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110-877: The fair involves ritual bathing on the banks of Godavari river, at the Trimbakeshwar Shiva Temple (in Trimbak ) and the Ram Kund in Nashik . Until 1789, the fair was held only at Trimbak, but after a clash between Vaishnavites and Saivites , the Maratha Peshwa segregated the Vaishnavites to the Nashik city. According to Hindu mythology , Vishnu dropped drops of amrita (the drink of immortality) at four places, while transporting it in

220-584: A kumbha (pot). These four places, including Nashik, are identified as the present-day sites of the Kumbh Mela. The age of the Nashik-Trimbak Simhastha is uncertain, but its association with the kumbha myth is relatively recent, dating back to the 20th century. The Nasik District Gazetteer published during the 19th century does not mention the term "Kumbh Mela" to describe the local Simhastha fair. The earliest extant texts that contain

330-501: A Sanskrit sloka as follow: tulyātreyī bharadvāja gautamī vṛddhagautamī kauśikīca vaśiṣṭhaaca tathā sāgaraṃ gataḥ (Godavari becomes) Tulya, Ātreyi, Bharadvāja, Gautamī, Vṛddhagautamī, Kauśikī and Vaśiṣṭhaa and then passes into sea. Together they are referred as Sapta Godavari and the Godavari river before splitting is referred as Akhanda Godavari . However, there exists another eight mouth named as Vainateyam , which

440-521: A case which had challenged astrology's status as a science. As of 2014, despite continuing complaints by scientists, astrology continues to be taught at various universities in India, and there is a movement in progress to establish a national Vedic University to teach astrology together with the study of tantra , mantra , and yoga . Indian astrologers have consistently made claims that have been thoroughly debunked by skeptics. For example, although

550-562: A fallout of dam construction. Said to further epitomise the insensitivity towards Godavari, is the Polavaram Project which is touted to be gigantic – both in terms of size and violations. Deemed as being pointless and politically driven, the project raises questions about environmental clearance, displacement of upstream human habitations, loss of forest cover, technicalities in the dam design which are said to play down flood threats and unsafe embankments. High alkalinity water

660-577: A half year. — Yajurveda Jyotisha-vedanga 8, Translator: Kim Plofker There are sixteen Varga ( Sanskrit : varga , 'part, division'), or divisional, charts used in Hindu astrology: The Nirayana, or sidereal zodiac , is an imaginary belt of 360 degrees, which, like the Sāyana, or tropical zodiac , is divided into 12 equal parts. Each part (of 30 degrees) is called a sign or rāśi ( Sanskrit : 'part'). Vedic (Jyotiṣa) and Western zodiacs differ in

770-715: A head of water (depth) which lowers evaporation. Its broad river delta houses 729 persons/km – nearly twice the Indian average population density and has a substantial risk of flooding, which in lower parts would be exacerbated if the global sea level were to rise. The Godavari originates in the Western Ghats of central India near Nashik in Maharashtra , 80 km (50 mi) from the Arabian Sea . It flows for 1,465 km (910 mi), first eastwards across

880-536: A larger drainage basin. In terms of length, catchment area and discharge, the Godavari is the largest in peninsular India, and had been dubbed as the Dakshina Ganga (Southern Ganges ). The river has been revered in Hindu scriptures for many millennia and continues to harbour and nourish a rich cultural heritage . In the past few decades, the river has been barricaded by several barrages and dams , keeping

990-491: A person's life. Rahu and Ketu correspond to the points where the moon crosses the ecliptic plane (known as the ascending and descending nodes of the moon). Classically known in Indian and Western astrology as the "head and tail of the dragon", these planets are represented as a serpent-bodied demon beheaded by the Sudarshan Chakra of Vishnu after attempting to swallow the sun. They are primarily used to calculate

1100-399: A point of intense debate, and other scholars believe that Jyotisha developed independently, although it may have interacted with Greek astrology . The scientific consensus is that astrology is a pseudoscience and has consistently failed experimental and theoretical verification. Jyotisha, states Monier-Williams, is rooted in the word Jyotish, which means light, such as that of

1210-430: A position among the sciences in modern India . India's University Grants Commission and Ministry of Human Resource Development decided to introduce "Jyotir Vigyan" (i.e. jyotir vijñāna ) or "Vedic astrology" as a discipline of study in Indian universities, stating that "vedic astrology is not only one of the main subjects of our traditional and classical knowledge but this is the discipline, which lets us know

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1320-603: A procession, in imitation of a rival sect. Their rivals, as well as the British managers who wanted to keep peace, opposed them. The British administration proposed banning public nudity at the next Simhastha, but the proposal was opposed by the Naga sadhus and ultimately rejected by the British authorities. When the Kumbh Mela was held in Nashik, India, from 27 July to 7 September 2003, 39 pilgrims (28 women and 11 men) were trampled to death and 57 were injured. Devotees had gathered on

1430-570: A result of the precession of the equinoxes , the origin of the ecliptic longitude has shifted by about 30 degrees. As a result, the placement of planets in the Jyotiṣa system is roughly aligned with the constellations, while tropical astrology is based on the solstices and equinoxes. Unlike Western astrology, Hindu astrology usually disregards Uranus (which rules Aquarius), Neptune (which rules Pisces), and Pluto (which rules Scorpio). The nakshatras or lunar mansions are 27 equal divisions of

1540-405: A roundabout way, states Plofker, after the arrival of Greek astrology ideas in India. The Jyotisha texts present mathematical formulae to predict the length of day time, sun rise and moon cycles. For example, Water clock A prastha of water [is] the increase in day, [and] decrease in night in the [sun's] northern motion; vice versa in the southern. [There is] a six-muhurta [difference] in

