Misplaced Pages

Southeastern Military Command (Brazil)

Article snapshot taken from Wikipedia with creative commons attribution-sharealike license. Give it a read and then ask your questions in the chat. We can research this topic together.

Guarujá ( / ɡ w ɑː r ʊ ˈ ʒ ɑː / ; Portuguese pronunciation: [ɡwaɾuˈʒa] ) is a municipality in the São Paulo state of Brazil . It is part of the Metropolitan Region of Baixada Santista . The population is 311,116 (2022 preliminary census count) in an area of 143.58 km (55.44 sq mi). This place name comes from the Tupi language , and means "narrow path". The population is highly urbanized, forms a 2nd urban core and beachfront island across the river from São Vicente Island , the island (Ilha de Santo Amaro) is coterminous with the municipality, with exception of small offshore isles like Ilha dos Arvoredos.

#628371

70-761: (Redirected from Southeastern Military Command ) Area command of the Brazilian Army [REDACTED] This article uses bare URLs , which are uninformative and vulnerable to link rot . Please consider converting them to full citations to ensure the article remains verifiable and maintains a consistent citation style. Several templates and tools are available to assist in formatting, such as reFill ( documentation ) and Citation bot ( documentation ) . ( June 2022 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) The Southeastern Military Command ( Portuguese : Comando Militar do Sudeste or CMSE)

140-524: A form of Romance called Mozarabic which introduced a few hundred words from Arabic, Persian, Turkish, and Berber. Like other Neo-Latin and European languages, Portuguese has adopted a significant number of loanwords from Greek , mainly in technical and scientific terminology. These borrowings occurred via Latin, and later during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. Portuguese evolved from

210-625: A large part of the diaspora is a part of the already-counted population of the Portuguese-speaking countries and territories, such as the high number of Brazilian and PALOP emigrant citizens in Portugal or the high number of Portuguese emigrant citizens in the PALOP and Brazil. The Portuguese language therefore serves more than 250 million people daily, who have direct or indirect legal, juridical and social contact with it, varying from

280-632: A native language by vast majorities due to their Portuguese colonial past or as a lingua franca in bordering and multilingual regions, such as on the Brazilian borders of Uruguay and Paraguay and in regions of Angola and Namibia. In many other countries, Portuguese is spoken by majorities as a second language. There remain communities of thousands of Portuguese (or Creole ) first language speakers in Goa , Sri Lanka , Kuala Lumpur , Daman and Diu , and other areas due to Portuguese colonization . In East Timor,

350-437: A wizard') (Angola). From South America came batata (' potato '), from Taino ; ananás and abacaxi , from Tupi–Guarani naná and Tupi ibá cati , respectively (two species of pineapple ), and pipoca (' popcorn ') from Tupi and tucano (' toucan ') from Guarani tucan . Finally, it has received a steady influx of loanwords from other European languages, especially French and English . These are by far

420-618: Is a Western Romance language of the Indo-European language family originating from the Iberian Peninsula of Europe . It is the official language of Angola , Brazil , Cape Verde , Guinea-Bissau , Mozambique , Portugal and São Tomé and Príncipe , and has co-official language status in East Timor , Equatorial Guinea and Macau . Portuguese-speaking people or nations are known as Lusophone ( lusófono ). As

490-787: Is a popular weekend destination for families from São Paulo , who can get there driving in less than one hour (through the Imigrantes highway ). Traffic gets heavy during the evening on the holidays. Guarujá has a borough called Vicente de Carvalho , in tribute to the Parnasianist poet . A nickname for the city is "The Pearl of the Atlantic". In total, Guarujá has 27 beaches, with the most famous including Guaiúba, Tombo, Astúrias, Pitangueiras, Enseada, Pernambuco, Perequê, São Pedro, Tijucopava, Iporanga, Praia Branca and Praia Preta. Guarujá, its history, infrastructure and proximity to

560-647: Is also termed "the language of Camões", after Luís Vaz de Camões , one of the greatest literary figures in the Portuguese language and author of the Portuguese epic poem The Lusiads . In March 2006, the Museum of the Portuguese Language , an interactive museum about the Portuguese language, was founded in São Paulo , Brazil, the city with the greatest number of Portuguese language speakers in

630-729: Is also the origin of the luso- prefix, seen in terms like " Lusophone ". Between AD 409 and AD 711, as the Roman Empire collapsed in Western Europe , the Iberian Peninsula was conquered by Germanic peoples of the Migration Period . The occupiers, mainly Suebi , Visigoths and Buri who originally spoke Germanic languages , quickly adopted late Roman culture and the Vulgar Latin dialects of

