Secession is the formal withdrawal of a group from a political entity . The process begins once a group proclaims an act of secession (such as a declaration of independence ). A secession attempt might be violent or peaceful, but the goal is the creation of a new state or entity independent of the group or territory from which it seceded. Threats of secession can be a strategy for achieving more limited goals.
183-725: Samaikya Andhra Movement (United Andhra Movement) was a movement organized to keep the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh united, and to prevent the division of the state - separating the Telangana districts of the state into a separate Telangana state. The movement was supported by government employees, advocates in Coastal Andhra & Rayalaseema regions along with students from 14 universities, various occupational, caste & religious groups of Coastal Andhra & Rayalaseema regions. The last set of protests were triggered after
366-645: A 1933 referendum for secession from the Federation of Australia passed with a two-thirds majority. The referendum had to be ratified by the British Parliament , which declined to act, on the grounds that it would contravene the Australian Constitution . The Principality of Hutt River claimed to have seceded from Australia in 1970, although its status was not recognised by Australia or any other country. After being liberated by
549-815: A Bangabhumi /separate homeland for Bengali Hindus in the People's Republic of Bangladesh . The group is led by Kalidas Baidya. The Shanti Bahini ( Bengali : শান্তি বাহিনী , "Peace Force") is the name of the military wing of the Parbatya Chattagram Jana Sanghati Samiti - the United People's Party of the Chittagong Hill Tracts aims are to create an indigenous Buddhist orientated Chacomas state within SE Bangladesh . On August 25, 1830, during
732-526: A sovereign kingdom and acquired neighbouring estates with the support of British. Later it fell out with the British and, as a result, was attacked and defeated in the battle of Padmanabham in 1794. It was annexed as a tributary estate like other principalities and remained so until it acceded to the Indian Union in 1949. Following the annexation of Carnatic sultanate in 1801, the last major piece of
915-438: A 4.5 metres (15 ft) long, white rectangular piece of non-stitched cloth often bordered in brightly coloured stripes. Women traditionally wear a sari , a garment that consists of a drape varying from 5 to 9 yards (4.6 to 8.2 m) in length and 2 to 4 feet (0.61 to 1.22 m) in breadth that is typically wrapped around the waist, with one end draped over the shoulder, baring the midriff, as according to Indian philosophy,
1098-803: A case that the moral status of the seceding state is unrelated to the issue of secession itself. Some theories of secession emphasize a general right of secession for any reason ("Choice Theory") while others emphasize that secession should be considered only to rectify grave injustices ("Just Cause Theory"). Some theories do both. A list of justifications may be presented supporting the right to secede, as described by Allen Buchanan, Robert McGee, Anthony Birch , Jane Jacobs , Frances Kendall and Leon Louw , Leopold Kohr , Kirkpatrick Sale , Donald W. Livingston and various authors in David Gordon's "Secession, State and Liberty", includes: Political scientist Aleksander Pavkovic describes five justifications for
1281-552: A clear majority of the province and a constitutional amendment confirmed by all participants in the Canadian federation could allow secession. The European Union is not a sovereign state but an association of sovereign states formed by treaty; as such, leaving it, which is possible by simply denouncing the treaty, is not secession. Nonetheless, the 2003 draft of the European Union Constitution allowed for
1464-447: A combination of groundnuts , fried vegetables, and chillies, is a must in a meal. Pickles made using mangoes, gooseberries, lemons, etc. are enjoyed in combination with Pappu . Buttermilk and yoghurt mixed with rice eaten towards the end of the meal soothe the body, especially after eating spicy food items earlier. A tamarind-rich dish popularly known as Pulihora is made with a thick sauce of tamarind, chillies, salt and asafoetida. It
1647-421: A consensus is reached by all parties and groups in the state. Samaikyandhra movement proponents continued the movement demanding a clear stand from the central government that the state will remain united and will not be divided. On 3 February 2010, the government announced a five-member committee headed by former Supreme Court judge Justice Srikrishna to look into the issue. It also announced Terms of Reference to
1830-490: A focus on sex, suspense and violence, which were serialised in magazines. Viswanatha Satyanarayana was conferred the first Jnanpith Award for Telugu literature in 1970. Telugu film song as literature took shape in the 1930s. Some of the famous lyric writers include Samudrala Senior , Arudra , Athreya , Daasarathi , and C. Narayana Reddy . Traditional temple architecture is influenced by Dravidian and Vijayanagara styles. In Dravidian architecture for which Tirumala temple
2013-645: A general right of secession within liberal political theory: Allen Buchanan, who supports secession under limited circumstances, lists arguments that might be used against secession: Secession theorists have described a number of ways in which a political entity (city, county, canton, state) can secede from the larger or original state: Most sovereign states do not recognize the right to self-determination through secession in their constitutions. Many expressly forbid it. However, there are several existing models of self-determination through greater autonomy and through secession. In liberal constitutional democracies
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#17327838788832196-876: A group of people named Andhras left North India off the banks of the Yamuna and settled in South India. The Satavahanas , the earliest kings who ruled this region were mentioned by the names Andhra , Andhrara-jateeya , and Andhrabhrtya in the Puranic literature . "Andhra" is both a tribal and territorial name. Excavated stone tools from Hanumanthunipadu in Prakasam district were dated to be 2.47 lakh (247,000) years old ( Middle Paleolithic ). This finding means that these tools were developed by archaic hominins (pre-humans) as such tools were thought to be used by modern man migrating out of Africa about 2.10 lakh years ago. In
2379-535: A large number of meetings in various districts to exert pressure against dividing the state. A large number of activists from the Samaikyandhra JAC took out a rally at Dharmavaram in Anantapur district. In a related development, Union minister of state for Railways Kotla Jayasurya Prakasha Reddy met Digvijay Singh and represented to him that state should be kept united. In Visakhapatnam , activists of
2562-621: A massive rally and formed a human chain at the busy town club circle while advocates decided to boycott their duties. In a meeting jointly convened by SAPS and Sri Venkateswara University Teachers Association (SVUTA) intellectuals strongly opposed the state bifurcation saying that they have already sacrificed two state capital cities Chennai and Kurnool during the formation of Andhra State and Andhra Pradesh State respectively and that they are not ready to sacrifice another capital city Hyderabad. In Delhi , activist peacefully stood outside Digvijaya Singh 's residence with posters carrying message of unity
2745-466: A meeting organised by local Congress MP Vundavalli Aruna Kumar and attended by 11 ministers resolved to urge the Union Government not to bifurcate the state. Vundavalli remarked that "The youngsters who died during Telangana agitation are also our children and we are not interested to see their sacrifices. We don’t allow KCR to continue his cheap gimmicks for political mileage". He said that
2928-562: A military crackdown, including cutting the internet in the English-speaking regions. In response, the people of Southern Cameroon declared on October 1, 2017, the restoration of their UN state of Southern Cameroons, which they called the " Federal Republic of Ambazonia ". Throughout Canada's history, there has been tension between English-speaking and French-speaking Canadians . Under the Constitutional Act of 1791 ,
3111-586: A month beforehand, tensions had escalated into open warfare between separatists and the Cameroon Armed Forces . The conflict, known as the "Anglophone Crisis", is deeply rooted in the October 1, 1961 incomplete decolonization of the former British Southern Cameroons (UNGA Resolution 1608). On January 1, 1960, French Cameroon was granted independence from France as the Republic of Cameroon and
3294-610: A part of China but rather an occupied country, so it does not view independence from China as "secession" but rather "decolonization". The Special Administrative Region of Hong Kong has a secessionist movement in the city that the Chinese Communist Party has placed on the national security agenda in 2017 which is called the Hong Kong independence movement . In 1960, the State of Katanga declared independence from
3477-518: A prominent feature. They are topped by the kalasam , a bulbous stone finial . Vimanam are similar structures built over the garbhagriha or inner sanctum of the temple but are usually smaller than the gopurams. In the Vijayanagar style for which Lepakshi Veerabhadra temple is an example, the main temple is laid out in three parts, these are: The assembly hall known as the mukha mantapa ; arda mantapa or antarala (ante chamber); and
3660-751: A protest rally carrying placards asking the Central government to maintain status quo in the state. On 25 January, Students and teachers of unaided schools and colleges took out rallies in Kadapa and Anantapur demanding a categorical announcement from the central government that the state will not be bifurcated. They also laid siege to Hindupur MP Nimmala Kistappa and demanded his resignation. Advocates staged protested at Kurnool and Anantapur by boycotting courts. Members of Kurnool Bar Association and Anantapur Bar Associations took out rallies in protest against proposals of separate Telangana state. In Rajahmundry ,
3843-440: A range of different forms of indigenous sovereignty and have the right of self-determination , but under current understanding of international law they have a mere "remedial" right to secession in extreme cases of abuse of their rights, because independence and sovereign statehood is a territorial and diplomatic claim and not one of self-determination and self-government , respectively, generally leaving rights to secession to
