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108-578: The High Line is a 1.45-mile-long (2.33 km) elevated linear park , greenway , and rail trail created on a former New York Central Railroad spur on the west side of Manhattan in New York City. The High Line's design is a collaboration between James Corner Field Operations , Diller Scofidio + Renfro , and Piet Oudolf . The abandoned spur has been redesigned as a "living system" drawing from multiple disciplines which include landscape architecture, urban design , and ecology . The High Line

216-539: A Warren truss . It terminates at a public space within Manhattan West that ends at the west side of Ninth Avenue, directly across from Moynihan Train Hall. The landscape design was curated by Dutch landscape architect Piet Oudolf using natural landscaping techniques. includes sturdy meadow plants (such as clump-forming grasses, liatris , and coneflowers ) and scattered stands of sumac and smokebush and

324-748: A "cool park" requires a "framework" of neighborhoods around it to succeed. In 2016, Friends of the High Line launched the High Line Network to support similar infrastructure re-use projects being developed in other cities. As of 2017, there are 19 projects in the network, including River LA , the Atlanta Beltline, Crissy Field , Dequindre Cut , the Lowline , Klyde Warren Park , the Bentway , Bergen Arches , Destination Crenshaw and

432-418: A 2017 interview, Friends of the High Line co-founder Robert Hammond said that he "failed" the community; the High Line did not fulfill its original purpose of serving the surrounding neighborhood, which had become demographically divided around the park. Due to the High Line's popularity, several museums were proposed or built along its path. The Dia Art Foundation considered (but rejected) a proposal to build

540-431: A Habitat) : a steel-and-wood sculpture near 20th and 21st Streets built as a house for fauna such as birds and butterflies. Kim Beck 's Space Available was installed on the roofs of three buildings visible from the southern end. Three 20-by-12-foot (6.1 by 3.7 m) sculptures, resembling the armature of empty billboards and constructed like theater backdrops, looks three-dimensional from a distance. Also installed during

648-422: A benefit event at Grand Central Terminal , where the submissions for the design contest were exhibited. The same month, a bipartisan group of city officials began petitioning the federal Surface Transportation Board to hand over title to the viaduct for park use. In anticipation of this handover, the administration of Mayor Michael Bloomberg announced plans for a High Line park that September. The following year,

756-639: A competition in conjunction with the city of New York in 2004 to determine the design team which would lead the project. Since the park's opening in 2009, Friends of the High Line has had an agreement with the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation to serve as its primary steward. The organization is responsible for the daily operation and maintenance of the park, with an annual budget of over $ 5 million. It has an annual operating budget of $ 11.5 million, in addition to capital construction and management and fundraising expenses. Friends of

864-480: A food hall, at 15th Street. A spur, connecting the viaduct to the National Biscuit Company building and closed to the public, splits off at 16th Street. The railroad tracks on the spur are left in situ but the trackbeds are planted with greenery. The Tenth Avenue Square, an amphitheater on the viaduct, is at 17th Street where the High Line crosses over Tenth Avenue from southeast to northwest. At

972-482: A former KTM rail line has been encouraged and maintained through public opinion. Convincing the Singaporean government of the land's value, the citizens of Singapore were able to turn a neglected KTM railway in to a linear park that now runs 10 km(6.21 mi) long and offers unique perspectives into Singaporean wildlife. Rail Corridor differs from the typical linear park in a way that promotes and integrates

1080-636: A gritty manufacturing district into a bustling high-end retail, dining, and residential area, as documented by photographer Brian Rose in his 2014 book Metamorphosis . In September 2003 the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) established the Gansevoort Market Historic District, and in 2007 New York State Parks Commissioner Carol Ash approved adding the entire Meatpacking District, an area which included both

1188-403: A locally or regionally based system to a more national one; and the development of frozen foods and refrigerated trucks to deliver them were all factors in this, but meatpacking continued to be the major activity in the neighborhood through the 1970s. At the same time, a new "industry" of nightclubs and other entertainment and leisure operations catering to a gay clientele, began to spring up in

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1296-531: A museum at the Gansevoort Street terminus. On that site, the Whitney Museum has built a new home for its collection of American art. The building, designed by Renzo Piano , opened on May 1, 2015. Crime has been low in the park. Shortly after the second section opened in 2011, The New York Times reported that there had been no reports of major crimes (such as assault or robbery ) since

1404-665: A national comparison of open urban areas available to residents. In Greater London , Essex and Hertfordshire , the Lee Valley Park is a 10,000-acre (40 km ) linear park, stretching for 26 miles (42 km) long, much of it green spaces running along the flood plains of the River Lea from the River Thames to Ware , through areas such as Stratford , Clapton , Tottenham , Enfield , Walthamstow , Cheshunt , Broxbourne and Hoddesdon in an area renowned as

1512-487: A play area with rail ties and the Pershing Beams (modified, silicone -covered beams and stanchions coming out of the structure), a gathering space with benches, and a set of three railroad tracks where one can walk between the rails. The play area also has a seesaw -like bench and a "chime bench", with keys which make sounds when tapped. The Interim Walkway, from 11th Avenue and 30th Street to 34th Street divides

