A regnal name , regnant name , or reign name is the name used by monarchs and popes during their reigns and subsequently, historically. Since ancient times, some monarchs have chosen to use a different name from their original name when they accede to the monarchy.
241-447: John George Caradja , also known by his regnal name Ioan Gheorghe Caragea ( Greek : Ἰωάννης Γεωργίου Καρατζάς , romanized : Ioanni Georgiou Karatzas ; pre-modern Romanian : Ioan Gheorghie Caragea , Cyrillic : Їωан Геωргïє Караџѣ; French : Jean Georges Caradja , Caradgea , or Caradgia ; Italian : Giovanni Caradza , Caragia , or Caraggia ; Turkish : Yoan Corc Karaca ; 1754 – 27 December 1844),
482-504: A Pope Peter II. Even though there is no specific prohibition against choosing the name Peter, bishops elected to the Papacy have refrained from doing so even if their own given name was Peter. This is because of a tradition that only Saint Peter should have that honor. In the 10th century John XIV used the regnal name John because his given name was Peter. While some antipopes did take the name Peter II, their claims are not recognized by
723-524: A Praenomen of Roman Emperors, Augustus and Caesar became a cognomen of theirs. Immediately after a new pope is elected, and accepts the election, he is asked by the Dean of the College of Cardinals , "By what name shall you be called?" The new pope chooses the name by which he will be known. The senior Cardinal Deacon, or Cardinal Protodeacon , then appears on the balcony of Saint Peter's Basilica to proclaim
964-446: A Swiss city, and with his unwillingness to cut down on luxuries, he began selling his silver on the open market. He was also able to recover and sell off his jewels, which were handled by Jean-François Bautte . According to historian Bogdan Bucur, while in exile Caradja "lived off his huge fortune, which consoled him regarding his prudent abdication." Most funds had been transferred into Western banks (some 30 million piasters were moved by
1205-720: A ballad about him. Karađorđe is mentioned in Honoré de Balzac 's 1842 novel A Start in Life , as the grandfather of one of the book's main characters. The Montenegrin prince-bishop and poet Petar II Petrović-Njegoš dedicated his 1847 epic poem The Mountain Wreath to "the ashes of the Father of Serbia", a reference to Karađorđe. The surname Karamazov, used in the Russian writer Fyodor Dostoyevsky 's 1880 novel The Brothers Karamazov ,
1446-427: A boyar of the court—a one-eyed man who stood accused of having insulted Princess Rallou". Immediately after his enthronement, Caradja was becoming known to locals as harsh and swift in carrying out justice. His Serdar , Diamandi Djuvara , began a complex operation to hunt down brigands. In 1812, Atanasie Vastă of Târgoviște was whipped and exiled for having assaulted his own father, with Caradja reminding him that
1687-528: A card game which went locally by the name of criș . Westernization at the court also tied John Caradja and his daughter to the history of flying machines in Wallachia. On 26 June 1818, they were probably present as "some Germans" flew a hot air balloon from Dealul Spirii in downtown Bucharest—the result of a wager, in which the Prince lost 10,000 thalers that the contraption would never take off. According to
1928-493: A compilation of private law , Caradja's text was mainly based on the modernizing Napoleonic Code , though still maintaining "an uneven combination on enlightened principles and medieval privileges." Literary scholar Nicolae Liu similarly notes that Caradja shared the Enlightenment's ambition "of achieving the 'common good' or 'general welfare' by legislative means"; he underscores that Legiuirea , along with other codes of
2169-533: A coup had indeed been prepared by a "revolutionary organization". During June, Senfft transmitted rumors that Caradja's demotion was again being considered by Mahmud: "four carriages have been secretly bought for the new prince who is due to replace prince Caradja." He claimed that Caradja was no longer backed by Halet Efendi, who instead encouraged conspirators to act in Bucharest: "[Halet and his clients] work to give some semblance of legality and treaty conformity to
2410-545: A covered footbridge leading directly from the palace and into that building, tearing down part of its south wall. It was in this new residence that Caradja held court as chief justice of Wallachia. The procedures were witnessed in February 1813 by a foreign visitor, Count Auguste de Lagarde, who commented on Caradja's nepotism and corruption: "he gave boyar offices to a few commoners who had paid large sums for their diploma and ended this memorable session by breaking his flail on
2651-456: A dedicated Romanian section at the princely academy, but Caradja and Benjamin of Lesbos were very much opposed. As recounted by scholar Ion Heliade Rădulescu , the Eforie debates were heated, with Caradja pretending to seek expert counsel from Benjamin on each new proposal, and receiving the answer nu se poate, stăpâne ("no can do, my liege"). In 1816, responding to demands made by Fleischhackl,
SECTION 10
#17327917673042892-557: A good dash of the coxcomb." Alexandros Mavrokordatos had also joined this "Phanariote colony", but seemed to snub his liege: "One would be hard pressed to find in Europe a minister who would speak [like Mavrokordatos did] in front of their sovereign". Candolle describes Caradja himself as able to converse in French, but "less informed of European mores than various members of his family"; perplexing locals with his suspicion of Swiss banks in
3133-597: A literary career, participating in the spread of Enlightenment literature throughout the Rum Millet , and becoming noted for his translations from Carlo Goldoni . His progeny included Rallou Karatza-Argyropoulos , who was famous in her own right as a pioneer of modern Greek theater . Caradja's reign came at the apex of Phanariote influence in the Danubian Principalities , a time marked by political corruption, outside interference, and, increasingly,
3374-681: A livestock merchant. In 1796, the rogue governor of the Sanjak of Vidin , Osman Pazvantoğlu , invaded the Pashalik of Belgrade , and Karađorđe fought alongside the Ottomans to quash the incursion. In early 1804, following a massacre of Serb chieftains by renegade Ottoman janissaries known as Dahis , the Serbs of the Pashalik rebelled. Karađorđe was unanimously elected to lead the uprising against
3615-599: A mass grave. He also ordered Bucharest's health inspector, Archisatras, to give him routine reports on any signs of disease. The country's economic decline, worsened by months of Russian military occupation, did not prevent Caradja from instituting new fiscal policies which the population at large perceived as absurdly harsh. According to reports left by Caradja's enemy Manuc Bei , fiscal innovations were inaugurated by Caimacam Argyropoulos, who pressured Wallachian citizens into paying an additional contribution of 2.1 million piasters, claiming that these were upkeep they still owed to
3856-587: A massive explosion that killed him and everyone else in the vicinity. On the site of the battle, the Ottoman commander Hurshid Pasha built a stone tower with the skulls of Sinđelić and his fighters embedded in its walls as a warning to others who wished to rebel. The fall of Čegar allowed the Ottomans to establish a land corridor extending along the Morava River valley from Niš to the Danube. Their advance
4097-643: A monarch (usually long-lived), or a succession of monarchs of the same name. This is customary; there is no formal or general rule. For example, the whole period during which a succession of four Georges ( George I , II , III , and IV ) of the Hanoverian dynasty reigned in Great Britain became known as the Georgian era . Conversely, although there were many Edwards, the Edwardian era always refers to
4338-663: A murderous purge of the Greek Orthodox community —as argued by C. J. Karadja, this information is probably false. In 1808–1809, a homonymous cousin, John N. Caradja , himself noted for his literary translations, took over John's position as Grand Dragoman. John's own prospects changed for the better after the Russo-Turkish War of 1806–1812 . He began his second stint as Dragoman on 7 August 1812, replacing Panagiotis Moutouzis , and subsequently worked to become Wallachian Prince, hoping to outplay his powerful rivals from
4579-477: A period of infighting between the Dahis that would last until 1802. By this time, four senior Dahi commanders emerged triumphant and agreed to share power within the Pashalik. The Serbs were stripped of the privileges that they had been granted under Mustafa Pasha. Dahi bands roamed the countryside, killing peasants, looting property and setting homes on fire. Thousands of villagers were displaced and forced to flee into
4820-498: A period testimony by the Russian agent Pavel Liprandi , they narrowly escaped Pandur retribution: Vladimirescu wanted to ambush the princely caravan as it entered Transylvania; however, his plan was foiled by Olympios, who, instead of helping with the ambush, escorted Caradja to safety. Pini also allegedly played a part, having "received great sums of money to facilitate this escape." The Caradjas' drive into Austria required tacit consent from Metternich, who granted them asylum, as well as
5061-581: A permanent quarantine facility at Plumbuita . Caradja was also alarmed about the spread of leprosy , and in May 1816 ordered Constantin Samurcaș to form a lazaretto in Cotroceni . During the secondary plague outbreaks, Caradja and his court left Bucharest for the nearby village of Ciorogârla , which consequently became known as Ciorogârla Domnească or Domnești (from domn , "prince"; see Domnitor ); he
SECTION 20
#17327917673045302-509: A plan devised by Sultan Selim aimed at improving relations with the Pashalik's Christian population. Sensing that it was safe, Petrović returned to Šumadija in 1794, together with his family. He settled in Topola , where he became a livestock merchant and traded with the Austrians. His business dealings led him to establish connections with many Habsburg Serbs. In 1796, Osman Pazvantoğlu ,
5543-406: A poor military decision in the vicinity of Ćuprija . In 1810, Dobrnjac mutinied against Karađorđe and nearly succeeded in dislodging him. He was joined in his revolt by Milenko Stojković. In June 1810, Russian troops entered Serbia for a second time, distributing weapons and supplies to Karađorđe and his followers. Field Marshal Mikhail Kutuzov took part in planning joint actions against both
5784-611: A pope to be named after a Roman god. Mercurius subsequently decreed that he would be known as John II. Since the end of the tenth century the pope has customarily chosen a new name for himself during his Pontificate; however, until the 16th century some pontiffs used their baptismal names . The last pope to use his baptismal name was Pope Marcellus II in 1555, a choice that was even then quite exceptional. The names chosen by popes are not based on any system other than general honorifics. They have been based on immediate predecessors, mentors, political similarity, or even after family members—as
6025-566: A pregnant woman who died as a result; Caradja had the culprit tried and sentenced to partial mutilation, after which "he returned home to surely perform more such misdeeds." The plague, meanwhile, still made occasional returns, reappearing in Ilfov and Ialomița during autumn 1814, and striking Râmnicu Vâlcea in December 1815. During the latter outbreak, the Prince formed a permanent health committee led by Postelnic Iucache Arhiropol, and set up
6266-636: A prison in Graz . The Ottomans demanded that Karađorđe and the other rebel leaders be extradited to face punishment. The Austrians refused and instead turned them over to the Russians. Karađorđe spent a year in Austrian custody before being allowed to go to Russia. Like many of the other rebel leaders, he settled in Bessarabia . He attempted to adjust to civilian life, commissioning a portrait of himself by
6507-487: A promiscuous boyaress, Zoe Băleanu, whom he took to his villa in Therapia —where he was serving as Wallachia's emissary, or Kapucu . At his new palace, Caradja favored the glamorous side of Westernization , introducing sugar sculptures , country dances (including the mazurka ), Farobank , and carom billiards . Joining this effort, local Prussians made efforts to increase sales of lager , which they presented to
6748-410: A rebellion against the Dahis and Karađorđe was elected without opposition to lead it. It is said that he twice refused to lead the uprising, arguing that his violent temper would make him unsuitable for the role. Karađorđe's initial refusal only reinforced the chieftains' convictions that he was the only suitable candidate, and eventually, he agreed to lead the rebels. This event marked the beginning of
6989-490: A record kept at Govora Monastery , the balloon only came down on 9 June, when it was recovered at Cățelu . A similar experiment had taken place in Moldavia in 1816, making this the second balloon flight in either Principality. In late 1817, Rallou opened up her Cișmeaua Roșie theater, which showed, among other plays, Voltaire 's Brutus . It is remembered as "the first professional (Greek-language) theatrical troupe in
7230-621: A reported 650,000 piasters from this deal, while Gregory Soutzos, who had helped seal it, received 25,000. A later record by the same Manuc suggests that Caradja extorted Nectarie, obtaining from him (and in fact from the Church itself) an annual bribe of 500–600 bags of Guilder. By mid-1813, Mahmud was focused on quashing the First Serbian Uprising , which was raging immediately to the west and south of Oltenia . Caradja sent in some hundreds of his Wallachian militiamen , assisting