1650-559: A rudimentary level. Technical horoscopes and astrology ideas in India came from Greece and developed in the early centuries of the 1st millennium CE. Later medieval era texts such as the Yavana-jataka and the Siddhanta texts are more astrology-related. The field of Jyotisha deals with ascertaining time, particularly forecasting auspicious day and time for Vedic rituals. The field of Vedanga structured time into Yuga which

1760-687: A second large affluent, brings considerable increase to the waters of the Godavari. The river begins its southeasterly course characteristic of rivers of the Deccan Plateau . The river exits the Niphad Taluka of Nashik and enters the Kopargaon taluka , Ahmednagar District . Within Ahmednagar District the river quickly completes its short course, flowing alongside the town of Kopargaon and reaching Puntamba . Beyond this,

1870-629: A severe decline in vegetation coverage. Such phenomena indicate intensified deforestation and soil/rock erosion in the Deccan Plateau producing higher ferrimagnetic mineral inputs, which is in agreement with significant expansion of agricultural activities in the Deccan Chalcolithic cultural period. The Godavari River basin is endowed with rich mineral deposits such as oil and gas, coal, iron, limestone , manganese, copper, bauxite , granite, laterite , and others. The following are

1980-471: A state border with Maharashtra only to later enter into Bhadradri Kothagudem district . In this district, the river flows through an important Hindu pilgrimage town – Bhadrachalam . The river further swells after receiving a minor tributary Kinnerasani River and exits into Andhra Pradesh . Within the state of Andhra Pradesh , the river flows through hilly terrain of the Eastern Ghats known as

2090-653: A state boundary separating the Mancherial , Telangana from Gadchiroli , Maharashtra. At the state border, it runs between Sironcha and Somnoor Sangam receiving one tributary at each of those nodal points – the Pranhita and subsequently the Indravati . Godavari enters into Telangana in Nizamabad district at Kandakurthy where Manjira, Haridra rivers joins Godavari and forms Triveni Sangamam. The river flows along

2200-619: Is a local legend saying the Injaram and Patha (Old) Injaram (now on the other bank of Gautami river within Island Polavalam mandal of Konaseema district ) were split by Godavari river. Thus the Godavari passing between these two now referred as Gautami and the old passage being referred as Vriddha Gautami. In early British records, the Injaram Paragana (district) was counted along with Muramalla village (now located on

2310-624: Is based are early medieval compilations, notably the Bṛhat Parāśara Horāśāstra , and Sārāvalī by Kalyāṇavarma . The Horāshastra is a composite work of 71 chapters, of which the first part (chapters 1–51) dates to the 7th to early 8th centuries and the second part (chapters 52–71) to the later 8th century. The Sārāvalī likewise dates to around 800 CE. English translations of these texts were published by N. N. Krishna Rau and V. B. Choudhari in 1963 and 1961, respectively. Astrology remains an important facet of folk belief in

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2420-583: Is believed that the daśā largely governs the state of being of a person. The Daśā system shows which planets may be said to have become particularly active during the period of the Daśā. The ruling planet (the Daśānātha or 'lord of the Daśā') eclipses the mind of the person, compelling him or her to act per the nature of the planet. There are several dasha systems, each with its own utility and area of application. There are Daśās of grahas (planets) as well as Daśās of

2530-491: Is called gochara ( Sanskrit : gochara , 'transit'). The study of transits is based on the transit of the Moon (Chandra), which spans roughly two days, and also on the movement of Mercury (Budha) and Venus (Śukra) across the celestial sphere, which is relatively fast as viewed from Earth. The movement of the slower planets – Jupiter (Guru), Saturn (Śani) and Rāhu–Ketu — is always of considerable importance. Astrologers study

2640-594: Is constructed across the Indravati river to divert Indravati water in to Sabari river for enhanced hydropower generation. Before merging into the Bay of Bengal, the Godavari has seven mouths in total and is considered sacred by local Hindus. As per their traditional belief, the holy waters of the Godavari are said to have been brought from the head of Shiva by the Rishi Gautama , and the seven branches by which it

2750-612: Is converting soils in to unproductive sodic alkali soils . The following are the few coal fired power stations located in the river basin: One of the ships of the Indian Navy has been named INS Godavari after the river. Godavari is also the codename of some variants of AMD APU chips. Hindu astrology Traditional Hindu astrology , also called Indian astrology , Jyotisha ( Sanskrit : ज्योतिष , romanized :  jyotiṣa ; from jyót  'light, heavenly body') and, more recently, Vedic astrology ,

2860-503: Is discharged from the ash dump areas of many coal fired power stations into the river which further increases the alkalinity of the river water whose water is naturally of high alkalinity since the river basin is draining vast area of basalt formations. This problem aggravates during the lean flow months in entire river basin. Already the Godavari basin area in Telangana is suffering from high alkalinity and salinity water problem which

2970-495: Is impounded by the Vishnupuri Dam and thus with it, bringing Asia's largest lift irrigation projects to life. A little downstream from Nanded, the river receives Asna, a small stream, on its left bank. It then runs into the controversial Babli project soon ends its course within Maharashtra , albeit temporarily, at its merger with a major tributary – Manjira . The river after flowing into Telangana, re-emerges to run as