700-730: Is based on the Portuguese spoken in the area including and surrounding the cities of Coimbra and Lisbon , in central Portugal. Standard European Portuguese is also the preferred standard by the Portuguese-speaking African countries. As such, and despite the fact that its speakers are dispersed around the world, Portuguese has only two dialects used for learning: the European and the Brazilian. Some aspects and sounds found in many dialects of Brazil are exclusive to South America, and cannot be found in Europe. The same occur with

770-412: Is considerably intelligible for lusophones, owing to their genealogical proximity and shared genealogical history as West Iberian ( Ibero-Romance languages ), historical contact between speakers and mutual influence, shared areal features as well as modern lexical, structural, and grammatical similarity (89%) between them. Portuñol /Portunhol, a form of code-switching , has a more lively use and

SECTION 10

#1732787326629

840-487: Is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable). The Estádio Municipal Antônio Fernandes is a football (soccer) stadium located in the city. Associação Desportiva Guarujá play their home games at this stadium. The Bosnia and Herzegovina national football team picked Guarujá as their base during the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil. Charles Oliveira,

910-506: Is derived from the Tupi term agûarausá, which designates a type of crab, the guaruçá . Although it is common to use the definite article before the name of the city, this usage is not correct. Therefore, one should say "Tenho casa em Guarujá" and not "Tenho casa no Guarujá". Guarujá is located on the island Santo Amaro, situated on the shore of São Paulo. Its main economic sources are seasonal tourism and port related activities. Guarujá

980-508: Is either mandatory, or taught, in the schools of those South American countries. Although early in the 21st century, after Macau was returned to China and immigration of Brazilians of Japanese descent to Japan slowed down, the use of Portuguese was in decline in Asia , it is once again becoming a language of opportunity there, mostly because of increased diplomatic and financial ties with economically powerful Portuguese-speaking countries in

1050-759: Is more readily mentioned in popular culture in South America. Said code-switching is not to be confused with the Portuñol spoken on the borders of Brazil with Uruguay ( dialeto do pampa ) and Paraguay ( dialeto dos brasiguaios ), and of Portugal with Spain ( barranquenho ), that are Portuguese dialects spoken natively by thousands of people, which have been heavily influenced by Spanish. Guaruj%C3%A1 See also: Tupi-Guarani place names in Brazil As Eduardo Navarro explains in his Dicionário de Tupi Antigo (2013), "Guarujá"