7471-515: A result of Chinese cultural and political influence, temple names and posthumous names were adopted by monarchs of Korea and Vietnam, whereas monarchs of Japan adopted only posthumous names. Since 140 BC, during the reign of the Emperor Wu of Han , Chinese sovereigns often proclaimed era names ( 年號 ; nián hào ) for the purpose of identifying and numbering years. Prior to the Ming dynasty , it
John Caradja - Misplaced Pages Continue
7712-571: A sister, Eleni. Their mother Sultana was a Mavrocordatos ; through her, John was the grandson of John II Mavrocordatos , who served as Moldavian Prince in the 1740s, and uncle of Alexandros Mavrokordatos . Through this branch, he was also a distant descendant of native Moldavian royalty, leading back to Stephen the Great . Little is known about John himself before the age of 55, when he took over as Great Dragoman; an oil portrait, probably done in 1795 (four years after Nicholas' death) shows him wearing
7953-527: A squad of 25 men. The Austrians and Serb rebels briefly succeeded in liberating a strip of land east and south of Belgrade , which in Serbian historiography came to be known as Koča's Frontier (Serbian: Kočina Krajina ), after one of the senior rebel leaders, Koča Anđelković . In 1791, the Austrians and Ottomans signed the Treaty of Sistova . The Austrians agreed to return all the territory that they and
8194-581: A steady friendship with the Prince, much to Manuc's chagrin. The latter died unexpectedly at Hîncești on 20 June, which "must have filled with joy Prince Caradja's soul". Meanwhile, the Sultan considered ending the affair with a violent coup in Bucharest. Merișescu reports being tipped off that "your prince has not paid his haraç these past five years, and the Turks are preparing to have him slashed". Moreover,
8435-637: A stir by driving around in a deer-drawn sled which was decorated to resemble Apollo 's fiery chariot. In late 1813, John had made him administrator of Ploiești city and its Romani encampments , which provided him with an annual income of over 200 thousand piasters. All men of the princely family became known for their decadent morals: Konstantinos was a serial seducer, forcing his wife Raluca Moruzzi to file for divorce; John himself would send his court dignitaries on "faraway missions", then forced himself on their wives. Such behavior scandalized an English physician, William Mac Michael. In January 1818, he reported that
8676-546: A subversive group favoring the Modern Greek Enlightenment and Greek nationalism . Kapodistria also sent in Nikolaos Galatis , who represented the radical-nationalist Filiki Eteria ; though he refrained from joining its ranks, Caradja allowed Mavrokordatos and Beizadea Konstantinos to be initiated by Galatis. Arriving at Bucharest as the new Russian consul, Alexander Pini reputedly enjoyed
8917-490: A suspect. Russian diplomats who had backed his regime, including Italinski, were reportedly sacked during the investigation, while Foreign Minister Ioannis Kapodistrias was told to maintain permanent communication with Manuc. The Manuc affair was soon forgotten, largely because Samurcaș changed his attitude and vouched for Caradja's innocence. According to historian Ion Ionașcu, "he responded [to Manuc's requests for information] just as Caradja himself would have answered, had
9158-524: A target for competition between the Habsburgs and the Russian Empire ; in both settings, the non-native Phanariotes were important players. During Nicholas' reign, Habsburg diplomats claimed that Wallachia was falling into Russian hands. Acting on the Ottomans with "extreme rudeness", they obtained his swift removal. The rejection of outside pressures was also becoming noted before John took charge:
9399-466: A televised interview just before his inauguration, he announced he would continue to use the name Willem-Alexander, saying "I spent 46 years of my life under the name Willem-Alexander, and specifically under the nickname of Alexander. I think it would be weird to discard that because I become king of the country." Furthermore, he said he did not consider himself "a mere number", adding that regnal numbers reminded him of Dutch cattle naming conventions. When
9640-427: A tent in the forest, Vulićević informed Obrenović of Karađorđe's whereabouts through a courier. Shortly thereafter, he received a letter from Obrenović telling him that Karađorde was to be killed. Vulićević enlisted one of his close confidantes, Nikola Novaković, to take Karađorđe's life. The following morning, just before sunrise, Novaković snuck into Karađorđe's tent and axed him to death while he slept. He then went to
9881-450: A tradition of relative gender equality previously sustained by Wallachia's common law , introducing strict agnatic primogeniture , and requiring male children to provide for their sisters. It afforded women "a certain social visibility in accordance with customary law, [but] denied them political rights and some civil rights." Unlike Callimachi, whose code fully endorsed Christian supremacy, Caradja's legal scholars remained entirely silent on
John Caradja - Misplaced Pages Continue
10122-511: A translator of Enlightenment poetry: by 1800, he had produced manuscript versions of Demofonte , Ipermestra , and L'isola disabitata . He married Eleni Skanavi, the daughter of a banker, whose aunt was the wife of Nicholas Mavrogenes (Prince of Wallachia in 1786–1789). The couple had five children. The best known among them is Princess Rallou , born in 1799 at Istanbul, who married Georgios Argyropoulos (or Arghiropol); another daughter, Roxani or Roxandra , known to have been born in 1783,
10363-401: A wave of peasant riots in 1804–1805 was followed by a more peaceful interval, which lasted to 1811 when 800 Bucharest merchants staged a protest against new taxes. Caradja first served as Grand Dragoman between 19 October and 18 November 1808, just as Sultan Mahmud II was consolidating his reign; P. Soutsos later recounted that, during his tenure, he managed to persuade Mahmud not to carry
10604-576: A writer of disputed ethnic origins, known to have been born in Sliven . From the early days of his reign, Caradja also consolidated permanent links with Austria by making Konstantinos Bellios his permanent agent in Vienna . More significantly, he was also in contact with the Austrian Chancellor , Klemens von Metternich ; he instructed Friedrich von Gentz to send Caradja regular digests of
10845-519: A year, with two more days added for plowing the fields. This number could not be reduced by the landowners themselves. Some articles upheld and extended the view that peasants could not own any property, effectively transforming their contract into an emphyteusis . The code also broke with Byzantine tradition as interpreted locally by not providing any grounds for the punishment of treason—though its original form, preserved in Greek fragments, specified that
11086-755: Is believed to have partially been inspired by Karađorđe, whose exploits popularized the use of the prefix "kara" to mean "black" within Russia. Karađorđe's likeness was featured on the obverse of five-million dinar banknotes issued by the National Bank of Yugoslavia in 1993 and 1994. The anniversary of the First Serbian Uprising's commencement, 15 February, is celebrated annually in Serbia as Statehood Day . A monument to Karađorđe stands in front of Belgrade's Church of Saint Sava , within
11327-576: Is compared to the last names of the said king's brothers and their heirs, named the Akenzuas after his father Akenzua II , and his uncles and their heirs, named the Ewekas after his grandfather Eweka II . In the case of the comparatively small number of Nigerian monarchs, such as Obi Nnaemeka Achebe of Onitsha , who do not make use of regnal names as a result of a variety of reasons, pre-coronation names are maintained during their reigns. Monarchies of
11568-415: Is created. Together, mortality and flight left Bucharest and Craiova depopulated, and vagabonds in charge of the abandoned goods. Historical memoirist Ion Ghica reports that, in Bucharest's Dudești neighborhood, syndicates of beggars and undertakers, identified by their red scarves, unceremoniously executed the sick or simply left them to die in the open field, after taking their valuables. The phenomenon
11809-479: Is usually followed by a regnal number , written as a Roman numeral , to differentiate that monarch from others who have used the same name while ruling the same realm. In some cases, the monarch has more than one regnal name, but the regnal number is based on only one of those names, for example Charles X Gustav of Sweden . If a monarch reigns in more than one realm, they may carry different ordinals in each one, as some realms may have had different numbers of rulers of
12050-665: The Austro-Turkish War of 1788–1791 as a member of the Serbian Free Corps , a militia of Habsburg and Ottoman Serbs , armed and trained by the Austrians . Fearing retribution following the Austrians' and Serb rebels' defeat in 1791, he and his family fled to the Austrian Empire , where they lived until 1794, when a general amnesty was declared. Karađorđe subsequently returned to Šumadija and became
12291-576: The Chinese cultural sphere practiced naming taboo , wherein the personal names of the rulers were to be avoided. Monarchs could adopt or be honored with regnal names ( 尊號 ; zūn hào ) during their reign or after they had abdicated. Since the Shang dynasty , Chinese sovereigns could be honored with temple names ( 廟號 ; miào hào ) after their death, for the purpose of ancestor worship . Temple names consisted of two or three Chinese characters, with
SECTION 50
#173279176730412532-546: The Crimean Khanate . The clan was attested within the Phanariote community during the mid-16th century; shortly after, their careers became intertwined with the history of the Danubian Principalities , Wallachia and Moldavia —both of which were tribute-paying vassals of the Ottomans . In the 1560s, when one of Constantine Karatzas' daughters married an Ottoman potentate, Skarlatos "Iskerlet" Beylicci, she signalled
12773-684: The Crown of Scotland . A legal case, MacCormick v. Lord Advocate (1953 SC 396), contested the right of the Queen to title herself Elizabeth II in Scotland, arguing that to do so would be a breach of the Act of Union . The case, however, was dismissed on the grounds that the pursuers had no title to sue the Crown, and also that the numbering of monarchs was part of the royal prerogative , and thus not governed by
13014-658: The Danube on 4 December, and came within reach of Bucharest on 6 December, when he set up camp at Văcărești . Still without entering the city, he curbed all celebrations, making sure that the high-ranking country aristocracy, or boyars , knew of his hostility toward them and their alleged Russophilia . While announcing that the people could expect more leniency, he was in fact focused on distributing all lucrative offices among his own Phanariote associates. As reported by memoirist Ștefan Scarlat Dăscălescu, both Caradja and Callimachi had with them "hordes of famished Greeks", reserving them
13255-596: The Ethiopian Empire , especially during the Solomonic dynasty , many Emperors would take a throne name, though this was not a general practice; a great number of rulers would remain known during their reign by their birth names. Yekuno Amlak , the founder of the Solomonic dynasty, took his father's name, Tasfa Iyasus, as his throne name. Yagbe'u Seyon , his son and heir, took the throne name Salomon after
13496-497: The First Serbian Uprising , the opening phase of what would come to be known as the Serbian Revolution . By the start of the revolt, the Pashalik of Belgrade had a population of about 400,000, 10 percent of which was Muslim. Its Serb population was roughly 250,000. At first, the rebels numbered around 30,000 men. In this initial stage, they were joined by a significant amount of the Pashalik's Muslim population, whom
13737-801: The Greek War of Independence , and becoming nominal head of the revolutionary government in the Peloponnese . In his late sixties, he tried but failed to impose himself as a figure of influence in the Hellenic State ; he eventually returned to live as a regular citizen in the newly formed Kingdom of Greece , publishing editions of his translations from Goldoni, and dedicating himself to advancing theatrical life in general. He remained generally vilified in Romanian literature and folklore , though he received positive recognition for his leniency toward
13978-745: The House of Piast disappeared and the Lithuanian House of Jagiellon was elected in the figure of the High Duke Jogaila , this monarch took the name of Władysław II, in honour of the previous Polish king ( Władysław I the Elbow-high ) with this traditional name. Similarly, when the Elector of Saxony, Frederick Augustus I, was elected king in 1697, he took the name of Augustus II. His son Frederick Augustus II crowned in 1734, also took
14219-623: The Mourouzis family . His candidacy was publicly backed by the Austrian Empire , formed in 1804 from parts of the older Habsburg realm, as well by the Ottoman intriguer, Halet Efendi . He reputedly rewarded intercessions on his behalf with 8,000 bags of Guilder , a "colossal sum" that he intended to recover from Wallachia's taxpayers. According to notes kept by the French émigré Alexandre de Langeron , Caradja surpassed all Phanariote candidates in being both "greedy and unrepentant" with his quest for
14460-513: The Ottoman Army in 1517. The Fatimid caliphs adopted the Abbasid use of the laqab to assert their claims of authority. Kara%C4%91or%C4%91e Đorđe Petrović OSA OSV ( pronounced [dʑôːrdʑe pětroʋitɕ] ; Serbian : Ђорђе Петровић ; 14 November [ O.S. 3 November] 1768 – 25 July [ O.S. 13 July] 1817), known by
