136-701: The Army of the North or was one of the armies deployed by the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata in the Spanish American wars of independence. Army of the North , Northern Army , or similar names may also refer to: Army of the North The Army of the North (Spanish: Ejército del Norte ), contemporaneously called Army of Peru (Spanish: Ejército del Perú ), was one of
272-439: A brick factory. Fifteen years before the creation of the consulate, the merchants of Buenos Aires managed to constitute a Board that was formalized as a representative body or corporation on May 18, 1779. They constituted a heterogeneous group that differed: a) By the place of permanent residence (Spain, "golondrinas" and Buenos Aires) and, b) By the most important activity to which they were engaged. The intellectuals of
408-589: A chance to do combat. The army was thus formed by 6th Infantry Regiment, Battalion of Peru Rifle Huntsmen commanded by Carlos Forest, a battalion of Pardos and Morenos ( mulattoes ), 14 pieces of artillery, the "Provisional Cavalry of the Río de la Plata" commanded by Balcarce (after the joining of the Dragoon and the Hussar regiments) and the Cochabamba Regiment. There were also local militias such as
544-478: A defeat for the rebels. The 3,500 men and 9 artillery pieces could not deal with the 5,100 royalists and 23 artillery pieces and had to escape with about 1,000 casualties, while the royalists only counted 32 dead. Objectives were not met and the provinces were left surrounded by potential enemies. British and French could arrive by sea, Portuguese from the East and Spaniards from the North. Had they conquered Upper Peru,
680-634: A defensive perimeter. When Belgrano took charge, the Army of the North comprised the following units: Belgrano's task in the north, same as his previous one in Paraguay , was part politics and part military; they counted on him to restore the morale on the region and try to disarm the local royalists among the population, many of whom were priests or rich citizens. He was preferred for the post, instead of other more experienced or capable officers as Eustaquio Díaz Vélez or Juan Ramón Balcarce , both colonels at
816-407: A frontal assault, but his forces were beaten off. On 12 June the army was caught by surprise at Sopachuy (120 kilometres (75 mi) southeast of Chuquisaca) and was defeated after a brief battle. They had to retreat to Salta, by the same road. Juan Jos%C3%A9 Castelli Juan José Castelli (19 July 1764 – 12 October 1812) was an Argentine lawyer who was one of the leaders of
952-539: A headquarters at Chayanta. Güemes, unhappy with Rondeau, abandoned the army along with his gaucho forces and returned to Salta, carrying with him many of the supplies left in Jujuy. The only great battle of the campaign happened on 29 November 1815. When the patriot army was situated north of Venta y Media, nearing Cochabamba they found the army commanded by General Pezuela and fought the Battle of Sipe-Sipe which ended in
1088-428: A legitimate political project that should be resolved by the Spanish American people without the intervention of the peninsular Spanish. On 1 January 1809, Martín de Álzaga rallied most peninsular battalions to Plaza de Mayo and attempted a mutiny against Liniers. A few criollos, such as Mariano Moreno , laid their hopes for independence in this attempt, but most did not. The battalions still faithful to Liniers –
1224-450: A letter to Charlotte, with the signatures of Antonio Beruti , Hipólito Vieytes , Belgrano, and Nicolás Rodríguez Peña . Charlotte rejected this support: the party of independence sought to establish a constitutional monarchy headed by Charlotte, but she preferred to retain the power of an absolutist monarchy . Consequently, she denounced the letter and organized the detention of Diego Paroissien . Paroissien, who had several letters to
1360-445: A little more than 600 had firearms. Bayonets were in short supply, so they had to improvise by adding lances to their arsenal. Those officers who could not bring their own sabers had to do without. The scarcity of arms and supplies forced them to impose strict control and organization. Belgrano spent the first months of his command in establishing a hospital, military tribunal , supply corps, reconnaissance company and in negotiating
1496-409: A not-well known road and confront Tristán by his rear on 20 February. After a slow start, the independentist victory at the Battle of Salta was decisive, and Tristán surrender unconditionally. 3,700 patriots with 12 pieces of artillery annihilated 3,700 royalists with 10 pieces of artillery, with 480 royalist dead and 114 wounded, while Belgrano's troops only had 13 dead and 433 wounded. In exchange for
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#17327655671071632-465: A resumption of Álzaga's idea of creating a governing Junta, but not headed by the Spanish. Belgrano insisted on the plan to appoint Charlotte as regent of a constitutional monarchy, and Rodriguez Peña proposed a military coup, with or without Liniers at the head. They finally accepted the perspective of Cornelio Saavedra, and delayed taking action until a better opportunity. When the news of the fall of
1768-568: A royalist squadron at Pequereque on 19 June. Belgrano named colonel Figueroa as governor of Potosí, colonel Álvarez de Arenales as governor of Cochabamba and colonel Warnes in Santa Cruz. As president of Charcas he named Francisco Antonio Ortiz de Ocampo . Knowing that Goyeneche and Joaquín de la Pezuela , an able and experienced soldier, had the advantage, he negotiated with Goyeneche a 40-day armistice. The Assembly in Buenos Aires and
1904-571: A small village that was occupied by royalists forces. General Rondeau, advanced with 500 men defeating the 300 defenders. Continuing forward with the march into Upper Peru, a reconnaissance group found royalist troops encamped at Venta y Media commanded by Olañeta. They prepared a plan to attack them by surprise, but they failed and the royalists escaped. General Joaquín de la Pezuela , the royalist commander, moved his forces back to Oruro , abandoning towns that were later occupied by Rondeau's forces, who took control of Potosí and Charcas and established
2040-532: A troop of 400 soldiers left San Miguel de Tucumán under the command of general La Madrid to advance to Oruro. Once in Upper Peru they were joined by local rebels under the command of Eustaquio Méndez , José María Avilés and Francisco Pérez de Uriondo , who helped to stop reinforcements from reaching Tarija's royalist commander, Mateo Ramírez. On 15 April 1817 the rebels were victorious at the Battle of la Tablada de Tolomosa , taking over Tarija. The victory gave
2176-400: A victory for the rebels the tables turned and they were defeated, retreating to Macha where Belgrano established his headquarters and managed to receive reinforcements following the royalist withdrawal after the rebel success at Tambo Nuevo . He then marched to Ayohuma arriving on 9 November. Five days later the royalist army arrived, commanded by General Joaquín de la Pezuela, to fight at
2312-622: Is known as the "Speaker of the Revolution" for his speech during the open cabildo held in Buenos Aires on 22 May 1810. Castelli was appointed a Committee member of the Primera Junta and was sent to Córdoba to end Santiago de Liniers 's counter-revolution. He succeeded, and ordered the execution of Liniers and his supporters. He then commanded the establishment of a revolutionary government in Upper Peru (today's Bolivia ) with