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#17327838788834026-485: A relay hunger strike. Another Congress leader who was fasting was also forcibly taken to hospital. At Sri Venkateswara University , actor Mohan Babu sat on a day-long fast in the campus expressing solidarity with the students who were already on a hunger strike. On 23 December, keeping in view the reactions of people of other regions, the Government of India announced that no action on Telangana will be taken until
4209-467: A resolution asking the Centre to keep Andhra Pradesh integrated and warned of serious consequences if the Centre decides in favour of the formation of Telangana . The speakers said that the people of Rayalaseema have made several sacrifices for the formation of Andhra Pradesh, and that they had even compromised on the state capital being shifted to Hyderabad from Kurnool. On 1 November, the formation day of
4392-459: A revenue of ₹7,345 crore from 2.574 million transactions for registration services. Visakhapatnam, Vijayawada, Guntur, and Tirupati are the top contributors to the revenue. The government's total expenditure was ₹1,91,594 crore, which includes debt repayment of ₹13,920 crore. The fiscal deficit was 2.1% of the GSDP. Outstanding debt was ₹3.89 lakh crore, an increase of almost ₹40,000 crore compared to
4575-531: A rise of 43.66% with a case count of 25,503 cases in Andhra Pradesh as per the National crime records bureau (NCRB) data. The state stood fifth in the country with 2,341 cybercrime cases. Andhra Pradesh High Court at Amaravati is headed by Chief justice with 37 judges. District judiciary is organised in a three-tier system with district courts at the top, civil (senior) and assistant sessions courts in
4758-527: A roadmap, keeping both options open, that could help lead to a decision. Amidst reports of the central government reportedly moving towards a decision on the Telangana issue, 4 MLAs & 2 MLCs belonging to the Congress, YSR Congress Party (YSRCP) & TDP tendered token resignations to protest against division of the state. SVJAC activists also submitted a representation to Digvijaya Singh not to divide
4941-425: A share of 35% in total sea food exports of India in 2022–23. The state has three agricultural export zones: the undivided Chittoor district for mango pulp and vegetables, the undivided Krishna district for mangoes, and the undivided Guntur district for chillies . Banaganapalle mangoes produced in the state were accorded GI status in 2017. Rythu Seva Kendras (RSK) or farmer facilitation centres are initiated by
5124-531: A share of 35% in total seafood exports of India. Sriharikota Range at the barrier island of Sriharikota in Tirupati district, is the primary satellite launching station of India. Amaravati School of Art , a major ancient Indian art style that influenced South Indian, Sri Lankan , and Southeast Asian art arose from this state. Kuchipudi , one of India's classical dances originated in the state. Several renowned Carnatic music composers trace their origins to
5307-460: A siege to the house of Congress MLA B.N.Vijaykumar demanding his resignation for the cause of united Andhra Pradesh. Ahead of the 12 July meeting of Congress core committee, which is expected to discuss the vexed Telangana state formation issue, the students insisted that the legislator put in his papers to put pressure on the Centre to avert the division of the state at any cost. In Srikakulam , activists conducted rallies and formed human chains in
5490-551: A single fish of the Godavari Pulasa variety is most desired in Konaseema. Ariselu , Burelu , Laddu , and Pootharekulu are some of the sweets made for special festivals and occasions. Pootharekulu , a preparation of sugar and rice flour and Taandri , a mango-flavoured sun-dried fruit jelly are popular sweets originating from Athreyapuram in Konaseema. Kakinada Khaaja layered flour deep fried and dipped in sugar
5673-469: A united Andhra. SAPS state president GA Narayana Rao alleged that the two leaders were neither lobbying for united Andhra in Delhi with the Congress high command nor were they meeting with Seemandhra leaders to express their support to the cause. A group of activists also burnt an effigy of the state government at Andhra University even as another group of activists conducted a meeting of intellectuals supporting
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5856-570: A varied collection of ancient sculptures, paintings, idols, weapons, cutlery, inscriptions, and religious artefacts. The Amaravathi archaeological museum has a display of art traditions of Amaravathi and images of Buddha. Bapu museum in Vijayawada has historical galleries, stone cut writings, coins, swords, body armour, shields, arms, and ornamentation. Telugu Samskruthika Niketanam in Visakhapatnam displays historical artefacts of
6039-470: Is a state on the east coast of southern India . It is the seventh-largest state and the tenth-most populous in the country. Telugu , one of India's classical languages , is the primary official language and the most widely spoken language in state and as well as in South India . Amaravati is the state capital, while the largest city is Visakhapatnam . The state shares borders with Odisha to
6222-455: Is an example, the temples consisted of porches or mantapas preceding the door leading to the sanctum, gate-pyramids or gopurams in quadrangular enclosures that surround the temple, and pillared halls used for many purposes. Besides these, the temple usually has a tank called the Kalyani or pushkarni . The gopuram is a monumental tower, usually ornate at the entrance of the temple forms
6405-479: Is another popular sweetmeat. Bandar laddu , Tirupati Laddu are some of the food products with GI status. Nannayya , Tikkana , and Yerrapragada form the trinity who translated the Sanskrit epic Mahabharata into Telugu during 11–14 centuries. Nannayya wrote the first treatise on Telugu grammar, called Andhra Shabda Chintamani in Sanskrit. Pothana translated Bhagavatam into Telugu. Vemana
6588-521: Is celebrated at Bara Shaheed Dargah in Nellore with participation across religious lines. Christians celebrate their religious festivals Good Friday, Easter and Christmas with processions and prayers. There are a total of 175 assembly constituencies in the state legislative assembly. The legislative council is the upper house with 58 members. In the Indian parliament , the state has 25 seats in
6771-510: Is celebrated for four days in the second week of January. The first day of the Telugu new year Ugadi which occurs during March/April is also a special festival with the preparation and sharing of pickles ( pachhadi ) made from raw mangoes, neem flowers, pepper powder, jaggery and tamarind. Tasting this pickle which is a mix of different tastes teaches the importance of taking positive/negative life experiences in one's stride. Celebrations end with
6954-457: Is common in Andhra food. Curry leaves are used copiously in most preparations of curries and chutneys. Various types of Pappu are made using lentils in combination with tomatoes , spinach , gongura, ridge gourd , etc. Apart from curries, pulusu , a stew made using tamarind juice in combination with vegetables, seafood, chicken, mutton, etc., is popular. Pachchadi , a paste usually made with
7137-528: Is considered the greatest play in the Telugu language. The Telugu film industry (known as " Tollywood ") is primarily based in Hyderabad, though several films are shot in Vizag. About 300 films are produced annually, C. Pullaiah is cited as the father of the Telugu cinema. Film producer D. Ramanaidu holds a Guinness record for the most films produced by a person. Music composers and playback singers of
7320-538: Is from October to February. Low-pressure systems and tropical cyclones form in the Bay of Bengal along with the northeast monsoon during October to December, bringing rains to the southern and coastal regions of the state. The range of winter temperatures is generally 30 to 35 °C (86 to 95 °F) except in the northeast where it could fall below 15 °C (59 °F). Lambasingi in Visakhapatnam district
7503-536: Is further divided into 26 districts. These districts are made up of 76 revenue divisions , 679 mandals and 13,324 village panchayats as part of the administrative organisation. There are 123 urban local bodies , comprising 17 municipal corporations , 79 municipalities , and 27 nagar panchayats, in the state. The urban population is 14.9 million (1.49 crores) as per the 2011 census. There are two cities with more than one million inhabitants, namely Visakhapatnam and Vijayawada . For 2021–22, total receipts of
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7686-499: Is nicknamed the "Kashmir of Andhra Pradesh" as its temperature ranges from 0 to 10 °C (32 to 50 °F). The normal rainfall for the state is 966 mm (38.0 in). Based on the 2011 Census of India , the population of Andhra Pradesh is 49,577,103, with a density of 304/km (790/sq mi). The rural population accounts for 70.53%, while the urban population accounts for 29.47%. The state has 17.08% scheduled caste (SC) and 5.53% scheduled tribe (ST) population. Children in
7869-566: Is on the upstream of Krishna & Godavari rivers. Farmers & water-users associations express fear that division of the state would render upland areas in Krishna delta into a desert and force farmers to migrate as daily wage earners. According to water experts, the Polavaram Project could take up to 15 years for completion and due to the state division its reservoir would be located in Telangana region which could further intensify
8052-611: Is rich in biodiversity and Gandikota gorge . Gandikota gorge is a canyon formed between the Erramala range of hills, through which the Penna (Pennar) river flows. Borra Caves , created millions of years ago by water activity and the country's second-longest cave system, the Belum Caves are in the state. The state has several beaches in its coastal districts, such as Rushikonda , Mypadu , Suryalanka . The total forest cover of
8235-540: Is strength and many like that. On 11 July the state chief minister, deputy chief minister and state party president presented their views in the Congress core committee meeting, post which it was announced that a decision will be taken by the Congress Working Committee . Secession Notable examples of secession, and secession attempts, include: There is no consensus on the definition of political secession despite many political theories on
