73-471: Shan State Government is the cabinet of Shan State in Myanmar . The cabinet is led by chief minister, Dr. Linn Htut . http://www.president-office.gov.mm/?q=cabinet/region-and-state-government/id-10178 Shan State Shan State ( Shan : မိူင်းတႆး , Möng Tai ; Burmese : ရှမ်းပြည်နယ် , pronounced [ʃáɰ̃ pjìnɛ̀] ) is a state of Myanmar . Shan State borders China ( Yunnan ) to
146-671: A language shift from Jingpho to Burmese. Other Kachin tribes speak and write their own language: the Zaiwa , the Rawang , and the Lisu , who speak both the Lisu language and the Lipo language . English is also widely spoken as a working language. The ethnic data from the 2014 census is available only with the Tatmadaw (Myanmar Armed Forces) and not released to the public. As per the 1983 Census,
219-523: A Burmese corruption of the name Siam which is an old name for Lower Thailand . Pyi is a Burmese word meaning country and thus Shan Pyi can be translated as Shan State. Officially, the region is called Shan State in English and Shan Pyine in Burmese but the ne in often dropped in colloquial speech. Lanjao ( Shan : လၢၼ်ႉၸဝ်ႈ) or Nanzhao is a classical name for a kingdom which included most of
292-509: A day's march of the state capital Taunggyi . The Burmese army drove the invaders east across the Salween, but much of the KMT army and their progeny have remained in the eastern Shan State under various guises to the present day. The Burmese army's heavy-handedness fueled resentment. In 1961, Shan saophas led by Sao Shwe Thaik , the first president of Burma and saopha of Yawnghwe , proposed
365-689: A degree of control over the present-day northeastern Kachin State. During the British colonization of Burma, the Kachin Hills tribal autonomy was accepted by the British government. British forces carried out two expeditions against the Kachin in 1892 and 1896. In 1910, the British occupied Hpimaw (Pianma) in the Pianma Incident . The pre-independence Burmese government under Aung San reached
438-462: A legislature ( Kachin State Hluttaw ), and a judiciary. According to the 2014 Myanmar Census , Buddhists , who make up 64.0% of Kachin State's population, form the largest religious community there. Religious minority communities include Christians (33.8%), Muslims (1.6%), Hindus (0.4%), and animists (0.2%) who collectively comprise the remainder of Kachin State's population. 2.8% of
511-478: A new federal system of government for greater autonomy, although the Shans had the constitutional right to secede. Though Shan leaders promised not to exercise the right, the Burmese army led by Gen. Ne Win thought the proposal was secessionist. Gen. Ne Win 's coup d'état in 1962 brought an end to the Burmese experiment with democracy and with it, the call for greater autonomy for ethnic minorities. The coup fueled
584-903: A precarious game of paying allegiance to more powerful states, sometimes simultaneously. The newly founded Shan States were multi-ethnic, and included other ethnic minorities such as the Chin , the Kachin , the Wa , the Ta'ang , the Lisu, the Lahu, the Pa O, and the Kayah . Although Burmanised Shans founded the Ava Kingdom that ruled central Burma, other Shan states, Mohnyin in particular, constantly raided Ava territories throughout
657-474: Is a term given by the British during the colony period referring to ethnic groups living between the central Bamar heartland to the south and China to the north. Traditional Kachin society was based on shifting hill agriculture. According to "The Political Systems of Highland Burma: A Study of Kachin Social Structure", written by E. R. Leach, Kachin was not a linguistic category. Political authority
730-596: Is one of 7 projects planned for the Irrawaddy River. Kachin State is the world's largest source of rare earths , which are critical in the supply chains of many multinational corporations, including Tesla and General Motors. In 2021, China imported US$ 200 million of rare earths from Myanmar in December 2021, exceeding 20,000 tonnes. Rare earths were discovered near Pang War in Chipwi Township in
803-578: Is the northernmost state of Myanmar . It is bordered by China to the north and east ( Tibet and Yunnan , respectively), Shan State to the south, and Sagaing Region and India ( Arunachal Pradesh ) to the west. It lies between north latitude 23° 27' and 28° 25' longitude 96° 0' and 98° 44'. The area of Kachin State is 89,041 km (34,379 sq mi). The capital of the state is Myitkyina . Other important towns include Bhamo , Mohnyin and Putao . Kachin State has Myanmar's highest mountain, Hkakabo Razi at 5,889 metres (19,321 ft), forming