1620-638: A small wooded area called the Gansevoort Woodland. The route then passes under The Standard, High Line hotel and through a passage at 14th Street. At 14th Street, the High Line splits into two sides at different elevations; the Diller-Von Furstenberg Water Feature (opened in 2010) is on the lower side, and a sundeck is on the upper side. The route passes through the west edge of the Chelsea Market ,

1728-521: A sort of blending or bleeding or suturing between the hard paving, the surface for people to stroll on, and the planting ... " Stretches of track and ties recall the High Line's former use, and portions of track are re-used for rolling lounges positioned for river views. The benches use Brazilian Ipê timber, which came from a managed forest certified by the Forest Stewardship Council . According to James Corner Field Operations,

1836-462: A year. Sternfeld's photographs of its meadow-like natural beauty, discussed in an episode of the documentary series Great Museums , were used at public meetings when the subject of saving the High Line was discussed. Mary Boone 's art gallery, as well as Martha Stewart and Edward Norton , hosted fundraising benefits for the High Line in 2001 and 2002 respectively. Fashion designer Diane von Fürstenberg (who had moved her New York City headquarters to

1944-526: Is a cool and shady retreat from the nearby bustling streets. In Hong Kong , a prominent example of a linear park is the Avenue of Stars . Located at the waterfront surrounding East Tsim Sha Tsui , the Avenue of Stars is a 440-meter(0.27 mi.) promenade offering scenic views to the public. As a public amenity, the park provides much needed urban space to the dense city of Hong Kong. The walking road itself

2052-572: Is available at 34th Street via the Interim Walkway, which runs from 30th Street and 11th Avenue to 34th Street west of 11th Avenue. At the Gansevoort Street end (which runs north–south), the stub over Gansevoort Street is named the Tiffany and Co. Foundation Overlook and was dedicated in July 2012; the foundation was a major supporter of the park. The southern terminus of the park also contains

2160-520: Is composed of three parts: the Coach Passage, with 60-foot-tall (18 m) ceilings; the High Line's largest planted garden; and a plaza with temporary art exhibitions that get replaced every 18 months. The art exhibition space is named the Plinth, an allusion to London's Fourth plinth , which also displays temporary art. Phase 3 has another ramp taking visitors above the viaduct at 11th Avenue and

2268-526: Is dedicated to famous Hong Kong celebrities, and as such is an attractive tourist area lined with souvenir stalls at some sections. In addition to the dynamic waterfront location, the Avenue of Stars provides visitors a "front-row seat"(stand) to the Symphony of Lights , the world's largest light and sound show. It is also around this area that the famed Star Ferry can be observed and even ridden. In Singapore , wild growth and shrubbery that's taken over

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2376-470: Is integrated into the window bays of the former Nabisco factory loading dock as a series of 700 purple and gray glass panes. Each color is calibrated to match the center pixel of 700 digital pictures (one taken every minute) of the Hudson River, making up an extended portrait of the river. Creative Time worked with Finch to realize his site-specific concept after he saw the rusted, disused mullions of

2484-451: Is not limited to native plants . At the Gansevoort Street end, a grove of mixed species of birch provides shade by late afternoon. The High Line viaduct had 161 species of plants before it was converted into a park; the modern park has about 400 species of plants, including grasses and trees. There are about 100,000 unique specimens of plants. Each species is selected based on their appearance, in addition to how well they survive throughout

2592-637: Is the BeltLine . Part of the foundation for this project consisted of reclaiming 22 miles (35 km) of unused rail trails. Totaling approximately 33 miles (53 km), the BeltLine will include a trail and light rail line on the existing tracks instead of a road. The vision of the BeltLine is to attempt to balance out resident demographics within the city, allowing for all associated to the BeltLine to benefit. In England , linear parks have also been created around waterways, especially in cities where

2700-652: The Back Bay and the Fens . In 1880, Olmsted proposed that the Muddy River be included in the park plan as the current dredged into a winding stream and was directed into the Charles River . Olmsted's vision of a linear park of walking paths along a gentle stream connecting numerous small ponds was complete by the turn of the century, but never completed the section to Boston Harbor . The subsequent development of

2808-522: The Chateau Marmont in Los Angeles , built the 337-room Standard Hotel straddling the High Line at West 13th Street. The southernmost section, from Gansevoort Street to 20th Street, opened as a city park on June 8, 2009. The section includes five stairways and elevators at 14th Street and 16th Street. Around the same time, construction of the second section began. A ribbon-cutting ceremony

2916-570: The High Line elevated freight line was authorized in 1929 as part of the "West Side Improvement Plan", and the New York Central Railroad completed construction, passing through the neighborhood, in 1934. The area's decline began around the 1960s as part of the general decline of the waterfront area. Containerization of freight; the advent of supermarkets which changed the distribution pattern for meat, dairy and produce from

3024-609: The Lea Valley . Greater London's largest park, Lee Valley Park is more than four times the size of Richmond Park , extending beyond Greater London's borders into the neighboring counties of Hertfordshire and Essex. A more recent example of a linear park is the Berlin Mauerpark , which was built on a part of the former Berlin Wall area and its adjacent former death strip. Planty Park , Kraków , Poland ). It encircles