3080-806: Is in Leo ( Simha in Hindu astrology ); or when Jupiter, Sun and Moon are in Cancer on lunar conjunction ( Amavasya ). The last fair was held in 2015; the next one will be held in 2027. In recent years, the Nashik-Trimbakeshwar Simhastha has implemented various technological solutions to manage large crowds and enhance the pilgrim experience. These initiatives involve collaborations between local innovators, academic institutions, and technology companies. The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Media Lab, in partnership with local organizations, launched "Kumbhathon" to develop solutions for

3190-672: Is in Tirthālamondi (now bordering Savithri Nagar of Yanam and before a Hamlet of Guttenadivi ) and the traditional Kauśika mouth is located at Rameswaram, a hamlet of Samathakurru village in Allavaram Mandal of Konaseema district. Traditional mouth of Jamadagni is not known and people instead take bath in the Vriddha Gautami branch at Kundaleswaram village in Katrenikona Mandal of Konaseema district. There

3300-640: Is locally referred as Chollangi Amavasya . That place where the river branch merges with sea is referred as Tulya Sāgara Sangamam . Secondly, they take bath in Coringa village in the Coringa river which is considered as Atreya branch of Godavari and the holy bathing place is called as Atreya Sāgara Sangamam . After bathing at different banks of the other branches the pilgrimage ends by bathing near Narsapuram or Antarvedi . Sites of pilgrimage include: The following are few other wildlife sanctuaries located in

3410-504: Is made for the gradual precession of the vernal equinox . Hindu astrology includes several nuanced sub-systems of interpretation and prediction with elements not found in Hellenistic astrology, such as its system of lunar mansions ( Nakṣatra ). It was only after the transmission of Hellenistic astrology that the order of planets in India was fixed in that of the seven-day week. Hellenistic astrology and astronomy also transmitted

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3520-446: Is not one of these traditional seven mouths and is supposed to have been created by a rishi of that name who stole a part of Vasisththa branch. Godavari was frequently referred as Ganga or Ganges by ancient Indian writings. However, the original branches of Kauśika , Bhardwaja and Jamadagni does not exist any longer and the pilgrims bathe in the sea at the spots where they are supposed to have been. The traditional Bharadwāja mouth

3630-495: Is the Abhiśeka Nakṣatra, which is held as king over the other nakṣatras. Worshipping and gaining favour over this nakṣhatra is said to give power to remedy all the other nakṣatras, and is of concern in predictive astrology and mitigating Karma. The junction of two Râshis as well as Nakshatras is known as Gandanta. The word dasha ( Devanāgarī : दशा, Sanskrit , daśā , 'planetary period') means 'state of being' and it

3740-496: Is the biggest hydro power station which diverts Godavari River water to the Mahanadi River basin. The following is the list of hydro electric power stations excluding small and medium installations. Nearly 2490 tmcft of water has gone waste to the sea on average in a water year from 1 June 2003 to 31 May 2022 (19 years). The yearly water unutilized is given below There is least possibility to construct new reservoirs in

3850-558: Is the traditional Hindu system of astrology . It is one of the six auxiliary disciplines in Hinduism that is connected with the study of the Vedas . The Vedanga Jyotisha is one of the earliest texts about astronomy within the Vedas . Some scholars believe that the horoscopic astrology practised in the Indian subcontinent came from Hellenistic influences. However, this is

3960-543: Is traditionally supposed to have reached the sea are said have been made by seven great rishis known as Sapta Rishis . Thus, they are named after these seven great rishis and are named as Tulyabhāga (Tulya or Kaśyapa ), Ātreya ( Atri ), Gautamī ( Gautama ), Jamadagni (now replaced by Vṛddhagautamī i.e. Old Gautami), Bhardvāja ( Bharadvaja ), Kauśika ( Visvamitra ) and Vaśișțha ( Vasishtha ). So bathing in these mouths are considered an act of great religious efficacy by native Hindus. These mouths are remembered by

4070-532: The Deccan Plateau then turns southeast, entering the Eluru district and Alluri Sitharama Raju district of Andhra Pradesh, until it splits into two distributaries that widen into a large river delta at Dhavaleshwaram Barrage in Rajamahendravaram and then flows into the Bay of Bengal. The Godavari River has a coverage area of 312,812 km (120,777 sq mi), which is nearly one-tenth of

4180-671: The Nizam Sagar reservoir. Purna is a prime river in the water scarce Marathwada region of Maharashtra . Drainage basin of the Godavari Other than these seven principal tributaries, it has many smaller but significant ones draining into it. Indravati river floodwaters overflow into the Jouranala which is part of Sabari basin. A barrage at 19°7′19″N 82°14′9″E  /  19.12194°N 82.23583°E  / 19.12194; 82.23583  ( Jouranala barrage )

4290-576: The Papi hills which explains the narrowing of its bed as it flows through a gorge for a few km, only to re-widen at Polavaram . The deepest bed level of a submarine plunge pool in Godavari River, located 36 km upstream of Polavaram dam, is at 45 meters below the sea level. Before crossing the Papi hills, it receives its last major tributary Sabari River on its left bank. The river upon reaching

4400-516: The Purna , Pranhita , Indravati , and Sabari River , covering nearly 59.7% of the total catchment area of the basin. The right bank tributaries Pravara , Manjira , and Manair contribute 16.1% of the basin. The Pranhita River is the largest tributary of the Godavari River, covering about 34% of its drainage basin. Though the river proper flows only for 113 km (70 mi), by virtue of its extensive tributaries Wardha , Wainganga , Penganga ,