1120-8383: Is one of eight Military Commands of the Brazilian Army . It is responsible for the defence of the state of São Paulo . Structure [ edit ] [REDACTED] Area of the Comando Militar do Sudeste 2017 [REDACTED] Structure of the Comando Militar do Sudeste 2017 (click to enlarge) Southeastern Military Command ( Comando Militar do Sudeste ) in São Paulo HQ Company Southeastern Military Command ( Companhia de Comando do Comando Militar do Sudeste ) in São Paulo 2nd Military Police Battalion ( 2º Batalhão de Polícia do Exército ) in Osasco 8th Military Police Battalion ( 8º Batalhão de Polícia do Exército ) in São Paulo 3rd Military Intelligence Company ( 3ª Companhia de Inteligência ) in São Paulo Ibirapuera Administration and Support Base ( Base de Administração e Apoio do Ibirapuera ) in São Paulo 2nd Military Region ( 2ª Região Militar ) in São Paulo HQ Company 2nd Military Region ( Companhia de Comando do 2ª Região Militar ) in São Paulo 21st Supply Depot ( 21º Depósito de Suprimento ) in São Paulo 22nd Supply Depot ( 22º Depósito de Suprimento ) in Barueri São Paulo Military Area Hospital ( Hospital Militar de Área de São Paulo ) in São Paulo 2nd Transport Company ( 2ª Companhia de Transporte ) in São Paulo 4th Military Service Circumscription ( 4ª Circunscrição de Serviço Militar ) in São Paulo 5th Military Service Circumscription ( 5ª Circunscrição de Serviço Militar ) in Ribeirão Preto 6th Military Service Circumscription ( 6ª Circunscrição de Serviço Militar ) in Bauru 14th Military Service Circumscription ( 14ª Circunscrição de Serviço Militar ) in Sorocaba Army Aviation Command ( Comando de Aviação do Exército ) in Taubaté HQ Company Army Aviation Commad ( Companhia de Comando do Comando de Aviação do Exército ) in Taubaté 1st Army Aviation Battalion ( 1º Batalhão de Aviação do Exército ) in Taubaté 2nd Army Aviation Battalion ( 2º Batalhão de Aviação do Exército ) in Taubaté Army Aviation Maintenance and Supply Battalion ( Batalhão de Manutenção e Suprimento de Aviação do Exército ) in Taubaté Army Aviation Signals Company ( Companhia de Comunicações de Aviação do Exército ) in Taubaté Army Aviation Instruction Center ( Centro de Instrução de Aviação do Exército ) in Taubaté Taubaté Aviation Base ( Base de Aviação de Taubaté ) in Taubaté 1st Air Defence Artillery Brigade ( 1ª Brigada de Artilharia Anti-Aérea ) in Guarujá HQ Battery 1st Air Defence Artillery Brigade ( Bateria Comando 1ª Brigada de Artilharia Anti-Aérea ) in Guarujá 1st Air Defence Artillery Group ( 1º Grupo de Artilharia Antiaérea ) in Rio de Janeiro 2nd Air Defence Artillery Group ( 2º Grupo de Artilharia Antiaérea ) in Praia Grande 3rd Air Defence Artillery Group ( 3º Grupo de Artilharia Antiaérea ) in Caxias do Sul 4th Air Defence Artillery Group ( 4° Grupo de Artilharia Antiaerea ) in Sete Lagoas 11th Air Defence Artillery Group ( 11° Grupo de Artilharia Antiaerea ) in Brasília 2nd Army Division ( 2ª Divisão de Exército ) in São Paulo HQ Company 2nd Army Division ( Companhia de Comando do 2ª Divisão de Exército ) in São Paulo 2nd Division Artillery ( Artilharia Divisionária da 2ª Divisão de Exército) in São Paulo 12th Field Artillery Group ( 12º Grupo de Artilharia de Campanha ) in Jundiaí 11th Light Infantry Brigade ( 11ª Brigada de Infantaria Leve) ) in Campinas HQ Company 11th Light Infantry Brigade ( Companhia de Comando da 11ª Brigada de Infantaria Leve ) in Campinas 13th Mechanized Cavalry Regiment ( 13º Regimento de Cavalaria Mecanizado ) in Pirassununga 2nd Light Infantry Battalion ( 2º Batalhão de Infantaria Leve ) in São Vicente 28th Light Infantry Battalion ( 28º Batalhão de Infantaria Leve ) in Campinas 37th Light Infantry Battalion ( 37º Batalhão de Infantaria Leve ) in Lins 2nd Light Field Artillery Group ( 2º Grupo de Artilharia de Campanha Leve ) in Itu 2nd Light Logistics Battalion ( 2º Batalhão Logístico Leve ) in Campinas 11th Light Combat Engineer Company ( 11ª Companhia de Engenharia de Combate Leve ) in Pindamonhangaba 11th Light Anti-air Artillery Battery ( 11ª Bateria de Artilharia Anti-Aérea Leve ) in Itu 2nd Light Signals Company ( 2ª Companhia de Comunicações Leve ) in Campinas 11th Military Police Platoon ( 11º Pelotão de Polícia do Exército ) in Campinas 12th Light Infantry (Airmobile) Brigade ( 12ª Brigada de Infantaria Leve (Aeromóvel) ) in Caçapava HQ Company 12th Light Infantry (Airmobile) Brigade ( Companhia de Comando da 12ª Brigada de Infantaria Leve (Aeromóvel) ) in Caçapava 4th Light Infantry Battalion ( 4º Batalhão de Infantaria Leve ) in Osasco 5th Light Infantry Battalion ( 5º Batalhão de Infantaria Leve ) in Lorena 6th Light Infantry Battalion ( 6º Batalhão de Infantaria Leve ) in Caçapava 20th Light Field Artillery Group ( 20º Grupo de Artilharia de Campanha Leve ) in Barueri 22nd Light Logistics Battalion ( 22º Batalhão Logístico Leve ) in Barueri 1st Light Cavalry Squadron ( 1º Esquadrão de Cavalaria Leve ) in Valença 12th Light Combat Engineer Company ( 12ª Companhia de Engenharia de Combate Leve ) in Pindamonhangaba 5th Light Anti-air Artillery Battery ( 5ª Bateria de Artilharia Anti-Aérea Leve ) in Osasco 12th Light Signals Company ( 12ª Companhia de Comunicações Leve ) in Caçapava 12th Military Police Platoon ( 12º Pelotão de Polícia do Exército ) in Caçapava References [ edit ] ^ ".: Exército Brasileiro - Braço Forte, Mão Amiga" . Archived from