8418-919: Is tempered with mustard, curry leaves, peanuts and mixed with rice. It is offered even to the gods and then served as a prasadam (divine offering) in the temples to the devotees. Popular vegetarian curries include Dondakaya koora (ivy gourd cooked with coconut and green chilli) and Guttivankaya koora (stuffed brinjal curry). Thalakaya koora (lamb head gravy), Royyala koora (prawns cooked in tamarind), and Natukodi koora (freehold chicken curry with chillies) are popular non-vegetarian dishes across Guntur and surrounding regions. Yeta mamsam kobbari biryani (mutton cooked with coconut), Seema kodi (Rayalaseema-style chicken), Chennuru dum biryani , and Gongura mamsam (mutton cooked in sorrel gravy) are popular non-vegetarian dishes in Rayalaseema. Among fish preparations, Pulasa pulusu , thick aromatic and tangy gravy made from
8601-679: Is the state tree, jasmine is the state flower, rose ringed parakeet is the state bird, and blackbuck is the state mammal. The state, with its varied geological formations, contains a variety of industrial minerals and building stones. Major minerals found in significant quantities in the state include beach sand , bauxite , limestone , granite , and diamonds . Minor minerals include barytes , calcite , and mica . The largest reserves of uranium are in Tummalapalli village of YSR district. The state also has reserves of oil and natural gas . The climate varies considerably, depending on
8784-576: The Lok Sabha and 11 seats in the Rajya Sabha . In accordance with the Constitution of India , the governor is a state's de jure head and appoints the chief minister who has the de facto executive authority. Reddy, Kamma and Kapu communities cornered a share of 66% of seats in the 2019 election results. In the 2024 assembly elections , Reddy, Kamma and Kapu communities among
8967-489: The garbhagriha or the sanctum sanctorum. Sri Venkateswara institute of traditional sculpture and architecture, run by Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams offers diploma courses. Civic architecture which mainly featured courtyard structure to support joint family system and simple round houses is giving way to modern apartments. Kondapalli Toys , the soft limestone idol carvings of Durgi and Etikoppaka lacquered wooden toys are few handicrafts with GI status. Kuchipudi ,
9150-477: The 2019 elections , Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy , leader of the YSR Congress Party , became the chief minister by winning 151 out of 175 seats. He introduced the 'village and ward volunteers' system, and reorganised the state with 26 districts. Introduction of English as the medium of instruction was done in almost all the state schools. The move to three capitals with Amaravati getting reduced to being
9333-537: The Coastal Andhra and Rayalaseema will be denied many education and employment opportunities, especially from Hyderabad. Medical students also fear that since 85 per cent of super specialty course seats were allotted to colleges in Telangana, students from other regions may not be able to pursue important PG courses like cardiology. Water: Division of the state, they argue, would also result in water problems in Coastal Andhra & Rayalaseema since Telangana
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#17327838788839516-655: The Commonwealth of Australia only upon vote of a majority of the country as a whole; the previous two-thirds majority vote for secession via referendum in Western Australia was insufficient. The Chinese Communist Party followed the Soviet Union in including the right of secession in its 1931 constitution in order to entice ethnic nationalities and Tibet into joining. However, the Party eliminated
9699-411: The Congress Working Committee decision to divide the state came to an end after President of India gave nod to Telangana Bill which would make the latter to come into existence from 2 June 2014. The movement took shape on 9 December 2009, when as a result of an 11-day fast by Telangana Rashtra Samithi (TRS) president K Chandrashekar Rao (KCR), Union Home Minister P. Chidambaram announced that
9882-836: The Democratic Republic of the Congo . United Nations troops crushed it in Operation Grand Slam . In 1974, Greek irredentists launched a coup d'état in Cyprus , in an attempt to annex the island with Greece . Almost immediately, the Turkish Army invaded northern Cyprus to protect the interests of the ethnic Turkish minority , who in the following year formed the Turkish Federated State of Cyprus and in 1983 declared independence as
10065-535: The Godavari and Krishna river deltas and were famous for their military strength which was second only to Mauryans in all of India . Archaeological evidence from places such as Bhattiprolu , Amaravathi , and Dharanikota suggests that the Andhra region was part of the Mauryan empire . After the death of Emperor Ashoka , Mauryan rule weakened around 200 BCE and was replaced by several smaller kingdoms in
10248-491: The Hyderabad State with Hyderabad as the capital on 1 November 1956. Hyderabad grew rapidly partly through investments flowing in from agrarian change and 'green revolution' in coastal Andhra. In the unified state, Indian National Congress (INC) enjoyed a monopoly in ruling the state till 1983. After that Telugu Desam Party (TDP) led by N. T. Rama Rao (NTR) came to power and became another major party to rule
10431-571: The International Monetary Fund , World Bank , and the United Nations . Alberto Alesina and Enrico Spolaore argue that greater levels of free trade and peace have reduced the benefits of being part of a larger state, thus motivating nations within larger states to seek secession. Woodrow Wilson 's proclamations on self-determination in 1918 created a surge in secessionist demands. The political philosophy of
10614-576: The Province of Quebec (including parts of what are today Quebec , Ontario and Newfoundland and Labrador ) was divided in two: Lower Canada (which retained French law and institutions and is now part of the provinces of Quebec and Newfoundland and Labrador ) and Upper Canada (a new colony intended to accommodate the many new English-speaking settlers, including the United Empire Loyalists , and now part of Ontario ). The intent
10797-619: The Quebec sovereignty movement in the latter half of the 20th century. Other occasional secessionist movements have included anti-Confederation movements in the 19th century Atlantic Canada (see Anti-Confederation Party ), the North-West Rebellion of 1885, and various small separatist movements in Alberta particularly (see Alberta separatism ) and Western Canada generally (see, for example, Western Canada Concept ). After
10980-564: The Red Army and the U.S. Army , Austria seceded from Nazi Germany on April 27, 1945. This took place after seven years under Nazi rule , which began with the annexation of Austria into Nazi Germany in March 1938. The secession only took place once Nazi Germany had been defeated by the Allies. The Banga Sena ( Bangabhumi ) is a separatist Hindu organisation, which supports the making of
11163-621: The Roman Empire . After that, the major rulers included the Vishnukundinas , Eastern Chalukyas , Kakatiyas , Vijayanagara Empire , Qutb Shahis , and the British Raj . After Indian independence, Andhra State was bifurcated from Madras state in 1953. It was merged with Telangana, comprising Telugu-speaking areas of the former Hyderabad state, to form Andhra Pradesh in 1956. It reverted to its earlier form on 2 June 2014, when
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#173278387888311346-699: The Treaty of Lisbon entered into force on 1 December 2009, no provision in the treaties or law of the European Union outlined the ability of a state to voluntarily withdraw from the EU. The European Constitution did propose such a provision and, after the failure to ratify the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe , that provision was then included in the Lisbon Treaty. The treaty introduced an exit clause for members who wish to withdraw from
11529-416: The Treaty on European Union included Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union , establishing a mechanism for withdrawal from the EU. As a result of the successful constitutional referendum held in 2003, every municipality in the Principality of Liechtenstein has the right to secede from the Principality by a vote of a majority of the citizens residing in that municipality. Indigenous peoples have
11712-419: The Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus , recognized only by Turkey . The Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste (also known as East Timor) has been described as having "seceded" from Indonesia . After Portuguese sovereignty was terminated in 1975, East Timor was occupied by Indonesia . However, the United Nations and the International Court of Justice refused to recognize this incorporation. Therefore,
11895-414: The United Provinces , which led to a stagnated war between both, as they were both weakened, lacking manpower and politically fragile. The peace treaty accepted Uruguay 's independence, reasserted the rule of both nations over their land and some important points like free navigation in the Silver River. Three rather disorganized secessionist rebellions happened in Grão-Pará , Bahia, and Maranhão, where
12078-490: The tentative list of the UNESCO World Heritage committee . Following the defeat of the Vijayanagara Empire, the Qutb Shahi dynasty held sway over most of present-day general Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. Later, this region came under the rule of the Mughal Empire. Chin Qilich Khan who was initially appointed as viceroy of Deccan by the Mughal in 1713, established himself as a semi-independent ruler as Nizam of Hyderabad . In 1765, British Lord Robert Clive obtained from
12261-403: The voluntary withdrawal of member states from the union , although the representatives of the member-state which wanted to leave could not participate in the withdrawal discussions of the European Council or of the Council of Ministers. There was much discussion about such self-determination by minorities before the final document underwent the unsuccessful ratification process in 2005. In 2007