3132-558: The Manhattanhenge phenomenon, where the setting sun crosses the horizon looking down the street, occurs at the spring and autumnal equinoxes. In recognition of this history, petitions were made to call the 14th Street Park "Saphohanikan Park", although it appears no formal recognition was given. The earliest development of the area now known as the Meatpacking District came in the mid-19th century. Before that it

3240-476: The Meatpacking District in 1997) and her husband, Barry Diller , also organized fundraising events in her studio. In 2003, Friends of the High Line sponsored a design competition that attracted more than 720 participants from 38 countries. Proposals included a sculpture garden, an elongated swimming pool, and a linear amusement park/campground. In July 2003, Edward Norton and Robert Caro hosted

3348-611: The Promenade Plantée in Paris . The concept also drew inspiration from Landschaftspark Duisburg-Nord , Germany—a precedent for urban and industrial repurposing in modern landscaping. The organization was initially a small community group advocating the High Line's preservation and transformation when the structure was threatened with demolition during Rudy Giuliani 's second term as mayor. In 2000, CSX Transportation gave photographer Joel Sternfeld permission to photograph it for

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3456-556: The Stare Miasto ( Old Town ) , where the Medieval city walls used to stand until the early 19th century. The park has an area of 21 ha (52 acres) and a length of 4 km (2.5 mi). It consists of a chain of thirty smaller gardens designed in varied styles and adorned with numerous monuments and fountains. The park forms a scenic walkway popular with Cracovians. In summer, sprinkled with ponds and refreshment stalls, it

3564-542: The Trinity River Project . The line has been depicted in a variety of media before its redevelopment. The 1979 film Manhattan includes a shot of the High Line as director and star Woody Allen speaks the first line: "Chapter One. He adored New York City." Director Zbigniew Rybczyński shot the music video for Art of Noise 's single, " Close (to the Edit) " on the line in 1984. In 2001 (two years after

3672-570: The West Side Elevated Highway . The plans also included the construction of the St. John's Freight Terminal at Spring Street , which was completed in 1936 and replaced the street-level St. John's Park Terminal in present-day Tribeca . The West Side Improvement cost more than $ 150 million, worth about $ 2.66 billion in 2023 dollars. The last stretch of street-level track was removed from Eleventh Avenue in 1941. The first train on

3780-419: The Whitney Museum of American Art had announced that it would build a second, Renzo Piano -designed home at 99 Gansevoort Street, just west of Washington Street and adjacent to the southernmost entrance to the High Line; and on May 1, 2015, the museum opened at this site. These were turning points in the changes experienced by the neighborhood over the first two decades of the 21st century, transforming it from

3888-579: The biodiversity and ecosystem throughout—covering 93 different species—while serving as an excellent outdoor trail to get active in. Gansevoort Street The Meatpacking District is a neighborhood in the New York City borough of Manhattan that runs from West 14th Street south to Gansevoort Street, and from the Hudson River east to Hudson Street . The Meatpacking Business Improvement District along with signage in

3996-516: The halo effect . Residents who have bought apartments next to the High Line adapted to its presence in various ways, but most responses were positive. However, many established businesses in west Chelsea have closed due to loss of their neighborhood customer base or rent increases. Among the businesses that have closed are gas stations and auto-repair stores, as well as a parochial school. Chelsea has significant racial-minority communities, many of whom live in two large public housing developments. In

4104-817: The "Farmer's Market"), an open-air space for the buying and selling of regional produce started in 1879, and the West Washington Market, 10 brick buildings used for meat, poultry and dairy transactions, relocated to the river side of West Street in 1884. By 1900 the area was home to 250 slaughterhouses and packing plants , and by the 1920s, what had been a neighborhood based on mixture of marketplaces became more tightly focused on meatpacking and related activities. Other industries continued to be located there, some of which included cigar-making, transportation-related businesses such as automobile repair, express services and garages, import-export firms, marine supplies, cosmetics, and printing. After decades of debate,

4212-543: The 23rd Street Lawn , visitors can rest. Between 25th and 26th Streets a ramp takes visitors above the viaduct, with a scenic overlook facing east at 26th Street. The Philip Falcone and Lisa Maria Falcone Flyover , named after two major donors to the park, was based on plans for a Phase 1 flyover which was never built. The park then curves west to Phase 3 and merges into the Tenth Avenue Spur, which stretches over 30th Street to Tenth Avenue. The Tenth Avenue Spur

4320-527: The City of New York authorized the construction of railroad tracks along Tenth and Eleventh Avenues on Manhattan's West Side. The street-level tracks were used by the New York Central Railroad 's freight trains, which shipped commodities such as coal, dairy products, and beef. For safety the railroad hired "West Side cowboys", men who rode horses and waved flags in front of the trains. However, so many accidents occurred between freight trains and other traffic that

4428-563: The Gansevoort Market Historic District and the neighborhood's waterfront, to the New York State and National Registers of Historic Places . The state district was listed on the National Register on May 30, 2007 and included 140 buildings, two structures, and one other site. Structures such as The Standard, High Line , hotel and the Whitney Museum opened in the Meatpacking District during the 21st century. By 2024, there