2448-454: The Age of Enlightenment . He also learned about the 1782 Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II and the oppression of the indigenous peoples, which influenced his actions in his future Upper Peru campaign . Before returning to Buenos Aires, he visited Potosí and witnessed the use of slave labor in the mines. Castelli returned to Buenos Aires and established a legal firm in his family home. He represented
2584-802: The Army of the North . Sanz, Nieto, and Córdoba were executed at the Plaza of Potosí. Nieto claimed that he died happy, because it was under the Spanish flag. Goyeneche and Ortega, on the other hand, were safe on royalist land. Bernardo Monteagudo, inmate at the Jail of the Court of Chuquisaca for his participation in the revolution of 1809, escaped to join the ranks of the army. Castelli, who already knew Monteagudo's background, appointed him his secretary. Castelli set up his government in Chuquisaca, where he presided over
2720-549: The Battle of Ayohuma . The rebel army, with 2,000 men and 8 pieces of artillery (even though they counted 3,400 men, 1,400 were not in fighting conditions) they confronted a superior army with 3,500 men and 18 pieces of artillery. The fight was bloody for both sides, with a rebel defeat, but they were not chased by the royalists as they had suffered 500 loses and after a very trying battle. As a consequence of these defeats, Upper Peru returned to royalist control and Belgrano returned to Jujuy. In January 1814, at Tucumán, Manuel Belgrano
2856-595: The Battle of Suipacha , which allowed patriots to control all of Upper Peru unopposed. One of the men sent was Martín Miguel de Güemes , who would eventually lead the Guerra Gaucha in Salta years later. At Villa Imperial, one of the richest cities of Upper Peru, an open cabildo called on Goyeneche to withdraw from their territory. He obeyed, as he did not have the military strength to prevail. The Bishop of La Paz, Remigio La Santa y Ortega, fled with him. Castelli
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#17327655671072992-701: The British government supported proposals published by Francisco de Miranda which aimed to emancipate the Latin American colonies from Spanish colonial rule. Unbeknownst to Castelli, Burke also working as a spy , gathering information about the Spanish colonies. Using promises of British support, Burke founded the first Latin American secret society organized for such purposes. It would henceforth be known as "party of independence", and included Castelli, Burke and major contributors of Vieytes's newspaper. Burke
3128-525: The Junta of Seville arrived, the group headed by Castelli and Belgrano led the process leading to the May Revolution. Castelli and Saavedra were the most important leaders of the time, and first discarded Martín Rodríguez 's plan to expel Cisneros in a coup d'état . After several discussions, they decided to request an open cabildo , an emergency popular assembly. Castelli and Belgrano negotiated with
3264-521: The May Revolution , and he had a new white and light blue flag blessed by the chaplain. The well-planned solemn ceremony helped gain the support of the locals who were distrustful and some supported the royalist army and the dislike of the troops to the Prussian regime imposed by Holmberg. Order was strict and Belgrano ordered capital punishment inflicted for whom disobeyed express orders. One of
3400-673: The May Revolution , which led to the Argentine War of Independence . He led an ill-fated military campaign in Upper Peru . Juan José Castelli was born in Buenos Aires , and went to school at the Real Colegio de San Carlos in Buenos Aires and Monserrat College in the city of Córdoba , Argentina. He graduated as a lawyer from the University of Charcas , in Upper Peru . His cousin, Manuel Belgrano , introduced him to
3536-459: The Regiment of Patricians , the other criollo battalions, and the remaining peninsular ones – conquered the Plaza and ordered the mutinying forces to withdraw. Castelli supported Liniers, accusing Álzaga of independentism. Though Castelli was himself an independentist, and had also sought to remove Liniers, he opposed Álzaga for other reasons: Álzaga was hoping to maintaining the social dominance of
3672-651: The Telegraph was the first journal to advance the concept of fatherland , and the first to speak of the inhabitants as " Argentines ." Nevertheless, Hipólito Vieytes released a new newspaper shortly afterwards, the Agriculture, Trade and Industry Weekly , with Castelli in the staff. The editorial staff had meetings at the house of Saturnino Rodríguez Peña , discussing ideas for technical improvements in agriculture, removal of trade restrictions, development, manufacturing, and other topics. The newspaper also published
3808-528: The Viceroyalty of Peru . While the troops were being prepared to start the third campaign, general Carlos María de Alvear was named as replacement for Rondeau. The Army of the North's officers mutinied and told to Rondeau they would only accept orders from him and disregard Alvear's and they asked him to initiate the campaign. Rondeau accepted and ordered the start of the operation in January 1815. During
3944-607: The War of the Confederation , between Chile, Argentina and the Peru-Bolivian Confederation , a new military corps received the name of Army of the North (1837) under the command of Alejandro Heredia . The Army would disband itself without conducting any major operations after the uprising known as North Coalition and the 1838 assassination of Heredia. The war ended in 1839 with a decisive Chilean victory at
4080-652: The Yungay , so the Peruvian-Bolivian army retreated from Argentine territory. The lack of trained military was one of the most pressing difficulties of the revolutionary government in Buenos Aires . Besides the Patricios Regiment and other corps formed during the British invasions , the only troops with some experience were the Blandengues , lancers militia recruited to patrol the borders of
4216-521: The 1799 election of delegates to the Buenos Aires Cabildo : Castelli was elected as third Regidor , but was rejected by merchants associated with the port of Cádiz . The conflict lasted a year, until the prominent local merchant Cornelio Saavedra wrote a memorandum recommending Castelli. Viceroy Avilés finally confirmed him in office by royal decree, in May 1800. Castelli, however, rejected
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4352-526: The Argentine north for a year, the Army of the North received orders for a third campaign to Upper Peru (present-day Bolivia). The objective this time was to occupy all of Upper Peru, closing the door on the royalists and therefore establishing the sovereignty of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata . Afterward, they planned to continue the advance to Lima to try to liberate the capital of
4488-459: The Army of the North a lot of arms, ammunition, supplies and prisoners, plus over a thousand new volunteers from Upper Peru who joined the army. La Madrid stayed in Tarija until 5 May 1817. He named Francisco Pérez de Uriondo governor of Tarija and marched towards Chuquisaca. In the course of his march, he captured an entire royalist company on Cachimayo hill. La Madrid attacked Chuquisaca on 21 May in
4624-405: The Army of the North started with troops drafted by Juan José Castelli by order of the Primera Junta on 14 June 1810, to fight viceroy Santiago de Liniers , who headed a counter-revolutionary movement at Córdoba Province . The Junta's order followed its creation documents from 25 May of the same year, which required them to send an expeditionary force to the provinces. It was also in response to