12444-433: The " Union of Myanmar "). Burma still allows "local autonomy under central leadership". As of 1996, the constitutions of Austria , Ethiopia , France , and Saint Kitts and Nevis have express or implied rights to secession. Switzerland allows for the secession from current and the creation of new cantons . In the case of proposed Quebec separation from Canada , the Supreme Court of Canada in 1998 ruled that only both
12627-516: The 1823 collapse of the First Mexican Empire , the former Captaincy-General of Guatemala was organized into a new Federal Republic of Central America . In 1838, Nicaragua seceded. The Federal Republic was formally dissolved in 1840, all but one of the states having seceded amidst general disorder. Taiwan has long sought sovereignty from mainland China. It maintains its own currency and military, despite no longer being recognized internationally. The Anti-Secession Law , passed in 2005, formalized
12810-455: The 1860s and 1890s, and in North Queensland (with Bowen as a potential colonial capital) in the 1870s. Other secession (or territorial separation) movements arose and these advocated the secession of New England in northern central New South Wales , Deniliquin in the Riverina district also in NSW, and Mount Gambier in the eastern part of South Australia . Secession movements have surfaced several times in Western Australia (WA), where
12993-430: The 19th century, the single British colony in eastern mainland Australia, New South Wales (NSW) was progressively divided up by the British government as new settlements were formed and spread. Victoria (Vic) was formed in 1851 and Queensland (Qld) in 1859. However, settlers agitated to divide the colonies throughout the later part of the century; particularly in central Queensland (centered in Rockhampton ) in
13176-518: The 3rd century CE. It had trade relations with the Roman Empire. The Satavahanas made Dhanyakataka-Amaravathi their capital. According to historian Stanley Wolpert , it might have been the most prosperous city in India in 2nd century CE. Nagarjuna , the philosopher of Mahayana , lived in this region. Mahayana spread to China, Japan, and Korea. It became the largest Buddhist denomination in
13359-410: The Andhra Pradesh government were ₹ 2.05 lakh crore (US$ 25 billion), inclusive of ₹ 53,284 crore (US$ 6.4 billion) of loans. States' tax revenue was ₹ 70,979 crore (US$ 8.5 billion). The top three sources of tax revenue are statedcrores goods and services tax (GST) (₹23,809 crore), sales tax/value added tax (VAT) (₹20,808 crores), and state excise (₹14,703 crores). The government earned
13542-404: The Andhra region between Godavari and Krishna rivers with their capital at Vengi (modern Pedavegi ) around 300 CE. Telugu Cholas ruled present-day Kadapa region from the six to the thirteenth centuries intermittently. Kallamalla sasanam (law), engraved in 575 CE during the rule of Dhanamjaya, is the earliest completely Telugu inscription. The Vishnukundinas was the first dynasty in
13725-523: The Andhra region. One of the earliest examples of the Brahmi script, from Bhattiprolu was used on an urn containing the relics of Buddha. This is considered as the rosetta stone for decipherment of Tamil Brahmi. Kadamba script, derived from Bhattiprolu Brahmi later led to the evolution of Telugu and Kannada scripts. The Satavahana dynasty dominated the Deccan Plateau from the 1st century BCE to
13908-851: The Andhras occurs in Aitareya Brahmana ( c. 800 BCE ) of the Rigveda . Around 300 BCE, the Andhras living in the Godavari and Krishna river deltas were renowned for their formidable military strength—second only to the Maurya Empire in the subcontinent. The first major Andhra polity was the Satavahana dynasty (2nd century BCE–2nd century CE) which ruled over the entire Deccan Plateau and even distant areas of western and central India. They established trade relations with
14091-568: The Bay of Bengal, with variable width. These are, for the most part, delta regions formed by the Krishna , Godavari , and Penna rivers. The state has five different soil types with the majority soil types being red lateritic and black soil types. Most of the coastal plains are put to intensive agricultural use. The Kadapa basin, formed by two arching branches of the Eastern ghats, is a mineral-rich area. The valleys include Araku Valley , which
14274-644: The British raj, that irrigated lacs of acres across coastal districts. Buckingham Canal built during 1806–1878, running parallel to the Coramandal coast from Kakinada to Marakkanam in Tamil Nadu served as a major water transportation route for goods till the 1960s. Telegraph service initiated in 1850 served for over 160 years till it was stopped on 15 July 2013 citing poor patronage due to advances in mobile communications and short message service. Charles Philip Brown did pioneering work in transforming Telugu to
14457-465: The Centre to come out with a clear-cut announcement for keeping the State united. Any delay, according to them, was affecting the development in the State and the future of youth and others sections of rayalaseema and coastal area people. On 22 January, 4,673 active advocates practising in the 38 courts across Visakhapatnam district abstained from work as per the call given by the bar association took out
14640-439: The Congress went on one day hunger strikes extending their support to the cause. Students, workers, lawyers & various organizations in the regions launched agitations and peaceful demonstrations (dharnas) demanding that the state be kept united. MPs from these regions also submitted their resignations in protest seeking a reversal of the home minister's statement. Two activists also allegedly committed suicide in protest against
14823-665: The Cumbum tank, Mopad tank, and Koregal anicut, Vallabhapur anicut across the Tungabhadra River. The empire's patronage enabled fine arts and literature to reach new heights in Kannada, Telugu, Tamil, and Sanskrit, while Carnatic music evolved into its current form. The Lepakshi group of monuments built during this period have mural paintings of the Vijayanagara kings, Dravidian art, and inscriptions. These are put on
15006-673: The Dutch West India Company and tried to secede from the Portuguese and Brazilian Empires. In each attempt, the rebels were crushed, the leaders shot and their territory divided. Nevertheless, they kept revolting until Pernambuco's territory was a little fraction of what it was before. In the Ragamuffin War , the Province of Rio Grande do Sul was undergoing a (at that time common) liberal vs conservative "cold" war. After Emperor Pedro II of Brazil favoured
15189-539: The Empire agreed to aid Santa Catarina's economy by taxing Argentina 's products (like dry meat), the rebels reunited with the Empire and joined its military ranks. In modern times, the South Region of Brazil has been the centre of a secessionist movement led by an organization called The South is My Country since the 1990s. Reasons cited for Southern Brazil's secession movement are taxation, due to it being one of
15372-528: The European Union on January 31, 2020. This is informally known as Brexit . Finland successfully and peacefully seceded from the newly-formed and unstable Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic in 1917. The latter was led by Lenin , who had sought refuge in Finland during the Russian Revolution . Unsuccessful attempts at greater autonomy or peaceful secession had already been made during
15555-484: The GSDP is at 36.19%, while industry is at 23.36%, and services are at 40.45%. The state posted a record growth of 7.02% at constant prices (2011–12) against the country's growth of 7%. GDP per capita is estimated at ₹ 219,518 (US$ 2,600). The sectoral growth rates at constant 2011–12 prices were for agriculture at 4.54%; industry at 5.66 and services at 10.05%. Poverty rate is reduced to 4.2% in 2023 from 11.77% in 2015–16 as per Niti Ayog report. The methodology, based on
15738-518: The Godavari and Krishna rivers support rich mangrove forests with fishing cats and otters as keystone species . Coringa Wildlife Sanctuary is an example of mangrove forests and salt-tolerant forest ecosystems near the sea. The area of these forests is 582 km (225 sq mi), accounting for about 9% of the local forest area of the state. Other sanctuaries include Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve , Kolleru Bird Sanctuary , and Nelapattu Bird Sanctuary . Neem (Azadirachta indica)
15921-461: The Godavari, Krishna, Penna, and Tungabhadra , flow through the state and provide irrigation. The population engaged in agriculture and related activities as per 2020–21 fiscal data is 62.17%. Rice is the state's major food crop and staple food. Besides rice, farmers grow jowar , bajra , maize , many varieties of pulses , sugarcane , cotton , tobacco , fruits, and vegetables. The state contributed to 30% of fish production of India and it had
16104-405: The Indian government would start the process of forming a separate Telangana state pending the introduction and passage of a separation resolution in the Andhra Pradesh assembly. The announcement resulted in widespread protests across Coastal Andhra and Rayalseema regions. Lagadapati Rajagopal began an hunger strike demanding that the state be kept united, his shocking dramatic "escape" from
16287-553: The Mughal emperor Shah Alam II a grant of four circars to the British East India Company, that was formalised in 1978 treaty with Nizam Ali, the 5th Nizam of Hyderabad state with addition of another circar. Later, four territories were ceded to the British by Nizam Ali in 1800, which eventually became the Rayalaseema region. Meanwhile, in the present day North Andhra, Raja Viziaram Raz (Vijayaram Raj) established
16470-482: The Republic of Cameroon, but they did so without a formal Treaty of Union on record at the UN. In 1972, Cameroon used its majority population to abolish the federation and implement a system which resulted in the occupation of the former South Cameroons territory by French-speaking Cameroon administrators. In 1984, Cameroon heightened tensions by returning to its name at independence, "Republic of Cameroun", which did not include
16653-652: The Samaikya Andhra Porata Samithi (SAPS) staged a protest and appealed to MP Purandeswari by sending her an Ashada Masa gift of turmeric, kumkum, bananas, sweetmeats and a saree (usually presented by brothers to married sisters during Ashada Masam) through parcel services. They also sent a Kamandala and Vibhoodhi (holy ash) to T. Subbarami Reddy , indirectly urging him to take up the issue seriously or be prepared for political exile. The activists also threatened to lay siege on their houses in Vizag, if they failed to respond positively to their cause for