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#1732783761707876-501: Is traditionally divided into three sub-states: Southern Shan State (1–2), Northern Shan State (3–7), and Eastern Shan State (8–11). It is officially divided into 11 districts: An additional district, Hopang District , was formed as the 12th district of Shan State in September 2011 by combining the townships of Mongmao , Pangwaun , Namphan , and Pansang from Lashio District with Matman Township from Kengtung District, as well as
949-865: Is well known for its jade mines. Bhamo is one of the border trading points between China and Myanmar. A significant amount of legal and illegal cross-border trade along the China–Myanmar border passes through Kachin State, through border posts operated by both the central government (e.g., Lweje ) and ethnic armed organisations (e.g., Laiza and Kanpaikti ). Over 600 tons of jade stones, which were unearthed from Lone-Khin area in Hpakant Township in Kachin State, had been displayed in Myanmar Naypyidaw to be sold in November 2011. Most of
1022-541: The 2021 coup and the ensuing civil war , Shan State saw fierce fighting between the military junta and the alliance of ethnic armed rebel groups. In November 2023, the rebels launched an offensive which overran much of Shan State, taking multiple towns, military outposts, and border crossings with China. Most of the Shan State is a hilly plateau , the Shan Plateau, which together with the higher mountains in
1095-521: The Burmese army began on 9 June 2011 at Ta-pein hydropower plan and continued throughout 2012. Initial reports suggested that from June to September 2011 a total of 5,580 Internally Displaced Persons from 1,397 households arrived at 38 IDP camps under Myanmar Government control. In August 2012 thousands of Kachin refugees were forced by the Chinese Government back into Myanmar despite
1168-828: The Chinese yuan and operate on Chinese Standard Time . In the general election of November 2010, 117 seats were open for Shan State Parliament (or Shan State Hluttaw ): two each for 55 townships and seven seats for different ethnic constituencies. But elections for Mongmao , Pangwaun, Pangkham, Namphan, and Mong La Township Constituencies were canceled. Fifty-four candidates from Union Solidarity and Development Party (USDP), 31 from Shan Nationalities Democratic Party (SNDP), six from PaO National Organization, four from Ta'ang (Palaung) National Party, three each from Inn National Development Party and Wa Democratic Party, four from three other parties, and two independent candidates were elected. Only one candidate from National Unity Party (Burma)
1241-820: The Hanthawaddy Kingdom of the 13th to 16th centuries, although the founders of these kingdoms were Burmanized Shans and Monized Shans, respectively. The founding of Shan States inside the present-day boundaries of Burma began during the Pagan Kingdom in the Shan Hills and accelerated after 1287, when the Pagan Kingdom fell to the Mongols . The Tai people, who came south with the Mongols, stayed, and quickly came to dominate much of northern to
1314-645: The Kachin Independence Organisation in 2022. Rare earth mining has contaminated and polluted the local environment, including waterways and forests, and eroded mountainous landscapes, and impacted the health of locals. Since the 2021 Myanmar coup d'état , mining of rare earths in Kachin State has accelerated, due to lack of proper oversight. Land has also been seized from locals to conduct mining operations. As of March 2022 , 2,700 mining collection pools scattered across 300 separate locations were found in Kachin State, encompassing
1387-697: The Panglong Agreement with the Shan, Kachin, and Chin peoples on 12 February 1947. The agreement accepted "Full autonomy in internal administration for the Frontier Areas" in principle and envisioned the creation of a Kachin State by the Constituent Assembly. Burma attained independence on 4 January 1948. Kachin State was formed in the same year out of the former British Burma civil districts of Bhamo and Myitkyina , together with
1460-498: The SPDC 's controversial peace accord, and the political landscape remains highly unstable. The complex political situation started when the Kachin armed group was established on 25 October 1960, after the UN government announced the state religion as Buddhism, as the Kachin people stopped believing in the government administration system, established after the federal union was agreed upon in