4760-401: The Army of the North to Juan Jose Viamonte . However, Viamonte did not accept the plan when he was informed by the conspirators, and did not attempt to carry it out. When Castelli knew about Moreno's resignation, he wrote a letter to Vieytes, Rodriguez Peña, Larrea, and Azcuénaga, asking them to move to Upper Peru. If they defeated Goyeneche, they planned to march back to Buenos Aires. However,
4896-514: The Arribeños and Patricians soldiers that, under the command of Vicente Nieto, had left Buenos Aires in 1809 to suppress revolutions in Chuquisaca and La Paz. Suspicious of those soldiers, Nieto had them disarmed and sent as prisoners to the mines of Potosi, under the supervision of Francisco de Paula Sanz. More than a third of the soldiers died within a month of work in the mines. Castelli
5032-651: The British Viscount William Carr Beresford , asking for a clarification on whether the promises of Burke were still standing. They also asked if the British government would support an independentist attempt. Beresford gave evasive answers, saying he had no instructions to that effect. He explained that with the recent death of Prime Minister William Pitt and the rise of the Whigs to power, he needed further orders. Castelli felt that
5168-530: The British were either unable or unwilling to keep to the promises made by Burke, and resigned to avoid swearing allegiance to Britain. Santiago de Liniers re-captured Buenos Aires a short time later, but Saturnino Rodríguez Peña helped Beresford escape, hoping to influence an eventual second invasion to implement reforms supported by Burke and Miranda. The second British invasion, however, once again expressed nothing concerning Miranda's ideals, and Castelli eventually chose to fight against his former allies. After
5304-518: The Council of Regency or any other power of Spain—other than the rightful King—had authority over Spanish America. Castelli said that "the will of the people of Spain is not enough to bring the Indies to obedience". Under these premises, Castelli argued successfully that the regency offered to the sister of the captive king, while not denying the legitimacy of Ferdinand VII, was not an act of treason, but
5440-626: The Córdoba governor, Juan Gutiérrez de la Concha, lieutenant-governor Victorio Rodríguez, Santiago Alejo de Allende and Joaquín Moreno, but pardoned bishop Rodrigo de Orellana , who was sent as a prisoner to Luján. Domingo French , gave the coup de grâce to the French officer. By order of the Junta, González Balcarce replaced Ortiz de Ocampo as troop commander, with Juan José Viamonte as his second in command replacing Vieytes. Juan José Castelli occupied
5576-480: The Desaguadero on 20 June 1811, starting the Battle of Huaqui . The army waited near Huaqui, between the plains of Azapanal and Lake Titicaca . The patriotic left wing, commanded by Diaz Velez, faced the bulk of the royalist forces, while the center was hit by the soldiers of Pio Tristan. Many patriotic soldiers recruited at Upper Peru surrendered or fled, and many of the recruits from La Paz switched sides during
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5712-550: The French occupation, and within months the Junta Central of Seville claimed supreme authority over Spain and the colonies. This situation encouraged the Princess Charlotte of Spain to claim the regency of the Spanish American colonies. In this context, Castelli and Álzaga plotted to oust Liniers and constitute a local government Junta, similar to those of the metropoli. This project was not shared by most of
5848-600: The Junta by this point. Without Castelli being in Buenos Aires to mediate between them, the disputes between Moreno and Saavedra had worsened. The Junta requested that Castelli should moderate his actions, but he went ahead with the positions he shared with Moreno. Several Saavedrist officers, such as José María Echaurri, José León Domínguez, Matías Balbastro, chaplain Manuel Antonio Azcurra, and sergeant major Toribio de Luzuriaga, planned to kidnap Castelli, deliver him to Buenos Aires for trial, and give command of
5984-404: The Junta decided to execute them. This decision was taken in a resolution signed by all members of the Junta, excepting Manuel Alberti , because as a priest, he could not give consent to the death penalty . The measure found strong popular resistance in Córdoba, as Liniers and the governor Juan Gutierrez de la Concha were popular and the execution of a priest (Rodrigo de Orellana, another leader of
6120-478: The Junta decree that created the Argentine Army on 29 May, five days after its formation. The Junta started a recruiting drive in Buenos Aires to equip the expeditionary force and created a small army of 1,150 men, which left from Monte de Castro on 6 July 1810 under the command of colonel Francisco Ortiz de Ocampo , and lieutenant colonel Antonio González Balcarce . After receiving their orders they took
6256-409: The Junta in Buenos Aires and sent deputies. Tarija , in today's Bolivia, also joined on 25 June. With the insurrections in Upper Peru, Balcarce initiated the march towards it with 400 men. The first armed action of the Army of the North in Upper Peru was the Battle of Cotagaita , about 400 km (249 mi) North of San Salvador de Jujuy, on 27 October. The battle was not favorable to Balcarce and
6392-451: The Junta never came into power. That same night, the criollos gathered at the home of Rodriguez Pena and compiled a list of members for a governing Junta that was presented on 25 May. Meanwhile, Domingo French , Antonio Beruti , Aparicio, Donado, and other armed men occupied the Plaza and its access points. The list included a balance of representatives from different extractions of local politics. Lezica finally reported to Cisneros that he
6528-560: The Junta was the expulsion of Cisneros and the judges of the Royal Audiencia , who were shipped off to Spain under the pretext that their lives were in danger. Upon hearing the news of the change of government, former viceroy Santiago de Liniers prepared a counter-revolution from the city of Córdoba , but Francisco Ortiz de Ocampo routed his militia and captured all the leaders in just a couple of skirmishes. The initial orders were to send them to Buenos Aires, but after their capture
6664-499: The Junta, but was threatened by royalist forces from La Paz. Castelli intercepted a letter from Nieto to Gutiérrez de la Concha, governor of Córdoba, who was already executed for his support of Liniers. This letter mentioned a royalist army led by Goyeneche marching to Jujuy . Balcarce, who had advanced to Potosi, was defeated by Nieto in the Battle of Cotagaita , so Castelli sent two hundred men and two cannon to strengthen his forces. With these reinforcements, Balcarce achieved victory at
6800-596: The Pacific Ocean. In 1820 the Army of the North was summoned to intervene in the internal strife between the central government in Buenos Aires and the Federal League provincial caudillo leaders. Shortly after, the Arequito Revolt led by the independentist veterans who refused to fight a civil war instead of an independence war, effectively ended the existence of the Army of the North. During
6936-559: The Pardos and Morenos regiments and 50 soldiers of the Buenos Aires regiment, all infantry. The artillery was formed by a group of 60 men with 4 pieces and 40 veteran artillery men. They were accompanied by two surgeons and two chaplains. The cavalry was divided into 50 dragoons , 50 hussars and 100 blandengues. On 14 July the force arrived in Luján , continuing through Salto , and Pergamino . On 8 August they arrived in Córdoba. On 31 July