16836-491: The Samaikyandhra Movement argue that a division of the state will be detrimental to the other regions as majority of the state's revenue comes from the capital Hyderabad and the proper development and implementation of welfare programs in the Andhra Pradesh state would not be possible along with the establishment of a new capital. Employment & Education: Students feel that in case of a division, youth of
17019-592: The Samaikyandra students JAC were arrested near Public Gardens in Hyderabad when they tried to hold a meeting at the venue. Samaikyandhra JAC leaders also raided houses of MLAs in the Coastal Andhra & Rayalaseema regions demanding them to resign and prevail on the central government to keep the state united. Students under the banner of the Samaikyandhra Vidyarthi Joint Action Committee (SVJAC) held rallies urging
17202-759: The South Central Railway. However, no damage to railway properties was reported. MLAs from Congress & TDP participated in the agitation. A government teacher in Tirupati reportedly committed suicide for the cause of the united state leaving a note behind which mentioned that he was saddened by the bandhs strikes and other endeavors being undertaken to split the state. In February, the Samaikyandhra Medical Joint Action Committee in its inaugural session at Tirupati accused P. Chidambaram of ‘conspiring’ to weaken Andhra Pradesh by allegedly encouraging bifurcation of
17385-488: The Srikrishna Committee, with a deadline of 31 December 2010 to submit its report. Proponents of the cause call the very coining of two words (Telanganites and Andhrites) to describe the Telugu speaking people who live between the Krishna and Godavari river as the result of an emotionally painful loss of wars to foreign kingdoms and a reminder of the destruction of a glorious era in Telugu history. The fall of
17568-639: The State Highway in Visakhapatnam district in protest against the allegations made by a student from Warangal that he was beaten up by some locals after he joined at a B.Ed. college here. The student had not attended classes but made the false allegation and also went on a fast in Warangal to which the TRS MLAs extended support, the JAC said. In November, on the eve of the state formation day on 1 November,
17751-509: The State after several committees set up had not decided against creation of Telangana . They expressed apprehension that Rayalaseema and Coastal areas would face water and power problems and would slip into backwardness with lands turning into desert. Small states would also lead to problems of Naxalism, JAC State convener D.V. Krishna Yadav and others said in a statement. In a meeting on 5 July in Anantapur , Samaikyandhra JAC decided to hold
17934-520: The TRS should stop whipping up regional passions in the name of a movement. On 27 January, activists of the Samaikyandhra JAC gheraoed the state Minister for Minor Irrigation T G Venkatesh , in Anantapur demanding that he resign in support of the Samaikyandhra movement. He said that the Union Government as well as the Congress government in the State were committed towards formation of a second SRC as
18117-531: The Telangana state, despite opposition by the state legislature. The new state of Telangana came into existence on 2 June 2014 after approval from the president of India , with the residual state continuing as Andhra Pradesh. TDP formed the first government of the residual state with Chandrababu Naidu as chief minister. In 2017, the government of Andhra Pradesh began operating from its new greenfield capital, Amaravati , for which 33,000 acres were acquired from farmers through an innovative land pooling scheme. In
18300-663: The Union. This formalised the procedure by stating that a member state may notify the European Council that it wishes to withdraw, upon which withdrawal negotiations begin; if no other agreement is reached, the treaty ceases to apply to the withdrawing state two years after such notification. On June 23, 2016, the United Kingdom voted to leave the European Union in a non-binding referendum, and finally left
18483-540: The absence of fossil evidence, it became a riddle to understand what happened to them. The discovery of petroglyphs, pictographs, and dolmens in Chakrala Bodu, near Boyalapalli village in the Yerragondapalem mandal area of Prakasam district indicates the presence of Neolithic-age human settlements in the region. Megasthenes reported in his Indica ( c. 310 BCE ) that Andhras were living in
18666-646: The activists demanded that the Centre make its stand clear on the Telangana issue and clear the uncertainty in the State. From 18 Octobter 2012 till 4 August 2013 Y. S. Sharmila toured 14 districts to drive home her point that Andhra Pradesh was one single unit and should not be partitioned. On 9 December, the anniversary of the Union government's statement in 2009, the Samaikya Andhra Rashtra Vidyarthi Joint Action Committee (Sarvjac) organized protests against moves to grant statehood to Telangana and remembered
18849-423: The age group of 0–6 years number 5,222,384, constituting 10.6% of the total population. The state has a sex ratio of 997 females per 1000 males, higher than the national average of 926 per 1000. The literacy rate in the state stands at 67.35%. Erstwhile West Godavari district has the highest literacy rate of 74.32%, and erstwhile Vizianagaram district has the lowest with 58.89%. Human Development Index (HDI) of
19032-512: The already existing interstate disputes over the project. Safety & Security in Hyderabad: People in Coastal Andhra & Rayalaseema regions express worries about the safety of their friends and relatives who have settled in the state capital, Hyderabad and the fear that they would be considered ‘non-locals’ in their own state. They also said that they are not ready to lose Hyderabad since they opined, they had contributed more for
19215-495: The arrest of JAC leaders during the visit of Union minister Kavuri Sambasiva Rao. Another MP, Rayapati launched a signature campaign organized by the Acharya Nagarjuna University students. A large number of students from local colleges participated in the signature campaign and warned that they would not hesitate to sacrifice their lives if the state was split into two. In Ongole , Student activists laid
19398-405: The borders of previous administrative units. Several scholars argue that changes in the international system have made it easier for small states to survive and prosper. Tanisha Fazal and Ryan Griffiths link increased numbers of secessions to an international system that is more favorable for new states. For example, new states can obtain assistance from international organizations such as
19581-422: The centre's draft bill. The Commission on Inclusive and Sustainable Agricultural Development of Andhra Pradesh, chaired by Prof. R. Radhakrishna, estimated the number of tenant farmers at 24.25 lakh in 2014. This consists of 6.29 lakh landless tenants and the rest owning some land. Out of 60.73 lakh hectares under cultivation, 27.15 lakh hectares or 44% was cultivated by tenants. Departmental estimates for 2021 put
19764-532: The conservatives, the liberals took the Capital and declared an independent Republic , fighting their way to the Province of Santa Catarina and declaring the Juliana Republic . Eventually they were slowly forced back, and made a reunification peace with the Empire. This was not considered a secessionist war, even if it could have resulted in an independent republic if the Empire had been defeated. After
19947-460: The cultural dance recognised as the official dance form of the state of Andhra Pradesh, originated in the village of Kuchipudi in Krishna district. Several renowned composers of Carnatic music like Annamacharya , Kshetrayya , Tyagaraja , and Bhadrachala Ramadas hailed from the state. Sannai and Dolu are common musical instruments of marriages, household, and temple functions in the state. Harikathaa Kalakshepam (or Harikatha ) involves
20130-594: The day as Vidroha Dinam (betrayal day) . On 28 December, leaders of the Samaikyandhra Parirakshna Samithi met in Vijayawada and warned of serious problems if a separate Telangana state was formed. They also expressed anger at Telangana leaders for their alleged inciting statements. Some educational institutions in Guntur remained closed today in response to the bandh call given by the Samaikyandhra student JAC and demonstrations were held. In
20313-434: The desecration of their statues, saying they did not belong to any one region or group. Media persons with the banner of AP Union of Working Journalists (Krishna urban unit) took out another rally and staged a dharna at sub-collector's office. Decrying the attacks on media persons and damaging of equipment belonging to various media houses, the journalists said the leadership of Telangana movement must accept responsibility for
20496-440: The development of Hyderabad. The five member committee headed by Justice B.N. Sri Krishna toured all the regions of state extensively and invited people from all sections of the society to give their opinion on the statehood. It received over one lakh petitions and representations from political parties, organisations, NGOs and individuals. It also held consultations with political parties and general public while also factoring in
20679-452: The district asking the Congress not to take any decision in favour of Telangana State formation saying that it would affect the interests of backward areas such as Srikakulam. Agitators staged a protest in front of the house of Union Minister of State for Communications and Technology Killi Krupa Rani at Tekkali asking her to make a statement in favour of United Andhra Pradesh. In Tirupati, students of various educational institutes took out
20862-465: The division of the state. TDP leaders including MLAs Devineni Uma and Paritala Sunitha , who were on a fast-unto-death as an act of protest in Vijayawada, Ananthapur, Guntur, Ongole etc. were arrested and forcibly shifted by the police to hospitals. In Kadapa, Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy (YSR) 's brother and Member of Legislative Council (MLC) Y. S. Vivekananda Reddy also fasted in support of united Andhra accompanied by his wife and followers who sat on