1190-721: Is understood by all. Almost 50% of the East Timorese are fluent in Portuguese. No data is available for Cape Verde, but almost all the population is bilingual, and the monolingual population speaks the Portuguese-based Cape Verdean Creole . Portuguese is mentioned in the Constitution of South Africa as one of the languages spoken by communities within the country for which the Pan South African Language Board

1260-636: Is usually listed as the fifth-most spoken native language , the third-most spoken European language in the world in terms of native speakers and the second-most spoken Romance language in the world, surpassed only by Spanish . Being the most widely spoken language in South America and the most-spoken language in the Southern Hemisphere , it is also the second-most spoken language, after Spanish, in Latin America , one of

1330-708: The Economic Community of West African States , the Southern African Development Community and the European Union . According to The World Factbook ' s country population estimates for 2018, the population of each of the ten jurisdictions is as follows (by descending order): The combined population of the entire Lusophone area was estimated at 300 million in January 2022. This number does not include

1400-806: The Red Cross (alongside English, German, Spanish, French, Arabic and Russian), Amnesty International (alongside 32 other languages of which English is the most used, followed by Spanish, French, German, and Italian), and Médecins sans Frontières (used alongside English, Spanish, French and Arabic), in addition to being the official legal language in the African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights , also in Community of Portuguese Language Countries , an international organization formed essentially by lusophone countries . Modern Standard European Portuguese ( português padrão or português continental )

1470-569: The Republic of the Congo , Senegal , Namibia , Eswatini , South Africa , Ivory Coast , and Mauritius . In 2017, a project was launched to introduce Portuguese as a school subject in Zimbabwe . Also, according to Portugal's Minister of Foreign Affairs, the language will be part of the school curriculum of a total of 32 countries by 2020. In such countries, Portuguese is spoken either as

SECTION 20

#1732787326629

1540-586: The West Iberian branch of the Romance languages , and it has special ties with the following members of this group: Portuguese and other Romance languages (namely French and Italian ) share considerable similarities in both vocabulary and grammar. Portuguese speakers will usually need some formal study before attaining strong comprehension in those Romance languages, and vice versa. However, Portuguese and Galician are fully mutually intelligible, and Spanish

1610-776: The pre-Roman inhabitants of Portugal , which included the Gallaeci , Lusitanians , Celtici and Cynetes . Most of these words derived from the Hispano-Celtic Gallaecian language of northwestern Iberia, and are very often shared with Galician since both languages have the same origin in the medieval language of Galician-Portuguese. A few of these words existed in Latin as loanwords from other Celtic sources, often Gaulish . Altogether these are over 3,000 words, verbs, toponymic names of towns, rivers, surnames, tools, lexicon linked to rural life and natural world. In

1680-510: The -s- form. Most of the lexicon of Portuguese is derived, directly or through other Romance languages, from Latin. Nevertheless, because of its original Lusitanian and Celtic Gallaecian heritage, and the later participation of Portugal in the Age of Discovery , it has a relevant number of words from the ancient Hispano-Celtic group and adopted loanwords from other languages around the world. A number of Portuguese words can still be traced to

1750-583: The 10 most influential languages in the world. When the Romans arrived in the Iberian Peninsula in 216 BC, they brought with them the Latin language , from which all Romance languages are descended. The language was spread by Roman soldiers, settlers, and merchants, who built Roman cities mostly near the settlements of previous Celtic civilizations established long before the Roman arrivals. For that reason,

1820-601: The 10 most spoken languages in Africa , and an official language of the European Union , Mercosul , the Organization of American States , the Economic Community of West African States , the African Union , and the Community of Portuguese Language Countries , an international organization made up of all of the world's officially Lusophone nations. In 1997, a comprehensive academic study ranked Portuguese as one of

1890-410: The 15th century, the Portuguese maritime explorations led to the introduction of many loanwords from Asian languages. For instance, catana (' cutlass ') from Japanese katana , chá ('tea') from Chinese chá , and canja ('chicken-soup, piece of cake') from Malay . From the 16th to the 19th centuries, because of the role of Portugal as intermediary in the Atlantic slave trade , and

