Levon Hakobi Ter-Petrosyan ( Armenian : Լևոն Հակոբի Տեր-Պետրոսյան ; born 9 January 1946), also known by his initials LTP , is an Armenian politician and historian who served as the first president of Armenia from 1991 until his resignation in 1998.
161-895: A senior researcher at the Matenadaran , he led the Karabakh movement for the unification of the Armenian-populated Nagorno-Karabakh with Armenia which began in 1988. After Armenia's declaration of independence from the Soviet Union in September 1991, Ter-Petrosyan was elected president in October 1991 with overwhelming public support. He led the country through the First Nagorno-Karabakh War with neighboring Azerbaijan. He
322-459: A doctoral degree are called theses or dissertations . At French-language universities, for the fulfillment of a master's degree, students can present a " mémoire "' or a shorter " essai "' (the latter requires the student to take more courses). For the fulfillment of a doctoral degree, they may present a "thèse" or an "essai doctoral" (here too, the latter requires more courses). All these documents are usually synthetic monograph related to
483-399: A title page , an abstract , a table of contents , comprising the various chapters like introduction, literature review, methodology, results, discussion, and bibliography or more usually a references section. They differ in their structure in accordance with the many different areas of study (arts, humanities, social sciences, technology, sciences, etc.) and the differences between them. In
644-522: A 30,000-strong army for maintaining security. Under Ter-Petrosyan's leadership as the commander-in-chief on 9 May 1992, the Armenian forces recorded their first major military success in Nagorno-Karabakh with the capture of Shusha . Another significant victory for the Armenian forces was recorded weeks later with the capture of Lachin , which connects Armenia proper with Nagorno-Karabakh. In
805-420: A 4-year bachelor's degree is sometimes called a major paper . High-quality research papers presented as the empirical study of a "postgraduate" consecutive bachelor with Honours or Baccalaureatus Cum Honore degree are called thesis (Honours Seminar Thesis). Major papers presented as the final project for a master's degree are normally called thesis ; and major papers presenting the student's research towards
966-696: A committee and gaining their approval. Most of the norms and rules of writing a thesis or a dissertation are influenced by the French higher education system. In Italy there are normally three types of thesis. In order of complexity: one for the Laurea (equivalent to the UK Bachelor's Degree), another one for the Laurea Magistrale (equivalent to the UK Master's Degree) and then a thesis to complete
1127-467: A comprehensive collection of Canadian theses at Library and Archives Canada (LAC) through a partnership with Canadian universities who participate in the program. Most theses can also be found in the institutional repository of the university the student graduated from. At most university faculties in Croatia, a degree is obtained by defending a thesis after having passed all the classes specified in
1288-506: A decree nationalizing all cultural and educational institutions in Armenia. The decree, signed by Minister of Education Ashot Hovhannisyan , declared the manuscript repository of Etchmiadzin the "property of the working peoples of Armenia." It was put under the supervision of Levon Lisitsian [ hy ] , an art historian and the newly appointed commissar of all cultural and educational institutions of Etchmiadzin. In March 1922
1449-522: A doctoral degree paper ( doktorska disertacija ). In the Czech Republic, higher education is completed by passing all classes remaining to the educational compendium for given degree and defending a thesis. For bachelors programme the thesis is called bakalářská práce (bachelor's thesis), for master's degrees and also doctor of medicine or dentistry degrees it is the diplomová práce (master's thesis), and for Philosophiae doctor (PhD.) degree it
1610-524: A few universities follow the United States model for theses and dissertations. Some public universities have both British and US style PhD programs. Branch campuses of British, Australian and Middle East universities in Malaysia use the respective models of the home campuses. In Pakistan, at undergraduate level the thesis is usually called final year project, as it is completed in the senior year of
1771-704: A founding member of the Syrian Communist Party . He had three brothers, Telman (1936–1997), Petros (1938–2013) and Kamo (born 1948), as well as a younger sister, Iskuhi (1953–2015). His family emigrated to Soviet Armenia in 1947, when he was still an infant, just before the birth of his only living younger brother, Kamo. In 1969, he graduated from the Oriental Studies Department of Yerevan State University . In 1972, he completed his postgraduate studies at Leningrad State University . In 1987, he received his doctoral degree from
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#17327934321631932-467: A good reputation. John Brady Kiesling described it as a "world-class museum," and Aleksey Levykin , director of Russia's State Historical Museum , called it "legendary". Mikhail Tikhomirov wrote in 1961, two years after its establishment, that it attracts a large number of tourists. By the mid-1970s, 40 to 50,000 visited the museum annually. It attracted some 89,000 visitors in 2016, and around 132,600 in 2019. Many foreign dignitaries have visited
2093-523: A large margin due to the opposition being divided, three other candidates dropped out of the race and endorsed Vazgen Manukyan. According to the official results, Ter-Petrosyan received about 52%, just above the 50% required to win without a runoff election. His reelection was marred by allegations of electoral fraud reported by the opposition and supported by many international observers. On 25 September 1996, around 200,000 people in Yerevan came out to protest
2254-483: A peace plan for Karabakh put forward by international mediators in September 1997. The leadership of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic were also opposed to the plan. The plan, accepted by Ter-Petrosyan and Azerbaijan's leader Heydar Aliyev , called for a "phased" settlement of the conflict which would postpone an agreement on Karabakh's status, the main stumbling block. The "phased" approach envisioned
2415-436: A separate page number sequence from the main text, using Roman numerals . The relevant international standard and many newer style guides recognize that this book design practice can cause confusion where electronic document viewers number all pages of a document continuously from the first page, independent of any printed page numbers. They, therefore, avoid the traditional separate number sequence for front matter and require
2576-401: A single sequence of Arabic numerals starting with 1 for the first printed page (the recto of the title page). Presentation requirements, including pagination, layout, type and color of paper, use of acid-free paper (where a copy of the dissertation will become a permanent part of the library collection), paper size , order of components, and citation style, will be checked page by page by
2737-559: A student is required to write a thesis and to then defend the work publicly. The length of this manuscript usually is given in page count and depends upon educational institution, its departments, faculties, and fields of study At universities in Slovenia, an academic thesis called diploma thesis is a prerequisite for completing undergraduate studies. The thesis used to be 40–60 pages long, but has been reduced to 20–30 pages in new Bologna process programmes. To complete Master's studies,
2898-600: A televised address where he accused the ARF of collaboration with the KGB and pilfering funds raised from the diaspora intended for Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh. Two years later, on 28 December 1994, Ter-Petrosyan declared that a plot by the ARF to violently overthrow the government had been uncovered. The party was banned from the Republic of Armenia and its offices were raided by police. Thirty-one ARF members, who would later be known as
3059-517: A temple or a church, while others have compared it to a palace, especially in its style and proportions. The statue of Mesrop Mashtots and his disciple Koryun by Ghukas Chubaryan was erected in 1962 (first in gypsum , then in basalt in 1967) below the terrace where the main building stands. From 1963 to 1967, full-body basalt statues of six medieval Armenian scholars, Toros Roslin , Grigor Tatevatsi , Anania Shirakatsi , Movses Khorenatsi , Mkhitar Gosh , and Frik , were erected in front of
3220-406: A thesis by publication, the chapters constitute an introductory and comprehensive review of the appended published and unpublished article documents. Dissertations normally report on a research project or study, or an extended analysis of a topic. The structure of a thesis or dissertation explains the purpose, the previous research literature impinging on the topic of the study, the methods used, and
3381-447: A thesis of 9 credits, at least one publication is normally considered enough for the awarding of the degree with project and is considered mandatory for the awarding of a degree with thesis. A written report and a public thesis defense is mandatory, in the presence of a board of senior researchers, consisting of members from an outside organization or a university. A PhD candidate is supposed to accomplish extensive research work to fulfill
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#17327934321633542-407: A thesis. This project is mostly given as a prerequisite writing course to the actual thesis and is accomplished in the term period before; supervision is provided by one professor assigned to a class. This project is later to be presented in front of an academic panel, often the entire faculty of an academic department, with their recommendations contributing to the acceptance, revision, or rejection of
3703-517: A tombstone from the Noratus cemetery ; a vishapakar dated 2nd-1st millennia BC; a door from Teishebaini (Karmir Blur), a Urartian archaeological site. The new building of the Matenadaran was designed by Arthur Meschian , an architect better known as a musician, to accommodate the growing collection of manuscripts. Its construction began in 1987, but was halted the next year because of
3864-413: A university (with a Masters or PhD degree) depending on the university's examination rules. Required word length, complexity, and contribution to scholarship varies widely across universities in the country. In Poland, a bachelor's degree usually requires a praca licencjacka (bachelor's thesis) or the similar level degree in engineering requires a praca inżynierska (engineer's thesis/bachelor's thesis),