21045-512: The early 14th century. Reddy kings constructed Kondaveedu Fort and Kondapalli Fort . Gajpathis ruled parts of this region, before the entire region became part of the Vijayanagara Empire during the reign of Krishnadevaraya . Pemmasani Nayaks controlled parts of Andhra Pradesh and had large mercenary armies that were the vanguard of the empire in the 16th century. Several tanks and anicuts were built. Some of these include
21228-554: The economic strata were the worst-affected. The I-Max theatres and Telangana-based institutions continued their operations while others are made to suffer heavily, they deplored. On 21 October, a seminar was organised by the Rayalaseema Hakkula Ikya Vedika in Kurnool which was attended by Vedika president T G Venkatesh , 24 MLAs and 4 MLCs from the Congress, TDP and YSR Congress Party. The leaders passed
21411-471: The effort to expand their economic opportunities in the state. When the union cabinet decided to consider the formation of Telangana state in 2009 heeding to the demand of relaunched Telangana movement , Samaikyandhra Movement opposing it took shape and the state went through a turmoil. Finally, the Andhra Pradesh reorganisation act bill was passed by the parliament of India for the formation of
21594-504: The fifth and sixth centuries to hold sway over South India. Undavalli Caves is an example of Indian rock-cut architecture of that time. The Eastern Chalukyas of Vengi, whose dynasty lasted for around five hundred years from the 7th century until 1130 CE, eventually merged with the Chola dynasty . They continued to rule under the protection of the Chola dynasty until 1189 CE. At
21777-555: The film Jai Bolo Telangana by viewing the film with flowers in their ears. The film portrayed the Telangana history and the agitation for statehood. The SARVJAC members took exception to the film's content and scenes, and described it as an attempt to hoodwink the people. They warned the director not to make film that fan regional passions. They also said that actor Jagapathi Babu would not be allowed to enter Seemandhra if he continued to act in such films. In March, Leaders of Samaikyandhra Parirakshana Samithi performed ‘palabhishekam,' at
21960-402: The forward classes got more allocation than OBC in the unreserved category by major political parties or alliances. TDP-led National Democratic Alliance with Jana Sena Party and Bharatiya Janata Party emerged victorious defeating the incumbent YSRCP led by Jagan. It won 164 seats, while YSRCP got 11, a big drop from 151 it held. N. Chandrababu Naidu became the chief minister of the state for
22143-498: The fourth time. According to an opinion by Ayesha Minhaz in The Hindu daily, several factors including the prevailing anti-incumbency against the previous government and the alliance's promise of "Welfare with wealth generation" contributed to the success of TDP-led alliance. Andhra Pradesh police are structured in district, subdivision, circle, and police station hierarchy. In the year 2022, crimes against women and children saw
22326-400: The geographical region. Summers last from March to June. In the coastal plain, the summer temperatures are generally higher than in the rest of the state, with temperatures exceeding 35 °C (95 °F). The minimum temperature during summer is about 20 °C (68 °F) in the far southwest. July to September is the season for tropical rains from the southwest monsoon . The winter season
22509-530: The global multidimensional poverty index uses 10 indicators, covering three areas health, education, and standard of living and additionally maternal health and bank accounts. Unemployment rate of people with graduation in Andhra Pradesh is estimated at 24% as per periodic labour force survey of July 2022 to June 2023, the third highest in the country. The number for the whole of India is at 13.4%. The agricultural economy comprises agriculture, livestock, poultry farming, and fisheries. Four important rivers in India,
22692-455: The government in 2020 to serve as a hassle-free, one-stop solution for the requirements of farmers from seed-to-sale. Banking services through banking correspondent are also integrated. As of 2023, 10,778 RSKs are functioning. AP land titling act 2023 was brought in to change from presumptive land ownership system based on possession, registration or inheritance documents to conclusive land ownership system, with government standing as surety for
22875-542: The hospital in Vijayawada to the State capital, he said he had come to the Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences (NIMS),He called off his fake deeksha in the presence of reporters and immediately afterwards, said he would undertake another fast-untodeath in Visakhapatnam if the Centre didn't come out with a solution acceptable to all. though his strike didn't receive much support. Leaders and activists of Seemandhra political parties and several elected representatives and leaders of
23058-507: The impact of recent developments on different sections of people such as women, children, students, minorities, Other Backward Classes, Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. In a report submitted to the Home Ministry of India on 30 December 2010, the committee opted to keep the State united and favored for bifurcation of Andhra Pradesh. Samaikhyandhra proponents were against the report and recommended option. Telangana leaders accepted
23241-619: The incidents. In July, hundreds of women activists of the Women Joint Action Committee today took out a rally in Kadapa in favour of United State Samaikyandhra and raised slogans in support of a united state. In October, reacting to the Sakala Janula Samme carried out by the Telangana JAC, congress MLAs pointed out that while the richer sections were not affected, those in the bottom half of
23424-572: The interests of the Telugu-speaking people of Madras State , Potti Sreeramulu fasted to death in 1952. The Telugu-speaking area of Andhra State was carved out of Madras state on 1 October 1953, with Kurnool as its capital city. On the basis of the Gentlemen's Agreement of 1956 , the States reorganisation act created Andhra Pradesh by merging the neighbouring Telugu-speaking areas of
23607-519: The internal legislation of sovereign states. National secessionist movements advocate for the claim that a population within a state is a nation that has the right to form its own nation-state. Movements that work towards political secession may describe themselves as being autonomy , separatist , independence , self-determination , partition , devolution , decentralization , sovereignty , self-governance or decolonization movements instead of, or in addition to, being secession movements. During
23790-548: The legislative capital, Vizag as the executive capital and Kurnool as the judicial capital was stuck down by the High Court. His government appealed to the Supreme Court. Andhra Pradesh is the seventh-largest state with an area of 162,970 km (62,920 sq mi). Politically, the state shares borders with Orissa to the northeast, Chhattisgarh to the north, Karnataka to the southwest, Tamil Nadu to
23973-581: The long-standing policy of the People's Republic of China to use military means against Taiwan independence in the event peaceful means become otherwise impossible. Western regions of Xinjiang ( East Turkistan ) and Tibet are the focus of secessionist calls by the Tibetan independence movement and East Turkestan Independence Movement . The East Turkistan Government in Exile does not view East Turkistan as
24156-477: The middle and civil (junior) and judicial first-class magistrate courts at the lower level. Apart from these, there are special courts such as family, CBI, ACB, Land reforms appellate tribunals, and industrial tribunals. Andhra Pradesh comprises two regions, namely Coastal Andhra and Rayalaseema from a historical perspective. The northern part of Coastal Andhra is sometimes mentioned separately as North Andhra , to raise voice against underdevelopment. The state
24339-495: The modern Telugu poets. Palagummi Padmaraju's short story Galivaana won second prize in World Short Story competition in 1952. Rachakonda Viswanadha Sastry initiated a new trend by focussing on the downtrodden in his novel Raju-Mahishi. Women writers such as Malati Chandur and Ranganayakamma dominated novels in the 1950s and 1960s. However, in the late 1970s, Yandamuri Veerendranath started writing popular novels with
24522-404: The narration of a story, intermingled with various songs relating to the story. Burra katha is an oral storytelling technique in which the topic is either a Hindu mythological story or a contemporary social issue. Drama is an Indian theatre art form that is still popular. Gurajada Apparao wrote the play Kanyasulkam in spoken dialect for the first time. It was first presented in 1892. It
24705-640: The navel is considered as the source of life and creativity. Women wear colourful silk saris on special occasions such as marriages. Young girls Traditional wear of young girls is a half-saree with blouse. The shift to wearing western clothing of pant and shirt has become common for boys and men, while women also wear salwar kameez in addition to saris. Dharmavaram textiles , Machilipatnam , and Srikalahasti Kalamkari handicrafts are few examples in clothes category with GI status. Andhra meals are combinations of spicy, tangy, and sweet flavours. The use of chillies, tamarind, and gongura (leaves of roselle)
24888-472: The new state of Telangana was formed through bifurcation. The Eastern Ghats separate coastal plains and peneplains . Krishna , Godavari , and Penna are the major rivers. The state has about one-third of India's limestone reserves, large deposits of baryte and granite . The population engaged in agriculture and related activities is 62.17%. Rice is the state's major food crop and staple food. The state contributes to 30% of fish production in India and has
25071-500: The northeast, Chhattisgarh to the north, Telangana to the northwest, Karnataka to the southwest, Tamil Nadu to the south and the Bay of Bengal to the east. It has the second-longest coastline in India at about 974 km (605 mi). Archaeological evidence suggests that Andhra Pradesh has had continuous human presence for over 247,000 years, ranging from early archaic hominins to Neolithic settlements. The earliest mention of
25254-413: The ownership. Lands in 6000 villages were surveyed with drones and land title certificates were issued to owners, with georeferencing of their land parcels. The benefits of the act include a reduction in land disputes and easier acquisition of lands for public requirements. The newly formed TDP led NDA alliance government decided to repeal the act citing the scope for misuse of authority and deviation from