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#17327655671077072-465: The Peruvian cities of Puno , Cuzco , and Arequipa . Castelli argued that it was urgent to rise against Lima because its economy depended largely on those districts, and if they lost power over that area, the main royalist stronghold would be threatened. The plan was rejected as too risky, and Castelli complied with the original orders. In December, fifty-three peninsulars were banished to Salta, and
7208-780: The Protomedicato in 1780, the lighting of the streets and the reuse of the printing press of the Jesuits abandoned in Córdoba which, at the beginning of 1780, was transferred by the order of Viceroy Vértiz to Buenos Aires and given property to the Casa de los Niños Foundling for the printing of government documents or cathons and primers used by the Catholic Enlightenment. Rodriguez Peña introduced Castelli to Irishman James Florence Burke , who informed Castelli that
7344-519: The Royal College of San Carlos was inaugurated at the initiative of Viceroy Vértiz and the leadership of the reformist canon Juan Baltazar Maciel, possessor of a wide and eclectic library that members of the elite could consult. All these changes not only aimed to increase the fiscal resources of the Crown, they also improved the living conditions of the inhabitants: health through the institution of
7480-493: The Salta Militia commanded by Güemes. The military comptroller was Teodoro Sánchez de Bustamante . On 1 July 1812, Belgrano created the 8th Infantry Regiment with men from Upper Peru, but it was disbanded after the defeat at Vilcapugio as most of the officers and more than half their soldiers were lost at the battle. In Salta he found an intelligence net who was passing information to Goyeneche's royalist army, headed by
7616-523: The University of Córdoba in various causes, as well as his uncle, Domingo Belgrano Peri. Through his associations with Saturnino Rodríguez Peña, he also met and befriended his brother, Nicolás Rodríguez Peña , and his associate, Hipólito Vieytes . Castelli married María Rosa Lynch in 1794, and they had seven children: Angela , Pedro, Luciano, Alejandro, Francisco José, and Juana. Like many other nineteenth century Argentines prominent in public life, he
7752-740: The Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata was created in 1776; as well as the Hearing in 1785 and the Consulate of Buenos Aires in 1794. The demographic, economic and bureaucratic growth of Buenos Aires gave rise to the birth of a heterodox elite both within the Church and in the secular sectors abandoning many lawyers and other counsels. Several Spanish Americans traveled to Spain to study, such as Manuel José de Lavardén (1770–1778), Dean Gregorio Funes (1775–1779) and Manuel Belgrano (1786–1793). In 1783
7888-697: The aim of freeing the indigenous peoples and African slaves. In 1811 Castelli signed a truce with the Spanish in Upper Peru, but they betrayed him and caught the Northern Army unprepared. As a result, the Argentines suffered a major loss in the Battle of Huaqui on 20 June 1811. When Castelli returned to Buenos Aires, the First Triumvirate imprisoned him for losing the battle, and Castelli died shortly afterwards from tongue cancer. Castelli
8024-536: The allies and punish the enemies of the revolution, even if it meant using capital punishments. They were called " Jacobins ", comparing their actions with those of the Reign of Terror of the French Revolution, but they were not Francophiles or afrancesados . Besides this, the similarities between the revolutions at France and Buenos Aires were largely superficial. One of the first steps of Castelli and
8160-465: The ancient Incas and encouraged the people to rise against the Spanish. Despite their welcome, however, Castelli was aware that most of the aristocracy supported the auxiliary army out of fear instead of genuine support. In November 1810 he requested authorization from the Junta for a military operation: to cross the Desaguadero river , the border between the two viceroyalties, and take control of
8296-816: The armies deployed by the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata in the Spanish American wars of independence . Its objective was freeing the Argentine Northwest and the Upper Peru (present-day Bolivia ) from the royalist troops of the Spanish Empire . It was headed by Hipólito Vieytes (1810), Juan José Castelli (1810–1811), Juan Martín de Pueyrredón (1811–1812), Manuel Belgrano (1812–1814), José de San Martín (1814), José Rondeau (1814–1816), Manuel Belgrano (1816–1819) and Francisco Fernández de la Cruz (1819–1820). The offensive operations started in 1810 and ended in 1817, with
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#17327655671078432-469: The armistice and tried to surround the royalist troops crossing the Desaguadero River, Goyeneche ordered and attack (according to other sources he violated the armistice first), at what became the Battle of Huaqui . The 5,000 rebel soldiers and the indigenous peoples with them could not deal with the strongly armed 6.500 royalist soldiers and suffered their biggest defeat to date. As a consequence of this battle, Goyeneche captured La Paz and Cochabamba after
8568-448: The battle at Amiraya (also known as first Battle of Sipe Sipe ) on 13 August 1811. The disorganized remainder of the army retreated south, taking refuge first in Potosí , which had been abandoned by Pueyrredón when he took the silver treasure from the city, then in Jujuy and finally in Salta's territory, where they would receive help from Güemes and where Balcarce was replaced by Pueyrredón. General Eustaquio Díaz Vélez with 800 soldiers
8704-425: The battle. The Saavedrist Juan José Viamonte helped ensure Castelli's defeat by refusing to join the conflict. Although the casualties of the Army of the North were not substantial, it was left demoralized and disbanded. Goyeneche pursued the fleeing patriots, and captured Huaqui after his victory. The inhabitants of Upper Peru welcomed the royalists back, so the army had to quickly leave those provinces. However,
8840-488: The biggest threat, the royalists, would have been ended. In January 1816, Lieutenant Colonel Gregorio Aráoz de Lamadrid was sent to the north, but on 31 January was defeated at Culpina. On 2 February he won a victory at Utarango but was later defeated on 12 February by the San Juan river. Rondeau received an order to retreat to Tucumán. The army, almost beaten, marched for nine months going through Potosí and Humahuaca until reaching Tucumán. On 7 August 1816 at Trancas , Rondeau
8976-420: The biographies of some Founding Fathers of the United States , such as Benjamin Franklin . One example is the “ Telegrafo Mercantil” where contains a poem in honor of the recently appointed viceroy Joaquín del Pino . The ideas of the enlightenment , especially practical and utilitarian knowledge to improve the quality of life, penetrated late in Spain due to isolation, traditionalist ideas and
9112-435: The change of regime for the entire region. He planned the reorganization of the Mines of Potosi, and a reform at the University of Charcas. He proclaimed the end of native slavery and servitude in Upper Peru, and the natives were granted political rights equal to those of the criollos. Castelli forbade the establishment of new convents and parishes to avoid the common practice that, under the guise of spreading Christian doctrine,
9248-408: The city's bishop, whom he forced to leave the territories controlled by the Junta. Even though they suffered from malaria he decided to advance towards Cochabamba . The advanced elements consisting of the battalion of mulattoes and the two cavalry regiments of Hussars and Dragoons, reached Humahuaca , while the rest of the army positioned itself in Jujuy. He celebrated there the second anniversary of