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4536-415: The High Line as an example of the reappearance of the wild in an abandoned area. Kinetics & One Love 's 2009 song, "The High Line", uses the line (before its conversion to a park) as an example of nature's reclamation of man-made structures. A number of films and television programs have utilized the High Line since the park opened. In 2011, the television series Louie used it as a setting for one of

4644-590: The High Line east to Moynihan Train Hall and north to Hudson River Park . The 1,200-foot (370 m) Moynihan Connector was planned to cost $ 60 million and run east to Ninth Avenue. A second spur would diverge from the Phase 3 walkway at 34th Street, running north to the Javits Center and then turning west to cross the West Side Highway to Hudson River Park. When the spurs were announced, neither of

4752-720: The High Line has a 38-member board of directors consisting of many New York City businesspeople and philanthropists, including Amanda Burden of Bloomberg Associates, Jane Lauder of Estée Lauder Companies , Jon Stryker of the Arcus Foundation and Darren Walker of the Ford Foundation . In 2017, Friends of the High Line received the Veronica Rudge Green Prize in Urban Design from Harvard University 's Graduate School of Design , for

4860-524: The High Line has been transformed into a linear park that allows for activities such as sight-seeing and exercise, while being elevated. The High Line's annual budget is funded almost entirely by park visitors, though it is operated by the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation license agreement. Bloomingdale Trail in Chicago is the longest linear park in the Western Hemisphere , and

4968-427: The High Line has raised more than $ 150 million in public and private funds toward the construction of the first two sections of the park. Unlike the first two phases, to which the city significantly contributed, Friends of the High Line was responsible for raising funds for phase three (an estimated $ 35 million). The organization raises over 90 percent of the High Line's annual operating budget from private donations. When

5076-429: The High Line have sold for at least $ 10 million since the park's opening in 2009, with an apartment in a building directly adjacent to the park selling for an average of $ 6 million. Apartments located near Phase 1 of the High Line are, on average, more than twice as costly as those between Seventh and Eighth Avenues (two blocks east). In August 2016, the park continued to increase real-estate values along it in an example of

5184-492: The High Line viaduct, part of New York Central's West Side Line , ran along the structure in 1933. The elevated structure was dedicated on June 29, 1934, and was the first part of the West Side Improvement Project to be completed. The High Line, which originally ran from 35th Street to St. John's Freight Terminal, was designed to go through the center of blocks rather than over an avenue. As a result,

5292-647: The High Line would be demolished. As part of the construction of the Empire Connection to Penn Station , which opened in spring 1991, the West Side Line tracks north of 35th Street were routed to the new Empire Connection tunnel to Penn Station. A small section of the High Line in the West Village , from Bank to Gansevoort Streets , was taken apart in 1991 despite objections by preservationists. The remaining riveted-steel elevated structure

5400-430: The High Line's design "is characterized by an intimate choreography of movement." The High Line also has cultural attractions as part of a long-term plan for the park to host temporary installations and performances. Creative Time , Friends of the High Line, and the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation commissioned The River That Flows Both Ways by Spencer Finch as the inaugural art installation. The work

5508-887: The High Line." In a review of the Highliner restaurant—which has now reverted to its previous name, the Empire Diner — Ariel Levy wrote in The New Yorker that... "The new Chelsea that is emerging on weekends as visitors flood the elevated park ... [is] touristy, overpriced, and shiny." The High Line's success in New York City has encouraged leaders in other cities such as Chicago mayor Rahm Emanuel , who sees it as "a symbol and catalyst" for gentrifying neighborhoods . Several cities nationwide have plans to renovate railroad infrastructure into parkland, including Philadelphia 's Rail Park, Atlanta's Belt Line , and Chicago's Bloomingdale Trail . The High Line has helped pioneer

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5616-606: The Meatpacking District "New York’s most fashionable neighborhood". A catalyst for even greater transformation of the area was the opening in June 2009 of the first segment of the High Line linear park. A former elevated freight railroad built under the aegis of Robert Moses , it opened to great reviews in the District (and in Chelsea to the north) as a greenway modeled after Paris's Promenade Plantée . Thirteen months earlier,

5724-542: The Netherlands, lighting design from L'Observatoire International , and engineering design by Buro Happold and Robert Silman Associates. New York City Department of City Planning director and city planning commission chair Amanda Burden contributed to the project's development. Major supporters included Philip Falcone , Diane von Fürstenberg, Barry Diller, and von Fürstenberg's children Alexander and Tatiana von Fürstenberg . Hotel developer Andre Balazs , owner of

5832-408: The New York City government committed $ 50 million to establish the proposed park. Mayor Bloomberg and City Council speakers Gifford Miller and Christine C. Quinn were among the major supporters. Fundraising for the park raised a total of over $ 150 million (equivalent to $ 213,029,000 in 2023). The Surface Transportation Board issued a certificate of interim trail use on June 13, 2005, allowing

5940-620: The Related Companies , which owns development rights for the West Side Rail Yards, agreed not to tear down the spur crossing 10th Avenue. Construction on the final section was started in September 2012. A ribbon-cutting ceremony for the High Line's third phase was held on September 20, 2014, followed the next day by the opening of its third section and a procession down the park. The third phase, costing $ 76 million,