4025-460: A visual endpoint for the avenue and serves as an intermediate link in the spatial composition that includes the statue of Mother Armenia and its large pedestal atop the hill. Yerevan's chief architect Mark Grigorian was commissioned by Soviet Armenia's authorities to design it in October 1939, which he completed by November 1944. Despite accusations of nationalism, its design was endorsed by
4186-643: A week of mass protests, the government used police and military force to disperse his supporters, resulting in the deaths of ten people on 1 March 2008. On 1 August 2008, Ter-Petrosyan founded the Armenian National Congress (ANC) which included more than a dozen of political parties and NGOs. Being the main opposition party in Armenia at the time, the ANC was out of the parliament and was mainly involved in street protests against Serzh Sargsyan's government. They organized mass rallies in 2011, forcing
4347-528: A wide array of subjects: religious and theological works ( Gospels , Bibles , lectionaries, psalters , hymnals , homilies , and liturgical books), texts on history, mathematics, geography, astronomy, cosmology, philosophy, jurisprudence, medicine, alchemy, astrology, music, grammar, rhetoric, philology, pedagogy, collections of poetry, literary texts, and translations from Greek and Syriac . The writings of classical and medieval historians Movses Khorenatsi , Yeghishe and Koryun are preserved here, as are
4508-416: Is accomplished in the last term alone and is defended once. In most universities, a thesis is required for the bestowment of a degree to a candidate alongside a number of units earned throughout their academic period of stay, though for practice and skills-based degrees a practicum and a written report can be achieved instead. The examination board often consists of three to five examiners, often professors in
4669-525: Is also used to refer to the general claim of an essay or similar work. The term thesis comes from the Greek word θέσις , meaning "something put forth", and refers to an intellectual proposition . Dissertation comes from the Latin dissertātiō , meaning "discussion". Aristotle was the first philosopher to define the term thesis. A 'thesis' is a supposition of some eminent philosopher that conflicts with
4830-505: Is called a soutenance . Since 2023, at the end of the admission process, the doctoral student takes an oath of commitment to the principles of scientific integrity In the presence of my peers. With the completion of my doctorate in [research field], in my quest for knowledge, I have carried out demanding research, demonstrated intellectual rigour, ethical reflection, and respect for the principles of research integrity. As I pursue my professional career, whatever my chosen field, I pledge, to
4991-426: Is different from that of the student. The role of the thesis supervisor is to assist and support a student in their studies, and to determine whether a thesis is ready for examination. The thesis is authored by the student, not the supervisor. The duties of the thesis supervisor also include checking for copyright compliance and ensuring that the student has included in/with the thesis a statement attesting that he/she
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5152-590: Is dissertation dizertační práce . Thesis for so called Higher-Professional School (Vyšší odborná škola, VOŠ) is called absolventská práce . The following types of thesis are used in Finland (names in Finnish/Swedish): In France, the academic dissertation or thesis is called a thèse and it is reserved for the final work of doctoral candidates. The minimum page length is generally (and not formally) 100 pages (or about 400,000 characters), but
5313-412: Is mostly mandatory for the completion of a degree . Undergraduate students usually begin to write their final assignment in their third, fourth or fifth enrollment year, depends on the requirements of their respective disciplines and universities. In some universities, students are required to write a proposal skripsi or proposal tesis (thesis proposal) before they could write their final assignment. If
5474-416: Is offered (152b32). The purpose of the dissertation is thus to outline the proofs of why the author disagrees with other philosophers or the general opinion. A thesis (or dissertation) may be arranged as a thesis by publication or a monograph , with or without appended papers, respectively, though many graduate programs allow candidates to submit a curated collection of articles . An ordinary monograph has
5635-465: Is often earned with multiple levels of a Latin honors remark for the thesis ranging from summa cum laude (best) to rite (duly). A thesis can also be rejected with a Latin remark ( non-rite , non-sufficit or worst as sub omni canone ). Bachelor's and master's theses receive numerical grades from 1.0 (best) to 5.0 (failed). In India the thesis defense is called a viva voce ( Latin for "by live voice") examination ( viva in short). Involved in
5796-460: Is often given in page count and depends upon departments, faculties, and fields of study. A bachelor's thesis is often 40–60 pages long, a diploma thesis and a master's thesis usually 60–100. The required submission for a doctorate is called a Dissertation or Doktorarbeit . The submission for a Habilitation , which is an academic qualification, not an academic degree, is called Habilitationsschrift , not Habilitationsarbeit . A doctoral degree
5957-583: Is sometimes translated as " scriptorium " in English, a more accurate translation is "repository or library of manuscripts." In medieval Armenia, the term matenadaran was used in the sense of a library as all books were manuscripts. Some Armenian manuscript repositories around the world are still known as matenadaran , such as the ones at the Mekhitarist monastery in San Lazzaro, Venice and
6118-419: Is sometimes used to refer to both master's theses and doctoral dissertations. The required complexity or quality of research of a thesis or dissertation can vary by country, university, or program, and the required minimum study period may thus vary significantly in duration. The word dissertation can at times be used to describe a treatise without relation to obtaining an academic degree. The term thesis
6279-909: Is the author of more than 30 books, about 80 scientific articles in Armenian , French and Russian , as well as thousands of political publications in the multilingual press (speeches, articles, interviews, press conferences, etc.). He is a member of the Writers Union of Armenia , the French Asian Society, the Mekhitarist Academy in Venice and a recipient of honorary doctorates from the University of La Verne , University of Sofia , Paris-Sorbonne University and University of Strasbourg . In late 1987 and early 1988,
6440-461: Is the sole author of the thesis. In the Latin American docta , the academic dissertation can be referred to as different stages inside the academic program that the student is seeking to achieve into a recognized Argentine University , in all the cases the students must develop original contribution in the chosen fields by means of several paper work and essays that comprehend the body of
6601-410: Is usually several times longer (except for technical theses and for "exact sciences" such as physics and maths). To complete a master's degree in research, a student is required to write a mémoire , the French equivalent of a master's thesis in other higher education systems. The word dissertation in French is reserved for shorter (1,000–2,000 words), more generic academic treatises. The defense
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6762-433: The 1988 Armenian earthquake , the First Nagorno-Karabakh War and the post-Soviet economic crisis that ensued. This five-story structure surpasses the size of its predecessor, providing three times the space with 12,000 m (130,000 sq ft). One of its features is a state-of-the-art laboratory, dedicated to the preservation, restoration, and digitization of the manuscripts. Meschian's design seamlessly extends
6923-691: The 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war , Ter-Petrosyan met with fellow ex-presidents of Armenia Robert Kocharyan and Serzh Sargsyan as well as ex-presidents of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic Arkadi Ghukasyan and Bako Sahakyan to discuss the situation. In October 2020, Kocharyan and Ter-Petrosyan requested that Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan give them permission to go to Moscow as special negotiators. Pashinyan accepted their request to go to Moscow to meet with Russian officials, but not as official negotiators. The visit never occurred as Kocharyan tested positive for COVID-19. After
7084-738: The Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople , and the Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Manuscript Depository at the Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin . To distinguish it from others, it is often referred to as the Matenadaran of Yerevan , the Yerevan Matenadaran , or the Mashtots Matenadaran (Մաշտոցյան Մատենադարան). The earliest mention of a manuscript repository in Armenia was recorded in the writings of
7245-824: The Armenian SSR , and reelected on 20 May 1990. In elections in May 1990, the Pan-Armenian National Movement won a majority of seats in the Supreme Soviet of Armenia , becoming the first non-communist party to take power in a Soviet republic. On 4 August of the same year, Ter-Petrosyan was elected Chairman of the Supreme Council of Armenia , becoming the de facto leader of Armenia. As clashes between newly formed Armenian militias and Soviet forces intensified in mid-1990, Ter-Petrosyan
7406-589: The Central Bank of Russia issued a silver commemorative coin dedicated to the Eurasian Economic Union , which depicted symbols of the capitals of the member states, including the Matenadaran. Thesis This is an accepted version of this page A thesis ( pl. : theses ), or dissertation (abbreviated diss. ), is a document submitted in support of candidature for an academic degree or professional qualification presenting
7567-580: The Etchmiadzin Museums , called the Matenadaran one of the holiest sites of Armenian identity, along with Mount Ararat and Etchmiadzin . According to Nora Dudwick, in the Soviet period, the Matenadaran "symbolized the central values of Armenian culture [and signified] to Armenians the high level of culture and learning their ancestors achieved as early as the fifth century." Thomas de Waal notes that alongside several other institutions (e.g.