9384-421: The counter-revolution) was rejected as heretical. Ocampo and Chiclana decided to carry on with the original orders, and transferred the prisoners to Buenos Aires. The Junta reconfirmed the order, but excluded the bishop of Córdoba, Rodrigo de Orellana, who was banished instead. Castelli was commissioned by the Junta to enforce the execution order. Mariano Moreno said, "Go, Castelli, and I hope you will not incur
9520-433: The criollo military bodies armed. Napoleon invaded Spain in 1807, starting the Peninsular War . King Charles IV of Spain abdicated in favor of his son Ferdinand VII , but Napoleon captured him and appointed his own brother, Joseph Bonaparte , as king of Spain instead, in a series of transfers of the Spanish crown known as the abdications of Bayonne . The Spanish people organized Government Juntas to resist against
9656-443: The criollos, was charged with high treason . Castelli was his lawyer. Castelli won Paroissien's acquittal by invoking the doctrine of the retroversion of the sovereignty of the people , which claimed that the Spanish American lands were a personal possession of the King of Spain but not a Spanish colony . That approach was already old, and it was used to legislate in both districts, but in this context Castelli argued that neither
9792-408: The decision was sent to the Junta for approval. The vocal Domingo Matheu , who had business associations with Tulla and Pedro Salvador Casas, arranged the annulment of the act, arguing that Castelli had been influenced by slander and unfounded accusations. Support for Castelli began to decline, mainly due to the favourable treatment of natives and the determined opposition of the church, which attacked
9928-527: The defeat of the forces commanded by Gregorio Aráoz de La Madrid at the Battle of Sopachuy , the last attempt to advance into Upper Peru. Since then, only defensive operations on the Northern frontier were carried on, as the offensive had been transferred to the Army of the Andes , commanded by José de San Martín , who devised the strategy of reaching the main royalist stronghold, Lima , through Chile and
10064-415: The defense of Paroissien. He insisted that in the absence of a legitimate authority, sovereignty should be returned to the people; they should govern themselves. The idea of dismissing the viceroy ultimately prevailed, but as Buenos Aires had no authority to decide unilaterally the new form of government, they would elect a provisional government. A congress of deputies called from all other cities would take
10200-430: The deserters due to the strict discipline was Venancio Benavídez, who moved to Goyeneche's forces, which had already taken Cochabamba and he told of the harsh conditions at Belgrano's army. With that intelligence, Goyeneche, who had just reinforced Pío de Tristán , decided to advance towards the south and press the advantage. Belgrano ordered conscription of all able men, forming a troop of cavalry irregulars , but received
10336-588: The encampment at La Laja, where they were since April, to the new encampment at Huaqui. General Pueyrredón was named president of the Audiencia de Charcas. On 21 November, a decree from the Primera Junta in Buenos Aires created the 7th Infantry "Cochabamba Regiment" with veteran forces from Upper Peru, composed of 12 companies of 100 soldiers each, with Cochabamba 's governor Francisco del Rivero as their new commander. On 20 June 1811, Castelli violated
10472-424: The execution. Domingo French was commissioned to execute the verdict. After shooting Liniers, Castelli returned briefly to Buenos Aires and met Moreno. The secretary of war congratulated him for his conduct, and appointed him as a member representing the Junta, with full power to direct the operations to La Paz. He also left a series of instructions: Castelli was to put the government in the hands of patriots, earn
10608-511: The final decision. However, there were disputes over who should exercise the provisional government: some argued that the Cabildo should do so, and others that it should be a Junta . Castelli bowed to Saavedra's proposal to form a Junta, but with the proviso that the procurator of the Cabildo, Julián de Leiva, had a decisive vote in the appointment. By adding this proviso, Castelli sought to add
10744-456: The first one published in Buenos Aires, was named Telégrafo Mercantil . However, both projects were short-lived: the lodge was never established and its activities were banned by royal decree, and the consulate was instructed to withdraw support for the newspaper, which was then closed. Published by Castelli, Cabello, and Belgrano (secretary of the publication), as well as José Manuel Lavardén , Miguel de Azcuénaga and Fray Cayetano Rodríguez ,
10880-439: The first ten months there were some skirmishes against the royalist troops, but never of the size of the previous campaign. On 19 February they fought the battle of El Tejar, where the patriot vanguard was surprised by the whole of the royalist army. Colonel Martín Rodríguez was captured with his subordinates. Rodríguez was later released in an exchange of prisoners. The following April, the army stopped at Puesto del Marqués ,
11016-407: The former supporters of Martín de Álzaga , such as Mariano Moreno , Domingo Matheu , and Leiva himself. However, this power allowed Leiva to perform a maneuver that Castelli had not anticipated. Although he approved the end of Cisneros' rule as viceroy, Leiva formed a Junta with Cisneros as its president; Cisneros would stay in power. The other members of the Junta would have been two peninsulars,
11152-403: The governor of Córdoba, Juan Gutiérrez de la Concha, the former Viceroy, Santiago de Liniers, former Governor Santiago Alejo de Allende, the adviser Victorino Rodríguez, and the accountant Moreno. The execution took place at Cabeza de Tigre, in the boundary between Santa Fe and Córdoba. The bishop Orellana was not shot, but was compelled to give spiritual assistance to those convicted and to witness
11288-730: The independentist army, who needed the supplies and could put them to good use. The four months he had to reorganize after the victory at Tucumán allowed Belgrano to double the number of men and improve on training and discipline, even though he lost Holmberg, who had made enemies of other officers and was recalled to Buenos Aires. The lack of a chief of staff with tactical experience would be felt later. He received reinforcements from Buenos Aires: 1st Infantry Regiment, commanded by lieutenant colonel Gregorio Perdriel with 395 men, 4 companies of 2nd Infantry Regiment with 360 men commanded by lieutenant colonel Benito Alvarez and 70 to 80 mulattoes. Well equipped and with high morale, they started on 12 January
11424-465: The interview they returned to the house of Rodríguez Peña, to inform their supporters of the new situation. Besides his oratory , Castelli is known as the "Speaker of the Revolution" because of his great activity during the "May week". The memoirs of witnesses and participants mention him at many venues, taking part in many activities. He negotiated with the Cabildo and visited the Fort several times until
11560-406: The letter was sent via the common postal service, and the postmaster of Córdoba, Jose de Paz, decided to send it instead to Cornelio Saavedra. The Morenist members of the Junta had already been ousted and exiled by that point. The order of the Junta not to proceed to the Viceroyalty of Peru was a de facto truce that would last while Castelli did not attack Goyeneche's army. Castelli tried to turn