1960-561: The 5th century, the Iberian Peninsula (the Roman Hispania ) was conquered by the Germanic , Suebi and Visigoths . As they adopted the Roman civilization and language, however, these people contributed with some 500 Germanic words to the lexicon. Many of these words are related to: The Germanic languages influence also exists in toponymic surnames and patronymic surnames borne by Visigoth sovereigns and their descendants, and it dwells on placenames such as Ermesinde , Esposende and Resende where sinde and sende are derived from

2030-440: The 9th and early 13th centuries, Portuguese acquired some 400 to 600 words from Arabic by influence of Moorish Iberia . They are often recognizable by the initial Arabic article a(l)- , and include common words such as aldeia ('village') from الضيعة aḍ-ḍayʿa , alface ('lettuce') from الخسة al-khassa , armazém ('warehouse') from المخزن al-makhzan , and azeite ('olive oil') from الزيت az-zayt . Starting in

2100-432: The 9th century until the 12th-century independence of the County of Portugal from the Kingdom of León , which had by then assumed reign over Galicia . In the first part of the Galician-Portuguese period (from the 12th to the 14th century), the language was increasingly used for documents and other written forms. For some time, it was the language of preference for lyric poetry in Christian Hispania , much as Occitan

2170-533: The Americas are independent languages. Portuguese, like Catalan , preserves the stressed vowels of Vulgar Latin which became diphthongs in most other Romance languages; cf. Port., Cat., Sard. pedra ; Fr. pierre , Sp. piedra , It. pietra , Ro. piatră , from Lat. petra ("stone"); or Port. fogo , Cat. foc , Sard. fogu ; Sp. fuego , It. fuoco , Fr. feu , Ro. foc , from Lat. focus ("fire"). Another characteristic of early Portuguese

Southeastern Military Command (Brazil) - Misplaced Pages Continue

2240-727: The Armed Forces Army High Command Navy Command Air Force Command History and traditions History Ranks Conscription Military bases National Defense Council Brazil and nuclear weapons General staff Army General Staff Navy General Staff Air Force General Staff Commands Aerospace Marine Corps Army Aviation Naval Aviation Submarine Force Military regions Amazon Eastern Northeastern Northern Planalto Southeastern Southern Western List of equipment Army Ships Aircraft Marine Corps Future Future of

2310-778: The Brazilian Armed Forces Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Southeastern_Military_Command_(Brazil)&oldid=1254941611 " Categories : Commands of the Brazilian Armed Forces Regional commands of the Brazilian Army Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Articles needing cleanup from June 2022 Articles with bare URLs for citations from June 2022 All articles with bare URLs for citations Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from June 2022 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Articles containing Portuguese-language text Portuguese language Portuguese ( endonym : português or língua portuguesa )

2380-480: The Germanic sinths ('military expedition') and in the case of Resende, the prefix re comes from Germanic reths ('council'). Other examples of Portuguese names, surnames and town names of Germanic toponymic origin include Henrique, Henriques , Vermoim, Mandim, Calquim, Baguim, Gemunde, Guetim, Sermonde and many more, are quite common mainly in the old Suebi and later Visigothic dominated regions, covering today's Northern half of Portugal and Galicia . Between

2450-407: The Lusophone diaspora , estimated at 10 million people (including 4.5 million Portuguese, 3 million Brazilians, although it is hard to obtain official accurate numbers of diasporic Portuguese speakers because a significant portion of these citizens are naturalized citizens born outside of Lusophone territory or are children of immigrants, and may have only a basic command of the language. Additionally,

2520-533: The Portuguese acronym CPLP) consists of the nine independent countries that have Portuguese as an official language : Angola , Brazil , Cape Verde , East Timor , Equatorial Guinea , Guinea-Bissau , Mozambique , Portugal and São Tomé and Príncipe . Equatorial Guinea made a formal application for full membership to the CPLP in June 2010, a status given only to states with Portuguese as an official language. Portuguese became its third official language (besides Spanish and French ) in 2011, and in July 2014,

2590-483: The Santomean, Mozambican, Bissau-Guinean, Angolan and Cape Verdean dialects, being exclusive to Africa. See Portuguese in Africa . Audio samples of some dialects and accents of Portuguese are available below. There are some differences between the areas but these are the best approximations possible. IPA transcriptions refer to the names in local pronunciation. Audio samples of some dialects and accents of Portuguese are available below. There are some differences between