7728-671: The Karabakh movement emerged in Soviet Armenia and the Armenian-majority Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast with the goal of transferring the autonomous region from Azerbaijan to Armenia. On 19 May 1988, Levon Ter-Petrosyan, Vazgen Manukyan and 9 others founded a new Karabakh Committee , which soon took leadership of the Karabakh movement from the older committee led by Zori Balayan and Igor Muradyan . Levon Ter-Petrosyan
7889-560: The Leningrad Hermitage , and the Yerevan Matenadaran." In the Soviet era, it was featured on a 1978 stamp and a 5 ruble commemorative coin released in 1990. In post-Soviet Armenia, it appeared on a 1,000 dram banknote circulated from 1994 to 2004. Additionally, it was depicted on uncirculated commemorative coins in 2002 (gold) and 2007 (silver), as well as on a stamp issued in 2007 . In 2015
8050-644: The Mesrop Mashtots Institute of Ancient Manuscripts , is a museum, repository of manuscripts , and a research institute in Yerevan , Armenia . It is the world's largest repository of Armenian manuscripts. It was established in 1959 on the basis of the nationalized collection of the Armenian Church , formerly held at Etchmiadzin . Its collection has gradually expanded since its establishment, mostly from individual donations. One of
8211-599: The National Library of Armenia ) by the decision of the Soviet Armenian government. In the same year there were 9,382 catalogued manuscripts at the Matenadaran. On March 3, 1959, the Council of Ministers of Soviet Armenian officially established the Matenadaran as an "institute of scientific research with special departments of scientific preservation, study, translation and publication of manuscripts" in
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#17327934321638372-938: The Nersisian Seminary and the Armenian Ethnographic Society, both in Tbilisi, and the Yerevan Museum of Literature . When it was established as a distinct institution in 1959, the Matenadaran had around 10,000 Armenian manuscripts and 4,000 fragments (partial volumes or isolated pages) dating as early as the 5th century. At the time there were some one thousand manuscripts in other languages, such as Persian, Syriac, Arabic, Greek, Georgian, Russian, Hebrew, Hindi, Tamil , Latin, Ethiopic ( Geʽez ), and other languages. Some originals, written in other languages, have been saved only in their Armenian translations. There has been steady growth in
8533-458: The Opera , National Gallery ) the Matenadaran was central in the Soviet efforts to make Yerevan a "repository of Armenian myths and hopes." Levon Abrahamian argues that the secular Matenadaran continued the traditions of medieval monasteries within an atheist state . Patrick Donabédian and Claude Mutafian characterized it as a "modern, secular, and urban monastery." Gevorg Emin called it
8694-696: The Republic Party led by Aram Sargsyan , the Social Democrat Hunchakian Party , "Azadakrum" movement for Jirair Sefilian , the "New Times" Party, and Raffi Hovannisian's Heritage Party . Final results from the election, which was held on 19 February 2008, officially showed Ter-Petrosyan in second place with 21.5% of the vote. Then he and his supporters accused the government of rigging the election and claimed victory; beginning on 20 February he led continuous protests involving tens of thousands of his supporters in Yerevan. In
8855-700: The Zangezur Copper and Molybdenum Combine ($ 4 million), and was inaugurated on September 20, 2011, on the eve of celebrations of the 20th anniversary of Armenia's independence in attendance of President Serzh Sargsyan , Catholicoi Karekin II of Etchmiadzin and Aram I of Cilicia, Artsakh President Bako Sahakyan , and others. The Matenadaran has become a Yerevan landmark and a major tourist attraction since its establishment. It has been described as Armenia's most important museum, and Yerevan's most important and most popular tourist attraction. It has maintained
9016-408: The comprehensive examinations or prospectus meeting, and may consist of members of the comps committee. The committee members are doctors in their field (whether a PhD or other designation) and have the task of reading the dissertation, making suggestions for changes and improvements, and sitting in on the defense. Sometimes, at least one member of the committee must be a professor in a department that
9177-513: The coup attempt against Gorbachev in August 1991. He attended unsuccessful negotiations with Ayaz Mutalibov mediated by Boris Yeltsin and Nursultan Nazarbayev in late September. On 20 September 1991, Armenians voted overwhelmingly in favor of independence, and the country officially declared independence three days later. Ter-Petrosyan was elected the first President of the newly independent Republic of Armenia on 16 October 1991, receiving 83% of
9338-483: The referendum on the new union held in March 1991. As Armenia moved toward independence, further clashes occurred both within Armenia and on the border with Azerbaijan in May 1991, and Soviet troops undertook an operation to deport Armenian villagers from parts of Azerbaijan. Ter-Petrosyan publicly stated on 6 May 1991 that "To all intents and purposes, the Soviet Union has declared war on Armenia." Ter-Petrosyan opposed
9499-473: The thesis . Correspondingly to the academic degree, the last phase of an academic thesis is called in Spanish a defensa de grado , defensa magistral or defensa doctoral in cases in which the university candidate is finalizing their licentiate , master's , or PhD program , respectively. According to a committee resolution, the dissertation can be approved or rejected by an academic committee consisting of
9660-683: The viva are two examiners, one guide (student guide) and the candidate. One examiner is an academic from the candidate's own university department (but not one of the candidate's supervisors) and the other is an external examiner from a different university. In India, PG Qualifications such as MSc Physics accompanies submission of dissertation in Part I and submission of a Project (a working model of an innovation) in Part II. Engineering and Designing qualifications such as BTech, B.E., B.Des, MTech, M.E. or M.Des also involves submission of dissertation. In all
9821-411: The "Dro Group", an alleged secret wing of the ARF, were arrested and charged with conspiracy to overthrow the government, committing several assassinations, and drug trafficking; all were found guilty. The ban on the ARF was lifted by Ter-Petrosyan's successor Robert Kocharyan soon after Ter-Petrosyan's resignation. Although Ter-Petrosyan was initially expected to win the 1996 presidential election by
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#17327934321639982-574: The "attractive features of national architecture should be expressed in this building as vividly and strongly as possible." Its rectangular façade is inspired by the eastern façade of the 12th century southern gavit ( narthex ) of the Church of the Holy Apostles (Arakelots) of Ani , the grand capital of Bagratid Armenia . Although he initially cited the southern gavit of the Church of
10143-436: The "chief temple" of Armenian manuscripts, while Silva Kaputikyan suggested that it "evokes the same reverent feeling" as Saint Hripsime Church and the monastery of Geghard . Abrahamian suggests that the Matenadaran has become a sanctuary and temple for Armenians, where manuscripts are treated not only with scientific respect, but also adoration. An American delegation headed by Glenn T. Seaborg that visited in 1971 noted
10304-483: The "loving care with which the people obviously regarded" the "tremendous wealth" of the Matenadaran. Karen Demirchyan , the Soviet Armenian leader, stressed that there was no longer a necessity to safeguard Armenian books and manuscripts from potential destruction through constant migrations, as they were safeguarded at the Matenadaran, which he called the "temple of priceless creations of the people's mind and talent." Soviet librarian Yuri Grikhanov called it "perhaps
10465-410: The "sake of the Republic of Armenia." According to the official results, incumbent Serzh Sargsyan won with over 58% of the vote. Raffi Hovannisian , the main opposition candidate who earned 37% of the total, claimed victory and started mass protests the next day. On 23 February 2013, Ter-Petrosyan addressed the gathered at the Pan-Armenian National Movement party convention. He claimed Hovannisian won