11696-466: The manufacturing of ammunition and clothing. The relative hostility of the local population over the demands of the porteños did not make his job easy. He utilized the few friendships with the locals, La Madrid among them, to help with troop recruiting. Crucial in this task was Güemes, who with his troubled personal relations with Belgrano would force the latter to release him in June before even having had
11832-594: The march north to Salta, where Tristán had entrenched. A month later, on the margins of the Juramento river (today's Salado River ), the troops were the first to swear loyalty to the Constitutional Assembly and to the new flag recently created by Belgrano por Belgrano (today's Argentina's flag). With the help of captain Aparicio, a local from the area, allowed them to reach the road to Jujuy through
11968-533: The native's support, and shoot president Nieto, governor Sanz, and the Bishop of La Paz, in the case of their capture. He received similar orders to capture and execute José Manuel de Goyeneche , who had already defeated the rebels of La Paz revolution (a rebellion similar to the May Revolution, which took place at La Paz, modern Bolivia). Castelli was also instructed to rescue and draft to the Auxiliary Army
12104-535: The natives or by the head of the Regiment of Patricians, Cornelio Saavedra . Manuel Belgrano proposed as an alternative to support the plans of Princess Charlotte, which were supported by Castelli and other criollos. Belgrano, who held monarchist ideas, argued that the Carlotist project would be the most practical means of achieving independence from Spain in the circumstances. On 20 September 1808, Castelli wrote
12240-481: The natives were forced into servitude by religious orders. He authorized free trade and redistributed land expropriated from the former workers of the mills. The decree was published in Spanish, Guarani , Quechua , and Aymara ; he established several bilingual schools as well. Several Indian chiefs participated in the first anniversary of the May Revolution, celebrated in Tiahuanaco, where Castelli paid tribute to
12376-457: The natives. Belgrano attempted to appoint Castelli as interim Secretary of the Consulate as his assistant, but faced strong opposition from the peninsular merchants, who delayed the appointment until 1796. Belgrano became ill during his stay in Europe, which forced him to take extended leaves from work, and wanted Castelli to be his successor if he resigned. There was a similar opposition during
12512-639: The objective of supporting the resistance in Oruro. The army also intervened in this stage in internecine quarrels. On 10 December 1816 Belgrano sent La Madrid to quelch the autonomist movement in Santiago del Estero , defeating Juan Francisco Borges's troops at Pitambalá. On 1 January 1817 Borges was executed by firing squad in Santo Domingo by order of the Tucumán Congress . On 18 March 1817
12648-419: The order to retreat towards Córdoba from the Junta in Buenos Aires. Belgrano decided to leave nothing available for the enemy to use as supplies, he used scorched earth tactics, during the so-called Jujuy Exodus ( "Exodo Jujeño" ), ordering the civilian population to move out of the city and into the countryside along with the army, and to burn everything left behind to hinder the enemy's advance. The retreat
12784-580: The outcome undecided, in part for the numerical superiority of the royalist, forcing the expeditionary troops to retreat to the South without pursuit. Balcarce reorganized his troops two days later in Tupiza . On 3 November, the Junta created the 3rd Infantry Regiment in the Argentine north, and placed it under the command of colonel Juan José Viamonte , with the infantry obtained from Buenos Aires and contingents from Tucumán and Santiago del Estero. On 5 November
12920-412: The peninsular Inquisition . It was this need to get Spain out of its growing backwardness , in the face of the development of the other European powers, that made the ministers and royal advisers transform these ideas into " state policy " . The "enlightened" economic, social, administrative and political changes had to come from the top down: "All for the people but without the people." In this context,
13056-497: The peninsulares over the criollos once the viceroy, who opposed his interests, was deposed. Álzaga was defeated, and the power of the criollos was increased: Sentenach and Álzaga were banished to Carmen de Patagones and the Spanish militias who attempted the coup were disbanded. A new viceroy, Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros , arrived in July to replace Liniers, and the independentist group did not agree on how to react. Castelli proposed
13192-423: The post because of his high workload in the consulate. This was seen as an insult by peninsular merchants such as Martín de Álzaga , who was influential in the Cabildo. Castelli and Belgrano backed a pair of projects from Francisco Cabello y Mesa , who had just arrived from Spain. Cabello proposed the creation of a "Patriotic, Literary and Economic Society" lodge and the publication of a newspaper. This newspaper,
13328-410: The post of political representative and Bernardo de Monteagudo the comptroller. French and Rodríguez Peña became part of the new political committee. With Córdoba occupied on 8 August, they replaced their cabildo and Juan Martín de Pueyrredón was named governor, assuming the post that same month. Later they continued their march towards Upper Peru, where the Spanish general José de Córdoba y Rojas
13464-497: The priest Juan Nepomuceno Solá and the merchant José Santos Inchaurregui , and two criollos, Saavedra and Castelli. The bulk of the natives rejected the proposal: they did not accept that Cisneros should remain in power, even under a different title. They were suspicious of the intentions of Saavedra, and believed that with Castelli alone in the Junta, little or nothing could be achieved. Castelli and Saavedra resigned that same day to put pressure on Cisneros and force him to resign, and
13600-524: The priesthood, for which he felt no strong vocation. Rejecting his mother's proposal of sending him to study in Spain at the University of Salamanca and Alcalá de Henares , alongside his cousin Manuel Belgrano, he enrolled in jurisprudence studies in the University of Chuquisaca , in the Upper Peru (modern Bolivia ). There, he learned about the ongoing French Revolution , and the new ideas of
13736-532: The public atheism of Bernardo Monteagudo, Castelli's secretary. Both royalists in Lima and Saavedra in Buenos Aires compared them with Maximilien Robespierre , leader of the Reign of Terror of the French Revolution . Castelli also abolished the mita in Upper Peru, a mandatory form of public service that bordered on slavery. Mariano Moreno has also wished to end the mita, but Moreno had resigned from
13872-451: The public administration of the Viceroyalty of the Rio de la Plata . Along with Belgrano, Nicolás Rodríguez Peña , and Hipólito Vieytes , Castelli planned a revolution to replace the absolute monarchy with the new ideas of the Age of Enlightenment . He led the Buenos Aires patriots during the May Revolution, which ended with the removal of viceroy Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros from power. He
14008-415: The resistance in Upper Peru but the first one was killed at El Pari, and the latter obtained victory at La Florida (24 May 1814) and Postrer Valley (4 June), but was later defeated at Sumarpata on 5 August. The campaign objectives were partially accomplished. The royalist army was not defeated, but they could contain their advance into northern Argentina and keep the revolution going. After having protected