25437-518: The people were unhappy with the Empire (these provinces were Portuguese bastions in the Independence War). The Malê Revolt , in Bahia, was an Islamic slave revolt. These three rebellions were bloodily crushed by the Empire of Brazil. The Pernambuco was one of the most nativist of all Brazilian regions. Over a series of five revolts (1645–1654, 1710, 1817, 1824, 1848), the province ousted
25620-708: The popular Hindu religious pilgrim destinations include Tirumala Venkateswara temple at Tirupati, Mallikarjuna temple at Srisailam, Kanaka Durga Temple at Vijayawada, and Varaha Lakshmi Narasimha temple at Simhachalam. Buddhist sites at Amaravati and Nagarjuna Konda are also popular. For the state of Andhra Pradesh, there are 59 entries in the SC category, 34 entries in the ST category, and 104 entries in other backward classes (OBC) category. Arya Vaishya, Brahmin, Kamma, Kapu, Kshatriya, Reddy, Velama communities constitute forward castes. Andhra Pradesh has 32 museums featuring
25803-539: The population. Tamil , Kannada , and Odia are spoken in the border areas. Lambadi and several other languages are spoken by the scheduled tribes of the state. 19% of the population aged 12+ years can read and understand English, as per the Indian readership survey for Q4 2019. Religion in Andhra Pradesh According to the 2011 census, the major religious groups in the state are Hindus (90.89%), Muslims (7.30%), and Christians (1.38%). Some of
25986-554: The pre-independence era. The Archaeological Survey of India identified 135 centrally protected monuments in the state of Andhra Pradesh. These include the reconstructed monuments at Anupu and Nagarjunakonda . The state has 17 geographical indication (GI) registrations in the categories of agriculture, handicrafts , foodstuffs , and textiles as per the Geographical indications of goods (Registration and protection) act, 1999 . The men's traditional wear consists of Panche ,
26169-661: The preceding Russian Empire but had been denied by the Russian emperor. However, with the country still at war and under great pressure, Lenin allowed Finland to secede. Its peripheral location made it difficult to defend and less strategically important than Russia's other territories, so he conceded sovereignty to the Finns rather than try to defend it. Andhra Pradesh Andhra Pradesh ( / ˌ ɑː n d r ə p r ə ˈ d eɪ ʃ / ; ISO : Āndhra Pradēś ; Telugu: [aːndʱrɐ prɐdeːʃ] abbr. AP )
26352-482: The present day Andhra Pradesh came under British East India Company rule as part of Madras Presidency . After the Indian Rebellion of 1857 , the region became part of British crown till India became independent in 1947. Anicut at Dowleswaram built in 1850 by Arthur Cotton and several others at Vijayawada, Nellore, Sangam, Sunkesula, and Polampalli are examples of irrigation facilities built during
26535-513: The previous year. This accounts for 32.4 per cent of the GSDP, which is more than the usual limit of 25% as per the Fiscal Responsibility Budget Management Actthe and Budget Management ActActstated crores. The outstanding guarantee estimate was ₹1,38,875 crore, of which power sector accounts for ₹38,473 crore equal to 12% of GDP. Out of the audited total expenditure of ₹1,77,674 crore of the state in
26718-688: The principle of majority rule has dictated whether a minority can secede. In the United States Abraham Lincoln acknowledged that secession might be possible through amending the United States Constitution . The Supreme Court in Texas v. White held secession could occur "through revolution, or through consent of the States". The British Parliament in 1933 held that Western Australia could secede from
26901-423: The print era and introduced Vemana poems to English readers. Kandukuri Veeresalingam is considered the father of the Telugu renaissance movement, as he encouraged the education of women and lower caste people. He fought against Brahmin marriage customs such as child marriage, the bride price system, and the prohibition of widow remarriage. To gain an independent state based on linguistic identity and to protect
27084-444: The recitation of the coming year's astrological predictions called Panchanga sravanam . Vijaya Dasami known commonly as Dussera and Deepavali , the festival of lights are other major Hindu festivals. Shivaratri is celebrated at Kotappakonda , with people from nearby villages preparing 80–100 ft height frames called prabhalu and taking it in a procession to the shine. Eid is celebrated with special prayers. Rottela Panduga
27267-572: The recommendations of the Sri Krishna Committee Report and insisted on the formation of a separate Telangana State with Hyderabad as its capital. In January, in Krishna District activists stopped trains at various railway stations and resorted to road blockades at some places. As many as 46 trains were "detained" for duration ranging between 2 minutes and 45 minutes at various stations in the Vijayawada division of
27450-421: The regional neighborhood is violent and unstable. According to political scientist Bridget L. Coggins, the academic literature contains four potential explanations for the drastic increase in secessions during the 20th century: Other scholars have linked secession to resource discoveries and extraction. David B. Carter, H. E. Goemans, and Ryan Griffiths find that border changes among states tend to conform to
27633-1021: The reign of William I , the nationalistic opera La muette de Portici was performed in Brussels . Soon after, the Belgian Revolt occurred, which resulted in the Belgian secession from the Kingdom of the Netherlands . In 1825, soon after the Empire of Brazil managed to defeat the Cortes-Gerais and the Portuguese Empire in an Independence War , the Platinean nationalists in Cisplatina declared independence and joined
27816-462: The request of King Rajaraja Narendra , Nannaya , considered the first Telugu poet, took up the translation of the Mahabharata into Telugu in 1025 CE. Kakatiyas ruled this region and Telangana for nearly two hundred years between the 12th and 14th centuries. They were defeated by the Delhi Sultanate . Bahamani sultanate took over when Delhi sultanate became weak. Around the same time, Musunuris and Reddi Kingdom ruled parts of this region in
27999-451: The rest of Brazil is a multicultural melting pot . The South Region in 2016 voted in an unofficial referendum called "Plebisul" in which 95% of voters supported secession and the creation of an independent South Region. There is also a push for secession movement in the state of São Paulo , which seeks to become a country independent from the rest of Brazil. In October 2017, Ambazonia declared its independence from Cameroon . Less than
28182-516: The resulting civil war and eventual 1999 East Timorese vote for complete separation are better described as an independence movement. Following the May 1991 victory of Eritrean People's Liberation Front forces against the communist Derg regime during the Eritrean War of Independence , Eritrea (formerly known as " Medri Bahri ") gained de facto independence from Ethiopia. Following the United Nations observation 1993 Eritrean independence referendum , Eritrea gained de jure independence. Before
28365-414: The right to secession in later years, and had anti-secession clause written into the Constitution before and after the founding the People's Republic of China . The 1947 Constitution of the Union of Burma contained an express state right to secede from the union under a number of procedural conditions. It was eliminated in the 1974 constitution of the Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma (officially
28548-729: The rights and moral justification for secession began to develop as recently as the 1980s. American philosopher Allen Buchanan offered the first systematic account of the subject in the 1990s and contributed to the normative classification of the literature on secession. In his 1991 book Secession: The Morality of Political Divorce From Fort Sumter to Lithuania and Quebec , Buchanan outlined limited rights to secession under certain circumstances, mostly related to oppression by people of other ethnic or racial groups, and especially those previously conquered by other people. In his collection of essays from secession scholars, Secession, State, and Liberty , professor David Gordon challenges Buchanan, making
28731-424: The run-up to the one-month deadline, when the home minister was to announce a decision on the division of state, several political leaders and organizations met him to demand that the state be kept united. On 10 January, Students led by Samaikyandhra Joint Action Committee picketed in front of Guntur MP Rayapati Sambasiva Rao 's house urging him to take a strong stand for a united state. On 18 January, leaders of
28914-412: The south and extreme north of the coast. Some of these consist of the Horsley Hills , the Seshachala Hills, the Nallamala Hills , and the Papi Hills. Arma Konda , located in Visakhapatnam district, is the highest peak in the state. Peneplains, part of Rayalaseema, slope towards the east. The Eastern Coastal Plains comprise the area of coastal districts up to the Eastern ghats as their border along
29097-510: The south, Telangana to northwest and the Bay of Bengal to the east. Yanam district , an enclave of Puducherry , is in the state bordering Kakinada district . It has a coastline of around 974 kilometres (605 mi), which makes it the second-longest coastline in the nation. The Eastern Ghats are a major dividing line separating coastal plains and peneplains in the state's geography. These are discontinuous, and individual sections have local names. The ghats become more pronounced towards
29280-412: The state for the year 2022 is 0.642. As of 1 January 2023 , there are 39,984,868 voters including 3,924 third-gender voters. Kurnool district has the maximum number of voters at 1,942,233, while Alluri Sitharama Raju district has the minimum at 729,085. Telugu is the first official language, and Urdu is the second official language of the state. Telugu is the mother tongue of nearly 90% of
29463-408: The state include Ghantasala , S. P. Balasubrahmanyam , P. Susheela , S. Janaki , and P. B. Sreenivas . "Naatu Naatu" from the film RRR became the first song from an Asian film to win the Academy Award for Best Original Song in 2023. Efforts are on to make Vizag as the hub of film industry by offering incentives. Sankranti is the major harvest festival celebrated across the state. It