2660-588: The areas but these are the best approximations possible. IPA transcriptions refer to the names in local pronunciation. Você , a pronoun meaning "you", is used for educated, formal, and colloquial respectful speech in most Portuguese-speaking regions. In a few Brazilian states such as Rio Grande do Sul , Pará, among others, você is virtually absent from the spoken language. Riograndense and European Portuguese normally distinguishes formal from informal speech by verbal conjugation. Informal speech employs tu followed by second person verbs, formal language retains

2730-400: The city, added that year, US$ 1.820 billion, equivalent to 0.14% in participation in the Brazilian GDP. Guarujá is twinned with: In telecommunications, the city was served by Companhia Telefônica Brasileira until 1973, when it began to be served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo . In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012. The company

2800-417: The country was accepted as a member of the CPLP. Portuguese is also one of the official languages of the Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China of Macau (alongside Chinese ) and of several international organizations, including Mercosul , the Organization of Ibero-American States , the Union of South American Nations , the Organization of American States , the African Union ,

2870-418: The country's most populous city, provides strong attractive real estate and tourism. Much of the region on the coast, the beaches near the center (mainly Asturias Pitangueiras, Enseada, and Tombo) are taken by buildings devoted to the seasonal population, who arrives mostly in summer. Tourism, therefore, is the most important component that moves the economy. The other part, relevant and non-seasonal, comes from

Southeastern Military Command (Brazil) - Misplaced Pages Continue

2940-467: The end of the 20th century, being most frequent among youngsters, and a number of studies have also shown an increase in its use in a number of other Brazilian dialects. Differences between dialects are mostly of accent and vocabulary , but between the Brazilian dialects and other dialects, especially in their most colloquial forms, there can also be some grammatical differences. The Portuguese-based creoles spoken in various parts of Africa, Asia, and

3010-577: The establishment of large Portuguese colonies in Angola, Mozambique, and Brazil, Portuguese acquired several words of African and Amerind origin, especially names for most of the animals and plants found in those territories. While those terms are mostly used in the former colonies, many became current in European Portuguese as well. From Kimbundu , for example, came kifumate > cafuné ('head caress') (Brazil), kusula > caçula ('youngest child') (Brazil), marimbondo ('tropical wasp') (Brazil), and kubungula > bungular ('to dance like

3080-414: The first Portuguese university in Lisbon (the Estudos Gerais , which later moved to Coimbra ) and decreed for Portuguese, then simply called the "common language", to be known as the Portuguese language and used officially. In the second period of Old Portuguese, in the 15th and 16th centuries, with the Portuguese discoveries , the language was taken to many regions of Africa, Asia, and the Americas . By

3150-501: The form of Latin during that time), which greatly enriched the lexicon. Most literate Portuguese speakers were also literate in Latin; and thus they easily adopted Latin words into their writing, and eventually speech, in Portuguese. Spanish author Miguel de Cervantes once called Portuguese "the sweet and gracious language", while the Brazilian poet Olavo Bilac described it as a última flor do Lácio, inculta e bela ("the last flower of Latium , naïve and beautiful"). Portuguese

3220-413: The formal você , followed by the third person conjugation. Conjugation of verbs in tu has three different forms in Brazil (verb "to see": tu viste? , in the traditional second person, tu viu? , in the third person, and tu visse? , in the innovative second person), the conjugation used in the Brazilian states of Pará, Santa Catarina and Maranhão being generally traditional second person,

3290-415: The formation of creole languages such as that called Kristang in many parts of Asia (from the word cristão , "Christian"). The language continued to be popular in parts of Asia until the 19th century. Some Portuguese-speaking Christian communities in India , Sri Lanka , Malaysia , and Indonesia preserved their language even after they were isolated from Portugal. The end of the Old Portuguese period

3360-406: The kind that is used in other Portuguese-speaking countries and learned in Brazilian schools. The predominance of Southeastern-based media products has established você as the pronoun of choice for the second person singular in both writing and multimedia communications. However, in the city of Rio de Janeiro, the country's main cultural center, the usage of tu has been expanding ever since

3430-435: The language has kept a relevant substratum of much older, Atlantic European Megalithic Culture and Celtic culture , part of the Hispano-Celtic group of ancient languages. In Latin, the Portuguese language is known as lusitana or (latina) lusitanica , after the Lusitanians , a pre-Celtic tribe that lived in the territory of present-day Portugal and Spain that adopted the Latin language as Roman settlers moved in. This