14701-459: The Ottoman army as it advanced down the Timok Valley , toward Negotin ; together, these forces managed to defeat Hajduk Veljko in July 1813. This campaign ran concurrently with the French invasion of Russia and the War of the Sixth Coalition , which drew Russia's attention away from the Ottoman Empire. Enjoying his freedom to act, Mahmud ordered his troops to "destroy all the inhabitants fit to carry arms". Reportedly, Caradja intervened to warn
SECTION 60
#173279176730414942-468: The Princely Divan and asked them to form a regency council while he absented Bucharest "for reasons he did not care to disclose to them." On the evening of 29 September (11 October) 1818, after having attended the funeral ceremony of Ban Radu Golescu , Caradja took his family on a what appeared to be a leisurely carriage trip outside Bucharest. Instead, they fled for the Transylvanian city of Kronstadt , alongside 300 of their Arnaut guard. According to
15183-484: The Russian Ambassador to the Porte , Grigory Strogonov credited Manuc's notes on Caradja, and publicly shamed the latter by refusing to visit Bucharest and accept a bribe. He then made complex efforts to stop Caradja from inventing new taxes, but also to prevent Mahmud from simply replacing him with another Phanariote. This prompted the Ottomans to pressure Caradja into resigning of his own will, which did not formally contradict understandings they had with Russia. Strogonov
15424-418: The Sublime Porte by intervening to curb the Second Serbian Uprising , and was credited, possibly mistakenly, with murdering the Serb rebel Karađorđe . Made aware that he had fallen into disgrace at the Porte, and betrayed by his son-in-law Michael Soutzos , Caradja took his family and fortune out of Wallachia in September 1818. He lived in the Swiss Confederacy and the Grand Duchy of Tuscany , supporting
15665-423: The Treaty of Paris . Ledoulx writes that Caradja was enthusiastic about Napoleon's defeat at Waterloo , and celebrated it by dressing up a mannequin in Grande Armée uniform, which his servants used as a football. In April 1816, Senfft reported news that an anti-Caradja plot had been uncovered in Bucharest. He later questioned whether this had actually happened, but a Wallachian archival document confirmed that
15906-400: The Umayyad dynasty , used the laqab as-Saffah ("the Blood-Shedder"). This name carried a messianic association, a theme that would be continued by as-Saffah's successors. The use of regnal names among the caliphs lasted throughout the reign of the Abbasid Caliphate, until the institution was deposed after the defeat of the Mamluk Sultanate and the capture of Caliph al-Mutawakkil III by
16147-461: The abdication crisis , Prince Albert, Duke of York, assumed the throne. His full name was Albert Frederick Arthur George, but he became King George VI rather than "King Albert". When John, Earl of Carrick ascended the throne in 1390, it was deemed imprudent for him to take the regnal name of "John II", due to the turbulent reigns of recent kings named John ( John Balliol , John of England , and John II of France ). Furthermore, royal propaganda of
16388-423: The heir apparent , Henry, died, the prince's name was changed to Sancho, one with a more established royal tradition in the other Iberian monarchies (Navarre, Castile and Aragon). Though most monarchs of the United Kingdom have used their first baptismal name as their regnal name, on three occasions monarchs have chosen a different name. First, Queen Victoria had been christened Alexandrina Victoria, but took
16629-470: The hospodar 's removal, arguing that the prince Caradja, following these two conspiracies which prove the hatred brought on by his avarice, cannot be maintained in his place". Caradja's projects were increasingly hampered by an upper-class approximation of Romanian nationalism , or " National Party ", initially rallied around Constantin Filipescu. This move also channeled support from middle-class Greeks such as Fotino, who had come to despise "Phanariotism" as
16870-406: The reasons for his choice of name during his first General Audience in St. Peter's Square, on 27 April 2005. On that occasion, he said that he wanted to remember " Pope Benedict XV , that courageous prophet of peace, who guided the Church through turbulent times of war", and also " Saint Benedict of Nursia , co-patron of Europe, whose life evokes the Christian roots of Europe". There has never been
17111-461: The sobriquet Karađorđe ( pronounced [kâradʑoːrdʑe] ; Serbian: Карађорђе , lit. 'Black George'), was a Serbian revolutionary leader who led a struggle against the Ottoman Empire during the First Serbian Uprising . He held the title of Grand Vožd of Serbia from 14 February 1804 to 3 October 1813. Born into an impoverished family in the Šumadija region of Ottoman Serbia , Karađorđe distinguished himself during
17352-572: The sobriquet "Black George" (Serbian: Karađorđe ; Turkish : Kara Yorgi ), partly because of his dark hair and partly because of his sinister reputation. Karađorđe's service in the Serbian militia resulted in him becoming well acquainted with Ottoman military doctrine. In 1798, Napoleon invaded Egypt , forcing the Porte to redeploy thousands of regulars from the Balkans in order to resist
17593-468: The 14 million piasters that were accounted for with receipts. By 1817, Caradja was trying to prevent another regional conflict over tensions in the Principality of Serbia . After initially seeking to arrest Karađorđe , who was trying to rekindle the revolt in Serbia from Wallachia, he watched on as Karađorđe was killed by his more conservative compatriots. In the aftermath, he intervened to reassure
17834-504: The Act of Union. The Roman Emperors usually had the titles of "Imperator Caesar Augustus" in their names (which made these regnal names). Caesar came from the cognomen of Gaius Julius Caesar , Imperator meant Commander and Augustus meant venerable or majestic. The name usually went in two ways, Imperator ( Praenomen , Nomen and Cognomen ) Caesar Augustus or Imperator Caesar (Praenomen, Nomen and Cognomen) Augustus. Also, Imperator became
18075-565: The Austrian Empire, this time finding sanctuary in the Krušedol Monastery , at the foot of Fruška Gora , where Petrović worked as a forester. In 1793, Hadji Mustafa Pasha was appointed governor of the Pashalik of Belgrade . He declared a general amnesty for former rebels and announced that Muslims would no longer serve as tax-collectors in areas where Christians formed a majority of the population. These changes were part of
18316-790: The Austrian Empire. He was joined by around 100,000 other Serbs fleeing the Ottoman advance, including 50,000 from Belgrade and its environs alone. Belgrade fell later that month. The city's fall marked the end of the First Serbian Uprising. The Ottomans singled out men and boys over the age of 15 for execution, and sold women and children into slavery. Torture was used extensively and executions were particularly brutal. "Men were roasted alive, hanged by their feet over smoking straw until they asphyxiated, castrated, crushed with stones, and bastinadoed ," one eyewitness wrote. "Their women and children were raped and sometimes taken by force to harems . Outside Stambul Gate in Belgrade, there were always on view
18557-543: The Austrians handed Karađorđe over to the Russians , who offered him refuge in Bessarabia . There, he joined the Greek secret society known as Filiki Eteria , which planned to launch a pan- Balkan uprising against the Ottomans. Karađorđe returned to Serbia in secret in July 1817, but was killed shortly thereafter by agents of Miloš Obrenović , a rival rebel leader, who was concerned that Karađorđe's reappearance would cause
18798-585: The Balkans to take part in the Second Serbian Uprising. Karađorđe objected and traveled to Saint Petersburg to plead his case, but was arrested and detained. Upon his release, he joined the Filiki Eteria , a Greek nationalist secret society that intended to launch a pan-Balkan uprising against the Ottomans. The Filiki Eteria promised Karađorđe a position of military leadership in the planned uprising and offered to smuggle him into
19039-521: The Balkans, whose plot revolves around Karađorđe and his actions before, during and after the First Serbian Uprising, was released in 1911. Work soon began on the construction of the Church of Saint George , a Karađorđević dynasty mausoleum at Oplenac, near Topola. In 1913, a monument to Karađorđe was unveiled at Kalemegdan Park . During the Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia , the monument
19280-812: The Caradjas' "Asiatic origin". John's great-grandson, Constantin Jean Karadja , proposed that the first family was first attested in the 11th century when an Argyros Karatzas served the Byzantine Empire as Duke of Dyrrhachium . He sees him and other early Karatzas as Hellenized Pechenegs . Another historian, C. G. Patrinelis, sees the clan as probably Karamanlid . Supporting the Epirote or generically Greek hypothesis, authors such as Panagiotis Soutsos and Epaminonda Stamatiade believe that they acquired their aristocratic rank and surname while serving in
19521-474: The Dahis at an assembly of surviving chiefs in February 1804. Within six months, most of the Dahi leaders had been captured and executed by Karađorđe's forces, and by 1805, the final remnants of Dahi resistance had been crushed. Karađorđe and his followers demanded far-reaching autonomy, which Sultan Selim III interpreted as but the first step towards complete independence. Selim promptly declared jihad against
19762-606: The First Serbian Uprising. Karađorđe is referenced in a number of works of 19th-century fiction. While he was still alive, the Hungarian dramatist István Balog [ hu ] wrote a stage play about him, titled Black George , which premiered in August 1812. Several years later, the Russian poet Alexander Pushkin penned a ballad about Karađorđe titled The Song of George the Black . The Irish poet George Croly also wrote
20003-463: The French. The janissaries in the Pashalik of Belgrade, known as Dahis (Serbian: Dahije ), who had been expelled from the region on Selim's orders nearly a decade earlier, were pardoned and allowed to return to Belgrade on the condition that they obey Mustafa Pasha. The détente between the aging governor and the Dahis did not last long. In 1801, Mustafa Pasha was killed by a Dahi assassin. The power vacuum caused by Mustafa Pasha's murder resulted in
20244-660: The Geymüller House to the National Austrian Bank ). The Geymüller reserve became accessible to Caradja once he relocated to a new home in the Grand Duchy of Tuscany , at Pisa . He enjoyed an unusually deep level of protection from the Tuscan authorities, with censors intervening to remove all criticism of Caradja from the local newspapers. Caradja's escape was seen as intolerable by Mahmud II; while
20485-580: The Holy Roman Church [surname], who conferred upon himself the name [papal name]. During the first centuries of the church, priests elected bishop of Rome continued to use their baptismal names after their elections. The custom of choosing a new name began in AD 533 with the election of Mercurius . Mercurius had been named after the Roman god Mercury , and decided that it would not be appropriate for
20726-842: The Minister of Foreign Affairs, Nenadović as the Minister of the Interior, and Dobrnjac as the Minister of Justice. Also inducted into Karađorđe's cabinet were Mladen Milovanović, as the Minister of War; Dositej Obradović , as the Minister of Education; and Sima Marković , as the Minister of Finance. Dobrnjac and Stojković refused to accept the posts that were offered to them, fearing that their acceptance would legitimize Karađorđe and undermine their own position. Karađorđe accused them of insubordination and exiled them to Wallachia , replacing them with loyalists. The Governing Council soon recognized Karađorđe as Serbia's hereditary leader and pledged allegiance to his "lawful heirs". In mid-1812, Russia and
20967-583: The Obrenović king, Alexander , and his wife, Queen Draga , thereby rendering the Obrenović line extinct. Karađorđe's grandson, Peter Karađorđević , then ascended the throne. In order to tie himself to his grandfather's legacy, Peter commissioned a bronze crown cast from a piece of Karađorđe's first cannon. In addition, the Order of Karađorđe's Star was introduced as Serbia's highest state decoration. The first feature-length film to emerge from Serbia and
21208-624: The Ottoman Empire signed the Treaty of Bucharest , bringing the Russo-Ottoman War to a close. For his efforts, Karađorđe received the Order of Saint Anna from the Russians. The Governing Council scrambled to take an oath of loyalty to Russia in the hope that this would garner them further protection, to no avail. The Russian Emperor , Alexander , was aware of Napoleon's plans to invade Russia and desperately sought to return as many Russian soldiers as possible in order to repel
21449-571: The Ottoman court had been made aware that Caradja was in contact with the Eteria, and that this intrigue was being facilitated by Russian diplomats in Wallachia. At some point in 1818, Caradja and Callimachi's delegates met with Emperor Alexander and his ministers in Kishinev , urging them to invade the Principalities. Kapodistrias told them off, since "Russia's desire is to conserve peace with
21690-759: The Ottomans also had an important influence on the Bosnian Muslim revolutionary Husein Gradaščević , who instigated the Great Bosnian Uprising . Karađorđe is viewed in a negative light by some modern Bosniaks. In 2011, the chief Mufti of the Islamic Community of Serbia, Muamer Zukorlić , filed a petition to rename a street in Sjenica named after Karađorđe. Zukorlić alleged that Karađorđe and his followers had indiscriminately targeted
