-Comeau. In 1984, the Canadian Press named Mulroney " Newsmaker of the Year " for the second straight year, making him only the second prime minister to have received

14338-618: The province was named after him in 1977). The first generation or Issei , mostly came to Vancouver Island , the Fraser Valley and Rivers Inlet from fishing villages on the islands of Kyūshū and Honshū between 1877 and 1928. A Japanese community newspaper for Vancouver residents was first launched in 1897. Around the same time, the Fraser River Japanese Fishermen's Association Hospital in Steveston

14472-556: The publisher would slip him $ 50. Mulroney grew up speaking English and French fluently. On May 26, 1973, Mulroney married Mila Pivnički , the daughter of a Serbian -Canadian doctor, Dimitrije Pivnički  [ sr ] , from Novi Bečej . Many PC campaign buttons featured both Mulroney's face and hers, and Ontario Premier Bill Davis commented to Brian, "Mila will get you more votes for you than you will for yourself." The Mulroneys have four children: Caroline , Benedict (Ben) , Mark and Nicolas. Caroline unsuccessfully ran for

14606-647: The rest of Asia was noted as early as the 15th century to the Philippines ; early Japanese settlements included those in Lingayen Gulf , Manila , the coasts of Ilocos and in the Visayas when the Philippines was under the influence of Srivijaya and Majapahit Empire. In 2009, Japanese and Filipino archaeologists , from the Sumitomo Foundation-funded Boljoon Archaeological Project conducted by

14740-582: The right to vote in 1949. Mobility restrictions were lifted in 1949. Until 1948, Japanese-Canadians, both Issei and Canadian-born Nisei , were denied the right to vote. Those born in the 1950s and 1960s in Canada are mostly Sansei , the third generation. Sansei usually have little knowledge of the Japanese language . Over 75% of the Sansei have married non-Japanese. Nisei and Sansei generally identify themselves not as fully Japanese but as Canadians first who happen to have Japanese ancestry. Since 1967,

14874-595: The same privileged visa with which they had entered the country. Arudou Debito , columnist for English-language newspaper The Japan Times , denounced the policy as "racist" as it only offered Japanese-blooded foreigners who possessed the special "person of Japanese ancestry" visa the option to receive money in return for repatriation to their home countries. Some commentators also accused it of being exploitative since most nikkei had been offered incentives to immigrate to Japan in 1990, were regularly reported to work 60+ hours per week, and were finally asked to return home when

15008-503: The second wave of immigrants were usually highly educated and resided in urban areas. In the late 1970s and the 1980s, documents on the Japanese Canadian internment were released, and redress was sought by the National Association of Japanese Canadians, an organization representing Japanese Canadians nationally that was headed by Art Miki from Winnipeg. In 1986, it was shown that Japanese Canadians had lost $ 443 million during

15142-486: The situation at the James Bay Project , Canada's largest hydroelectric project. Violence and dirty tactics had broken out as part of a union accreditation struggle. To ensure the commission was non-partisan, Bourassa, the Liberal premier, placed Robert Cliche, a former leader of the provincial New Democratic Party in charge. Cliche asked Mulroney, a Progressive Conservative and a former student of his, to join

15276-534: The start of 1984, as Mulroney began learning the realities of parliamentary life in the House of Commons, the Tories took a substantial lead in opinion polling. It was almost taken for granted that Trudeau would be heavily defeated by Mulroney in the general election due no later than 1985. Trudeau announced his retirement in February and was succeeded as Liberal leader and prime minister by his former finance minister, John Turner , in June. The Liberals then surged in

15410-511: The start of a blistering attack on Mulroney by comparing his patronage machine to that of the old Union Nationale in Quebec. Mulroney successfully turned the tables by pointing to the recent raft of Liberal patronage appointments. He demanded that Turner apologize to the country for making "these horrible appointments." Turner replied that, "I had no option" except to let the appointments stand. Mulroney famously responded: You had an option, sir . You could have said, 'I am not going to do it. This

15544-423: The tax credits were partially indexed in the same manner as family allowances. That same year, as part of the government's program to target social benefits to low or middle-income Canadians, universal family allowances ended as high-income parents were required to repay all of their benefits at tax-filing time. This system maintained and increased a tax deduction for childcare expenses, benefiting high-income families

15678-399: The tax rate to seven percent. Although the government argued the tax was not a tax increase, but a tax shift, the highly visible nature of the tax was extremely unpopular, and many polls showed that as many as 80 percent of Canadians were opposed to the tax. Two Progressive Conservative MPs from Alberta, David Kilgour and Alex Kindy , left the party in protest of the tax. The Senate with

15812-474: The terms issei (first-generation Nikkei), nisei (second-generation Nikkei), sansei (third-generation Nikkei) and yonsei (fourth-generation Nikkei). In this context emigration refers to permanent settlers, excluding transient Japanese abroad, although the term may not strictly relate to citizenship status. The Japanese government defines Nikkei people as foreign citizens with the ability to provide proof of Japanese lineage within three generations. On

15946-480: The wake of his loss in the 1976 leadership race, Mulroney battled alcohol abuse and depression for several years; he credits his loyal wife Mila with helping him recover. In 1979, he permanently became a teetotaller. During his IOC term, he made liberal use of the company's executive jet, frequently flying business associates and friends on fishing trips. Mulroney also maintained and expanded his extensive political networking among business leaders and conservatives across

16080-546: The war, as part of the continued effort to remove all Japanese Canadians from British Columbia, Prime Minister William Lyon MacKenzie King had his cabinet pass Orders-in-Council to extend the powers of the War Measures Act and give Japanese Canadians two "options": to be relocated to another province "East of the Rockies" or to go "back" to Japan though most were born in Canada and had never been to Japan. After organized protests by against their treatment, they were finally given