3500-436: The medieval language spoken in the northwestern medieval Kingdom of Galicia , which the County of Portugal once formed part of. This variety has been retrospectively named Galician-Portuguese , Old Portuguese, or Old Galician by linguists. It is in Latin administrative documents of the 9th century that written Galician-Portuguese words and phrases are first recorded. This phase is known as Proto-Portuguese, which lasted from

3570-496: The mid-16th century, Portuguese had become a lingua franca in Asia and Africa, used not only for colonial administration and trade but also for communication between local officials and Europeans of all nationalities. The Portuguese expanded across South America, across Africa to the Pacific Ocean, taking their language with them. Its spread was helped by mixed marriages between Portuguese and local people and by its association with Roman Catholic missionary efforts, which led to

SECTION 50

#1732787326629

3640-549: The minority Swiss Romansh language in many equivalent words such as maun ("hand"), bun ("good"), or chaun ("dog"). The Portuguese language is the only Romance language that preserves the clitic case mesoclisis : cf. dar-te-ei (I'll give thee), amar-te-ei (I'll love you), contactá-los-ei (I'll contact them). Like Galician , it also retains the Latin synthetic pluperfect tense: eu estivera (I had been), eu vivera (I had lived), vós vivêreis (you had lived). Romanian also has this tense, but uses

3710-1119: The most important languages when referring to loanwords. There are many examples such as: colchete / crochê ('bracket'/'crochet'), paletó ('jacket'), batom ('lipstick'), and filé / filete ('steak'/'slice'), rua ('street'), respectively, from French crochet , paletot , bâton , filet , rue ; and bife ('steak'), futebol , revólver , stock / estoque , folclore , from English "beef", "football", "revolver", "stock", "folklore." Examples from other European languages: macarrão ('pasta'), piloto ('pilot'), carroça ('carriage'), and barraca ('barrack'), from Italian maccherone , pilota , carrozza , and baracca ; melena ('hair lock'), fiambre ('wet-cured ham') (in Portugal, in contrast with presunto 'dry-cured ham' from Latin prae-exsuctus 'dehydrated') or ('canned ham') (in Brazil, in contrast with non-canned, wet-cured ( presunto cozido ) and dry-cured ( presunto cru )), or castelhano ('Castilian'), from Spanish melena ('mane'), fiambre and castellano. Portuguese belongs to

3780-462: The newspaper The Portugal News publishing data given from UNESCO, the highest potential for growth as an international language in southern Africa and South America . Portuguese is a globalized language spoken officially on five continents, and as a second language by millions worldwide. Since 1991, when Brazil signed into the economic community of Mercosul with other South American nations, namely Argentina , Uruguay and Paraguay , Portuguese

3850-498: The north of the country), Paraguay (10.7% or 636,000 people), Switzerland (550,000 in 2019, learning + mother tongue), Venezuela (554,000), and the United States (0.35% of the population or 1,228,126 speakers according to the 2007 American Community Survey ). In some parts of former Portuguese India , namely Goa and Daman and Diu , the language is still spoken by about 10,000 people. In 2014, an estimated 1,500 students were learning Portuguese in Goa. Approximately 2% of

3920-417: The number of Portuguese speakers is quickly increasing as Portuguese and Brazilian teachers are making great strides in teaching Portuguese in the schools all over the island. Additionally, there are many large Portuguese-speaking immigrant communities all over the world. According to estimates by UNESCO , Portuguese is the fastest-growing European language after English and the language has, according to

3990-432: The only language used in any contact, to only education, contact with local or international administration, commerce and services or the simple sight of road signs, public information and advertising in Portuguese. Portuguese is a mandatory subject in the school curriculum in Uruguay . Other countries where Portuguese is commonly taught in schools or where it has been introduced as an option include Venezuela , Zambia ,

4060-670: The original on 2008-12-17 . Retrieved 2008-12-14 . ^ "Home" . 2rm.eb.mil.br . ^ "Home" . cavex.eb.mil.br . ^ "Home" . 1bdaaaae.eb.mil.br . ^ http://www.2de.eb.mil.br/index.htm ^ "Home" . bdaamv.eb.mil.br . v t e Military of Brazil [REDACTED] Army [REDACTED] Navy [REDACTED] Air Force [REDACTED] Military Police [REDACTED] Military Firefighters Corps [REDACTED] National Public Security Force Leadership Presidency Ministry of Defence Joint Staff of

4130-410: The peninsula and over the next 300 years totally integrated into the local populations. Some Germanic words from that period are part of the Portuguese lexicon, together with place names, surnames, and first names. With the Umayyad conquest beginning in 711, Arabic became the administrative and common language in the conquered regions, but most of the remaining Christian population continued to speak