21931-516: The Ottomans and the mutineers. By the following year, Dobrnjac and Stojković were defeated. Karađorđe attempted to placate the mutineers. In January 1811, he established the People's Governing Council (Serbian: Praviteljstvujušči Sovjet ), a cabinet consisting of members who supported Karađorđe as well as those who opposed him. It consisted of twelve members, one for each of the nahije (districts) of rebel Serbia. Karađorđe appointed Stojković as
22172-407: The Ottomans for the purpose of inflicting suffering on the city's inhabitants. In one instance, several dozen Serb refugees seeking shelter in a mosque were burned alive inside. In late October 1813, Hurshid Pasha declared a general amnesty for the rebels that had survived, though Karađorđe and some senior Orthodox clerics were specifically exempted. Many rebel leaders agreed to lay down their arms,
22413-503: The Ottomans to renege on the concessions they had agreed to following the Second Serbian Uprising of 1815. Karađorđe is considered the founder of the house of Karađorđević , which ruled Serbia in several intervals during the 19th and 20th centuries. His murder resulted in a violent, decades-long feud between his descendants and those of Obrenović , with the Serbian throne changing hands several times. Đorđe Petrović
22654-424: The Pashalik of Belgrade. Karađorđe secretly entered the Pashalik on 24 July [ O.S. 12 July] 1817, crossing the Danube together with his servant, Naum Krnar . He then contacted his kum , Vujica Vulićević , who offered him an abode in the oak forest of Radovanje Grove , near Velika Plana . Unbeknownst to Karađorđe, Vulićević was on Obrenović's payroll. After escorting Karađorđe and his servant to
22895-470: The Pashalik were granted a number of privileges. They were allowed to bear arms and raise autonomous military units. After the Serb militias joined the war on Mustafa Pasha's side, Pazvantoğlu suffered a string of defeats. He retreated to Vidin , which was subsequently besieged. The war against Pazvantoğlu marked the first time that Petrović distinguished himself in the eyes of the Ottomans, who bestowed him with
23136-463: The Porte been looking into his affairs." Manuc himself still championed the cause, now arguing that the full extent of Caradja's fraud could only be known to Ștefan Bellu , who kept the Prince's more accurate and secret records, and who retained for himself part of the boyar salaries. Bellu used such funds in land speculation in Argeș County , emerging as the uncontested owner of Piscani village—which
23377-533: The Porte that Russia was not yet defeated: "Mahmoud caught the hint, his ferocious orders were countermanded, and the Servians [ sic ] were spared." His contribution to rescuing Serb civilians is "attested by several sources." Also in July 1813, the Prince began persecuting more Wallachian dissenters, including Grigore D. Ghica and Constantin Bălăceanu, by having them sent into exile—the former internally,
23618-416: The Porte, at any cost". Caradja himself caught up with rumors that he had been disgraced at the Ottoman court; he also discovered that his Soutzos son-in-law, who wanted the throne of Moldavia, now supported the toppling of both Princes. In retaliation, he sacked and humiliated Michael's father, Gregory Soutzos, from his postings at the Bucharest court. On 28 September 1818 ( New Style : 10 October), he convened
23859-569: The Prince banned a secretive society, called "Brotherhood of the Oka "; its founder, Henri de Mondonville , was a French émigré portraitist with liberal sympathies, who had extended membership to like-minded Wallachians. In December 1817, Caradja relented to nationalist pressures and created a Romanian-language school within the academy. According to historian Neagu Djuvara , the effort was "surprisingly modern" in advancing standards for staff selection and student examinations. From March 1818, this project
24100-602: The Prince endorsed Russian orders to expel Ledoulx and his staff from Wallachia, which inaugurated a lasting dispute with Antoine-François Andréossy , the French Ambassador to the Porte . Caradja became a champion of the Moldavian boyardom, which asked the great powers to endorse the reunification with Bessarabia . He tried to persuade Metternich, through Gentz, to discuss Bessarabia at the Congress of Vienna , but
24341-415: The Prince had a final say in all matters, and could invoke capital punishment . In one application of this prerogative, Caradja pardoned the boyar outlaw Iancu Jianu and "married him off to the impoverished daughter of a Greek man". In practice, the system only specified death as the penalty for three major crimes (premeditated murder, robbery, and counterfeiting), but both it and torture could be applied at
24582-544: The Prince's pleasure. With the outbreak of the Second Serbian Uprising in April 1815, Wallachia's grain trade was perturbed by immediate Ottoman demands. Caradja was forced to ask the Austrians for the right to import food from Bačka and the Banat , in exchange for a promissory note . The state continued to be unrelenting in its taxation, as recorded by traveler F. G. Laurençon. Laurençon reports that one tax collector beat up
24823-516: The Prince's second son, Beizadea Georgios, introduced his mother and sisters to his Wallachian mistress, who had deserted her husband and six children to obtain that position. Georgios was married to Smaragda, a member of the Rosetti Phanariotes (daughter of Dragoman Nicholas ), having spent over 8,000 silver francs as alms during their wedding ceremony. Merișescu reports that another one of Caradja's young relatives, Dimitri, married
25064-419: The Prince, claiming that Caradja's pressures eventually drove Manuc into a permanent exile. Mseriants also provides details on Caradja ordering Michael Soutzos to seize Manuc's assets and children, but notes that Soutzos failed in both attempts. This was largely because the Russian consul Andrey Italinski received guarantees from the Ottoman court that all Manucs would be allowed to leave Wallachia unharmed. In
25305-471: The Romanian lands." Her effort was probably backed by a grand boyar, Iordache Slătineanu , otherwise noted for his very first translation of a dramatic text into Romanian (two plays by Pietro Metastasio , published in 1797). Rallou's father was also in the audience: "Everybody stood at attention for Prince Caradja, who came to see his daughter Ralu disguised as a tragic Muse ." He was similarly interested in
25546-580: The Russian troops. Manuc also claims that Caradja and Argyropoulos never paid their dues in this respect, keeping the money for themselves while also trading away the cattle and grain that had been nominally requisitioned by Russia. The policies were not fully endorsed by the Wallachian Vistier (treasurer) Grigore Brâncoveanu ; within six months of office, Caradja had him replaced with a more compliant Constantin Filipescu. Brâncoveanu's ouster
25787-484: The Russians for not intervening earlier on the rebels' behalf. He subsequently wrote Napoleon seeking military assistance, and in 1810, dispatched an emissary to France. Nothing came of these requests, as the French did not believe that the rebels had the military capacity to dislodge the Ottomans from the Balkans. As his battlefield setbacks mounted, Karađorđe's behaviour became more volatile. In late 1809, he shot and wounded one of his commanders, Petar Jokić , for making
26028-476: The Russians that their favorite Serb had not in fact been assassinated by the Ottomans themselves, and therefore that the pact between the two regional powers was not violated. In August 1817, he sent Mahmud letters he had received from Miloš Obrenović , in which the latter explained Karađorđe's fate. Caradja also arrested Pandur leader Tudor Vladimirescu and the Greek conspirator Giorgakis Olympios , who were Karađorđe's contacts in Wallachia, but released both upon
26269-781: The Scottish or the English number, whichever was higher; this convention fit the pattern of prior reigns since the Acts of Union 1707 , all subsequent monarchs either having higher regnal numbers in England (namely William IV , Edward VII , and Edward VIII ) or had names not used before the Union (George and Victoria). New Royal Mail post boxes in Scotland bearing the cypher E II R , were vandalised, after which, to avoid further problems, post boxes and Royal Mail vehicles in Scotland bore only
26510-408: The Serbs had captured south of the Danube in exchange for minor territorial concessions in northern Bosnia, effectively abandoning the Serbs and leaving them to resist the Ottomans on their own. The rebels were crushed by 1792 and most of their leaders executed. Unwilling to surrender, Petrović became a hajduk and briefly fought the Ottomans as an outlaw. He and his family once again sought refuge in
26751-426: The Serbs of the Pashalik of Belgrade some degree of autonomy. As part of the agreement, the Russians agreed to withdraw their forces from Serbia, as well as from Wallachia and Moldavia. The Russians encouraged Karađorđe and his followers to negotiate directly with the Porte regarding the minutiae of the handover of cities and fortifications to the Ottomans. Trepidation filled the rebel camp once it became clear that there
26992-555: The Sultan's consent"). As reported by Lady Morgan, "The Prince Caradja was a victim of the recent intrigues of the Ottoman Court [...]. His people surrounded and put to death the messengers of his doom, while the Hospodar fled with his family to the frontiers." Halet was "seriously reprimanded" and lost the Sultan's favor, though his candidate, Michael Soutzos, was still a favorite for the Moldavian crown; Beizadea Georgios, whom
27233-585: The Turks threw away their arms and clothing in order to run the better, but to no purpose. The Serbs caught up with them and killed them, some with swords, some with knives and some with daggers, while others had their brains beaten out with cudgels and staves. They say that over 2,800 Turks perished and only those got away who had good horses. When our army mustered again at the camp at Ub, I saw that many of our soldiers had blood-stained swords ... and their gun-butts also were smashed and broken; they were laden with every sort of spoil. Serbs who neglected to join
27474-528: The Wallachian public. Having to deal with an outbreak of brigandage, Caradja became known for enforcing capital punishment , as well as torture and amputation. Shortly into his rule, Wallachia was struck by a wave of the Eastern plague pandemic , locally known as " Caragea's plague ". Failing to impose a total quarantine , the Prince successfully isolated himself and his court, while the general population
27715-469: The academy's only Romanian teacher. The school was moved to a new location in Măgureanu Church and placed under a Greek philosopher, Benjamin of Lesbos ; however, it remained controversial for only offering classes in Greek and Church Slavonic , a dead language. According to historian Ioan C. Filitti , Caradja's overall effort should be regarded as part of a Phanariote drive to affirm equality before
27956-476: The adding of ordinals to them or the allowing of more than a generation to pass before their subsequent usage). An example of this can be found in the kingdom of Benin , where the throne name of Erediauwa I became the surname of all of his immediate family in the Eweka royal house of the state, thus nominally tying them and their descendants to the era of his reign. This is especially obvious when their branch's name
28197-490: The affirmation of Romanian nationalism as an alternative to Greek hegemony. His candidacy in Wallachia was supported by Halet Efendi and the Austrian Empire , and made possible by large sums of money that Caradja intended to recover from taxes. He arrived in Bucharest just as Wallachia was recovering from a Russian occupation , and was involved in punishing those whom he regarded as Russophiles —his clampdown resulted in
28438-548: The aged Alexandros Soutzos took over as Prince, the Sultan issued a decree that only four clans of Phanariotes, including two branches of the Soutzos , could ever expect to have members appointed to high office. On 12 October 1818, the Ottoman Shaykh al-Islām , Çerkes Halil Efendi , argued before Mahmud that Halet had forced Caradja to flee, by asking him to perform acts he defined as mugâyir-i rızâ-yı 'âli ("against
28679-578: The agreement reached by the Porte and Obrenović's followers in November 1815. By extension, Karađorđe's murder precluded the Serbs of the Pashalik from taking part in the Balkan-wide rebellion that the Filiki Eteria had been planning. In Constantinople, Karađorđe's head was impaled on a stake and left on public display for a week. His body was buried on Serbian soil, but his skull ended up in
28920-456: The attack. As part of the Treaty of Bucharest, the Russians and Ottomans agreed that Serbian fortifications built after 1804 were to be destroyed, while cities and forts from which the Ottomans had been expelled over the course of the uprising were to be reoccupied and garrisoned by Ottoman troops. In exchange, the Ottomans agreed to declare a general amnesty for former rebels, as well as to grant
29161-518: The biblical figure. Amda Seyon took the throne name Gebre Mesqel, "slave of the cross "; Tewodros I was Walda Ambasa, "son of the lion"; Sarwe Iyasus was Mehreka Nañ "distributor of your [the Lord 's] mercy"; etc. Tafari Makonnen, the last sovereign Emperor of Ethiopia, took as his throne name Haile Selassie , meaning "Power of the Trinity ". In the various extant traditional states of Nigeria ,
29402-488: The boyar ladies, Tarsița Filipescu, decked herself in the whitest possible turban, satin dress and cüppe [gown] and ostentatiously rode beneath the windows of the princely court". Caradja ordered her stripped down in case she would re-offend, though she was never apprehended. Eventually, the Prince appointed Barbu Văcărescu as the country's Vistier , deposing and publicly humiliating Constantin Filipescu; in March 1817, he had