4510-564: The Pushkaram fair is held on the banks of the river. A legend has it that the sage Gautama lived in the Brahmagiri Hills at Tryambakeshwar with his wife Ahalya . The couple lived the rest of their lives in the then village called Govuru , now known as Kovvur ("cow") since British rule. Ahalya lived in a nearby place called Thagami (now Thogummi ). The sage, as a reason for the practice of annadanam ("giving away food" to

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4620-639: The Supreme Court of India stated that the introduction of astrology to university curricula is "a giant leap backwards, undermining whatever scientific credibility the country has achieved so far". In 2004, the Supreme Court dismissed the petition, concluding that the teaching of astrology did not qualify as the promotion of religion. In February 2011, the Bombay High Court referred to the 2004 Supreme Court ruling when it dismissed

4730-457: The sun or the moon or heavenly body. The term Jyotisha includes the study of astronomy , astrology and the science of timekeeping using the movements of astronomical bodies. It aimed to keep time, maintain calendars, and predict auspicious times for Vedic rituals. Jyotiṣa is one of the Vedāṅga , the six auxiliary disciplines used to support Vedic rituals. Early jyotiṣa is concerned with

4840-574: The 2015 Kumbh Mela, addressing crowd management, food distribution, and public health issues. Led by Professor Ramesh Raskar of the MIT Media Lab and involving team members including John Werner , the Kumbhathon initiative brought together local entrepreneurs, engineers, and students to create innovative solutions. Key advancements included: The collaboration between MIT Media Lab, local innovators, and various stakeholders demonstrated

4950-405: The 300 or so years between the first Yavanajataka and the Āryabhaṭīya . The astronomical texts of these 300 years are lost. The later Pañcasiddhāntikā of Varāhamihira summarizes the five known Indian astronomical schools of the sixth century. Indian astronomy preserved some of the older pre-Ptolemaic elements of Greek astronomy. The main texts upon which classical Indian astrology

5060-607: The Lagna, the two being a Keṅdra ('angular house'—first, fourth, seventh and tenth houses) and Trikona Bhāva respectively. Dhana Yogas are formed by the association of wealth-giving planets such as the Dhaneśa or the 2nd Lord and the Lābheśa or the 11th Lord from the Lagna. Dhana Yogas are also formed due to the auspicious placement of the Dārāpada (from dara , 'spouse' and pada , 'foot'—one of

5170-518: The Lords of the Trikona ('trines', 120 degrees—first, fifth and ninth houses). The Rāja yogas are culminations of the blessings of Viṣṇu and Lakṣmī. Some planets, such as Mars for Leo Lagna, do not need another graha (or Navagraha , 'planet') to create Rājayoga , but are capable of giving Rājayoga by themselves due to their own lordship of the 4th Bhāva ('astrological house') and the 9th Bhāva from

5280-603: The Nashik-Trimbak Simhastha: it began in the 18th century, when the Maratha ruler Ranoji Shinde invited ascetics from Nashik to Ujjain for a local festival. As per Shiv Puran, brihaspati (Jupiter) enters Singh Rashi (Leo) every 12 years. The Kumbh mela is organized for same occasion. The Khulasat-ut-Tawarikh (1695 CE) mentions the mela in its description of the Berar Subah , although it doesn't use

5390-643: The Rāśis (zodiac signs). The primary system used by astrologers is the Viṁśottarī Daśā system, which has been considered universally applicable in the Kali Yuga to all horoscopes. The first Mahā-Daśā is determined by the position of the natal Moon in a given Nakṣatra. The lord of the Nakṣatra governs the Daśā. Each Mahā-Dāśā is divided into sub-periods called bhuktis , or antar-daśās , which are proportional divisions of

5500-693: The Vasishta splits into two branches named Vasishta and Vainateya. These four branches which join the Bay of Bengal at different places, form a delta of length 170 km (110 mi) along the coast of the Bay of Bengal and is called the Konaseema region. This delta along with the delta of the Krishna River is called the Rice Granary of South India . The Gautami which is the largest branch of

5610-430: The Yajurveda recension has 43 verses of which 29 verses are borrowed from the Rigveda. The Rigveda version is variously attributed to sage Lagadha, and sometimes to sage Shuci. The Yajurveda version credits no particular sage, has survived into the modern era with a commentary of Somakara, and is the more studied version. The Jyotisha text Brahma-siddhanta , probably composed in the 5th century CE, discusses how to use

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5720-399: The area of India and is equivalent to the area of the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland put together. The river basin is considered to be divided into 3 sections: These put together account for 24.2% of the total basin area. The rivers annual average water inflows are nearly 110 billion cubic metres. Nearly 50% of the water availability is being harnessed. The water allocation from

5830-473: The banks of the Godavari river for the maha snaanam or holy bath. Over 30,000 pilgrims were being held back by barricades in a narrow street leading to the Ramkund, a holy spot, so the sadhus could take the first ceremonial bath. Reportedly, a sadhu threw some silver coins into the crowd and the subsequent scramble led to the stampede. In 2015, the Kumbha Mela was held at Nashik-Trimbak during July–September. With nearly 30 million devotees gathered in 2015,

5940-476: The border between Nirmal and Mancherial districts in the north and Nizamabad , Jagtial , Peddapalli districts to its south. About 12 km (7.5 mi) after entering Telangana it merges with the back waters of the Sriram Sagar Dam . The river after emerging through the dam gates, enjoys a wide river bed, often splitting to encase sandy islands. The river receives a minor but significant tributary Kadam river . It then emerges at its eastern side to act as