6048-554: The Spur to Moynihan Train Hall , opened in 2023. Since opening in June 2009, the High Line has become an icon of American contemporary landscape architecture. The High Line's success has inspired cities throughout the United States to redevelop obsolete infrastructure as public space. The park became a tourist attraction and spurred real estate development in adjacent neighborhoods, increasing real-estate values and prices along

6156-534: The Tenth Avenue Spur to Moynihan Train Hall at Ninth Avenue, opened in June 2023. The 1,200-foot (370 m) spur runs east along 30th Street for one block to Dyer Avenue . The span above 30th Street uses a V-shaped structure called the Woodlands Bridge, which contains a 5-foot-deep (1.5 m) planting bed. The walkway then turns north to 31st Street across the Timber Bridge, a span shaped like

6264-543: The United States. A proposed conversion of the Tokyo Expressway in Tokyo was also inspired by the High Line. According to some estimates, it costs substantially less to redevelop an abandoned urban rail line into a linear park than to demolish it. Landscape architect James Corner (who led the High Line's design team) noted that "The High Line is not easily replicable in other cities," however, observing that building

6372-469: The area, extend these borders farther north to West 17th Street , east to Eighth Avenue , and south to Horatio Street. A Lenape trading station called Sapohanikan was on the riverbank, which, accounting for landfill, was located about where Gansevoort Street meets Washington Street today. The footpath that led from Sapohanikan inland to the east became the foundation for Gansevoort Street, which by accident or design aligns, within one degree, so that

6480-474: The area. In the 1980s, as the industrial activities in the area continued their downturn, it became known as a center for drug dealing and prostitution. Concurrent with the rise in illicit sexual activity, the sparsely populated industrial area became the focus of the city's burgeoning BDSM subculture; over a dozen sex clubs – including such notable ones as The Anvil, The Manhole, the Mineshaft , and

6588-617: The automobile industry and roads severely disrupted the original concept. In recent years, prevalent examples of linear parks that have seen high levels of visitors are the High Line in New York City and the Bloomingdale Trail in Chicago . The High Line in New York City is a 1.4 mile (2.2 km) long rail trail and greenway, having been built on a portion of a defunct rail line as well as constructed to have greenery all throughout. Like its Paris counterpart Promenade Plantee ,

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6696-687: The city donated $ 5 million to the High Line in 2012, there was criticism that most city parks had received less funding that year, especially since Friends of the High Line had raised an extra $ 85 million that year. The organization has an office on Washington Street , near the park's southern end. It has 80 full-time, year-round employees and about 150 full-time summer employees. Friends of the High Line has been run by president and co-founder Josh David after executive director Jenny Gersten stepped down in 2014. Co-founder Robert Hammond served as executive director until he stepped down in February 2013. Friends of

6804-419: The city to remove most of the line from the national rail system. Ownership officially passed from CSX to the city that November. On April 10, 2006, Mayor Bloomberg presided over a ceremony to mark the beginning of construction. The park was designed by James Corner 's New York-based landscape architecture firm Field Operations and architects Diller Scofidio + Renfro , with garden design by Piet Oudolf of

6912-409: The city's history but which was becoming less usual, as industry and residences began to be isolated in their own districts. In the western portion of the neighborhood, heavy industry such as iron works and a terra cotta manufacturer could be found, while lighter industry such as carpentry and woodworking, lumber yards, paint works, granite works and a plaster mill blended into the residential area. At

7020-495: The concept. The administration of Mayor Michael Bloomberg announced plans for a High Line park in 2003. Repurposing the railway into an urban park began in 2006 and opened in phases during 2009, 2011, and 2014. The Spur, an extension of the High Line that originally connected with the Morgan General Mail Facility at Tenth Avenue and 30th Street, opened in 2019. The Moynihan Connector, extending east from

7128-586: The creation of elevated parks worldwide. In Queens , the Queensway (a proposed aerial rail trail) is being considered for reactivation along the right-of-way of the Long Island Rail Road 's former Rockaway Beach Branch . Other cities around the world have planned elevated rails-to-trails parks in what has been called the "High Line effect". An organization called the High Line Network was created in 2018 to coordinate 19 similar projects across

7236-419: The demolition of the viaduct's northernmost portion. The southern portion of the viaduct was demolished in segments during the late 20th century. A nonprofit organization called Friends of the High Line was formed in 1999 by Joshua David and Robert Hammond , advocating its preservation and reuse as public open space, an elevated park or greenway. Celebrity New Yorkers joined in on fundraising and support for

7344-520: The development of High Line. Since its opening, the High Line has become one of the most popular visitors attractions in New York City . By September 2014, the park had nearly five million visitors annually, and in 2019, it had eight million visitors per year. Most of these visits came from tourists; a 2019 study found that tourists made up four-fifths of the High Line's total visitor count. Residents quoted in The New York Times stated that