29643-459: The boyars by absentmindedly granting a plot in Lipscani , Bucharest to the clergy serving his court. He was forced to withdraw his donation upon being informed that it was exclusively reserved for impaling malefactors or their severed heads. During that interval, Caradja cultivated Franco-Wallachian relations and Napoleon 's emissaries in Bucharest, including Ledoulx. Mahmud's victory in Serbia
29884-399: The boyars into writing him an arz de mulțumire ("thankful memorandum"), for which there was no precedent in Wallachian history. Concessions were also contrasted by Caradja's attempt at imposing strict sartorial regulations, which restricted the use of white to clothes worn by him and his family. The order, passed on 12 January 1817, was immediately defied by the anti-Phanariote boyars: "One of
30125-416: The building as his residence, and instead rented two boyar homes, one of them owned by Grigore Dimitrie Ghica , outside Curtea Veche . He quickly transformed these into a makeshift palace that stood out for "bringing together all styles of Europe and Turkey", with frescoes done by Italian artist Alberto Giacometti. Caradja used St. Nicholas in-a-Day Church as his family chapel; he ordered the construction of
30366-425: The case, Karađorđe entertained senior rebel leaders in his home while his brother's lifeless body dangled from the front gate—a warning to others to refrain from the behaviour in which Marinko had been engaging. Muslims, combatants and non-combatants alike, were killed unremittingly, as illustrated in this contemporary account describing the capture of the village of Čučuge , near Ub , in April 1806: In their flight
30607-439: The city and shots being fired uninterruptedly." The investiture also arrived with what was widely read as bad omens such, including a major frost described by the Wallachian scribe Dionisie Fotino : "[during the 1812–1813 winter there were] scores of calamities, with thousands of cattle big and small, as well as people, being wiped out by the weather which caught them out on the fields, or on the roads." The new ruler only crossed
30848-650: The closure of fairs in Obor and elsewhere, checks on the number of Jews who could enter Bucharest, and, from August, also a formal curse on Wallachians who failed to abide by the rules. He took a special interest in Jewish affairs, discriminating against those coming in from other parts of Europe, classified as Sudiți , but protecting Jewish guilds. Also in 1813, he appointed a naturalized guild-master, Haim Herș, as community leader ( Hakham ), instructing him to control Jewish immigration. Hostile accounts suggest that Caradja
31089-561: The clothes of a high Ottoman dignitary, though it remains unclear whether he actually held any offices at that time. He first came into contact with military and political figures of the Habsburg monarchy during the preceding Habsburg–Ottoman War , when he served as a translator for armistice negotiations in Giurgiu (September 1790); in early 1792, he visited Prussia and performed similar duties. Historian Arnold Winckler describes Caradja as
31330-667: The command of Bekir Pasha , the governor of Bosnia , to march into the Pashalik. The Serbs welcomed Bekir Pasha and his men as liberators, and the Dahis were soon defeated through the joint efforts of Bekir Pasha's army and the rebels. By late August, the most prominent Dahi leaders had been captured by Karađorđe's men, beheaded, and their severed heads sent to the Sultan as trophies. The Dahis resisted for another year before they were completely defeated. Karađorđe and his followers then demanded that Serbia be granted autonomous status similar to that enjoyed by neighbouring Wallachia . Selim suspected that Karađorđe's demands for autonomy were but
31571-420: The corpses of impaled Serbs being gnawed by packs of dogs." Another account relays how infants and toddlers were boiled alive. In one day alone, 1,800 women and children were sold into slavery at a Belgrade market. Churches across the city were destroyed and mosques that had been converted into churches following the city's capture in 1806 were returned to their original use. Others were deliberately torched by
31812-569: The country. The monarchy was abolished by Josip Broz Tito 's communist government in 1945. Misha Glenny , a journalist specializing in the Balkans, believes that the First Serbian Uprising "marked the beginning of modern history on the Balkan peninsula." The uprising kindled the flame of ethno-religious nationalism among the Christians of Southeastern Europe and inspired the subsequent Greek War of Independence . Karađorđe's struggle against
32053-466: The court. Caradja is said to have hated the taste, but Rallou greatly enjoyed it. Boyaresses were quick to adopt the modern Western attire , while their husbands remained committed to the Istanbulite fashion . During these final years in office, Caradja was sometimes troubled by excess spending, encouraging boyars to adopt habits that were both less wasteful and less Oriental; in March 1815, he banned
32294-428: The death of Abdullah Ramiz Efendi and the expulsion of Manuc Bei ; the latter spent his remaining years attempting to have Caradja deposed. Caradja was then involved in securing jobs for his Greek retinue or in trafficking high offices in exchange for bribes; in order to meet Ottoman fiscal demands, but also his own financial goals, he created an infamous system of spoliation which perplexed foreign observers and angered
32535-421: The discovery that they had Russian consular protection . Halet wrote that Mahmud was well pleased by Karađorđe's murder and that the privately thanked his Wallachian vassal for facilitating it—though this was not necessarily factual. The Prince was still unable to meet the Ottomans' budgetary expectations, and, as historian Ion Nistor argues, "his services regarding the Serbian question were soon forgotten." As
32776-411: The disease even reaching Bucharest, but was in the end powerless to stop it, losing some members of his court to it. According to Fotino, some 70,000 people died throughout the plague, while Dobescu notes that there were 20,000 fatalities in Bucharest alone. Fatalities increased despite Caradja's attempts to contain the spread with a total quarantine —which included the expulsion of beggars from Bucharest,
33017-591: The dramatic arts, producing translations of various plays by Carlo Goldoni (including Il vero amico , Pamela maritata , and as many as twelve others) while still a reigning Prince; these were done in Demotic Greek (the "simple language"). Recordon's accounts suggest that most Wallachian natives, including boyars, were not served by the institutional modernization, being entirely illiterate in their native language. The years 1816–1817 gave rise to disputes over this issue: increasingly nationalist boyars demanded
33258-758: The dynasty, the Oba Adeniji Adele II . This distinction notwithstanding, both groups of dynasts (as well as a number of other ones that do not have the name Adele as an official surname, such as that of the Oloye Adekunle Ojora , a prominent nobleman of royal descent) are part of what is known as the Adele Ajosun Ruling House of Lagos. Beyond that which is described above, regnal names also serve in Nigeria and indeed in much of Africa as chronological markers in much
33499-669: The earlier queen retroactively refer to her as Elizabeth I. However, Tsar Paul I of Russia , King Umberto I of Italy , King Juan Carlos I of Spain , Emperor Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia and Pope John Paul I all used the ordinal I (first) during their reigns. In spoken English, such names are pronounced as "Elizabeth the First", "George the Sixth", etc. In some countries in Asia, monarchs took or take era names . While era names as such are not used in many monarchies, sometimes eras are named after
33740-482: The end, Caradja only obtained that Manuc be stripped, illegally so, of his own status as Dragoman. That office eventually went to Michael Soutzos, who took a monthly bribe of 80,000 piasters from his father-in-law. Reportedly, Caradja also intended to purchase Manuc's Inn , which was a lucrative business in downtown Bucharest. From his place of exile in Transylvania, Manuc sought to convince the Porte that Caradja
33981-451: The entire family would be put in jeopardy if his father stayed behind, Petrović either took his father's life or arranged for someone to kill him instead. Following the outbreak of the Austro-Turkish War of 1788–1791 , Petrović joined the Serbian Free Corps ( German : Serbische Freikorps ), and took part in fighting the Ottomans in western Serbia. The Free Corps was a volunteer militia made up of both Ottoman and Habsburg Serbs that
34222-710: The era, "intended to impose the image of certain Phanariote princes as 'trustees of the country' with a paternalistic regard for the people". Like the contemporary Callimachi Code of Moldavia, Legiuirea showed the end result of enlightened absolutism , as "an effective tool used by the central power in its struggle to control the emerging state machinery." As noted by legal scholar Valentin Al. Georgescu, it remained undecided between sources when it came to inheritance rights, creating an "absurd solution" which excluded some women from inheriting from their father-in-law if they had been widowed before his death. Overall, Caradja's code repressed
34463-607: The events had caught in Istanbul, implored the Sultan for clemency, and received a hatt-i humayun granting him personal safety. The Caradja estates in Istanbul, including those owned by the Kapucu , were confiscated. Meanwhile, Ciorogârla Domnească was auctioned off to cover some of the budgetary losses created by its owner's departure. It was purchased by Constantin Varlaam for 750,000 thalers. Regnal name The regnal name
34704-443: The factor behind a major exodus of Wallachians into neighboring Rumelia ; other forms of tax resistance were also experimented—in one incident, all the shopkeepers of Ploiești went on strike. In mid-1813, the Ispravnici of several counties were blocking the export of food and timber to Rumelia, promoting the intervention of Ottoman authorities. As a result of these, Caradja dispatched 300 loggers into Mehedinți County , to help meet
34945-418: The family's political ascent; a century later, Constantine's descendant, Costache Caragea, was serving as Postelnic in Moldavia. He is the common ancestor of all Wallachian Carageas. The future John Caradja was the son of Great Dragoman Georgios Karatzas (1697–1780), and had an uncle, Nicholas , who preceded him as both Great Dragoman (1777–1782) and Wallachian Prince (1782); another uncle, Joannicius ,
35186-414: The first pope to use two names for his regnal name when he took the name John Paul I , including the "I". He took the "John Paul" name to honor both John XXIII and Paul VI . With the unexpected death of John Paul I a little over a month later, Karol Wojtyła took the name John Paul II to honor his immediate predecessor. Antipopes also have regnal names, and also use the ordinal to show their position in
35427-460: The first step towards complete independence. He responded by declaring a jihad against the rebels. Hafiz Pasha, the Ottoman governor of Niš , was then ordered to march into Šumadija and destroy Karađorđe's army. The rebels first clashed with Ottoman regulars at the Battle of Ivankovac in August 1805, scoring a decisive victory . Belgrade was soon besieged by about 16,000 rebel fighters. The rebel leaders used anti-Muslim rhetoric to mobilize
35668-400: The first to leave the city [of Bucharest]", he issued writs ordering their salaries to be requisitioned. Museographer Gabriel Ciotoran writes that, overall, Caradja "had a decisive merit in curbing [the plague], with the many decisions that he took under such dire circumstances." A late Wallachian chronicler, Dionisie Eclesiarhul , provides additional coverage on the epidemic and the panic which
35909-416: The following six months, though one of the locals, botanist Augustin Pyramus de Candolle , recalled in 1862 that they spent an entire year in the city. The same memoirist was intrigued and amused by Caradja's family, noting the Princess Eleni was obese, that Beizadea Konstantinos was highly incompetent, and that Rallou, though stylish, was unable to carry a conversation—as noted by historian Andrei Pippidi ,
36150-538: The fortress, they were ambushed. Adult men were killed on the spot, women and girls were forcibly converted to Orthodox Christianity and made to marry their captors, and young children were placed in the care of Orthodox Christian families. One contemporary account suggests that as many as 3,000 non-Christians – mostly Muslims, but also Jews – were forced to convert to Orthodox Christianity. Jews that resisted conversion were either killed or expelled. Belgrade's mosques were either destroyed or turned into churches. As
36391-464: The general population. According to Manuc, Caradja's system was self-defeating, since the administration took money to remove other people from the lude category. Manuc also reports that Caradja was averse to any tax privileges still enjoyed by commercial towns—indifferent to their spoliation under Russian rule, he collected 1.8 million piasters from this group of localities alone. An 1815 note by diarist Asănache Lipianu informs that Caradja "burdened down
36632-570: The goings-on in world politics, with subtle indications of what Austria desired from Wallachia. These events closely followed the peace of Bucharest , which ended the preceding war—and, to the Ottomans' outrage, included the loss of Bessarabia . Caradja was one of those whom the Grand Vizier Hurshid Pasha asked to purge Wallachia of political figures seen as responsible for that debacle; the latter included Abdullah Ramiz Efendi , whom Caradja beheaded at Colentina , and Manuc Bei, whom he probably tried to lure into an assassination trap. The former deed