1533-473: The Shwegyin Nikaya (4.7%), with the remainder of monks belonging to other small monastic orders . 1,103 thilashin were registered in Kachin State, comprising 1.8% of Myanmar's total thilashin community. Burmese and Jingpho are lingua francas of Kachin State. Since Burma achieved independence in 1948, significant numbers of Burmese speakers have settled in Kachin State, which has accelerated
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#17327837617071606-566: The Union Solidarity and Development Party (USDP) leads the Hluttaw. The Shan State High Court is the judiciary of Shan State. The national anthem of Shan State ( Shan : ၵႂၢမ်းၸိူဝ်ႉၸၢတ်ႈတႆး Kwam Jue Jaat Tai ) was composed by Dr Panyan on 7 February 1947. ၸွမ်ပိဝ်သမ်ႉၸၼ်ႇတႃႇ လိူၼ်ၶမ်းၸဝ်ႈၸၵ်ႉၵျႃႇ ၸၢတ်ႈႁဝ်းမီးတေႇၸႃႇ ၽွမ်ႉပဵင်းၸႂ်ဝႃႇၸႃႇ သူၵဝ်ႁဝ်းပဵၼ်ၽူႈမီးၸႂ်သၸ်ၸႃႇ We fly our mighty flag with grace, Adorned in three,
1679-746: The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), Shan State is the region that produces the most opium in Myanmar, though production has declined in recent years. Muang Tai ( Shan : မိူင်းတႆး ) is the native name for the region as well as a term used for the Tai-inhabited parts of Myanmar outside of Shan State. Muang (မိူင်း) means country in Tai languages and is used before the names of other countries, e.g. Muang Maan (Myanmar). Shan Pyi ( Burmese : ရှမ်းပြည် ) derives from
1752-527: The military government has signed ceasefire agreements with most groups, vast areas of the state, especially those east of the Salween River , remain outside the central government's control, and in recent years have come under heavy ethnic- Han Chinese economic and political influence. Other areas are under the control of military groups such as the Shan State Army . According to data from
1825-464: The 1947 Panglong agreement. Between 1962 and 2010, the military government ruled over Myanmar. Cease fire agreements between ethnic armed groups and the government were made starting in 1989. And then in 2011 the new government led by President Thein Sein, broke the cease fire agreement which was agreed upon by the former military government and the Kachin ethnic armed group in 1994, resuming fighting against
1898-638: The British returned, while many Chinese KMT forces stayed inside Burmese Shan states. Negotiations leading to independence at the Panglong Conference in February 1947 secured a unitary Shan State, including former Wa states, but without the Karenni states. More importantly, Shan State gained the right of secession in 10 years from independence. Soon after gaining independence in January 1948,
1971-697: The Burmese feudal era, Shan states supplied much manpower in the service of Burmese kings. Without Shan manpower, the Burmans alone would not have been able to achieve their victories in Lower Burma, Siam, and elsewhere. Shans were a major part of Burmese forces in the First Anglo-Burmese War of 1824–1826, and fought valiantly—a fact that the British commanders acknowledged. After the Second Anglo-Burmese War of 1852,
2044-406: The Burmese kingdom was reduced to Upper Burma alone. The Shan states—especially that east of the Salween River , were essentially autonomous entities, paying token tribute to the king. In 1875, King Mindon , to avoid certain defeat, ceded Karenni states , long part of Shan states, to the British. When the last king of Burma, Thibaw Min , ascended the throne in 1878, the rule of central government
2117-659: The KIO actively participated in the military-led constitution-drafting-process, attending the National Convention, which was boycotted by the democratic icon Aung San Suu Kyi's National League for Democracy and ethnic political parties. The KIO together with 12 other ethnic groups demanded amendments of the draft to be more in line with a federal democratic system and to give autonomy to states (Zaw Oo & Win Min 2007). The seventeen-year ceasefire broke down and fighting between
2190-773: The Kachin Independence Organization and the government resumed in June 2011 after the Kachin Independent Army disallowed the government's order to transform into a Border Guard Force and it claimed that the regime's 2008 Constitution lacked federal democratic principles and equal political rights for ethnic minorities based on the Panglong Agreement. Renewed fighting between the Kachin Independence Army and