10626-424: The 16th anniversary of Armenia's declaration of independence . In this speech he was strongly critical of President Kocharyan. Subsequently, Ter-Petrosyan officially announced his candidacy in the 2008 presidential election in a speech in Yerevan on 26 October 2007. He accused Kocharyan's government of massive corruption, involving the theft of "at least three to four billion dollars" over the previous five years. He
10787-506: The 1970s American archivist Patricia Kennedy Grimsted noted that Matenadaran is one of the few places in Soviet Armenia with air conditioning . It has been listed as a national monument of Armenia, and was last renovated in 2012. Responses from specialists to the design were mixed. Hovhannes Margaryan praised its "outstanding conceptual and artistic quality", while Varazdat Harutyunyan suggested that Grigorian drew from Armenian architecture traditions "somewhat mechanically, borrowing
10948-486: The 2021 Armenian parliamentary election. Ter-Petrosyan repeated the proposal on May 5, which was rejected by both Kocharyan and Sargsyan. He is married to Lyudmila (née Pleskovskaya); the couple has one son, David, who is an economist and businessman, and four grandchildren (Levon, Hakob, Lusia, Areg). Ter-Petrosyan is fluent in Armenian and Russian, with working knowledge of 9 other languages. Matenadaran The Matenadaran ( Armenian : Մատենադարան ), officially
11109-466: The 6% threshold by gaining only 1.2%. Ter-Petrosyan led the ANC's electoral list in the June 2021 snap parliamentary elections . Ter-Petrosyan announced that he would not take up his parliamentary mandate if the ANC enters parliament but fails to achieve a majority. The ANC received 19,647 votes in the 2021 election, amounting to 1.54% of the vote, below the 5% threshold required to enter parliament. During
11270-459: The ANC cannot continue its activities with the same structure. He admitted that the alliance had "internal fermentations" and called "various political forces and non-partisan individuals of the Congress to merge into one single political party." The presidential election was held on 18 February 2013. Voting in a polling station in central Yerevan, Ter-Petrosyan said the journalists he voted for
11431-575: The Apostles as an inspiration, Grigorian later argued that the façade design—a tall central entrance flanked by two decorative niches on both sides—has older roots, appearing on the ancient Egyptian Temple of Edfu , and then at Ani's Apostles Church and the Baron's Palace that also incorporate a decorative frame. Its shallow niches have been likened to those of the Geghard monastery. Its interior
11592-501: The Armenian society and the political parties calling them "dangerous forces". Ter-Petrosyan did not announce whether he will run for president in February 2013. Few days after the convention on 25 December 2012, Ter-Petrosyan gave Chorrord Inknishkhanutyun an interview eventually declaring his decision not to run for the office. He claimed that "dozens of arguments are being put forward by those advocating and opposing my nomination, but
11753-471: The Bachelor's Thesis is called TCC or Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso (Final Term / Undergraduate Thesis / Final Paper). In Russia, Belarus, and Ukraine an academic dissertation or thesis is called what can be literally translated as a "master's degree work" (thesis), whereas the word dissertation is reserved for doctoral theses ( Candidate of Sciences ). To complete both bachelor's and master's degree,
11914-547: The Christian Middle Ages—surrounding the steps leading to the main exhibition hall. A mosaic inspired by medieval Armenian art, created by Khachatur in 1960, depicts the Battle of Avarayr (451) and is located in the entrance hall . A large ivory medallion with a diameter of 2 m (6 ft 7 in) with the portrait of Vladimir Lenin by Sergey Merkurov was previously hung in the lecture hall. In
12075-558: The Commonwealth Independent States (CIS, excluding the Baltics) was 51 percent. The reform adopted by Hrant Bagratyan also made a good start on developing the basic legal framework necessary for a market economy. The Property Law enacted in October 1991, provided a legal basis for companies and a basic commercial code. All legal restrictions on private entry and competition in wholesale trade were removed. And
12236-527: The Constitutional Court to have the election declared invalid, which was rejected. In 2011, Ter-Petrosyan again took a leading role in protests that erupted in Armenia as part of a wave of regional unrest . As leader of the Armenian National Congress opposition bloc, formed two years prior to the outbreak of protests, Ter-Petrosyan accused President Serzh Sargsyan , elected in the disputed 2008 election, of being "illegitimate" and called for
12397-511: The Dottorato di Ricerca (PhD). Thesis requirements vary greatly between degrees and disciplines, ranging from as low as 3–4 ECTS credits to more than 30. Thesis work is mandatory for the completion of a degree. In Kazakhstan, a bachelor's degree typically requires a bachelor's diploma work (kz "бакалаврдың дипломдық жұмысы"), while the master's and PhD degree require a master's/doctoral dissertation (kz "магистрлік/докторлық диссертация"). All
12558-610: The Enterprise Privatization Law (July 1992) provided that a privatization program be developed every year to sell remaining state-owned firms, including large firms. He was qualified as Leader of the Armenian economic reforms end of the 20th century, defined by the World Bank as one of the best among former Soviet Union republics and countries of Eastern Europe. Armenia's economic hardships during Ter-Petrosyan's presidency made him deeply unpopular among much of
12719-486: The Karabakh Committee; they returned to Yerevan after their release and continued their activities. In 1989, Ter-Petrosyan and the other members of the Karabakh Committee founded a political party called the Pan-Armenian National Movement (ANM, also known by its Armenian acronym HHSh). Later on, Ter-Petrosyan became the party's chairman. On 27 August 1989, he was elected as a deputy of the Supreme Soviet of
12880-602: The Matenadaran on a regular basis. The first is the Vehamor Gospel [ hy ] , donated to the Matenadaran by Catholicos Vazgen I in 1975. It probably dates to the 7th century and is, thus, the oldest complete extant Armenian manuscript. The name refers to the mother of the Catholicos ( vehamayr ), to whose memory Vazgen I dedicated the manuscript. Since Levon Ter-Petrosyan in 1991, all president of Armenia have given their oath on this book. The other two,
13041-539: The Matenadaran, including Leonid Brezhnev (1970), Indira Gandhi (1976), Vladimir Putin (2001), José Manuel Barroso (2012), Prince Charles (2013). Currently, the Matenadaran contains a total of some 23,000 manuscripts and scrolls —including fragments. It is, by far, the single largest collection of Armenian manuscripts in the world. Furthermore, over 500,000 documents such as imperial and decrees of catholicoi , various documents related to Armenian studies , and archival periodicals. The manuscripts cover
13202-537: The Matenadaran. The first complete catalog of the Matenadaran manuscripts («Ցուցակ ձեռագրաց») was published in two volumes in 1965 and 1970 with a supplementary volume in 2007. These three volumes listed 11,100 manuscripts kept at the Matenadaran with short descriptions. Since 1984, a more detailed catalog has been published, titled The Main List of Armenian Manuscripts («Մայր ցուցակ հայերէն ձեռագրաց»). As of 2019, ten volumes have been published. The Matenadaran publishes
13363-771: The Shurishkani Gospel (1498, Vaspurakan ) and the Shukhonts' Gospel (1669) are taken to the churches of Mughni and Oshakan every year to be venerated. Besides manuscripts, the Matenadaran holds a copy of the Urbatagirk , the first published Armenian book (1512, Venice) and all issues of the first Armenian magazine Azdarar ("Herald"), published in Madras, India from 1794 to 1796. The first map printed in Armenian—in Amsterdam in 1695—is also kept at
13524-436: The Soviet Armenian leader Grigory Arutinov , while academician Hovsep Orbeli proposed its location. Its construction lasted from 1945 to 1958, with a pause from 1947 to 1953 due to a shortage of skilled laborers . German prisoners of war dug the excavation for the building and laid its foundation. Faced with local gray basalt , its design is influenced by medieval Armenian architecture . Grigorian believed that
13685-513: The Soviet Army from Armenian settlements and create a line of demarcation between Armenians and Azebaijanis in Nagorno-Karabakh. Although Ter-Petrosyan initially expressed his willingness to include Armenia in a new union of sovereign states to replace the USSR, he found Mikhail Gorbachev's proposal for a new union treaty unacceptable. Armenia was one of six Soviet republics not to participate in