36873-469: The guerrillas in the countryside, made the Dahi leadership increasingly uneasy. In January and February 1804, the Dahis launched a pre-emptive assault against the Pashalik's Serbian chieftains (known as knezovi , or "princes"), killing between 70 and 150 of them. The killings outraged the Serbian rayah , the Pashalik's tax-paying lower class. By this time, Karađorđe was a well known and well respected figure in Šumadija. He narrowly escaped being killed in
37114-542: The guilds as much as he could", while also ordering low-ranking boyars to pay a tax of 18 thaler . More arbitrary demands were made against Russophile boyars such as Alecu Nenciulescu, who had to sell his Bucharest townhouse to Fleischhackl in July 1815. The Prince exercised increasingly violent pressures on those rural areas that still organized into autonomous communities, or obști , applying extortion and physical torture to obtain land concessions in Brănești . Both Manuc and chronicler Ioan Dobrescu describe these moves as
37355-422: The hands of a Constantinople museum. It was stolen some years later and buried in Greece. Karađorđe's descendants adopted the surname Karađorđević in his honour. His murder resulted in a violent, decades-long feud between his descendants and those of Obrenović, with the Serbian throne changing hands several times. The feud came to an abrupt end in June 1903, when rebellious Royal Serbian Army officers killed
37596-436: The home of his son-in-law Constantin Vlahutzi, Caradja announced his court that he intended to cut down on taxes and expenditures; this was days after opening up to the "National Party", by making Brâncoveanu his Spatharios . He was also providing selective tax breaks: in December 1816, he allowed the family of Clucer Dincă Socoteanu to have ten scutelnici . During February 1817, Caradja coaxed or threatened Nectarie and
37837-494: The issue of religious discrimination. These legislators were also vague when it came to the naturalization of foreigners: they paid lip service to earlier nativist and discriminatory laws but, as Iordachi argues, never actually enforced them—showing the political power still held by Phanariote families. Legiuirea was noted in particular for expanding on the previous code of 1780 by introducing more duties to be levied on Wallachia's peasant population. Corvées were fixed at 12 days
38078-450: The last word being either zǔ ( 祖 ; "progenitor") or zōng ( 宗 ; "ancestor"). Since the Zhou dynasty , Chinese monarchs were frequently accorded posthumous names ( 謚號 ; shì hào ) after their death. Posthumous names were adjectives originally intended to determine the achievements and moral values, or the lack thereof, of one's life. Since both titles were accorded only after one's death, they were not effectively regnal names. As
38319-440: The latter claim is especially doubtful. Lady Morgan , who dined with the Caradjas in March 1819, writes that they were all "all in their national dresses, glittering in the sun with gold and jewels; and the personal beauty of all, especially of the men, was most striking." Prince John, who appeared in a gown of "white and gold tissue" and spoke French "beautifully", struck Morgan as a "sensible, agreeable man, remarkably handsome, and
38560-470: The latter to the more remote Kastoria . A Brâncoveanu associate, Iancu Cocorăscu, was sentenced to have his arms chopped off. This purge was interrupted by a relapse of the plague. Consigned to folk memory as " Caragea's plague ", it lasted from June 1813 to April 1814 (with a reported peak during January), remaining "the deadliest outbreak of the plague from those reported in the country's annals." Fotino argues that Caradja took precautionary measures against
38801-549: The law and individualism . The Prince's views on law and taxation were codified into the updated version of Wallachia's statutory law, published in 1818 and known thereafter as Legiuirea lui Caragea ("Caradja's Law"). The work was primarily an attempt at synthesizing Byzantine law and local customs, defining the relations between these two sources. According to Dăscălescu, the result was mediocre, though not entirely pointless "had here been someone to apply them properly". Historian Constantin Iordachi proposes that, in its function as
39042-404: The line of previous pontiffs with their names. For example, David Bawden took the name Michael I when declared pope in 1990. Coptic popes also choose regnal names distinct from their given names. The use of regnal names ( laqab ) was uncommon in the Medieval Islamic era until the Abbasid Caliphate , when the first Abbasid caliph, Abu al-Abbas Abdullah ibn Muhammad , who overthrew
39283-429: The locals as well. By contrast, Manuc accuses the administration of irregularities in this respect as well: "They say that a destitute man will always be on the winning side when he engages in commerce; true enough, but only when the surplus stays with the wretched, when they only have to pay off the customs fee, and not when they are subject to oppression." He thus notes that Caradja's state exporters were instructed to tip
39524-575: The mainstream Roman Catholic Church, and each of these men only either has or had a minuscule following that recognized their claims. Probably because of the controversial Antipope John XXIII , new popes avoided taking the regnal name John for over 600 years until the election of Angelo Cardinal Roncalli in 1958. Immediately after his election, there was some confusion as to whether he would be known as John XXIII or John XXIV. Cardinal Roncalli thus moved to immediately resolve by declaring that he would be known as John XXIII. In 1978, Albino Luciani became
39765-576: The memory of a reign that had been good for the country's finances." Documents from 1818–1819 provide a unique record of Wallachia's budgetary expenditures, which were driven up by the haraç and other Ottoman fiscal instruments, totaling 2 million thalers, alongside undisclosed sums in presents and bribes; the national revenue, meanwhile, was 5.9 million thalers. In documenting the Prince's rapacity for Manuc, Filipescu contended that Caradja had taken almost 10 million piasters in bribes. These included 25,000 from Hagi Stănuță, who wanted to preserve his lease on
40006-475: The monarchs that claimed the throne and were crowned chose a different name. Otto III, Duke of Bavaria became Bela V of Hungary, taking the name of his maternal grandfather, Béla IV of Hungary . On the other hand, Wenceslaus III of Bohemia signed his royal documents in Hungary as Ladislas, this being a very traditional name in the Kingdom. Later during the first half of the 14th century, Charles I of Hungary signed as " Carolus rex ", but in fact his birth name
40247-420: The most notable of these being Miloš Obrenović , the rebel commander in Užice . A large number of Serb refugees subsequently returned to their homes, as did many of the Muslims that had been displaced in the fighting. Upon crossing the Danube, Karađorđe and his followers were arrested by the Austrian authorities. They were initially detained at the Petrovaradin Fortress in Novi Sad and later transferred to
40488-451: The mountains, where over the next several years, the able-bodied men formed ad hoc guerrilla bands. In mid-July 1803, Karađorđe obtained arms and munitions from Habsburg Serb merchants in Zemun . Later that month, he dispatched couriers through Šumadija calling for a meeting of Serbian notables to devise a strategy for resisting the Dahis. The flow of arms from the Austrian Empire into the Pashalik, combined with their inability to crush
40729-435: The name of Augustus, becoming Augustus III. The monarchs of Portugal have traditionally used their first baptismal name as their regnal name upon their accession. The only notable exception was Sancho I , who was born Martin of Burgundy ( Martinho de Borgonha , in Portuguese). As he was a younger son, Martin was expected to join the clergy, and was named after Saint Martin of Tours , on whose feast day he had been born. When
40970-404: The names of the founders of their houses as primary surnames. In order to tell them all apart from one another, secondary surnames are also used for the septs of each of the royal families that are eligible for the aforementioned rotations, names that often come from the names of state of the first members of their immediate lineages to rule in their lands. Whenever any of their direct heirs ascend
41211-448: The new Pope, informing the world of the man elected Pope, and under which name he would be known during his reign. Annuntio vobis gaudium magnum: Habemus Papam ! Eminentissimum ac Reverendissimum Dominum, Dominum [forename], Sanctæ Romanæ Ecclesiæ Cardinalem [surname], qui sibi nomen imposuit [papal name]. I announce to you a great joy: We have a Pope, The Most Eminent and Most Reverend Lord, Lord [forename], Cardinal of
41452-573: The offices of Postelnic , Great Ban , and all high-ranking Ispravnici . One estimate suggests that he collected at least 500,000 Turkish piasters from this activity alone—including 30,000 from the Frenchman Filip Lenș . Caradja disguised himself in order to visit his designated palace, Curtea Nouă , which had been damaged by the Imperial Russian Army during its use as a field hospital. The place burned down on 22 December, shortly after having been refurbished. The Prince only made his official entry into Bucharest on 24 December. He opted not to use
41693-400: The only way in which military infractions could be rectified, and according to the military historian Brendon A. Rehm, personally killed 125 people. In 1806, he ordered that his brother Marinko be hanged. According to one account, Marinko had been accused of raping a peasant girl. Another suggests that he had been attempting to seduce young women whose husbands were away at the front. Whatever
41934-422: The outlaw Iancu Jianu . Following John's death, the Caradjas split into Ottoman–Romanian and Greek branches, respectively led by his sons Konstantinos and Georgios. According to various accounts, the Caradja family originated in the Republic of Ragusa , the Beylik of Karaman , or the Despotate of Epirus . The name is Turkic and means " roe ", being read by Romanian scholar Nicolae Iorga as an indication of
42175-515: The painter Vladimir Borovikovsky . In April 1815, Obrenović orchestrated another anti-Ottoman rebellion in Serbia, which came to be known as the Second Serbian Uprising . Unlike Karađorđe's revolt, the Second Serbian Uprising ended relatively quickly and resulted in a rebel victory. In November 1815, the Ottomans accepted Obrenović's demands for wide-ranging autonomy. The terms that they agreed to were identical to those rejected by Karađorđe in 1807. The Russians prohibited Karađorđe from returning to
42416-515: The parallel appointment of Scarlat Callimachi in Moldavia, Caradja's was meant to cover a seven-year term, as pledged by the Ottoman firman of 1802. Bucharesters openly rejoiced in the news, but merely because it signaled the end of a detested Russian presence: "Stuffed dolls, dressed like the Moskals , were put up on poles, paraded by the people around Bucharest, doused in mud, and finally set alight. Merrymaking lasted for three days between 15 and 18 October 1812, with lights being put up throughout
42657-467: The peasantry, calling upon them to rise up and drive the Ottomans "across the blue sea". In order to further galvanize the population, Karađorđe appealed to memories of the Battle of Kosovo of June 1389, which paved the way for the Ottoman conquest of Serbia and the rest of the western Balkans, declaring that Serbia's defeat in the battle needed to be avenged. He sought to further cement his authority by harkening back to symbols of Medieval Serbia , such as
42898-431: The plague, reports that rural areas were quickly pacified for fear of Caradja's "strictness": "should anyone happen to have dropped something along the roads, nobody would pick it up, and there were no thieves to speak of." Caradja was also involved in advancing precautions against other disasters, such as his June 1814 order that all shopkeepers in Bucharest keep and maintain firefighting implements. That same month, he upset
43139-578: The proxy of Ottoman despotism. In that context, Manuc advised Russia to mount additional pressures on Caradja. He suggested that Pyotr Lopukhin 's government collect on its 1812 debt, which, Manuc argued, would result in the downfall of Halet Efendi and his entire "Austrian" clique. Manuc also claimed that he was in regular contact with Vistier Filipescu and Samurcaș, both of them double-dealers who had kept full records of Caradja's fraudulent accounting. In mid-1816, these reports were heard by Russian Emperor Alexander I , who ordered that Caradja be regarded as
43380-456: The rebels and ordered an army to march into the Pashalik. The Ottomans suffered a string of defeats at the hands of Karađorđe's forces. By 1806, the rebels had captured all the major towns in the Pashalik, including Belgrade and Smederevo , and expelled their Muslim inhabitants. Burdened by the demands of the Russo-Turkish War of 1806–1812, Selim offered the Serbs extensive autonomy. However, Karađorđe refused in light of Russia's avowal to aid
43621-703: The rebels captured Sjenica . They repulsed an Ottoman attack on the village of Suvodol in early June, and seized Novi Pazar later that month, but failed to take its fortress. Minor clashes also took place in the north of Kosovo. Lacking numbers and adequate military training, the rebels failed to establish a corridor to Montenegro and gain access to the Adriatic Sea , which Karađorđe had described as one of his key aims. The rebels experienced further setbacks in Niš, where 3,000 were surrounded at Čegar Hill in May–June 1809. Knowing that he and his men would be impaled if captured, rebel commander Stevan Sinđelić fired at his entrenchment's gun powder magazine, setting off