2263-602: The Kachin who are living in the northern part of Myanmar, northern part of Shan, near the China border on 9 June 2011. Because of the abrupt internal conflict, thousands of internally displaced people fled to refugee camps which are located in the government-controlled area as well in the Kachin Independence Army controlled area (Hlaing, 2005). KIO made a ceasefire agreement with the military government in 1994 while leaving political issues to be discussed with
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2336-581: The November 2010 election. According to data from the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), the region produces the most opium in Myanmar, accounting for 82% (331 metric tons) of the country's total output (405 metric tons) in 2020. However, opium poppy cultivation has declined year-on-year since 2015. In 2020, cultivation in Shan State declined a further 12%, with reductions taking place in East, North and South Shan with respective decreases of 17%, 10% and 9% from previous levels in 2019. Following
2409-774: The Prime Minister General Thein Sein made an agreement with the China Power Investment Cooperation in Beijing to build seven dams in Kachin State. The controversial construction project of a huge 1,055 megawatt hydroelectric power plant dam, the Myitsone Dam , is ongoing. It is funded by China Power Investment Cooperation. When completed, the dam will measure 152 metre high and the electricity produced will be sold to China. This project displaced about 15,000 people and
2482-587: The SSA and the Communist Party of Burma (CPB), as well as those of the drug lords Khun Sa , and Lo Hsing Han . By the mid-1960s, CPB had begun receiving open support from China. Thailand also began a decades-long policy of support for non-communist Burmese rebels. Families of insurgent leaders were allowed to live in Thailand, where insurgent armies were free to buy arms, ammunition, and other supplies. In
2555-417: The Shan rebellion, started in 1958 by a small group called Num Hsük Han ('young warriors'), now joined by the Shan State Army (SSA). By the early-1960s, eastern Shan State festered with several insurgencies and warlords, and it emerged as a major opium-growing area, part of the so-called Golden Triangle . Narcotics trafficking became a vital source of revenue for all insurgencies. Major forces consisted of
2628-696: The Shan states were ruled by their saophas as feudatory princely states of the British Crown . The British placed Kachin Hills inside Mandalay Division and northwestern Shan areas under Sagaing Division. In October 1922, the Shan and the Karenni states were merged to create the Federated Shan States , under a commissioner who also administered the Wa States . This arrangement survived
2701-616: The Shan states, including the two strongest—Monhyin and Mogaung by 1605 and Lan Na by 1615. In the early-18th century, the rule of Burmese monarchs declined rapidly and by the 1730s, the northernmost Shan states, many of which had paid dual tribute to China and Burma, had been annexed by the Qing Dynasty of China. The annexed border states ranged from Mogaung and Bhamo in present-day Kachin State to Hsenwi and Kengtung in present-day Shan State to Sipsongpanna (Kyaingyun) in present-day Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture , Yunnan. In
2774-408: The Tai peoples: " Shan people ". The Tai (Shan) constitute the majority among several ethnic groups that inhabit the area. Shanland is largely rural, with only three cities of significant size: Lashio , Kengtung , and the capital, Taunggyi . Taunggyi is 150.7 km northeast of the nation's capital Naypyitaw . The Shan state, with many ethnic groups, is home to several armed ethnic groups. While
2847-441: The area of Singapore , and an exponential increase from 2016. Kachin State is served by the following airports: There is a railroad between Myitkyina and Mandalay (through Sagaing). The train takes 21–30 hours from Mandalay to Myitkyina. Educational opportunities in Myanmar are extremely limited outside the main cities of Yangon and Mandalay . It is especially a problem in Kachin State where over 60 years of fighting between
2920-634: The central government led by U Nu faced several armed rebellions. The most serious was the Chinese Nationalist KMT invasion of Shan State in 1950. Driven out by the Chinese Communist forces, Nationalist KMT armies planned to use the region east of the Salween River as a base from which to regain their homeland. In March 1953, the KMT forces, with US assistance, were on the verge of taking the entire Shan State and within