14144-408: The resistance of Cochabamba prevented the royalists from proceeding to Buenos Aires. Castelli moved to the post of Quirbe, and received orders to return to Buenos Aires for trial. However, by the time he was notified, new orders had been issued: Castelli should be confined at Catamarca, while Saavedra himself took charge of the Army of the North. Saavedra was deposed as soon as he left Buenos Aires, and
14280-449: The retreat. On the 24th they confronted Tristán at the Battle of Tucumán , where a decisive cavalry charge gave the rebels a victory. 1,800 patriots (800 infantry, 900 cavalry and 100 artillery men) defeated 3,000 royalists (2,000 infantry and 1,000 artillery men). The royalists suffered 450 casualties, 687 prisoners and lossof ammunition and materiel . Tristán was forced to retreat north to Salta, lost his artillery and most of his wagons to
14416-524: The right to hold that position. Cisneros was outraged by the appearance of Castelli and Rodríguez, who came armed and without an appointment. They reacted harshly and demanded an immediate reply to the request for an open cabildo. After a brief private conversation with the prosecutor, Caspe, Cisneros gave his consent. When they were leaving, Cisneros inquired about his personal safety, to which Castelli said: "Lord, Your Excellency's person and your family are among Americans, and this should reassure you". After
14552-426: The road to Córdoba to confront Liniers. Similar to the armies in the French Revolution , they were accompanied by the Junta's representative (political command), Hipólito Vieytes as commissioner and for the army's comptroller Feliciano Chiclana , who reached the army later on 28 July at Fraile Muerto and continued to Salta with a small guard, where he was named governor of Salta and Tucumán . The military command
14688-548: The royalist commanders in Córdoba had fled to Upper Peru after the dissolution of their regiments, to join the royalist army there. Liniers was captured on 6 August in the Córdoba highlands along with others officers from his command, who were sent to Buenos Aires against the execution orders, but on 26 August they were met in Cabeza de Tigre by the new political command of the Army of the North sent by Moreno. Castelli then ordered and immediate execution by firing squad for Liniers and
14824-408: The royalist forces started their march towards Tupiza, so Balcarce left that town the next day, and it was then occupied by 1,200 royalist troops. He stopped at Nazareno, where he received a reinforcement of 200 men from Jujuy with two pieces of artillery. On 7 November they again confronted the same troops they had met before at Suipacha , where the Argentine army obtained its first victory. The battle
14960-424: The same weakness as our general, if not yet fulfilled the determination, Larrea will go, and finally I'll go myself if necessary". Ocampo and Chiclana were demoted. Castelli's assistants were Nicolás Rodríguez Peña , elected as secretary, his former client Diego Paroissien as a campaign doctor, and Domingo French as head of the escort. Right after finding the prisoners, he ordered and presided over their execution:
15096-484: The secret society continued, unaffected by the departure of Burke. On 2 June 1806, Castelli's mother died, and he was still in mourning when the city learned of a British landing in Quilmes . The "party of independence" was caught by surprise by the invasion, as the British proclaimed respect for religion, ownership, order, freedom, and trade—but made no mention concerning Miranda's ideals. They arranged an interview with
15232-516: The senior alcalde and nobleman , Juan de Lezica, and the procurator, Julián de Leiva. Although they convinced them, they still needed the permission of Cisneros himself, for which Castelli and Rodriguez went to his office at the Fort of Buenos Aires . Previously, Cornelio Saavedra had denied Cisneros the support of the Regiment of Patricians, on the premise that with the disappearance of the Junta of Seville—who had appointed him as viceroy—he no longer had
15368-459: The situation into a formal agreement, which would imply recognition of the Junta as a legitimate interlocutor. Goyeneche agreed to sign an armistice for 40 days to allow time for Lima to ratify the agreement, but he actually used the time to reinforce his army. On 19 June, with the truce still in effect, an advanced royalist troop attacked positions at Juraicoragua. Castelli declared the truce broken and declared war on Peru. The royalist army crossed
15504-519: The successful defense of the city in 1807, the local criollos increased their political power with their higher military role. There was a dispute between the newly appointed Viceroy, Santiago de Liniers, and the Buenos Aires Cabildo , led by Martín de Álzaga . Both attempted to take advantage of the new situation, and influence the criollos to support them. Álzaga refrained from accusing Rodríguez Peña for aiding in Beresford's escape, and Liniers kept
15640-416: The swearing to never again take arms against the United Provinces, Belgrano guaranteed Tristán and his men their freedom; took all his arms and supplies, which improved the army's situation considerably. Continuing his march to the north, he took Potosí on 21 June and Vilcapugio on 27 September where they awaited reinforcement. Meanwhile, rebel scouts, under the command of Colonel Cornelio Zelaya, defeated
15776-477: The territories still controlled by indigenous people ( mapuche and ranquel ). Until 1812, with the arrival of veterans from the Napoleonic Wars , that would join as officers , the army was basically a militia. Most of the commanders were civilians or junior officers, put in charge more for their political leanings, status in society or charisma than for their military capacity. What would later become
15912-583: The time and veterans of many battles. Among the junior officers there were several that would make a name for themselves such as José María Paz , Manuel Dorrego and Gregorio Aráoz de La Madrid . While in Salta, he would receive the help of Baron Holmberg , veteran artillery man from the European wars, who would take charge of his meager artillery —only two cannon at first— and would give help on strategic planning. His army's numbers were also low, only about 1,500 men at first, two-thirds were cavalry , and only
16048-404: The viceroy gave in to the pressure. At the same time, he held secret meetings with other criollos at the house of Rodríguez Peña, planning their actions, and he harangued the criollo militias at the barracks. Cisneros himself, describing the events the Council of Regency, called Castelli "the most interested one in the novelty", i.e., in the revolution. The open cabildo was held on 22 May 1810; it
16184-499: The viceroy of Peru, José Fernando de Abascal , disapproved of this agreement. The royalists attacked by surprise, disregarding the agreement, before the arrival of reinforcements at the Battle of Vilcapugio on 1 October 1813. The royalist army, commanded by brigadier Joaquín de la Pezuela and with 4,000 men and 12 pieces of artillery confronted a patriot army with a high morale composed of 3,500 men, 14 pieces of artillery and cavalry mounted mostly on mules. Even though it started as
16320-575: The viceroyalty received and secretly distributed a copy of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen , promulgated by the French Revolution in 1789. Meanwhile, Belgrano returned from his studies in Europe, and was appointed as Perpetual Secretary of the new Consulate of Commerce of Buenos Aires . Belgrano and Castelli shared similar ideas about the Spanish trade monopoly and the rights of