13846-474: The US, these committees usually consist of a primary supervisor or advisor and two or more committee members, who supervise the progress of the dissertation and may also act as the examining committee, or jury, at the oral examination of the thesis ( see § Thesis examinations ). At most universities, the committee is chosen by the student in conjunction with their primary adviser, usually after completion of
14007-422: The accepting officer before the thesis is accepted and a receipt is issued. However, strict standards are not always required. Most Italian universities, for example, have only general requirements on the character size and the page formatting, and leave much freedom for the actual typographic details. The thesis committee (or dissertation committee ) is a committee that supervises a student's dissertation. In
14168-423: The act. Vazgen Manukyan was dismissed from his post in August 1993. In the summer of 1993, Armenian forces gained more territories and, by August controlled Fizuli , Jebrail , and Zangelan . It was estimated that during Ter-Petrosian's presidency, the significant amount of military expenditure, played a key role in the outcome of the war and the formation of the army. By early 1994, both countries were devastated by
14329-545: The advisor) or other experts with a PhD degree (generally at least half of them must be external to the university where the candidate defends the thesis, but it may depend on the university). Each university / faculty defines the length of these documents, and it can vary also in respect to the domains (a thesis in fields like philosophy, history, geography, etc., usually has more pages than a thesis in mathematics, computer science, statistics, etc.) but typical numbers of pages are around 60–80 for MSc and 150–250 for PhD. In Brazil
14490-535: The author's research and findings. In some contexts, the word thesis or a cognate is used for part of a bachelor's or master's course, while dissertation is normally applied to a doctorate . This is the typical arrangement in American English . In other contexts, such as within most institutions of the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland , the reverse is true. The term graduate thesis
14651-400: The building. They represent manuscript illumination , philosophy, cosmology , history, jurisprudence, and poetry, respectively. Giusto Traina found the statues imposing, although noting that one would expect scholars less muscular and more frail. Since the 1970s an open-air exhibition is located in the colonnades on both sides of the entrance. On display there are medieval khachkars ;
14812-427: The cases, the dissertation can be extended for summer internship at certain research and development organizations or also as PhD synopsis. In Indonesia , the term thesis is used specifically to refer to master's theses. The undergraduate thesis is called skripsi , while the doctoral dissertation is called disertasi . In general, those three terms are usually called as tugas akhir (final assignment), which
14973-536: The collected had reached 4,660 manuscripts. The collection was sent to Moscow for safekeeping since Etchmiadzin was close to the war zone. Thousands of Armenian manuscripts were destroyed during the genocide in the Ottoman Empire. On December 17, 1920, just two weeks after the demise of the First Republic of Armenia and Sovietization of Armenia, the new Bolshevik government of Armenia issued
15134-634: The course of the tenth to fifteenth centuries during the Turkic and Mongol invasions. According to the medieval Armenian historian Stepanos Orbelian , the Seljuk Turks were responsible for the burning of over 10,000 Armenian manuscripts in Baghaberd in 1170. As a result of Armenia being a constant battleground between two major powers, the Matenadaran in Etchmiadzin was pillaged several times,
15295-510: The current building. It was named after Mesrop Mashtots, the creator of the Armenian alphabet , in 1962. A branch of the Matenadaran was established next to the monastery of Gandzasar in the Republic of Artsakh (Nagorno-Karabakh) in 2015. The Matenadaran building is situated on a slope at the northeastern end of Mashtots Avenue , the main thoroughfare in central Yerevan . Rising 18 m (59 ft) above street level, it forms
15456-437: The defeat of the Armenian side in the war, the signing of the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh ceasefire agreement and the outbreak of protests in Armenia against Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan, Ter-Petrosyan released a statement where he warned of the risk of a destructive civil war and called for the solution of the political crisis by constitutional means only. He called for the prime minister's voluntary resignation and accused him and
15617-462: The degree programme. In the Bologna system, the bachelor's thesis, called završni rad (literally "final work" or "concluding work") is defended after 3 years of study and is about 30 pages long. Most students with bachelor's degrees continue onto master's programmes which end with a master's thesis called diplomski rad (literally "diploma work" or "graduate work"). The term dissertation is used for
15778-454: The degree, the name project usually implies that the work carried out is less extensive than a thesis and bears lesser credit hours too. The undergraduate level project is presented through an elaborate written report and a presentation to the advisor, a board of faculty members and students. At graduate level however, i.e. in MS, some universities allow students to accomplish a project of 6 credits or
15939-623: The design as "a regrettable failure." He accused Grigorian of "almost directly transferring the images and forms" of 11th-13th century Armenian refectories and gavits ( zhamatuns ) into Soviet Armenian architecture. This, he argued, transformed the building—especially its interior—into "a museum of historical forms, detaching visitors from the present and recreating the atmosphere of a distant medieval period." The building has been widely acclaimed. Lionel Daiches found it "noble in design" and endowed with "great architectural dignity." A decade after its completion, Andrei Bitov described it as
16100-565: The dissertation requirements with international publications being a mandatory requirement. The defense of the research work is done publicly. In the Philippines, an academic thesis is named by the degree, such as bachelor/undergraduate thesis or masteral thesis. However, in Philippine English , the term doctorate is typically replaced with doctoral (as in the case of "doctoral dissertation"), though in official documentation
16261-477: The early morning hours of 1 March, reportedly acting on evidence of firearms in the camp, the authorities moved in to inspect the tents set up by demonstrators. Law enforcement agents then violently dispersed hundreds of protestors. Ter-Petrosyan was placed under de facto house arrest, not being allowed to leave his home, though the authorities later denied the allegations. A few hours later, tens of thousands of protestors or more gathered at Myasnikyan Square to protest
16422-509: The election and accused incumbent Sargsyan in rigging the election. Talking about Hovannisian's post-election protests, Ter-Petrosyan stated "I see words, I see speeches, but there is no action, no plan of actions." On 13 April 2013, the Armenian National Congress was officially transformed from an alliance of 18 original parties into a single party, on the base of the Pan-Armenian National Movement . During his speech at
16583-678: The election results, then stormed the parliament building and beat the speaker and deputy speaker of parliament following a speech by Vazgen Manukyan. Tanks and troops were brought into Yerevan to end the protests. On the same day, Defence Minister Vazgen Sargsyan stated that "even if they [the opposition] win 100 percent of the votes, neither the Army nor the National Security and Interior Ministry would recognize such political leaders." Later in January 1999, Ter-Petrosyan's interior minister at
16744-970: The fifth century historian Ghazar Parpetsi , who noted the existence of such a repository at the Etchmiadzin catholicosate in Vagharshapat , where Greek and Armenian language texts were kept. Sources remain silent on the fate of the Etchmiadzin matenadaran until the 15th century, when the catholicosate returned from Sis in Cilicia . Manuscript repositories existed at major monasteries in medieval Armenia, such as at Haghpat ( Haghpat matenadaran ), Sanahin , Saghmosavank , Tatev , Geghard , Kecharis , Hromkla , and Bardzraberd . In some cases, monastic complexes have separate structures as manuscript repositories. Sometimes manuscripts would be transferred to caves to avoid destruction by foreign invaders. Thousands of manuscripts in Armenia were destroyed over