43862-448: The rebels defeated the Ottomans at the Battle of Mišar . Later that month, they scored another victory at the Battle of Deligrad . Smederevo was captured in November and made the capital of Karađorđe's revolutionary state. Belgrade, with the exception of its imposing fortress , fell in early December . The outbreak of the Russo-Ottoman War that month, compounded by Russia's avowal to provide extensive materiel and financial support to
44103-401: The rebels dubbed the "Good Turks". Karađorđe and his followers appealed to Sultan Selim for assistance against the Dahis, who had since rejected the authority of the Porte. Austria sent weapons and supplies to the rebels, while Russia lobbied on their behalf, encouraging the Porte to grant the Serbs further autonomy following the Dahis' removal. In May, Selim ordered a 7,000-strong army under of
44344-428: The rebels should they continue fighting, convinced Karađorđe not to accept anything short of complete independence. He promptly refused to accept the terms of the agreement negotiated by Ičko. In March 1807, Karađorđe issued a promise to Suleiman Pasha, the Governor of Belgrade, that he and his garrison would be granted safe passage if they vacated the city's besieged fortress. When Suleiman and his garrison emerged from
44585-470: The rebels should they continue fighting. Frequent infighting, together with Napoleon 's invasion of Russia in 1812, weakened the rebels, and the Ottomans were able to reverse many of their gains. Karađorđe was forced to flee Serbia in October 1813 and Belgrade fell later that month, bringing the First Serbian Uprising to a close. He and his followers sought refuge in the Austrian Empire, but were arrested and detained. Despite Ottoman requests for extradition,
44826-427: The rebels twice dispatched the diplomat Petar Ičko to Constantinople to negotiate with the Porte. The two parties eventually reached an understanding, which came to be known as Ičko's Peace , in which the Ottomans agreed to grant the rebels extensive autonomy. Due to the Balkans' poor communications and transport infrastructure, it took several months for news of the Porte's offer to reach the rebels. In August 1806,
45067-481: The regnal names of the titled monarchs, who are known locally as the traditional rulers , serve two very important functions within the monarchical system . Firstly, seeing as how most states are organised in such a way as to mean that all of the legitimate descendants of the first man or woman to arrive at the site of any given community are considered its dynastic heirs , their thrones are usually rotated amongst almost endless pools of contending cousins who all share
45308-476: The reign of Edward VII at the beginning of the 20th century. Ancient rulers in many parts of the world took regnal names or throne names which were different from their personal name. This is known to be true, for instance, of several kings of Assyria , and appears to be the case for several kings of Judah . In Ancient Egypt , Pharaohs took a number of names—the praenomen being the most commonly used, on occasion in conjunction with their personal name. In
45549-413: The relics of Stefan the First-Crowned , and placing old heraldic symbols on flags and seals to establish continuity between the Serbian Empire and himself. Portraits of Dušan the Mighty , the founder of the Serbian Empire, are said to have hung from the walls of the rebels' headquarters. Karađorđe was feared by enemies and allies alike because of his volatile temper. He considered executions to be
45790-404: The renegade governor of the Sanjak of Vidin , who had rejected the authority of the Sublime Porte , launched an invasion of the Pashalik of Belgrade. Overwhelmed, Mustafa Pasha formed a Serbian national militia to help stop the incursion. Petrović joined the militia and became a boluk-bashi (Serbian: Buljukbaša ), leading a company of 100 men. In return for their service, the Serbs of
46031-540: The revolution progressed, rebel strength peaked at around 50,000 fighters. Despite their initial successes, the rebel leaders were seldom on good terms, and constant infighting plagued their camp. In the western part of the country, Jakov Nenadović was the principal figure. In the east, Milenko Stojković and Petar Dobrnjac held sway. The latter two opposed Karađorđe's attempts to create a centralized state, fearing that this would result in their own power being diminished. Others, such as Nenadović, complained that Karađorđe
46272-413: The riverside and shot Krnar with a rifle as he was gathering water. Karađorđe's lifeless body was beheaded. His severed head was taken to Belgrade and presented to Marashli Ali Pasha , who had been appointed the governor of the Pashalik two years prior. Ali Pasha had the head flayed, stuffed and sent to the Sultan himself. Obrenović feared that Karađorđe's return would prompt the Ottomans to renege on
46513-682: The role of king [ sic ], which he had only been playing for two months, was neither hard nor unpleasant." Ledoulx reports that the court included boyars, slave girls , as well as "all sorts of nobodies" who lived exclusively on princely handouts. The court's reliance on princely boons and titles was also commented on by Caradja's Swiss secretary, François Recordon, who was puzzled by its sartorial components. According to Recordon, Wallachian boyars would spend lavish amounts on clothes and jewelry, including kalpak headgear that he measures as "at least five feet across". As one of his first acts in power, Caradja called on his friend Fleischhackl, who
46754-445: The same regnal name. For example, the same person was both King James VI of Scotland and King James I of England . The ordinal is not normally used for the first ruler of the name, but is used in historical references once the name is used again. Thus, Queen Elizabeth I of England was called simply "Elizabeth of England" until the accession of Queen Elizabeth II almost four centuries later in 1952; subsequent historical references to
46995-430: The same way that those of Europe do (e.g. the Victorian era). Whenever one hears of a person describing what happened at the time when so and so ruled over any particular place or people, what he or she is actually saying is that an event happened within a finite period of time, one that is equal to the duration of the reign of the monarch in question. Now seeing as how it is possible (and in fact common, particularly among
47236-519: The scales, obtaining that one in three kile of grain be robbed away from the peasant producers. Manuc alleges that Caradja similarly confiscated 250,000 sheep, which was 100,000 more than the Ottomans had required of him, and that he sold off the difference at a profit. During this interval, the Prince also obtained and expanded privileges for Bulgarian settlers around Bucharest, who were the city's suppliers of produce, and whose Romanianization he indirectly encouraged. New settlers included Anton Pann ,
47477-498: The secretary to Dragoman Constantine Ypsilantis , noting that this position brought Caradja into contact with a diplomatic agent of the Habsburgs, Franz von Fleischhackl. During 1792–1793, Ypsilantis published the military training manual Usūl ü Fenn-i Harb , which was based on Marquis de Vauban 's Traité de la guerre en général . Turkologist Johann Strauss argues that Caradja may have been the work's secondary author. 21st-century archival research has uncovered Caradja's contribution as
47718-420: The southern tribes) for one individual to have several different names and aliases in a single life, a certain degree of uniformity in usage is required if the history of an entire state is to be tied to his or her name. It is for this reason that when new monarchs are enthroned, the uniqueness of their names is usually considered to be a matter of considerable importance (even when it is caused by nothing more than
47959-431: The textile mill of Mărcuța (though Caradja still sold off the rights to other bidders, in August 1817). Langeron claims that, overall, Caradja had "squeezed that unfortunate province [of Wallachia]" of 93 million piasters, or 50 million rubles , of which he kept 18 million; 70 million "went over to the sultan, to his ministers, and to the Phanariotes". Manuc argued that the sum was much much smaller, though still surpassing
48200-407: The throne under the name Victoria. When Victoria's son, Prince Albert Edward, became king in 1901, he took the regnal name Edward VII , against the wish of his late mother. The new king declared that he chose the name Edward as an honoured name borne by six of his English predecessors, and that he preferred that the name Albert be only associated in royal history with his father . In 1936, after
48441-440: The throne. Mahmud finally awarded Caradja his throne on 27 August 1812, though he only presented him with the ceremonial fur hat on 22 October, at a time when the plague pandemic was killing 3,000 Istanbul residents each day. During these dates, regal power in Wallachia was held by Rallou's husband Argyropoulos, as Caimacam . Both the Caimacam and the Prince were closely supervised by the Ottoman authorities of Ruschuk . Like
48682-403: The thrones, they often use their septs' names as reign names as well, using the appropriate ordinals to differentiate themselves from the founders of the said septs. An example of this is found in the kingdom of Lagos , where the Adeniji-Adele family is distinguished from their numerous Adele cousins by the word Adeniji , which was actually the first name of the reigning founder of their branch of
48923-474: The time held that John Balliol had not been a legitimate king of Scots, making the new king's regnal number also a difficult issue. To avoid these problems, John took the regnal name of Robert III , honouring his father and great-grandfather . Upon the 1952 accession of Elizabeth II , the title Elizabeth II caused controversy in Scotland as there had never been a Scottish Elizabeth I . Winston Churchill suggested that British sovereigns would use either
49164-439: The town's residents in 1809, a notion disputed by Serbian historians. The historian Ivo Banac surmises that "there would be no Bosnian Muslims today" had Karađorđe extended his uprising west of the Drina. Karađorđe's exploits were popularized across Europe by the linguist and folklorist Vuk Karadžić , who recorded and published the ballads of the blind gusle player and epic poet Filip Višnjić , many of which pertained to
49405-440: The two-month massacre, which came to be known as the Slaughter of the Knezes (Serbian: Seča knezova ). Upon killing the chieftains, the Dahis impaled their severed heads on wooden stakes and put them on public display. On Candlemas , 14 February [ O.S. 2 February] 1804, the surviving chieftains assembled in the village of Orašac , near Aranđelovac , to decide on a course of action. They agreed to launch
49646-400: The uprising were brutalized in equal measure. Males who could not produce an adequate excuse for why they were not fighting were killed and their houses torched. While most of the rebels were Serbs, the Pashalik's Romani (Gypsy) residents, the majority of whom were Muslim, also fought on the rebel side. Some Albanians also pledged allegiance to Karađorđe and fought on his behalf. In 1806,
49887-565: The use of forged papers. The Prince allegedly asked both Austria and Russia for a resident's permit. Metternich refused to "compromise [Austria] in front of the Sublime Porte", while Emperor Alexander only responded that he needed time to reflect on the issue. The convoy then set off for in the restored Swiss Confederation . On 29 November 1818, they passed through Lausanne , with the local Gazette informing that Caradja had with him some 15 servants an armed guard, and probably 50 million piasters as bounty. He and his relatives stayed at Geneva for
50128-526: The usual punishment involved the amputation of both arms. Believing himself a murder suspect, the young boyar Dimitrie Foti Merișescu recalls his terror at ending up as Caradja's prisoner: "on quite a few Saturdays, he would impale thieves. [...] also on Saturdays, the convicts imprisoned, in some cases, he would chop their arms off with an axe, in others he would carve out their noses and ears". A Moldavian youth, Teodor Vârnav , recalls of his visit in May 1813: "The first sight I caught upon reaching outer Bucharest
50369-462: The village of Masloševo . The couple had seven children, six of whom reached adulthood. Petrović worked for several landlords across Šumadija until 1787, when he and his family left the region and settled in the Austrian Empire , fearing persecution at the hands of the Ottoman janissaries . It is said that as they were preparing to cross the Danube into Austria, Petrović's father began to have second thoughts about leaving Šumadija. Knowing that
50610-471: The whole Filipescu family arrested and exiled to Bucov . The events were recounted to Kapodistrias by Manuc, who was informed in return that Russia did not consider them worthy of attention. Rumors passed on by Dimitrie Macedonski have it that Vistier Filipescu's death later that year was the result of his poisoning on Caradja's orders. The court itself continued to parade its opulence—in late 1817, Caradja's first-born son, Beizadea Konstantinos, created
50851-465: The wood quota. In other ways, the Prince tried to mitigate the unwanted effects of Ottoman policies. When the Austrian authorities of Transylvania received permission to import up to 150,000 kile of grain from Wallachia, Caradja changed the definition of kile to one favoring local producers, increasing the exports tenfold. Dobrescu notes in passing that Caradja's policy of continuing exports of food throughout his reign made these more affordable for