7452-423: The disused tracks, and views of the city and the Hudson River . The pebble-dash concrete walkways swell and constrict, swing from side to side, and divide into concrete tines which meld the hardscape with plantings embedded in railroad-gravel mulch. "By opening the paving, we allow the plants to bleed through," said landscape architect James Corner, "almost as if the plants were colonizing the paved areas. There's

7560-521: The first phase opened two years earlier. Parks Enforcement Patrols have written summonses for infractions of park rules such as walking dogs or riding bicycles on the walkway at a lower rate than in Central Park . Park advocates attributed this to the visibility of the High Line from surrounding buildings, a feature of urban life espoused by author Jane Jacobs nearly fifty years before. According to Joshua David, "Empty parks are dangerous ... Busy parks are much less so. You're virtually never alone on

7668-427: The formation of the Friends of the High Line ), photographer Joel Sternfeld documented the High Line's flora and dilapidation in his book, Walking the High Line . The book also contains essays by writer Adam Gopnik and historian John R. Stilgoe . Sternfeld's work was regularly discussed and exhibited during the 2000s as the rehabilitation project developed. Alan Weisman 's 2007 book, The World Without Us , cites

7776-479: The former Nabisco plant in Chelsea Market , which were served from protected sidings in the buildings. The line also passed under the Western Electric complex at Washington Street. Although the section still existed as of May 2008, it is not connected to the developed park. The growth of interstate trucking during the 1950s led to a drop in rail traffic throughout the U.S. St. John's Freight Terminal

7884-495: The front of the house will face the streets, while the back faces a small linear park containing a pathway, trees and grass connecting different areas together. There are examples of this in some US cities and some Canadian cities, such as Saskatoon, Canada. Houses connected with linear parks are more common in suburban and rural areas where space is much less in-demand. A linear park system under development in Atlanta, Georgia

7992-914: The heterosexual-friendly Hellfire Club – flourished in the area. Many of these establishments were under the direct control of the Mafia or subject to NYPD protection rackets. In 1985 the Mineshaft was forcibly shuttered by the city at the height of AIDS preventionism. Beginning in the late 1990s, the Meatpacking District went through a transformation. High-end boutiques catering to young professionals and hipsters opened, including Diane von Fürstenberg , Christian Louboutin , Alexander McQueen , Stella McCartney , Barbour , Rubin & Chapelle , Theory , Ed Hardy , Puma , Moschino , ADAM by Adam Lippes , and an Apple Store ; restaurants such as Pastis—which closed in 2014 —and 5 Ninth; and nightclubs such as Tenjune . In 2004, New York magazine called

8100-483: The installation of a plinth as its initial artwork. It contains entrances to 10 Hudson Yards , built above the spur. The High Line closed temporarily in early 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City ; while most parks remained open during the pandemic, the High Line is a linear park with few means to spread out for social distancing measures. The High Line reopened on July 16, 2020, with limited capacity:

8208-449: The late twentieth century. It has also spurred real-estate development in the neighborhoods along the line. According to mayor Bloomberg, by 2009 more than 30 projects were planned or under construction nearby, and by 2016 more than 11 projects were under construction. It has also helped raise the value of properties directly adjacent to the High Line by an average of 10 percent over properties a few blocks away. At least 20 properties abutting

8316-494: The line, and Conrail accepted, mainly because demolition would have cost $ 5 million. However, this offer was also disputed in court. By 1988, the Metropolitan Transportation Authority was negotiating with Conrail for the possibility for using the line's right of way to construct a light rail route. These negotiations did not proceed further, and by the end of the 1980s, it was expected that

8424-571: The neighborhood – primarily rowhouses and town houses , some of which were later converted into tenements – began around 1840, primarily in the Greek Revival style which was prominent at the time. By mid-century, with Fort Gansevoort replaced by freight yards of the Hudson River Railroad , a neighborhood developed which was part heavy industry and part residential – a pattern which was more typical of an earlier period in

8532-572: The nickname " Death Avenue " was given to Tenth and Eleventh Avenues. In 1910, one organization estimated that there had been 548 deaths and 1,574 injuries over the years along Eleventh Avenue. Public debate about the hazard began during the early 1900s. In 1929 the city, the state, and New York Central agreed on the West Side Improvement Project, conceived by New York City park commissioner Robert Moses . The 13-mile (21 km) project eliminated 105 street-level railroad crossings, added 32 acres (13 ha) to Riverside Park , and included construction of

8640-539: The northern edge of the West Side Yard on 34th Street near the Javits Center . The West Side Line formerly extended south to a railroad terminal at Spring Street , just north of Canal Street , and north to 35th Street at the site of the Javits Center. Due to a decline in rail traffic along the rest of the viaduct, it was effectively abandoned in 1980 when the construction of the Javits Center required

8748-485: The old factory, with metal-and-glass specialists Jaroff Design helping to prepare and reinstall. A mid-2010 sound installation by Stephen Vitiello was composed from bells heard throughout New York. Lauren Ross, former director of the alternative art space White Columns , was the High Line's first curator . During the construction of the second phase (between 20th and 30th Streets) several artworks were installed, including Sarah Sze 's Still Life with Landscape (Model for