16905-717: The findings of the project. Most world universities use a multiple chapter format: Degree-awarding institutions often define their own house style that candidates have to follow when preparing a thesis document. In addition to institution-specific house styles, there exist a number of field-specific, national, and international standards and recommendations for the presentation of theses, for instance ISO 7144 . Other applicable international standards include ISO 2145 on section numbers, ISO 690 on bibliographic references, and ISO 31 or its revision ISO 80000 on quantities or units. Some older house styles specify that front matter (title page, abstract, table of content, etc.) must use
17066-625: The first Defense Minister of independent Armenia in December 1991. On 28 January 1992, the Armenian government passed the historical decree "On the Ministry of Defense of the Republic of Armenia", which formally created the Armed Forces of Armenia . In late 1991 and early 1992, the fighting in Nagorno-Karabakh expanded into a full-scale war . With the rise of hostilities in Nagorno-Karabakh, in March 1992, Sargsyan announced that Armenia needed
17227-436: The first years following independence, It is difficult to overstate the calamity that faced Armenia in 1991-93. The country, land-locked and with few natural resources, was beginning the transition from a centrally-planned to a market economy, with very limited institutional capacity. As a result of the conflict raging with Azerbaijan over Nagorno Karabakh (NK), an ethnic Armenian enclave inside Azerbaijan, refugees from Azerbaijan
17388-431: The former is still used. The terms thesis and dissertation are commonly used interchangeably in everyday language yet it is generally understood that a thesis refers to bachelor/undergraduate and master academic work while a dissertation is named for doctorate work. The Philippine system is influenced by American collegiate system, in that it requires a research project to be submitted before being allowed to write
17549-416: The forms of certain medieval Armenian monuments almost without alteration." Edmond Tigranyan saw its design as reflective of "Leninist understanding of cultural heritage and the objectives of national imagery in architecture" as expressed in the works of Alexander Tamanian . Yuri Yaralov was disapproving, calling it "an example of an uncritical use of ancient forms in a modern structure" and describing
17710-421: The founding convention, Ter-Petrosyan blamed Hovannisian for having no political agenda in his protests. In particular, Ter-Petrosyan said "during the current post-election period we have seen everything but political processes". The ANC, now a party rather than an alliance, went to the 2013 Yerevan City Council election alone. Their list was headed by Yerevan's former mayor Vahagn Khachatryan . ANC failed to pass
17871-415: The general opinion...for to take notice when any ordinary person expresses views contrary to men's usual opinions would be silly. For Aristotle, a thesis would therefore be a supposition that is stated in contradiction with general opinion or express disagreement with other philosophers (104b33-35). A supposition is a statement or opinion that may or may not be true depending on the evidence and/or proof that
18032-527: The given degree. Examinations for PhD and Habilitation degrees are public. In Portugal and Brazil, a dissertation ( dissertação ) is required for completion of a master's degree. The defense is done in a public presentation in which teachers, students, and the general public can participate. For the PhD, a thesis ( tese ) is presented for defense in a public exam. The exam typically extends over 3 hours. The examination board typically involves 5 to 6 scholars (including
18193-457: The government to grant several political concessions. In parliamentary elections in 2012 , the ANC received 7.1% of the popular vote, gaining 7 seats. Ter-Petrosyan's party lost those seats in the following elections and has not entered parliament since. He led the ANC's electoral list during snap parliamentary elections in June 2021 , where the party again failed to enter parliament. Ter-Petrosyan
18354-536: The government's act. Police, overwhelmed by the sheer size of the crowd, pulled out. A state of emergency was implemented by President Kocharyan at 17:00, allowing the army to be moved into the capital. At night, a few thousand protestors barricaded themselves using commandeered municipal buses. As a result of the clashes, eight protestors and two policemen died. Ter-Petrosyan addressed his supporters by phone at around 2-3 a.m. on March 2, telling them to go home to avoid further casualties. On March 5, Ter-Petrosyan appealed to
18515-485: The greatest of my ability, to continue to maintain integrity in my relationship to knowledge, in my methods and in my results. In Germany, an academic thesis is called Abschlussarbeit or, more specifically, the basic name of the degree complemented by -arbeit (rough translation: -work ; e.g., Diplomarbeit , Masterarbeit , Doktorarbeit ). For bachelor's and master's degrees, the name can alternatively be complemented by -thesis instead (e.g., Bachelorthesis ). Length
18676-439: The initial topic. In addition, the presentation of the research project will help the candidate choose their primary thesis adviser. An undergraduate thesis is completed in the final year of the degree alongside existing seminar (lecture) or laboratory courses, and is often divided into two presentations: proposal and thesis presentations (though this varies across universities), whereas a master thesis or doctorate dissertation
18837-589: The last of which took place in 1804, during the Russo-Persian War . Eastern Armenia 's annexation by the Russian Empire in the early 19th century provided a more stable climate for the preservation of the remaining manuscripts. Whereas in 1828 the curators of the Matenadaran catalogued a collection of only 1,809 manuscripts, in 1863 the collection had increased to 2,340 manuscripts, and in 1892 to 3,338 manuscripts. Prior to World War I , in 1914,
18998-446: The legacy of the old structure without overshadowing it. Like Grigoryan, he incorporated traditional Armenian architecture into its design. The idea was revived in 2008. Its foundation stone was laid in a ceremony attended by President Serzh Sargsyan and officiated by Catholicos Karekin II on May 14, 2009. It received funding from Moscow-based Armenian businessman Sergei Hambartsumian ($ 10 million) and Maxim Hakobian, director of
19159-523: The legal, philosophical and theological writings of other notable Armenian figures. The preserved writings of Grigor Narekatsi and Nerses Shnorhali at the Matenadaran form the cornerstone of medieval Armenian literature. The manuscripts previously held at Etchmiadzin constitute the core of the Matenadaran collection. The rest came from the Lazarev Institute of Oriental Languages in Moscow,
19320-438: The manuscripts and editions of texts contained in the collection, authored mainly by its researchers. It is well-regarded internationally. Nina Garsoïan called it important, Vartan Matiossian described it as "highly respected", and Robert H. Hewsen commended its high quality of scholarship. It is a "source of national pride" for Armenians, who view it as a "a repository of national heritage." The Matenadaran collection
19481-473: The manuscripts from Etchmiadzin that had been sent to Moscow during World War I were ordered to be returned to Armenia by Alexander Miasnikian . 1,730 manuscripts were added to the original 4,660 manuscripts held at Etchmiadzin once they returned to Armenia. In 1939 the entire collection of manuscripts of Etchmiadzin were transferred to the State Public Library in Yerevan (what later became
19642-470: The master's degree requires a praca magisterska (master's thesis). The academic dissertation for a PhD is called a dysertacja or praca doktorska . The submission for the Habilitation is called praca habilitacyjna or dysertacja habilitacyjna . Thus the term dysertacja is reserved for PhD and Habilitation degrees. All the theses need to be "defended" by the author during a special examination for
19803-475: The media, although there were speculations that he would run for the office of president of Armenia in the general election in February 2003. He instead devoted his time to scientific research. In 2005 and 2007, he published his two-volume historical work titled The Crusaders and the Armenians . On 21 September 2007, Ter-Petrosyan made his first public speech in nearly ten years at an event in Yerevan marking