29646-842: The state is 29,784.3 square kilometres (11,499.8 sq mi), amounting to 18.28% of the total area. The Eastern ghats region is home to dense tropical forests, while the vegetation becomes sparse as the ghats give way to the peneplains, where shrub vegetation is more common. The vegetation found in the state is largely of dry deciduous types, with a mixture of teak , and genera of Terminalia , Dalbergia , Pterocarpus , etc. The state possesses some rare and endemic plants like Cycas beddomei , Pterocarpus santalinus , Terminalia pallida , Syzygium alternifolium , Shorea tumburgia etc. The state has 3 national parks and 13 wildlife sanctuaries as of 2019 . The diversity of fauna includes tigers , leopards , cheetals , sambars , sea turtles , and several birds and reptiles. The estuaries of
29829-481: The state of Andhra Pradesh , Samaikyandhra protagonists in Vijayawada reiterated their commitment to keep the State united by paying floral tributes to Potti Sriramulu , whose life sacrifice led to formation of Andhra state from Tamil Nadu in 1953 and later formed as Andhra Pradesh in 1956 on linguistic basis. At a meeting organised by the SARVJAC, representatives of State government employees, teachers and lawyers vowed to make any sacrifice to prevent any move to divide
30012-423: The state. Nagarjuna Sagar Dam commissioned in 1967, Srisailam hydro electric project commissioned in 1982 are few examples of irrigation and electricity projects. The increased presence of women, Dalits, and tribals in the social and political spheres of the state, driven by social movements, led to a rise in violence against these groups. Securing access to resources like land remains an unachieved objective in
30195-422: The state. Cultural programmes were organised to highlight the rich cultural heritage of Telugu people on the occasion. In August, the Student JAC warned that it will revive the agitation if the Centre does not come out with a strong message on keeping the State united. At a meeting held on the premises of Acharya Nagarjuna University attended by representatives from 14 universities in Coastal and Rayalaseema regions
30378-423: The state. The state is home to a variety of pilgrimage centres and natural attractions such as Tirumala Venkateswara temple near Tirupati , and Araku valley . Tirupati Laddu , Banganapalle mangoes , Kondapalli Toys , Dharmavaram sarees , and Pootharekulu are few products produced in the state with geographical indication registration. According to the Sanskrit text Aitareya Brahmana (800–500 BCE ),
30561-510: The statue of Gurram Jashua in Nagarampalam and at the statue of Annamaya protesting against the desecration of statues of eminent Telugu personalities by pro-Telangana forces at Tank Bund during the Million March . In Vijayawada, a rally was taken out by the activists of Jana Vignana Vedika along with members of other cultural and literary organisations. They carried the pictures of eminent litterateurs Sri Sri, Tripuraneni Ramaswamy Chowdary, Annamayya and Kuchipudi exponent Siddhendra Yogi and decried
30744-431: The students JAC warned separatist forces against continuing to ignite passions of people. A statue of Potti Sriramulu in Tirupati was flooded with garlands as parties and movements of all hues converged to express their strong sentiments advocating the cause of unified Andhra Pradesh. In February, Students in Ongole , under the banner of Samaikya Andhra Rashtra Vidyardhi Joint Action Committee (SARVJAC), protested against
30927-422: The subject. According to the 2017 book Secession and Security, by political scientist Ahsan Butt , states respond violently to secessionist movements if the potential state poses a greater threat than the would-be secessionist movement. States perceive a future war with a potential new state as likely if the ethnic group driving the secessionist struggle has deep identity division with the central state, and if
31110-413: The territory of the former British Southern Cameroons or Ambazonia. For more than fifty years the English-speaking people of the Former British Southern Cameroons made multiple attempts both nationally and internationally to get the Cameroon government to address these issues and possibly return to the previously agreed federation at independence. In 2016, after all these attempts failed, Cameroon engaged in
31293-446: The trend of increasing levels of revenue expenditure coupled with a low level of capital spend will adversely impact infrastructure development, development, aggregate demand, employment generation, and revenue generation in the long run. Gross state domestic product (GSDP/GDP) at current prices for the year 2022–23 is estimated at ₹ 1,317,728 crore (US$ 160 billion) (advanced estimates). The share of agriculture's contribution to
31476-436: The unified State into 2 separate states. They said that his stand against bifurcation of Tamil Nadu & Andhra Pradesh shows his double standards and his ‘conspiracy’ as a Tamil Nadu politician to weaken Andhra Pradesh by breaking the State into two and thereby put deliberate brakes on its fast-track development recorded especially during the last 15 years. In September, members of the Samaikyandhra All Universities JAC blocked
31659-427: The unified Telugu kingdoms of Krishna Deva Raya to the Bahminis, the fall of Mussunuri kingdom to the Turks and the Vijaya Rama Kingdom to the British are seen as historical failures of the Telugu people. Capital: Since the state of Andhra Pradesh loses Hyderabad if Telangana gets divided, the people of the former region expressed concerns over the lack of a proper capital to their state. Revenue: Proponents of
31842-489: The united Andhra cause. While at the intellectuals meet held at the public library, a majority of speakers opposed the government's attitude toward bifurcation, they said they would not accept a division of the state. In Vijayawada , a meeting was organized under the leadership of Lagadapati Rajagopal which was attended by Union minister J D Seelam who asserted their stand in keeping the state united. In Guntur , Students JAC called for educational institutions bandh to protest
32025-476: The wealthiest regions in the country; political disputes with the northernmost states of Brazil; 2016 scandal revolving around the Workers' Party 's involvement in a kickback scheme with state-owned oil company Petrobras ; and the impeachment of then- President Dilma Rousseff . Additionally, there is an ethnic divide as the South Region is predominately European , populated primarily by Germans , Italians , Portuguese and other European groups. In contrast,
32208-399: The world. Amaravati School of Art is regarded as one of the three major styles of ancient Indian art and had a great influence on art in South India, Sri Lanka, and Southeast Asia. The Andhra Ikshvakus , with their capital at Vijayapuri , succeeded the Satavahanas in the Krishna River valley in the latter half of the 2nd century CE. The Salankayanas were an ancient dynasty that ruled
32391-468: The year 2021–22, social services accounted for 42.65% and capital expenditure 9.21%. When compared to 2020–21, the capital expenditure decreased by 14 per cent. Of the total expenditure, major components of the social services breakdown are as follows. The social welfare category accounted for 16%, education, sport, arts and culture had a share of 15% and health and family welfare had a share of 6.3%. Comptroller and Auditor general in its 2023 report warned that
32574-413: Was admitted into the United Nations. The more advanced democratic and self-ruling people of British Cameroon were instead limited to two choices. Through a UN plebiscite , they were directed to either join the federation of Nigeria or the independent Republic of Cameroon as a federation of two equal states. While the Northern Cameroons voted to join Nigeria, the Southern Cameroons voted to integrate into
32757-407: Was an Indian philosopher who wrote Telugu poems using simple language and native idioms on a variety of subjects including yoga , wisdom, and morality. Potuluri Veerabrahmendhra swami , a clairvoyant and social reformer of 17th century, wrote Kalagnanam , a book of predictions. Telugu literature after Kandukuri Veeresalingam is termed Adhunika Telugu Sahityam (modern Telugu literature). He
32940-404: Was mentioned in the Congress manifesto. In June 2013, Samaikyandhra JAC activists protesting BJP's stand on the state division issue were attacked by BJP activists, when they tried to enter a meeting at the townhall in Nellore . Union Tourism Minister Chiranjeevi , whose previous party Praja Rajyam supported the united state stand before its merger with Congress, reiterated that personally he
33123-463: Was still in favour of the untied state but will abide by whatever the Congress high command decides. On 1 July, Congress party's in-charge of the state, Digvijay Singh said that party is at the final stages of taking decision on Telangana issue. He also directed state chief minister, deputy chief minister and state party president (they represent assembly constituencies in Rayalaseema , Telangana and Coastal Andhra regions respectively) to furnish
33306-831: Was the author of the first Telugu social novel Rajasekhara Charitram , published in 1880. The use of colloquial idiom rather than grandhik (classical) in literature, championed by Gurajada Apparao and Gidugu Ramamurthy Panthulu led to increased literacy. Various forms of literature such as poetry, novel, short story were vibrant as indicated by the responses to national and international developments in various spheres of human life. The modern Telugu poetry, which began around 1900 developed into three forms – Bhava kavitvam (lyrical poetry), Abhyudaya kavitvam (progressive poetry), and new experimental poetry, including Viplava kavitvam (revolutionary poetry). Gurajada Apparao, Rayaprolu Subbarao , Gurram Jashuva , Viswanatha Satyanarayana , Devulapalli Krishnasastri , and Sri Sri were some of
33489-570: Was to provide each group with its own colony. In 1841, the two Canadas were merged into the Province of Canada . The union proved contentious, however, resulting in a legislative deadlock between English and French legislators. The difficulties of the union, among other factors, led in 1867 to the formation of the Canadian Confederation , a federal system that united the Province of Canada , Nova Scotia and New Brunswick (later joined by other British colonies in North America ). The federal framework did not eliminate all tensions, however, leading to
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