6050-409: The confluence with Pranhita tributary is dammed fully to utilize the available water for irrigation. However, its main tributaries Pranhita, Indravati and Sabari which join in the lower reaches of the basin, carry three times more water compared to main Godavari. In 2015, the water surplus Godavari River is linked to the water deficit Krishna River by commissioning the Polavaram right bank canal with

6160-433: The contemporary lives of many Hindus . In Hindu culture , newborns are traditionally named based on their jyotiṣa charts ( Kundali ), and astrological concepts are pervasive in the organization of the calendar and holidays, and in making major decisions such as those about marriage, opening a new business, or moving into a new home. Many Hindus believe that heavenly bodies, including the planets, have an influence throughout

6270-533: The cow. Shiva was pleased with the sage and diverted the Ganges, which washed away the cow and gave rise to the Godavari River in Nashik. The water stream flowed past Kovvur and ultimately merged with the Bay of Bengal. In olden days a pilgrimage named as sapta sāgara yātra was made by those desirous of offspring along the banks of the holy waters from the seven mouths. It starts with holy bathing at Tulyabhaga river at Chollangi village on Amavasya during Krishna Paksha of Pushya month as per Hindu calendar. That day

6380-439: The dam, some 8 km (5.0 mi) upstream from Nashik, flows on a rocky bed undulated by a series of chasms and rocky ledges, resulting in the formation of two significant waterfalls – the Gangapur and the Someshwar waterfalls. The latter, located at Someshwar is more popularly known as the Dudhsagar Waterfall. About 10 km (6.2 mi) east of Gangapur the river passes the town of Nashik where it collects its effluents in

6490-449: The dates of eclipses. They are described as "shadow planets" because they are not visible in the night sky. Rahu and Ketu have an orbital cycle of 18 years and they are always retrograde in motion and 180 degrees from each other. A natal chart shows the position of the grahas at the moment of birth. Since that moment, the grahas have continued to move around the zodiac, interacting with the natal chart grahas. This period of interaction

6600-552: The delta is at a greater risk as the rate of sediment aggradation (raising the level of the delta through sediment deposition) no longer exceeds relative sea level rise . It further states that the suspended sediment load at the delta has reduced from 150·2 million tons during 1970–1979 to 57·2 million tons by 2000–2006, which translates into a three-fold decline in the past 4 decades. Impacts of this can be seen in destroyed villages like Uppada in Godavari delta, destruction of Mangrove forests and fragmentation of shoreline – possibly

6710-412: The delta regions and possibly in the Bay of Bengal off the Godavari, therefore, can be related to the intensive chemical weathering in the Deccan basalts. Abrupt increase in δ C values and decrease in TOC content accompanied with a significant increase in ferrimagnetic mineral concentration in Bay of Bengal sediments from ~3.2 to 3.1 cal. ka BP reflected a shift of organic carbon and sediment source and

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6820-459: The events happening in human life and in universe on time scale" in spite of the complete lack of evidence that astrology actually does allow for such accurate predictions. The decision was backed by a 2001 judgement of the Andhra Pradesh High Court , and some Indian universities offer advanced degrees in astrology. This was met with widespread protests from the scientific community in India and Indian scientists working abroad. A petition sent to

6930-417: The few noted deposits: The frequent drying up of the Godavari River in the drier months has been a matter of great concern. Indiscriminate damming along the river has been cited as an obvious reason. Within Maharashtra sugarcane irrigation has been blamed as one of the foremost causes. In 2013, the river was at its all-time low in the Nizamabad district of Telangana. This had hit the growth of fish, making

7040-422: The first Indian astrological treatise in the Sanskrit language. However the only version that survives is the verse version of Sphujidhvaja which dates to AD 270. The first Indian astronomical text to define the weekday was the Āryabhaṭīya of Āryabhaṭa (born AD 476). According to Michio Yano, Indian astronomers must have been occupied with the task of Indianizing and Sanskritizing Greek astronomy during

7150-425: The form of the river Nasardi on its right bank. About 0.5 km (0.31 mi) south of Nashik, the river bends sharply to the east, washing the base of a high cliff formerly the site of a Mughal fort, but which is now being eroded away by the action of floods. About 25 km (16 mi) below Nashik is the confluence of the Godavari and one of its tributaries, the Darna . The stream occupies, for nine months in

7260-534: The four divisions—3 degrees and 20 minutes—of a Nakshatra in the 7th house), when reckoned from the Ārūḍha Lagna (AL). The combination of the Lagneśa and the Bhāgyeśa also leads to wealth through the Lakṣmī Yoga. Sanyāsa Yogas are formed due to the placement of four or more grahas , excluding the Sun, in a Keṅdra Bhāva from the Lagna. There are some overarching yogas in Jyotiṣa such as Amāvasyā Doṣa, Kāla Sarpa Yoga-Kāla Amṛta Yoga and Graha Mālika Yoga that can take precedence over Yamaha yogar planetary placements in

7370-415: The head of the Indian Astrologers Federation about war between India and Pakistan in 1982 also failed. In 2000, when several planets happened to be close to one another, astrologers predicted that there would be catastrophes, volcanic eruptions and tidal waves . This caused an entire sea-side village in the Indian state of Gujarat to panic and abandon their houses. The predicted events did not occur and

7480-458: The help of Pattiseema lift scheme to augment water availability to the Prakasam Barrage located in Andhra Pradesh. More dams are constructed in the Godavari River basin than in any other river basin of India. The following are the few dams located in the river basin: The Godavari River in Maharashtra is one of the rivers whose water energy is least harnessed for generating hydro electricity. The 600 MW capacity Upper Indravati hydro power station