19964-481: The more cautious Ter-Petrosyan was, he deliberately not fully informed about the extent of the Armenian military's participation in operations in Nagorno-Karabakh. In early April 1993, the Armenian forces captured Kelbajar , a city outside the originally contested areas, causing international attention to the conflict. Turkey closed its border with Armenia, while the United Nations passed a resolution condemning
20125-452: The most important argument has been avoided. Can anyone who has respect for his people vie for a presidential post at the age of 68? Such things usually do not happen in developed democratic countries ... everything is concentrated in the hands of a bunch of criminals who have usurped power." The official ANC statement on 27 December 2012 said that they are not participating in the upcoming presidential election in any form. The ANC claimed that
20286-540: The most prominent landmarks of Yerevan, it is named after Mesrop Mashtots , the inventor of the Armenian alphabet , whose statue stands in front of the building. Its collection is included in the register of the UNESCO Memory of the World program. The word matenadaran is a compound composed of matean , ("book" or " parchment ") and daran ("repository"). Both words are of Middle Persian origin. Though it
20447-439: The most remarkable piece of modern Armenian architecture. Herbert Lottman called it solemn and solid-looking, while Levon Abrahamian characterized it as "orderly" and imposing". Vartan Gregorian suggested that it is "perhaps by design, the most imposing building in Yerevan." Rouben Paul Adalian suggested that it was "designed as a modern temple to Armenian civilization." Several authors have likened its appearance that of
20608-455: The most unique manuscript repository in the world", while Tadevos Hakobyan compared its essence to that of the Library of Alexandria , noting that both served not only as book repositories but also as museums and centers of science. The Communist Party's official newspaper, Pravda , wrote that no educated Soviet citizen can "imagine spiritual life without the capital's Tretyakov Gallery ,
20769-530: The number of manuscripts preserved at the Matenadaran, mostly from gifts from private individuals from the Armenian diaspora . In 1972 there were already 12,960 Armenian manuscripts and nearly two thousand manuscripts in other languages. Among the major donors of the Matenadaran include Harutiun Hazarian from New York (397 manuscripts), Varouzhan Salatian from Damascus (150 manuscripts), Rafael Markossian from Paris (37 manuscripts). Rouben Galichian from London has donated old maps. In 1969 Tachat Markossian, 95, from
20930-442: The opposition candidate Vazgen Manukyan of leading the country to civil confrontation through their refusal to compromise. On 25 March 2021 Ter-Petrosyan once again met with ex-presidents Kocharyan and Sargsyan. On 5 May 2021, Ter-Petrosyan declared that the reason for the meeting was for him to propose an electoral alliance between the former presidents (his long-time political opponents) in order to unseat Prime Minister Pashinyan in
21091-472: The opposition started blaming him for the economic quagmire that Armenia's post-Soviet economy was in. Ter-Petrosyan was forced to step down in February 1998 after advocating a compromised settlement of the conflict over Nagorno-Karabakh which many Armenians regarded as undermining their security. Ter-Petrosyan's key ministers, namely then-Prime Minister Robert Kocharyan , Defense Minister Vazgen Sargsyan and Interior Minister Serzh Sargsyan , refused to accept
21252-500: The participation in the election is "legitimization of the illegal regime". Rumors about Ter-Petrosyan's possible retirement from active politics spread soon after his 25 December announcement. Armenians newspapers argued that Levon Zurabyan , the ANC speaker, could become his successor. On 7 February 2013, Ter-Petrosyan gave another interview to the Chorrord Inknishkhanutyun daily newspaper. He acknowledged that
21413-565: The population, and some 693,999.00 people emigrated, nevertheless, it was estimated that the emigration numbers continued to grow after his resignation. Ter-Petrosyan's first term also saw significant tension between his government and the Armenian Revolutionary Federation (ARF), a nationalist political party which holds enormous influence in the Armenian diaspora and had established itself as Ter-Petrosyan's main opposition. On 29 June 1992, Ter-Petrosyan delivered
21574-457: The release of political prisoners, the resignation of the government, and a full inquiry into the violence that claimed the lives of ten people on 1 March 2008. Levon Ter-Petrosyan led the Armenian National Congress (ANC) during the 2012 parliamentary election . The ANC won 7.08% (106,903) of the popular vote. The ANC held its convention on 22 December 2012. Ter-Petrosyan talked about groups promoting pro-Western and pro-Russian divisions within
21735-400: The restarting of Metsamor Nuclear Power Plant in October 1995. In 1992, Ter-Petrosyan's prime minister Hrant Bagratyan adopted an economic reform program to rapidly marketize the Armenian economy. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union from 1991 to 1993, Armenia's income decline of 63 percent was greater than that of any Former Soviet Union country except Georgia. The average decline for
21896-493: The return of displaced persons. When Levon Ter-Petrosyan stepped down from the presidency, he compared himself to the late Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin , and stated that he was resigning was to avoid destabilizing the country. Commenting on the circumstances of his resignation in 2021, Ter-Petrosyan insisted that Vazgen Sargsyan and Kocharyan were "ready for civil war" if he did not resign. After his resignation, Ter-Petrosyan rarely appeared in public and avoided contact with
22057-621: The return of most of the Armenian-occupied Azerbaijani territories around Nagorno-Karabakh in exchange for the deployment of OSCE peacekeepers in Nagorno-Karabakh and the surrounding districts in the first and second phases, followed by the lifting of the Azerbaijani and Turkish blockades of Armenia in the third stage, and leaving for last the issues of Nagorno-Karabakh's status, the Lachin Corridor , and
22218-420: The route through Georgia was frequently closed due to civil unrest there. As Armenia was deeply integrated with the Soviet economy and had the highest level of imports of any Soviet republic. Armenia's GDP declined drastically from 1991 to 1993 because of these factors, and fuel shortages were ubiquitous. The worst years of the energy crisis have been dubbed the "dark and cold years" in Armenia, alleviated after
22379-677: The same university. From 1972 to 1979, Ter-Petrosyan worked as junior researcher at the Manuk Abeghian Literature Institute of the Armenian Academy of Sciences . From 1979 to 1984, he held the post of science secretary at Matenadaran named after Saint Mesrob Mashdots . Since 1984, he has worked at Matenadaran as a senior researcher. Ter-Petrosyan wrote his doctoral dissertation on the Assyrian language and its ties to Armenian . In addition, he
22540-455: The scholarly journal Banber Matenadarani (Բանբեր Մատենադարանի, "Herald of the Matenadaran", ISSN 1829-054X ) since 1941. The first two volumes, published in 1941 and 1950, appeared under the title Collection of Scientific Materials (Գիտական նյութերի ժողովածու, Gitakan nyut‘eri zhoghovatsu ) and acquired its current name in 1956. As of 2024, 37 volumes have been published. All are available online. The articles are usually devoted to
22701-508: The student's research work. A typical undergraduate paper or essay might be forty pages. Master's theses are approximately one hundred pages. PhD theses are usually over two hundred pages. This may vary greatly by discipline, program, college, or university. A study published in 2021 found that in Québec universities , between 2000 and 2020, master's and PhD theses averaged 127.4 and 245.6 pages respectively. Theses Canada acquires and preserves
22862-593: The summer of 1992, following the launch of Operation Goranboy , the Armenian forces had major losses. Ter-Petrosyan dismissed Defense Minister Vazgen Sargsyan , as between October 1992 and March 1993 Sargsyan served as the Presidential Adviser on Defence Affairs and the Presidential Envoy to Border Regions of Armenia, Ter-Petrosyan appointed his comrade-turned-rival Vazgen Manukyan to the post. According to Vazgen Manukyan, on several occasions,