16456-525: Was a freemason . His professional development allowed him to buy, in August and take possession on December 7, 1798, the 335-hectare farm that belonged to Bishop Azamor y Ramírez on the outskirts of the viceregal capital, in the current neighborhood of Núñez . At the beginning of 1808 he moved his house to the farm. Here he was in the neighborhood of Cornelio Saavedra , Juan Larrea , Miguel de Azcuénaga and José Darregueira . In this farm he had crops and
16592-532: Was born in Buenos Aires in 1764. He was the first of eight children born to a Venetian doctor, Ángel Castelli Salomón, and Josefa Villarino, who was a relative of Manuel Belgrano . He was trained by the Jesuits shortly before their expulsion, and attended the Real Colegio de San Carlos in Buenos Aires. As was customary, one of the children of the Castelli family was ordained into the priesthood, and Juan José
16728-642: Was chosen for this. He was sent to study at the Colegio Monserrat, part of the University of Córdoba . He was influenced by the works of Voltaire and Diderot , and especially by Jean-Jacques Rousseau 's The Social Contract . He was a fellow student of men who would later have influence in the public life of South America, including Saturnino Rodríguez Peña, Juan José Paso , Manuel Alberti , Pedro Medrano , and Juan Martínez de Rozas , among others. He focused on studying philosophy and theology, but when his father died in 1785, he abandoned his career in
16864-651: Was commander of the royalist troops. The spontaneous joining of several cabildos augmented Balcarce's troops. In Salta he received more troops, commanded by Martín Miguel de Güemes . In Santiago del Estero Province a battalion of Patricios was formed commanded by Juan Francisco Borges . With central and northwest Argentina free of royalist governors, as also the cabildos of San Luis (13 June), Salta (19 June), Mendoza (25 June), San Miguel de Tucumán (26 June), Santiago del Estero (29 June), San Juan (7 July), La Rioja (1 September), Catamarca (4 September) and San Salvador de Jujuy (14 September) professed allegiance to
17000-487: Was debated whether the viceroy should continue in office, and if not, who should replace him. The first opinion was from Bishop Benito Lue y Riega , who held that Cisneros should continue and that, if all of Spain was conquered by France, peninsulars were meant to rule in the Americas. Castelli made a counter-argument, based on the doctrine of the retroversion of the sovereignty of the people that he had already employed in
17136-458: Was eventually uncovered by Viceroy Rafael de Sobremonte and expelled from the viceroyalty, but his involvement in espionage was not disclosed to his associates. Castelli moved to a farm in modern the Buenos Aires neighborhood of Núñez . The farm had some agriculture fields and a small brick factory. He lived next to other influential people like Cornelio Saavedra, Juan Larrea , Miguel de Azcuénaga, and attorney José Darragueira . The meetings of
17272-710: Was favorable to Balcarce even though he again had numerical inferiority (800 royalist against 600 rebels, and in Cotagaita 2,000 royalists against 1,100 rebels). Balcarce earned the rank of brigadier , and the confidence to advance towards the Desaguadero River , border of the viceroyalty in colonial times. Due to internal disagreements Castelli had to dismiss Güemes and his gaucho soldiers. The royalist defenses were left in charge of general José Manuel de Goyeneche , who met with Castelli and signed an armistice to last for forty days from 16 May. The army moved from
17408-426: Was no longer in command, and the Primera Junta assumed power. Castelli and Mariano Moreno led the more radical positions of the Junta. They became close friends, visiting each other daily. Julio César Chávez described them as associates, sharing projects of a deep political, social and economic revolution, based in higher freedom for the Spanish American criollos. He described them as pragmatic men, willing to reward
17544-477: Was not well received in Córdoba, where Liniers was popular, but he was in San Miguel de Tucumán . In Salta , despite a formal good reception, he had difficulty obtaining troops, mules, food, money, or guns. He took political leadership of the expedition to Upper Peru , displacing Hipólito Vieytes , and replaced Ocampo with Colonel Antonio González Balcarce. He was informed that Cochabamba revolted in support of
17680-573: Was orderly, with Díaz Vélez's troops protecting the rearguard. On 3 September he made contact with the enemy, whose advanced elements had chased the cavalry to the Las Piedras river. Taking advantage of the terrain, and with Holmberg's help, Belgrano opened fire with his new artillery and turned the tables on the enemy, taking the leader of the royalist advance, Colonel Huici, prisoner. Ten days later, they encamped in Tucumán, where they decided to end
17816-569: Was pronounced, and Balcarce absolved and rejoined the fight, this time under the command of San Martín . In 1812, with the new commander Manuel Belgrano , the Junta decided to fund a second expeditionary campaign to Upper Peru with the objective of finally defeating the royalist troops, conquer Upper Peru and avenge the overwhelming defeat at Huaqui, and also to raise the moral of the troops and citizenry. On 26 March, Belgrano received command from Pueyrredón at Yatasto (Salta Province) and immediately advanced towards Jujuy Province, where he established
17952-479: Was received in Potosí and requesting that the locals swear allegiance to the Junta. He also requested that the royalist generals Francisco de Paula Sanz and José de Córdoba y Rojas submit to him. He made arrangements that the operation to capture Vicente Nieto should be carried out exclusively by the surviving members of the Regiment of Patricians from the mines of Potosi, who had been incorporated with honors into
18088-431: Was replaced again by Manuel Belgrano. Martín Miguel de Güemes was named commander of the northern border. Belgrano moved the army to the citadel built by San Martín in the city of Tucumán. There he attempted to rebuild the morale, and materials, in search for a new action in Upper Peru, combining with San Martín actions in the Andes. The fourth campaign was the last attempt to liberate Upper Peru. Belgrano sent troops with
18224-526: Was replaced by the then colonel José de San Martín who was put in charge of the 1st Regiment and on the 30 of the month, the government separated Belgrano from the Army of the North and returned to Buenos Aires, where he was arrested and processed, but in the end his merits and accomplishments were recognized and honored. San Martín, quit four months later for health reasons and was replaced by colonel José Rondeau . Ignacio Warnes liberated Santa Cruz de la Sierra . Warnes and Álvarez de Arenales continued with
18360-426: Was sent by Pueyrredón to support the insurrection at Cochabamba in a new attempt to advance on Upper Peru, but were repealed at Nazareno on 12 January 1812. On 26 March 1812 the first campaign of the expeditionary army ended officially when Pueyrredón was replaced by brigadier general Manuel Belgrano. Balcarce and Castelli were considered responsible for the debacle and were put on trial. Castelli died before sentence
18496-465: Was subject to the political representative and he to the Junta through the Secretary of War Mariano Moreno . Vieytes carried instructions to arrange in each province for elections so the people could designate their representative to the new Junta. The force was composed of about 1,000 men in two companies with the 1st and 2nd Patricios Regiments, 3rd Arribeños, 4th Montañeses, and 5th Andaluces, plus
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