51092-470: Was Patriarch of Constantinople in 1761–1763. According to Prussian consular reports, Nicholas, ultimately sacked by the Ottomans for "having neglected the upkeep of bridges throughout Wallachia", was somewhat supportive of reestablishing the Greek empire . This stance seeped into his translations from Choiseul-Gouffier , which were regarded with suspicion by the Sublime Porte . Born in Istanbul in 1754, John had two brothers, Constantine and Skarlatos, and
51333-448: Was derived from his father's given name , in line with contemporary Serbian naming conventions . Like most of his contemporaries, Petrović was illiterate. His family celebrated the feast day of Saint Clement . They are said to have been descended from the Vasojevići tribe of Montenegro's Lim River valley. His ancestors are thought to have migrated from Montenegro to Šumadija in the late 1730s or early 1740s. Petrović's childhood
51574-449: Was a Phanariote Greek Prince of Wallachia , who reigned between August 1812 and September 1818. He was the second, and last, member of the Karatzas or Caradja family to ascend to the Wallachian throne, but one of several to have also held office as Great Dragoman of the Ottoman Empire . Caradja, whose life is relatively obscure up to that point, held two terms as Dragoman (1807–1808, 7–27 August 1812). Before 1800, he also embarked on
51815-400: Was a bad asset: "this character has collected 4,000 bags of gold within eight months; yet nobody bothers to look into that." Also according to Manuc, Caradja simply sold off the office of Wallachian Metropolitan Bishop to Nectarie, a "wicked man that the country did not love", as well as a "drunk", and similarly auctioned off the Diocese of Râmnic to Nectarie's nephew, Galaction. Caradja took
52056-606: Was advised to drop the issue. Before and after the plague, Caradja was interested in maintaining his profile as a cultural reformer. During June 1813, he lifted all tax duties on one church from Muscel County , noting its efforts in educating the local children. In September 1814, he also set up a commission, or Eforie , to reorganize the princely academy , under the presidency of Metropolitan Nectarie. The trustees were both Phanariotes, such as Grigore D. Ghica and Caradja's nephew Alexandros Mavrokordatos, and Romanians such as Iordache Golescu ; from 1816, Ștefan Nestor Craiovescul became
52297-477: Was alarmed by this ruse, and began advising Caradja on how to handle the pressure. In December 1816, he informed Manuc that he no longer found his reports trustworthy, and hinted that Filipescu was trying to compromise the Russian government. From 1 June 1817, Caradja embarked on a correspondence with Kapodistrias, who became his partisan. He began directing Wallachian treasury funds toward Kapodistrias' " Philomuse Society ", which functioned as both an academic club and
52538-413: Was also adopted by rulers of Korea, Vietnam and Japan, with Japan still using the system to this day. The following table provides examples from China, Japan, Korea and Vietnam to illustrate the differences between monarchical titles in the Sinosphere. Bold characters represent the most common way to refer to the monarchs. During the Medieval Age, when the House of Árpád disappeared in 1301, two of
52779-420: Was armed and trained by the Austrians. It was led by a Habsburg Serb officer, Major Mihailo Mihaljević . Petrović's participation in the war brought him invaluable military experience, as well as insight into the Austrians' military techniques. He distinguished himself in combat and was decorated for bravery, reaching the rank of sergeant (German: Wachtmeister ). In this capacity, he was given command over
53020-417: Was becoming too authoritarian . Nenadović suggested that the rebels establish a central council to rein in Karađorđe's power and write a constitution based on the rule of law. Karađorđe balked at the possibility. "It's easy for this sovereign law of yours to rule in a warm room, behind this table", he responded, "but let us see tomorrow, when the Turks strike, who will meet them and beat them." In May 1809,
53261-414: Was born into an impoverished family in the village of Viševac , in the Šumadija region of Ottoman Serbia , on 14 November [ O.S. 3 November] 1768. He was the oldest of his parents' five children. His father, Petar Jovanović, was a highwayman (or hajduk ) in his youth, but had since become a peasant farmer. His mother, Marica ( née Živković), was a homemaker. Petrović's surname
53502-418: Was brought to a halt after the Russians crossed the Danube in September 1809 and attacked the Ottomans in northern Bulgaria, offering the rebels temporary respite. The rebels soon recaptured all the land they had lost but were exhausted by the fighting. Henceforth, they were continuously on the defensive. The rebel leaders quarrelled amongst themselves, blaming each other for the recent defeats. Karađorđe blamed
53743-422: Was by then a hub for foreign immigration. Meanwhile, Samurcaș alerted his liege about Manuc's conspiracy to have him removed; Caradja followed up by increasing the bribes he sent to Mahmud, and also by dispatching more of his assets to safety in Austria. During November 1816, he and Callimachi dutifully reported to Mahmud about Russian military maneuvers in Bessarabia. On 1 January 1817, during the New Years' Feast at
53984-452: Was celebrated by Caradja and his court in November 1813; in December, the Prince agreed to welcome in Wallachia Serb emigrants , who were to compensate for victims of the plague. This plan was only partly carried through: in June 1815, members of the new Serb colonies in Craiova, Pitești and Curtea de Argeș were petitioning the court to grant them passports and the right to leave Wallachia. After catching news of France's defeat at Leipzig ,
54225-544: Was common for Chinese monarchs to proclaim more than one era name during a single reign, or that a single era name could span the reigns of several rulers. Monarchs of the Ming and Qing dynasties, however, often adopted only one era name throughout their reign. Thus, Chinese sovereigns of the Ming and Qing dynasties came to be highly associated with the corresponding era name of their reign and are commonly known by their respective era name with few exceptions, although era names were not effectively regnal names. The era name system
54466-433: Was highlighted in 1818, when Caradja allowed the Sephardim to build their own Grand Temple ; his regime was also noted for disregarding traditional claims of Jewish ritual murder . Citing earlier pronouncements made by Andrei Oțetea , Ionașcu argues that Caradja's slashing of tax bills was duplicitous, "meant to encumber his successor on the throne with a heavy burden and to leave the somewhat relieved popular masses with
54707-415: Was in fact responsible for bringing the disease to Bucharest, with his Phanariote entourage. The Prince himself survived by locking himself inside Cotroceni Monastery . According to Manuc, his venality hampered the relief efforts, which were mostly run by Nenciulescu and private physicians who only took some payments from the poor box . Other reports indicate that Caradja was not to blame. Since "doctors were
54948-424: Was in itself a highly unpopular gesture. One of Caradja's steady efforts in this respect involved increasing the number of lude (contributing families or persons), which he intended to raise to 50,000 units from some 18,000. Though he was unable to reach this end goal, he reduced the number of tax-exempt subjects, known as scutelnici and poslușnici , by some 7,000 people, who were very briefly reintegrated with
55189-717: Was left to deal with the effects. During the period of recovery, Caradja adopted more lenient positions consonant with enlightened absolutism , and his respect for civil liberties was written down in the 1818 code, Legiuirea lui Caragea ("Caradja's Law"). He afforded Wallachian natives a victory by allowing Gheorghe Lazăr to teach a Romanian course at his refurbished princely academy , and also made some efforts to reintegrate disgruntled nationalists into his administration. Though he continued his lavish spending, Caradja became aware that an accounting audit would result in his deposition and death; during his final months in power, he cut down taxes and announced reforms. He also sought to appease
55430-480: Was noted by Caradja himself in October 1813, when he ordered the arrest of a plague survivor who organized beggars and undertakers into roving bands of robbers. It was also curbed by the victims themselves: in one reported incident, ten undertakers were killed by those whom they intended to kidnap. The Wallachian administration was able to assist in the relief against plague-related brigandage by again applying state terror. Merișescu, who wandered about Muntenia during
55671-412: Was nothing to prevent the Ottomans from exacting reprisals against the Pashalik's Serb population after the Russians withdrew. Karađorđe thus refused to abide by the terms of the Treaty of Bucharest and fighting continued. Deprived of foreign assistance, the rebels were quickly routed by the Ottomans, whose units were manned primarily by Albanians and Bosnian Muslims. In early October, Karađorđe fled to
55912-467: Was often described as a likely ktitor of the local Paraschiva Church, though this was more likely built decades before his reign. Also in 1815, there was an attempted revolt by the Pandurs of Oltenia. During November of that year, Prussian diplomat Ludwig Senfft von Pilsach noted Caradja's optimism, which contrasted the "restless and skittish passion" of his supervisors at the Porte. This referred to Caradja's belief that European peace would be secured by
56153-434: Was praised by Mahmud, who rewarded Caradja with a diamond-encrusted snuff box . Caradja had more trouble in dealing with Manuc, to whom he owed 175,000 piasters, borrowed early on by Argyropoulos. He sacked his confidants from the offices at the court, but was unable to lure Manuc himself, who was, or pretended to be, bedridden with malaria . Manuc's secretary, Mser Mseriants, recounts three meetings between his employer and
56394-556: Was serving as Austrian consul in Bucharest, to help him import 100 pounds of snuff , which he then sent as a thank-you bribe to Sultan Mahmud. When Fleischhackl had his first audience with the Prince, he found himself pestered by the latter's retinue, and only stopped them from following him by paying them bribes totaling 387 piasters. Initially, Caradja was successful in blocking out the Eastern plague, which during 1812 only touched Teleorman County ; on 10 December, he ordered that any plague fatalities be dragged out with hooks and buried in
56635-402: Was strenuous and difficult. His parents were forced to move around often in search of a livelihood. His father worked as a day labourer and servant for a sipahi ( Serbian : spahija ), an Ottoman cavalryman . Petrović himself spent his adolescence working as a shepherd. In 1785, he married Jelena Jovanović, daughter of Nikola Jovanović, Obor-knez of Jasenica , whose family hailed from
56876-418: Was taken over by Gheorghe Lazăr , an engineer and immigrant from Transylvania—who was also one of the first male Bucharesters to wear a Western suit. Lazăr used his position to preach subversive ideas, encouraging Romanians to view Greeks as "oppressors who need to be shaken off once and for all". The Prince was by then moderating his stance regarding the Jews. Their "great freedom of worship", noted by Recordon,
57117-400: Was the Italian Caroberto . This is why he is often referred to by Hungarian historians as "Charles Robert of Hungary". All ruling male members of the House of Orange-Nassau bore the name Willem (William). The current king of the Netherlands was christened Willem-Alexander . During an interview in 1997 he said he intended to rule under the name of Willem IV, but he had a change of mind. In
57358-450: Was the case with Pope John XXIII . The practice of using the baptismal name as papal name has not been ruled out and future popes could elect to continue using their original names after being elected pope. Often the new pontiff's choice of name upon being elected to the papacy is seen as a signal to the world of whom the new pope will emulate or what policies he will seek to enact. Such is the case with Benedict XVI who, in fact, explained
57599-420: Was the wife of Michael Soutzos from 1812, while the youngest, Smaragda, married Spyridon Demetrios Mavrogenis; John and Eleni's two sons were called Georgios and Konstantinos (the latter of whom was born "around 1799"). The Karatzas' political triumph coincided with the Eastern Question , which saw a frail Ottoman Empire attempting to recover its losses with increased taxation, while the Principalities became
57840-526: Was this: two men impaled, but still alive, and another one likewise hung by the neck." As seen by Dăscălescu, these punishments had little effect in curbing crime, especially since brigands or hayduks enjoyed a solid reputation as anti-establishment heroes. Caradja also welcomed in his palace Joseph Ledoulx , the French Empire 's envoy to Wallachia, who recalled that Caradja made sure to avoid relevant diplomatic subjects, instead of focusing on showing his court as both splendid and peaceful—"he proved to me that
58081-524: Was torn down by the Austro-Hungarian Army and destroyed. In November 1918, Peter ascended the throne of the newly established Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, which was later renamed Yugoslavia . Karađorđe's head was repatriated from Greece in 1923 and reunited with the rest of his body. His remains were buried in a white marble sarcophagus within the church in 1930. The Karađorđević dynasty ruled Yugoslavia until 1941, when its members were forced into exile by Germany 's invasion and occupation of
#303696