7590-437: The horoscope. The Hindu Jātaka or Janam Kundali or birth chart , is the Bhāva Chakra ( Sanskrit : 'division' 'wheel'), the complete 360° circle of life, divided into houses, and represents a way of enacting the influences in the wheel. Each house has associated kāraka ( Sanskrit : 'significator') planets that can alter the interpretation of a particular house. Each Bhāva spans an arc of 30° with twelve Bhāvas in any chart of

7700-468: The horoscope. These are a crucial part of any horoscopic study since the Bhāvas, understood as 'state of being', personalize the Rāśis/ Râshis to the native and each Rāśi/ Râshi apart from indicating its true nature reveals its impact on the person based on the Bhāva occupied. The best way to study the various facets of Jyotiṣa is to see their role in chart evaluation of actual persons and how these are construed. Drishti ( Sanskrit : Dṛṣṭi , 'sight')

7810-420: The influence may have flowed from India to Mesopotamia. Ohashi states that it is incorrect to assume that the number of civil days in a year equal 365 in both Hindu and Egyptian–Persian year. Further, adds Ohashi, the Mesopotamian formula is different from the Indian formula for calculating time, each can only work for their respective latitude, and either would make major errors in predicting time and calendar in

7920-416: The largest sediment load among the peninsular rivers and the majority of the mass transfer in Godavari occurs during the monsoon. Mineral magnetic studies of the Godavari River sediments suggest that the floodplains in the entire stretch of the river are characterized by a Deccan basalt source. The bed loads on the other hand are of sourced from local bedrock. Influx of Deccan source in the Godavari River up to

8030-407: The life of a human being, and these planetary influences are the "fruit of karma ". The Navagraha , planetary deities, are considered subordinate to Ishvara (the Hindu concept of a supreme being) in the administration of justice. Thus, it is believed that these planets can influence earthly life. Astrology has been rejected by the scientific community as having no explanatory power for describing

8140-552: The life of fishermen miserable. The water-level was so low that people could easily walk into the middle of the river. Shortage in rainfall and closure of the controversial Babli project gates in Maharashtra was thought to have affected the water flow in the river and water availability to the Sriram Sagar Project except during above 20% excess monsoon (i.e. one out of four years) years. A study has found that

8250-689: The loan-words typically seen when ideas migrate are missing on both sides as far as words for various time intervals and techniques. Further, adds Plofker, and other scholars, that the discussion of time keeping concepts are found in the Sanskrit verses of the Shatapatha Brahmana , a 2nd millennium BCE text. Water clock and sun dials are mentioned in many ancient Hindu texts such as the Arthashastra . Some integration of Mesopotamian and Indian Jyotisha-based systems may have occurred in

8360-533: The maha-dasa. Further proportional sub-divisions can be made, but error margins based on accuracy of the birth time grow exponentially. The next sub-division is called pratyantar-daśā , which can in turn be divided into sookshma-antardasa , which can in turn be divided into praana-antardaśā , which can be sub-divided into deha-antardaśā . Such sub-divisions also exist in all other Daśā systems. The navagraha ( Sanskrit : नवग्रह , romanized :  navagraha , lit.   'nine planets') are

8470-432: The mela gave a unique opportunity to test out a range of smart solutions. One of the projects conducted here was by MIT, called the "Kumbhathon", that tried to identify ways to improve crowd and civic management during intense periods of mass migration The Nashik-Trimbakeshwar Simhastha is held once in 12 years. The exact dates are determined according to a combination of zodiac positions: the mela ay be held when Jupiter

8580-466: The method of measurement. While synchronically, the two systems are identical, Jyotiṣa primarily uses the sidereal zodiac (in which stars are considered to be the fixed background against which the motion of the planets is measured), whereas most Western astrology uses the tropical zodiac (the motion of the planets is measured against the position of the Sun on the spring equinox ). After two millennia , as

8690-549: The movement of planets, sun and moon to keep time and calendar. This text also lists trigonometry and mathematical formulae to support its theory of orbits, predict planetary positions and calculate relative mean positions of celestial nodes and apsides. The text is notable for presenting very large integers, such as 4.32 billion years as the lifetime of the current universe. The ancient Hindu texts on Jyotisha only discuss time keeping, and never mention astrology or prophecy. These ancient texts predominantly cover astronomy, but at

8800-665: The name "Kumbha Mela" are Khulasat-ut-Tawarikh (1695 CE) and Chahar Gulshan (1789 CE). Both these texts use the term "Kumbh Mela" to describe only the Haridwar Kumbh Mela , although they mention the Simhastha fair at Nashik. It appears that the Nashik Simhastha adapted the kumbh (and the name Kumbh Mela) from the Haridwar Kumbh Mela. The Ujjain Simhastha , in turn, is an adaptation of

8910-433: The needy), started cultivating rice crops and other crops. Once, the god Ganesha , on the wish of the sages, sent a miraculous cow mayadhenu , which resembled a normal cow. It entered the sage's abode and started spoiling the rice while he was meditating. Since cattle is sacred to Hindus and treated with respect, he put the darbha grass on the cow. But, to his surprise, it fell dead. Seeing what happened before their eyes,

9020-427: The night sky used in Hindu astrology, each identified by its prominent star(s). Historical (medieval) Hindu astrology enumerated either 27 or 28 nakṣatras. In modern astrology, a rigid system of 27 nakṣatras is generally used, each covering 13° 20′ of the ecliptic . The missing 28th nakshatra is Abhijeeta . Each nakṣatra is divided into equal quarters or padas of 3° 20′. Of greatest importance