2993-651: The conflict. Even though many Kachins were already displaced internally, only around 150,000 people are reported as IDPs. The Kachins are currently the major target for the Burmese government , yet relatively few Kachins have chosen to resettle in countries such as the United States or Australia, in comparison to other Myanmar ethnic minorities, such as the Karens and Chins. The Kachin State Government consists of an executive ( Kachin State Government ),
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3066-406: The constitutional changes of 1923 and 1937. During World War II, most of the Shan states were occupied by the Japanese . Chinese Kuomintang forces who illegally entered Burmese territory came down to northeastern Shan states to face the Japanese. Thai forces, allied with the Japanese, occupied Kengtung and surrounding areas in 1942, annexing the territory to the Thai state. After the war,
3139-530: The continued fighting there; NGOs like Human Rights Watch called to cease such action and pointed the illegality of doing so under international law. As of 9 October 2012, over 100,000 IDPs are taking shelter in various camps across Kachin State. The majority of IDPs (est. 70,000) are currently sheltering in KIA controlled territory. Fatality estimates were difficult to estimate but most reports suggested that between government troops, Kachin Independence Army rebels, and civilians upwards of 1,000 people had died in
3212-546: The eastern arc of Burma—from northwestern Sagaing Division to Kachin Hills to the present-day Shan Hills. The most powerful Shan states were Mong Yang (Mohnyin) and Mong Kawng (Mogaung) in present-day Kachin State, followed by Hsenwi (Theinni), Hsipaw (Thibaw) and Mong Mit (Momeik) in present-day northern Shan State. Smaller Shan states, such as Kale in northwestern Sagaing Division , Bhamo in Kachin State, Yawnghwe (Nyaungshwe) and Kengtung (Kyaingtong) in Shan State, and Mong Pai (Mobye) in Kayah State , played
3285-526: The ethnic composition was Bamar: 29.3%, Shan: 24.2% and Kachin: 38.1%. In a speech delivered on 2016, Min Aung Hlaing of Tatmadaw gave the ethnic composition of the Kachin state as follows: Bamar – 29.2%, Shan – 23.6%, Jingphaw – 18.97%, Lisu – 7%, Rawam – 5%, Lawwaw – 3.33%, Lacheik – 2.89%, Zaikwa – 1.57% and Others – 8%. The economy of Kachin State is predominantly agricultural. The main products include rice, teak , sugar cane , opium . Mineral products include gold, jade , and rare-earth elements . Hpakant
3358-439: The golden moon shines, We join together, our hearts and minds, Our nation, abundant in riches have we, Forever, we are united and free." The people of Shan State can be divided into ten primary ethnic groups: the Shan (Tai), Pa-O , Intha , Lahu , Lisu , Taungyo , Danu , Palaung , Ahka , and Kachin ( Jingpo ). Kachin State Kachin State ( Burmese : ကချင်ပြည်နယ် ; Kachin : Jinghpaw Mungdaw )
3431-501: The government and insurgents has displaced thousands of people. The following is a summary of the education system in the state. The general state of health care in Myanmar is poor. The military government spends anywhere from 0.5% to 3% of the country's GDP on health care, consistently ranking among the lowest in the world. Although health care is nominally free, in reality, patients have to pay for medicine and treatment, even in public clinics and hospitals. Public hospitals lack many of
3504-459: The jade stones extracted in Myanmar, 25,795 tons in 2009–10 and 32,921 tons in 2008–09, are from Kachin State. The largest jade stone in the world, 3000 tons, 21 metres long, 4.8 metres wide and 10.5 metres high was found in Hpakant in 2000. The Myanmar government pays little attention to the deterioration of environment in Kachin because of jade mining. There has been erosion, flooding and mudslides. Several houses are destroyed every year. In 2006,
3577-443: The kingdom fell to the British. (The northernmost Shan states, in Yunnan, had already fallen to the Chinese Ming dynasty by the middle of the 15th century. ) The reach of the Burmese sovereign waxed and waned with the ability of each Burmese monarch. Shan states became briefly independent following the collapse of the first Toungoo dynasty, in 1599. The Restored Toungoo dynasty under King Nyaungyan and King Anaukpetlun recovered