8856-424: The park has become a "tourist-clogged catwalk" since it opened, and one critic called it a "tourist-clogged cattle chute". The New York Times called the High Line "one of the best-known naturalistic gardens anywhere" upon the park's 15th anniversary in 2024. The recycling of the rail line into an urban park and tourist attraction has revitalized Chelsea , which was "gritty" and in generally poor condition during

8964-480: The projects had been funded. As of September 2021, the Moynihan Connector was funded and was projected to be completed in early 2023 at a cost of $ 50 million. A groundbreaking for the Moynihan Connector occurred on February 24, 2022, although major construction did not begin until later the same year. The Moynihan Connector opened on June 22, 2023. The line is maintained by Friends of the High Line, which

9072-418: The right of way and the tracks. During the mid-1980s, a group of property owners with land under the line lobbied for the demolition of the entire structure. Peter Obletz, a Chelsea resident, activist, and railroad enthusiast, challenged the demolition efforts in court and tried to re-establish rail service on the line. Obletz offered to buy the viaduct for $ 10 in order to run a small amount of freight trains on

9180-425: The route moved to New Jersey. The curve to the viaduct from 35th Street was demolished during the construction of Javits Center and was replaced by the current curve at 34th Street. The tracks leading to the High Line were reconnected in 1981, but as there were no more customers along the route, the curve at 34th Street was never completed, and the viaduct did not see any further usage. At this point, Conrail still owned

9288-544: The route. By September 2014, the park had nearly five million visitors annually, and by 2019, it had eight million visitors per year. The High Line extends for 1.45 miles (2.33 km) from Gansevoort Street to 34th Street. At 30th Street the elevated tracks turn west around the Hudson Yards Redevelopment Project to the Jacob K. Javits Convention Center on 34th Street . As proposed, the park

9396-505: The second phase of construction was Julianne Swartz 's Digital Empathy , a work utilizing audio messages at restrooms, elevators, and water fountains. Maine artist Charlie Hewitt 's sculpture Urban Rattle was permanently installed in 2013. In 2012 and 2013, the Ghanaian born Nigerian artist El Anatsui 's large scale sculpture "Broken Bridge ll" (at the time his largest work to date) fashioned from recycled pressed tin and broken mirrors

9504-534: The second-longest linear park in the world, with a length of 2.7 miles (4.3 km), just under Paris' Promenade Plantee at 2.9 miles (4.6 km). Bloomingdale Trial was created by converting an elevated portion of the former Bloomingdale railway to this linear park, which features trees, flowers, plants, shrubbery, grass, light posts, and benches throughout. The greenway transverses through the neighborhoods of Logan Square, Humboldt Park, and West Town. In some cities, many linear parks run through residential areas. In this case,

9612-404: The section between Gansevoort and 23rd streets were only open to visitors with timed-entry passes, and were only able to walk northbound from Gansevoort Street, with the other access points being for egress only. During the pandemic, a team of 60 people hosted a Zoom call twice a week to plan an extension of the High Line. On January 11, 2021, Governor Andrew Cuomo announced proposals to extend

9720-499: The structure in 1992, but demolition was delayed due to disputes between various city government agencies and the railroad companies. Ownership of the viaduct ultimately passed to CSX Transportation in 1999. A nonprofit organization called Friends of the High Line was formed in October 1999 by Joshua David and Robert Hammond . They advocated its preservation and reuse as public open space, an elevated park or greenway similar to

9828-580: The terrain is such that rivers and brooks have significant flood plains . Such land cannot sensibly be used for urban development and so it is set aside as a civic amenity. The settlement Milton Keynes makes extensive use of linear parks, with nine different examples that include the flood plains of the Great Ouse and of its tributaries (the Ouzel and some brooks). In the UK, Milton Keynes ranked highest in

9936-466: The time of the Civil War the part of the district west of Ninth Avenue and Greenwich Street and above 10th Street was the location of numerous distilleries making turpentine and camphene , a lamp fuel. When development began again after the war in the 1870s, the tenor of the neighborhood changed. Since it was no longer considered a desirable area to live in, construction of single-family residences

10044-602: The title character's dates. Other works with scenes on the High Line since its conversion include The Simpsons 2012 episode " Moonshine River " and the 2012 film, What Maisie Knew . Linear park Possibly the earliest example is the Emerald Necklace , which consists of a 1,100-acre (4.5 km ), or 445 hectare chain of parks linked by parkways (a broad, landscaped highway ) and waterways in Boston and Brookline, Massachusetts , U.S. The name comes from

10152-399: The viaduct into two sides: a gravel walkway and an undeveloped section with rail tracks. The temporary walkway closed for renovation when the Tenth Avenue Spur was completed. The High Line turns north to a point just east of Twelfth Avenue. At 34th Street it curves east and descends, ending at street level midway between 12th and 11th Avenues. The High Line Moynihan Connector, a walkway from

10260-580: The viaduct's construction necessitated the demolition of 640 buildings. It connected directly to factories and warehouses, allowing trains to load and unload inside buildings. Milk, meat, produce, and raw and manufactured goods could be transported and unloaded without disturbing street traffic. This reduced the load on the Bell Laboratories Building (which has housed the Westbeth Artists Community since 1970) and