4200-457: The people of Macau, China are fluent speakers of Portuguese. Additionally, the language is being very actively studied in the Chinese school system right up to the doctorate level. The Kristang people in Malaysia speak Kristang , a Portuguese-Malay creole; however, the Portuguese language itself is not widely spoken in the country. The Community of Portuguese Language Countries (in Portuguese Comunidade dos Países de Língua Portuguesa , with

4270-400: The population of urban Angola speaks Portuguese natively, with approximately 85% fluent; these rates are lower in the countryside. Just over 50% (and rapidly increasing) of the population of Mozambique are native speakers of Portuguese, and 70% are fluent, according to the 2007 census. Portuguese is also spoken natively by 30% of the population in Guinea-Bissau, and a Portuguese-based creole

SECTION 60

#1732787326629

4340-406: The port (left bank of the Port of Santos) and related activities, such as transportation. Due to its proximity to Cubatao (largest industrial district in the country) and ports, there is also interest in industrial occupation in the region, started in 1976 by Dow Chemical, still the only major industry to occupy the region. According to the IBGE of 2006 the production of wealth in the service area in

4410-484: The result of expansion during colonial times, a cultural presence of Portuguese speakers is also found around the world. Portuguese is part of the Ibero-Romance group that evolved from several dialects of Vulgar Latin in the medieval Kingdom of Galicia and the County of Portugal , and has kept some Celtic phonology. With approximately 236 million native speakers and 27 million second language speakers, Portuguese has approximately 263.8 million total speakers. It

4480-443: The world. Portuguese, being a language spread on all continents, has official status in several international organizations. It is one of twenty official languages of the European Union , an official language of NATO, the Organization of American States (alongside Spanish, French and English), and one of eighteen official languages of the European Space Agency . Portuguese is a working language in nonprofit organisations such as

4550-470: The world. The museum is the first of its kind in the world. In 2015 the museum was partially destroyed in a fire, but restored and reopened in 2020. Portuguese is spoken by approximately 200 million people in South America, 30 million in Africa, 15 million in Europe, 5 million in North America and 0.33 million in Asia and Oceania. It is the native language of the vast majority of the people in Portugal, Brazil and São Tomé and Príncipe (95%). Around 75% of

4620-424: Was charged with promoting and ensuring respect. There are also significant Portuguese-speaking immigrant communities in many territories including Andorra (17.1%), Bermuda , Canada (400,275 people in the 2006 census), France (1,625,000 people), Japan (400,000 people), Jersey , Luxembourg (about 25% of the population as of 2021), Namibia (about 4–5% of the population, mainly refugees from Angola in

4690-411: Was marked by the publication of the Cancioneiro Geral by Garcia de Resende , in 1516. The early times of Modern Portuguese, which spans the period from the 16th century to the present day, were characterized by an increase in the number of learned words borrowed from Classical Latin and Classical Greek because of the Renaissance (learned words borrowed from Latin also came from Renaissance Latin ,

4760-501: Was the language of the poetry of the troubadours in France. The Occitan digraphs lh and nh , used in its classical orthography, were adopted by the orthography of Portuguese , presumably by Gerald of Braga , a monk from Moissac , who became bishop of Braga in Portugal in 1047, playing a major role in modernizing written Portuguese using classical Occitan norms. Portugal became an independent kingdom in 1139, under King Afonso I of Portugal . In 1290, King Denis of Portugal created

4830-585: Was the loss of intervocalic l and n , sometimes followed by the merger of the two surrounding vowels, or by the insertion of an epenthetic vowel between them: cf. Lat. salire ("to exit"), tenere ("to have"), catena ("jail"), Port. sair , ter , cadeia . When the elided consonant was n , it often nasalized the preceding vowel: cf. Lat. manum ("hand"), ranam ("frog"), bonum ("good"), Old Portuguese mão , rãa , bõo (Portuguese: mão , rã , bom ). This process

4900-462: Was the source of most of the language's distinctive nasal diphthongs. In particular, the Latin endings -anem , -anum and -onem became -ão in most cases, cf. Lat. canis ("dog"), germanus ("brother"), ratio ("reason") with Modern Port. cão , irmão , razão , and their plurals -anes , -anos , -ones normally became -ães , -ãos , -ões , cf. cães , irmãos , razões . This also occurs in

#628371