16214-665: The world. In recent years, many young Japanese have been migrating from Japan to Britain to engage in cultural production and to become successful artists in London. There are also small numbers of Japanese people in Russia some whose heritage date back to the times when both countries shared the territories of Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands; some Japanese communists settled in the Soviet Union , including Mutsuo Hakamada,

16348-428: The world. The term Nikkei has multiple and diverse meanings depending on situations, places, and environments. Nikkei also include people of mixed racial descent who identify themselves as Nikkei. Native Japanese also use the term Nikkei for the emigrants and their descendants who return to Japan. Many of these Nikkei live in close communities and retain identities separate from the native Japanese. Japanese emigration to

16482-436: The years of 1908 and 1925, and 150,000 pouring in during the following 16 years. The most immigrants to come in one year peaked in 1933 at 24,000, but restrictions due to ever growing anti-Japanese sentiment caused it to die down and then eventually halt at the start of World War II. Japanese immigration into Brazil actually saw continued traffic after it resumed in 1951. Around 60,000 entered the country during 1951 and 1981, with

16616-794: Was a paper mill electrician. As there was no English-language Catholic high school in Baie-Comeau, Mulroney completed his high school education at a Roman Catholic boarding school in Chatham, New Brunswick , operated by St. Thomas University . In 2001, St. Thomas University named its newest academic building in his honour. Benedict Mulroney worked overtime and ran a repair business to earn extra money for his children's education, and he encouraged his oldest son to attend university. Mulroney would frequently tell stories about newspaper publisher Robert R. McCormick , whose company had founded Baie-Comeau. Mulroney would sing Irish songs for McCormick, and

16750-685: Was a key focus of Mulroney's government. His government added eight new national parks (including Bruce Peninsula and South Moresby ), and passed the Canadian Environmental Assessment Act and Canadian Environmental Protection Act . In 1987, Mulroney hosted an international climate conference in Montreal , Quebec. There, 46 nations signed the Montreal Protocol to limit the use and production of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs); this agreement came after

16884-538: Was appointed to the Senate of Canada in 1979, became Mulroney's close friend, mentor, and adviser. Mulroney made other important, lasting friendships with Gerald Doucet , Fred Doucet , Sam Wakim , and Patrick MacAdam . Mulroney enthusiastically embraced political organization and assisted the local PC candidate in his successful 1956 Nova Scotia provincial election campaign; the PCs, led provincially by Robert Stanfield , won

17018-626: Was criticized for his role in the resurgence of Quebec nationalism and accused of corruption in the Airbus affair , a scandal that came to light only several years after he left office. Mulroney was born on March 20, 1939, in Baie-Comeau , Quebec, a remote and isolated town of the Côte-Nord region, in the eastern part of the province. He was the son of Irish Canadian Catholic parents, Mary Irene (née O'Shea) and Benedict Martin Mulroney, who

17152-651: Was established after the local hospital refused to admit and treat Japanese immigrants. In 1907, the Asiatic Exclusion League was established in Vancouver and, by September of that year, led a mob of rioters who vandalized both Chinese and Japanese neighbourhoods. In 1908, Canada enacted a Gentlemen's Agreement intended to curb further Japanese immigration to Canada. Influenced by the American Immigration Act of 1924 , members of

17286-494: Was far more precarious than his parliamentary majority would suggest. Mulroney's support was based on a grand coalition of socially conservative populists from the West, Quebec nationalists , and fiscal conservatives from Ontario and Atlantic Canada. Such diverse interests became difficult for him to juggle. Most of Mulroney's ministers had little government experience, resulting in conflicts of interest and embarrassing scandals. Many Tories expected patronage appointments due to

17420-509: Was first recorded to stay in Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia ). A larger wave came in the 17th century, when red seal ships traded in Southeast Asia and Japanese Catholics fled from the religious persecution imposed by the shōguns and settled in the Philippines, among other destinations. Many of them also intermarried with the local Filipina women (including those of pure or mixed Chinese and Spanish descent), thus forming

17554-511: Was president of the Progressive Conservative Party, ran for re-election in what many believed to be a referendum on Diefenbaker's leadership. Diefenbaker had reached his 70th birthday in 1965. Mulroney joined with most of his generation in supporting Camp and opposing Diefenbaker, but due to his past friendship with Diefenbaker, he attempted to stay out of the spotlight. With Camp's narrow victory, Diefenbaker called for

17688-450: Was unable to build upon his base support, being overtaken by eventual winner Joe Clark on the second ballot. Mulroney was the only one of the eleven leadership candidates who did not provide full financial disclosure on his campaign expenses, and his campaign finished deeply in debt. Mulroney took the job of executive vice president of the Iron Ore Company of Canada , a joint subsidiary of three major U.S. steel corporations. Mulroney earned

17822-539: Was unsuccessful in reducing Canada's chronic budget deficit . Mulroney sought Quebec's endorsement of the 1982 constitutional amendments by first introducing the Meech Lake Accord and then the Charlottetown Accord . Both proposed recognizing Quebec as a distinct society , extending provincial powers, and extensively changing the constitution. Both of the accords failed to be ratified, and

17956-666: Was very little further Japanese immigration. But afterward, the Japanese American community increased heavily. The majority of Japanese settled in Hawaii , where today a third of the state's population are of Japanese descent and the rest in the West Coast ( California , Oregon , Washington and Alaska ) and Southwestern United States ( Arizona , New Mexico , and adjacent parts of Colorado , Nevada , Texas , and Utah ), but other significant communities are found in

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