9130-523: The nine celestial bodies used in Hindu astrology: The navagraha are said to be forces that capture or eclipse the mind and the decision making of human beings. When the grahas are active in their daśās , or periodicities they are said to be particularly empowered to direct the affairs of people and events. Planets are held to signify major details, such as profession, marriage and longevity. Of these indicators, known as Karakas, Parashara considers Atmakaraka most important, signifying broad contours of

9240-509: The other region. According to Asko Parpola, the Jyotisha and luni-solar calendar discoveries in ancient India, and similar discoveries in China in "great likelihood result from convergent parallel development", and not from diffusion from Mesopotamia. Kim Plofker states that while a flow of timekeeping ideas from either side is plausible, each may have instead developed independently, because

9350-462: The other side of Gautami within Island Polavalam mandal) and said to have comprised 22 villages. Traditional The river is sacred to Hindus and has several places on its banks that have been places of pilgrimage for thousands of years. Amongst the huge numbers of people who have bathed in her waters as a rite of cleansing are said to have been the deity Baladeva 5000 years ago and the saint Chaitanya Mahaprabhu 500 years ago. Every twelve years,

9460-571: The plains begins to widen out until it reaches Rajamahendravaram . Arma Konda (1,680 m (5,510 ft)) is the highest peak in the Godavari river basin as well as in Eastern Ghats. Dowleswaram Barrage was constructed across the river in Rajamahendravaram. At Rajamahendravaram, the Godavari splits into two large branches which are called Gautami (Gautami Godavari) and Vasishta Godavari and five smaller branches. Similarly,

9570-484: The planet Saturn is in the constellation Aries roughly every 30 years (e.g. 1909, 1939, 1968), the astrologer Bangalore Venkata Raman claimed that "when Saturn was in Aries in 1939 England had to declare war against Germany", ignoring all the other dates. Astrologers regularly fail in attempts to predict election results in India, and fail to predict major events such as the assassination of Indira Gandhi . Predictions by

9680-585: The potential of technology in transforming large-scale religious gatherings and urban environments. Godavari The Godavari ( IAST : Godāvarī , [ɡod̪aːʋəɾiː] ) is India 's second longest river after the Ganga River and drains the third largest basin in India, covering about 10% of India's total geographical area. Its source is in Trimbakeshwar , Nashik , Maharashtra . It flows east for 1,465 kilometres (910 mi), draining

9790-529: The preparation of a calendar to determine dates for sacrificial rituals, with nothing written regarding planets. There are mentions of eclipse -causing "demons" in the Atharvaveda and Chāndogya Upaniṣad , the latter mentioning Rāhu (a shadow entity believed responsible for eclipses and meteors). The term graha , which is now taken to mean the planet , originally meant demon. The Ṛigveda also mentions an eclipse-causing demon, Svarbhānu . However,

9900-508: The river among the riparian states are governed by the Godavari Water Disputes Tribunal . The river has highest flood flows in India and experienced recorded flood of 3.6 million cusecs in the year 1986 and annual flood of 1.0 million cusecs is normal. The river originates in Maharashtra state and has an extensive course. The upper basin (origin to its confluence with Manjira ) of which lies entirely within

10010-508: The river basin area due to land submergence and displacement of population. However, a freshwater coastal reservoir , located on the adjacent sea, with adequate storage capacity (nearly 29 billion m ) is economically feasible to harness the remaining unutilized water in the river. The primary and initial catchment of the Godavari drainage basin is largely represented by the basalt of the Deccan Volcanic Province (~50% of

10120-492: The river basin: Duduma Waterfalls is 175 metres (574 ft) high and one of the highest waterfalls in southern India. It is located on the Sileru River which forms boundary between Andhra Pradesh and Odisha states. The following are a few other waterfalls located in the river basin: There are 4 bridges spanning the river between East Godavari and West Godavari districts. Details: The main Godavari River up to

10230-448: The river serves as a natural boundary between the following districts: The river beyond, near the village Sonpeth, flows into Parbhani . In Parbhani district, the river flows through Gangakhed taluka. As mentioned above, the Godavari is also called Dakshinganga so the city is called as Gangakhed (meaning a village on the bank of Ganga). As per Hindu rituals this place is considered quite important for after death peace to flow ashes into

10340-418: The river. Its course is relatively non-significant except for receiving two smaller streams – Indrayani and Masuli – merging at its left and right banks, respectively. Within the last taluka of the district Parbhani, Purna , the river drains a major tributary of the same name: Purna . It then exits into the neighbouring district of Nanded where 10 km (6.2 mi) before reaching the town Nanded, it

10450-472: The sages and their wives cried out, "We thought that Gautama-maharishi is a righteous man, but he committed bovicide (killing of a cow or cattle)!". The sage wished to atone for this grievous sin. Therefore, he went to Nashik and observed tapas (penance) to propitiate Tryambakeshvara (a manifestation of the god Shiva), on the advice of the sages, praying for atonement and asking him to make the Ganges flow over

10560-492: The specific term graha was not applied to Svarbhānu until the later Mahābhārata and Rāmāyaṇa . The foundation of Hindu astrology is the notion of bandhu of the Vedas (scriptures), which is the connection between the microcosm and the macrocosm. The practice relies primarily on the sidereal zodiac , which differs from the tropical zodiac used in Western (Hellenistic) astrology in that an ayanāṃśa adjustment