23023-406: The thesis director and at least one evaluator. All the dissertation referees must already have achieved at least the academic degree that the candidate is trying to reach. At English-speaking Canadian universities , writings presented in fulfillment of undergraduate coursework requirements are normally called papers , term papers or essays . A longer paper or essay presented for completion of
23184-412: The thesis proposal is considered to fulfill the qualification by the academic examiners, students then may proceed to write their final assignment. In Iran , usually students are required to present a thesis ( Persian : پایاننامه pāyān-nāmeh ) in their master's degree and a dissertation ( رساله resāleh ) in their Doctorate degree, both of which requiring the students to defend their research before
23345-437: The time of the election Vano Siradeghyan admitted that the government had resorted to vote-rigging to secure Ter-Petrosyan's victory without a runoff election and stated that after the crackdown, Ter-Petrosyan fell into a three-month depression. According to Siradeghyan, "the whole state apparatus was demoralized, paralyzed and no government was formed during [the ensuing] three months." Ter-Petrosyan's popularity waned further as
23506-700: The transport of wheat to Armenia from the EU through Turkish territory and attending the funeral of Turkish president Turgut Özal in Ankara, the capture of Kalbajar district by Armenian forces in April 1993 significantly worsened relations with Turkey. That month Turkey closed its border with Armenia. As on other occasions, Vazgen Manukyan. deliberately presented only a small part of the Kalbajar operation to Ter-Petrosyan. The Armenian-Turkish border remains closed to this day and
23667-510: The two countries have no diplomatic relations. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union took place as a result and against the backdrop of general economic stagnation, even regression. As the Gosplan , which had set up production chains to cross SSR lines, broke down, the inter-republic economic connections were also disrupted, leading to an even more serious breakdown of the post-Soviet economies. Armenia suffered severe economic hardship in
23828-615: The village of Gharghan , near Isfahan , in central Iran, donated a 1069 manuscript to the Matenadaran. Written at Narekavank monastery, it is a copy of a Gospel written by Mashtots. Among the most significant manuscripts of the Matenadaran are the Lazarian Gospel [ hy ] (9th century), the Echmiadzin Gospel (10th century) and the Mughni Gospel (11th century). The first, so called because it
23989-494: The vote. On 18 October 1991, he signed onto Gorbachev's failed attempt to form an economic community out of the collapsing Soviet Union and preserve the economic ties between the republics (only 8 of the 15 republics agreed to sign). Ter-Petrosyan then brought Armenia into the Commonwealth of Independent States which formed after the formal abolition of the Soviet Union in December 1991. Ter-Petrosyan appointed Vazgen Sargsyan
24150-649: The war. On 5 May, the Bishkek Protocol was signed by the heads of the parliaments of Nagorno-Karabakh, Armenia, and Azerbaijan. The Nagorno-Karabakh Republic , backed by Armenia, established de facto control of these lands. The war ended in an Armenian victory with the signing of a ceasefire agreement in May 1994 by representatives of Armenia, Azerbaijan, and the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic. Despite Ter-Petrosyan's efforts to establish normal relations with Turkey, which included arranging for
24311-477: The works are publicly presented to the special council at the end of the training, which thoroughly examines the work. PhD candidates may be allowed to present their work without a written thesis, if they provide enough publications in leading journals of the field, and one of which should be a review article specifically. Malaysian universities often follow the British model for dissertations and degrees. However,
24472-520: Was born on 9 January 1946 in Aleppo , Syria to an Armenian family descended from a long line of priests living near Musa Dagh in the region of Hatay (now located in the south of Turkey ). His family took part in the armed resistance at Musa Dagh during the Armenian genocide before fleeing to Syria. His father, Hakob Ter-Petrosyan, was first a member of the Hunchakian Party and later
24633-532: Was brought from the Lazarian Institute , is from 887 and is one of the Matenadaran's oldest complete volumes. The Echmiadzin Gospel, dated 989, has a 6th-century, probably Byzantine, carved ivory cover. The Cilician illuminated manuscripts by Toros Roslin (13th century) and Sargis Pitsak (14th century), two prominent masters, are also held with high esteem. Three manuscripts are allowed to leave
24794-492: Was critical of the government's claims of strong economic growth and argued that Kocharyan and his prime minister, Serzh Sargsyan , had come to accept a solution to the problem of Nagorno-Karabakh that was effectively the same solution that he had proposed ten years earlier. A number of opposition parties rallied behind him after his return to the political arena, including the People's Party of Armenia led by Stepan Demirchyan ,
24955-458: Was inactive in the political scene. However, he made a political comeback in September 2007 and ran for president in 2008 . He faced one of his former government members, at the time Prime Minister Serzh Sargsyan . According to official results, he earned 21.5% of the total vote. Ter-Petrosyan claimed the elections were rigged and led thousands of his supporters in mass protests against the alleged electoral fraud and called for new elections. After
25116-878: Was inscribed by the UNESCO into the Memory of the World Register in 1997. In 2011 Armenian President Serzh Sargsyan called the Matenadaran a "national treasure which has become the greatest citadel of the Armenian identity." In 2013 the Armenian government recognized the Matenadaran—along with the Byurakan Observatory and the Armenian Genocide Museum-Institute —as scientific institutions of "national value". Asoghik Karapetian [ Wikidata ] , director of
25277-550: Was likewise inspired by medieval Armenian architecture, especially eleventh and twelfth century gavits ( zhamatuns ). The vestibule was specifically inspired by the gavit of Sanahin Monastery , while other halls were inspired by the design of the gavits of Haghpat and Horomos . Various marbles were used in the interior. A triptych of Renaissance-inspired murals, created by Van Khachatur in 1959, depict three periods of Armenian history— Urartu , Hellenism , and
25438-477: Was pressured by Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev to disarm the militias. Ter-Petrosyan complied, but the militias continued their activities in Nagorno-Karabakh. On 23 August 1990, Armenia formally declared its intention to become an independent state with Nagorno-Karabakh as an integral part. On 12 September 1990, Ter-Petrosyan met with Gorbachev, Azerbaijani leader Ayaz Mutalibov and other Soviet officials, where Gorbachev rejected Ter-Petrosyan's demands to withdraw
25599-571: Was reelected in the 1996 presidential election , which was marred by accusations of electoral fraud, sparking mass protests led by runner-up Vazgen Manukyan . The mass rallies were suppressed by military force. Due to disagreements with key members of his government over a peace proposal for the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict , especially Defence Minister Vazgen Sargsyan and Prime Minister Robert Kocharyan , Ter-Petrosyan resigned on 3 February 1998. From his resignation up to 2007, Ter-Petrosyan
25760-440: Was streaming into Armenia. At the same time, Azerbaijan imposed a trade embargo, shutting off most supplies of energy and other critical goods (the main natural gas pipelines which supplied Armenia through Azerbaijan were closed) due to the full-scale war . The border with Turkey, which was sympathetic to Azerbaijan, was closed, and the main routes into the country to the north through Georgia were subject to frequent interdiction and
25921-399: Was the de facto leader of the committee. Under the leadership of Ter-Petrosyan and Manukyan, the Karabakh movement transformed from being purely concerned with the unification of Nagorno-Karabakh with Armenia into a broader movement for democratization . From 10 December 1988 to 31 May 1989, Ter-Petrosyan was imprisoned in Moscow's Matrosskaya Tishina prison together with other members of
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