10368-569: The way the planned chain appears to hang from the "neck" of the Boston peninsula. This system of linear parks was designed by Frederick Law Olmsted to connect the Boston Common and Public Garden (1837) to Franklin Park (Boston) , also known as the "crown jewel" of Olmstead's work in Boston. The project began around 1878 with efforts to clean up and control the marshy area which later became

10476-546: The year. The park has a team of 10 horticulturists, who trim and prune the plants throughout the year to prevent overgrowth. Throughout the park, the soil has an average depth of 18 inches (460 mm). The park uses sustainable landscaping and organic lawn management techniques to maintain the space. Native fauna documented in the park include 33 native bee species, butterflies including painted ladies , and migratory birds including warblers. The park's attractions include naturalized plantings, inspired by plants which grew on

10584-442: Was abandoned in 1960, and the southernmost section of the line was demolished in the following decade due to low use. The West Village Apartments were then built on part of the former segment's right of way . The demolished section began at Bank Street and ran down Washington Street to Spring Street (just north of Canal Street ). By 1978, the High Line viaduct was used to deliver just two carloads of cargo per week. The viaduct

10692-414: Was divided into two parts. The first part (costing $ 75 million) is from the end of phase 2 of the line to its terminus at 34th Street, west of 11th Avenue. The second part, a spur above Tenth Avenue and 30th Street, has room to install artworks curated by the public art program. The spur was scheduled to open by 2018, but was then delayed to April 2019, and later to June 2019. It opened on June 4, 2019, with

10800-489: Was founded by Joshua David and Robert Hammond. The organization is credited with saving the structure by rallying public support for the park and convincing Mayor Michael Bloomberg 's administration in 2002 to support the project by filing a request with the Surface Transportation Board to create a public trail on the site. Friends of the High Line played a role in the line's visual aesthetic, holding

10908-405: Was held on June 7, 2011, to open the second section (from 20th Street to 30th Street), with Mayor Michael Bloomberg, New York City Council speaker Christine Quinn , Manhattan Borough President Scott Stringer and Congressman Jerrold Nadler in attendance. CSX Transportation , owner of the northernmost section from 30th to 34th Streets, agreed in principle to donate the section to the city in 2011;

11016-478: Was inspired by the 4.7 km (2.9 mi) long Coulée verte (tree-lined walkway), another elevated park in Paris completed in 1993. The park is built on an abandoned, southern viaduct section of the New York Central Railroad's West Side Line . Originating in the Meatpacking District , the park runs from Gansevoort Street —three blocks below 14th Street —through Chelsea to

11124-473: Was positioned on a wall on the west side of the street between 21st and 22nd streets, facing and sidelining the High Line. In 2016 Tony Matelli 's controversial sculpture " Sleepwalker " was exhibited upon the High Line. Max Hooper Schneider's aquarium was displayed on the linear park in 2017. The next year, the High Line hosted the British sculptor Phyllida Barlow 's first public commission, "Prop". In 1847,

11232-483: Was replaced with the building of multiple-family dwellings, and the continued internal industrialization increased. In addition an elevated railroad line had been constructed through the neighborhood along Ninth Avenue and Greenwich Street, completed in 1869. Additional development began in the 1880s when two new markets began operating in the area. On the old freight yards, the Gansevoort Market (originally

11340-433: Was shut down in 1980, when owner Conrail had to disconnect the viaduct from the rest of the national rail system for a year. The closure was necessitated as a result of the construction of Javits Center at 34th Street, which required that the curve at 35th Street be rebuilt. The last train on the viaduct was a three-car consist carrying frozen turkeys. During the time the viaduct was disconnected, two large customers along

11448-579: Was the location of Fort Gansevoort and of the upper extension of Greenwich Village , which had been a vacation spot until overtaken by the northward movement of New York City. The irregular street patterns in the area resulted from the clash of the Greenwich Village street system with that of the Commissioners' Plan of 1811 , which sought to impose a regular grid on the undeveloped part of Manhattan island . Construction of residences in

11556-1059: Was to be integrated with the Hudson Yards development and the Hudson Park and Boulevard . If Hudson Yards' Western Rail Yard is built, it will be elevated above the High Line Park, so an exit along the viaduct over the West Side Yard will lead to the Western Rail Yard. The 34th Street entrance is at grade, with wheelchair access. The park is open daily from 7:00 a.m. to 10:00 p.m. through the warmer months, and until 8:00 p.m. in winter. It can be reached through eleven entrances, five of which are accessible to people with disabilities. The wheelchair-accessible entrances, each with stairs and an elevator, are at Gansevoort , 14th , 16th, 23rd , and 30th Streets. Additional staircase-only entrances are located at 18th, 20th, 26th, and 28th Streets, and 11th Avenue . Street-level access

11664-452: Was unused and in disrepair during the 1990s, but it remained structurally sound. Around this time, it became known to urban explorers and local residents for the tough, drought-tolerant wild grasses, shrubs (such as sumac ) and rugged trees which had sprung up in the gravel along the abandoned railway. The administration of mayor Rudy Giuliani planned to demolish the structure. The Interstate Commerce Commission approved plans to demolish

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