3650-463: The land that makes up modern Shan State. Lanjao, alongside Muang Tai are often used in political and nationalist dialogue when referring to the region. Shan State is the unitary successor state to the Burmese Shan States, the princely states that were under some degree of control of the Irrawaddy valley -based Burmese kingdoms. Historical Tai-Mao states extended well beyond the Burmese Shan States, ranging from full-fledged kingdoms of Assam in
3723-418: The larger northern district of Puta-o . Kachin State was officially announced on 10 January 1948 and Kachin State Government held "Mungdaw Masat Masat Manau" (forming of Kachin State Manau) for three consecutive days since 9 to 11 January as happiness since that year they held Manau on 10 January every year until the 1962 Burmese coup d'état . The vast mountainous hinterlands are predominantly Kachin , whereas
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#17327837617073796-533: The late 2010s. As China has shut down domestic mines due to the severe environmental impact, it has largely outsourced rare earth mining to Kachin State. Chinese companies and miners illegally set up operations in Kachin State without government permits, and instead circumvent the central government by working with a Border Guard Force militia under the Tatmadaw , formerly known as the New Democratic Army – Kachin , which has profited from this extractive industry. Mining operations also began in areas controlled by
3869-437: The late-1980s and 1990s, the military government signed ceasefire agreements with 17 groups, including all major players in Shan State. An uneasy truce has ensued, but all forces remain heavily armed. Today, the 20,000-strong United Wa State Army (UWSA) is the largest armed group, and is heavily involved in the narcotics trade. Under the 2008 Constitution, endorsed by the Burmese junta , certain UWSA-controlled areas were given
3942-424: The local Chinese nephrite . Kachin troops formerly formed a significant part of the Burmese army. With the unilateral abrogation of the Union of Burma constitution by the Ne Win regime in 1962, Kachin forces withdrew and formed the Kachin Independence Army (KIA) under the Kachin Independence Organization (KIO). Aside from the major towns and railway corridor, Kachin State has been virtually independent from
4015-526: The main Yangon – Mandalay Road; another road via Ywangan and Pindaya branches off from Kyaukse south of Mandalay . The railhead stops short of Taunggyi at Shwenyaung , again from Thazi junction, and nearby Heho has an airport. A severe magnitude 6.8 earthquake struck in Tarlay, Tachileik Township, the eastern part of Shan State, on 24 March 2011. It killed more than 70 and injured more than 100 people. 390 houses, 14 Buddhist monasteries, and nine government buildings were damaged. Shan State
4088-433: The mid-1960s through 1994, with an economy based on agriculture and trade with China, including of jade. After a Myanmar army offensive in 1994 seized the jade mines from the KIO, a peace treaty was signed, permitting continued KIO effective control of most of the State, under aegis of the Myanmar military. This ceasefire immediately resulted in the creation of numerous splinter factions from the KIO and KIA of groups opposed to
4161-436: The middle of the 18th century, the Burmese Konbaung dynasty 's reassertion of the easternmost boundaries of Burmese Shan states led to war with China. It made four separate invasions of Burma from 1765 to 1769, during the Sino-Burmese War. The Burmese success in repelling Chinese forces laid the foundation for the present-day boundary between Burma and China. The present-day boundary of southern Shan State vis-à-vis Thailand
4234-403: The more densely populated railway corridor and southern valleys are mostly Shan and Bamar . The northern frontier was not demarcated and until the 1960s . Various Chinese governments had claimed the northern-half of Kachin State as Chinese territory since the 18th century. Before the British rule, roughly 75% of all Kachin jadeite ended up in China, where it was prized much more highly than
4307-492: The next elected government. Throughout its struggle, both in the ceasefire and non-ceasefire period, KIO also made agreements with other ethnic rebels and alliances including the Democratic Alliance of Burma (DAB), the National Democratic Front (NDF), and United Nationalities Federal Council (UNFC). The main goal was to pressure the military government and restore the federal democratic government with greater autonomy to Kachin State. During its 17 years of ceasefire from 1994 to 2011