10670-567: The state, cumulatively draining an area as large as 152,199 km (58,764 sq mi) – about half the area of Maharashtra. Within Nashik district , the river assumes a north-easterly course until it flows into the Gangapur Reservoir created by a dam of the same name. The reservoir along with the Kashypi Dam provides potable water to Nashik, one of the largest cities located on its banks. The river as it emerges through

10780-458: The states of Maharashtra (48.6%), Telangana (18.8%), Andhra Pradesh (4.5%), Chhattisgarh (10.9%) and Odisha (5.7%). The river ultimately empties into the Bay of Bengal through an extensive network of distributaries. Measuring up to 312,812 km (120,777 sq mi), it forms one of the largest river basins in the Indian subcontinent , with only the Ganga and Indus rivers having

10890-518: The status of the akharas . A copperplate inscription of the Maratha Peshwa claims that 12,000 ascetics died in this clash. As a result, the Peshwa shifted the Vaishnavites' bathing place to Ramkund in the Nashik city. The Shaivites continue to regard Trimbak as the proper location of the fair. In 1861 and 1872, fights erupted at Trimbak, when some Nirmala sadhus attempted to walk naked in

11000-518: The sub-basin drains all of Vidharba region as well as the southern slopes of the Satpura Ranges . Indravati is the 2nd largest tributary, known as the "lifeline" of the Kalahandi , Nabarangapur of Odisha and Bastar district of Chhattisgarh . Due to their enormous sub-basins both Indravati and Pranhita are considered rivers in their own right. Manjira is the longest tributary and holds

11110-545: The terms "Kumbh Mela" or "Simhastha" to describe it. It states that when Jupiter entered Leo or Simha (which happens once in 12 years), people from far away would come to Trimbak for a large gathering which was famous in all parts of the Mughal Empire . Until 1789, the fair was originally held at Trimbak, a town near the Nashik city. That year, a clash happened between Shaivite sanyasis and Vaishnavite bairagis over order of precedence of bathing, which indicated

11220-704: The total basin area). This is followed by the Precambrian granites and gneisses of the eastern Dharwar Craton , sandstones , shales and limestones of the Gondwana Supergroup, various sedimentary units of Cuddapah and Vindhyan basins, charnockites and khondalites of the Proterozoic Eastern Ghats Mobile Belt and the sandstones of the Rajahmundry Formation. The Godavari River carries

11330-525: The transit of the Daśā lord from various reference points in the horoscope. In Hindu astronomy, yoga ( Sanskrit : yoga , 'union') is a combination of planets placed in a specific relationship to each other. Rāja yogas are perceived as givers of fame, status and authority, and are typically formed by the association of the Lord of Keṅdras ('quadrants'), when reckoned from the Lagna ('ascendant'), and

11440-507: The twelve zodiacal signs beginning with Aries and the twelve astrological places beginning with the ascendant. The first evidence of the introduction of Greek astrology to India is the Yavanajātaka which dates to the early centuries CE. The Yavanajātaka ( lit. "Sayings of the Greeks") was translated from Greek to Sanskrit by Yavaneśvara during the 2nd century CE, and is considered

11550-453: The universe. Scientific testing of astrology has been conducted, and no evidence has been found to support any of the premises or purported effects outlined in astrological traditions. There is no mechanism proposed by astrologers through which the positions and motions of stars and planets could affect people and events on Earth. In spite of its status as a pseudoscience , in certain religious, political, and legal contexts, astrology retains

11660-600: The vacant houses were burgled. Time keeping [The current year] minus one, multiplied by twelve, multiplied by two, added to the elapsed [half months of current year], increased by two for every sixty [in the sun], is the quantity of half-months ( syzygies ). — Rigveda Jyotisha-vedanga 4 Translator: Kim Plofker The ancient extant text on Jyotisha is the Vedanga-Jyotisha , which exists in two editions, one linked to Rigveda and other to Yajurveda . The Rigveda version consists of 36 verses, while

11770-575: The whole passes along Yanam enclave of Union territory of Puducherry and empties itself into sea at Point Godavery . In fact, Yanam is bounded on south by Gautami branch and the Coringa River originates at Yanam which merges into the sea near Coringa village in Andhra Pradesh. Mean annual, minimum and maximum discharge (Q – m /s) at Rajahmundry (period from 1998/01/01 to 2023/12/31): The major left bank tributaries include

11880-568: The year, a small space in a wide and gravelly bed, the greyish banks being 4 to 6 m (13 to 20 ft) high, topped with a deep layer of black soil. A few kilometres after its meeting with the Darna, the Godavari swerves to the north-east, before the Banganga , from the north-west, meets it on the left. The course of the main stream then tends more decidedly south. At Nandur-Madhmeshwar, the Kadva ,

11990-476: Was a 5-year interval, divided into multiple lunisolar intervals such as 60 solar months, 61 savana months, 62 synodic months and 67 sidereal months. A Vedic Yuga had 1,860 tithis ( तिथि , dates), and it defined a savana -day (civil day) from one sunrise to another. The Rigvedic version of Jyotisha may be a later insertion into the Veda, states David Pingree , possibly between 513 and 326 BCE, when Indus valley

12100-538: Was occupied by the Achaemenid from Mesopotamia . The mathematics and devices for time keeping mentioned in these ancient Sanskrit texts, proposes Pingree, such as the water clock may also have arrived in India from Mesopotamia. However, Yukio Ohashi considers this proposal as incorrect, suggesting instead that the Vedic timekeeping efforts, for forecasting appropriate time for rituals, must have begun much earlier and

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