4380-544: The north and south forms the Shan Hills system. The gorge of the Thanlwin (Salween/Namhkong) River cuts across the state. Inle Lake where the leg-rowing Intha people live in floating villages, in the great Nyaung Shwe "plain", is the second largest natural expanse of water in Burma, shallow but 14 miles (23 km) long and 7 miles (11 km) wide. Pindaya Caves near Aungpan are vast limestone caverns which contain 6,226 Buddha images. The road to Taunggyi via Kalaw and Aungpan branches off at Thazi from
4453-409: The north, Laos ( Louang Namtha and Bokeo Provinces ) to the east, and Thailand ( Chiang Rai , Chiang Mai and Mae Hong Son Provinces ) to the south, and five administrative divisions of Myanmar in the west. The largest of the 14 administrative divisions by land area, Shan State covers 155,800 km , almost a quarter of the total area of Myanmar. The state gets its name from the Burmese name for
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#17327837617074526-406: The northwest to Lan Xang in the east, to Lan Na and Ayutthaya in the southeast, as well as several petty princely states in between, covering present-day northern Chin State , northern Sagaing Division , Kachin State , Kayah State in Myanmar as well as Laos , Thailand and the southwestern part of Yunnan , China. The definition of Burmese Shan States does not include the Ava Kingdom and
4599-414: The population listed no religion, other religions, or were otherwise not enumerated. According to the State Sangha Maha Nayaka Committee 's 2016 statistics, 7,966 Buddhist monks were registered in Kachin State, comprising 1.5% of Myanmar's total Sangha membership, which includes both novice samanera and fully-ordained bhikkhu. The majority of monks belong to the Thudhamma Nikaya (95.3%), followed by
4672-496: The southern tip of the Himalayas , and a large inland lake, Indawgyi Lake . The Qing dynasty of China briefly controlled the present Kachin state during the 1760 Sino-Burmese War . What is now Kachin State was historically inhabited by a diverse population of various ethnolinguistic groups, including the Rawang , the Lisu , the Jingpo , the Zaiwa , the Lashi/Lachik and the Lawngwaw/Maru, all of whom had overlapping territories and varying social structures. The term "Kachin"
4745-425: The status of an autonomous region. In recent decades, Chinese state and ethnic Chinese involvement in Shan State has deepened. Hundreds of thousands of immigrants from China have come to work in Upper Burma since the 1990s. Chinese investment in the state has funded everything from hydro power and mining projects to rubber plantations, logging, and wildlife trade. Wa and Kokang regions, led by local leaders, use
4818-483: The status of governorships, but the Saophas were permitted to retain their royal regalia and their feudal rights over their own subjects. Bayinnaung introduced Burmese customary law and prohibited all human and animal sacrifices. He also required the sons of Saophas to reside in the Burmese king's palace, essentially hostages, in order to ensure the good conduct of their fathers and to receive training in Burmese court life. Burmese kings continued this policy until 1885 when
4891-411: The townships and subtownships of Hopang , Panlong , and Namtit from Kunlong District. The Shan State Government is the cabinet of Shan State in Myanmar . The legislature of Shan State in Burma, called Hluttaw was established on 8 February 2016. It is a unicameral body, consisting of 137 members—103 elected members and 34 military representatives. As of February 2016, Sai Long Hseng of
4964-455: The years. A Mohnyin-led Confederation of Shan States finally conquered Ava in 1527. In 1555, King Bayinnaung dislodged Shan king Sithu Kyawhtin from Ava. By 1557 he went on to conquer all of what would become known as the Burmese Shan states under his rule, from the Assamese border in the northwest to those in Kachin Hills and Shan Hills , including the two most powerful Shan states, Mohnyin and Mogaung. The Shan states were reduced to
5037-412: Was based on chieftains who depended on support from immediate kinsmen. Considerable attention has been given by anthropologists of the Kachin custom of maternal cousin marriage, wherein it is permissible for a man to marry his mother's brother's daughter, but not with the father's sister's daughter. In pre-colonial times, the Kachin were animist . After the 1760s Qing-Konbaung war , the Chinese exercised
5110-415: Was elected for Shan State Hluttaw (2011), although it was the second largest party in term of numbers of candidates. In 2011, Aung Myat (aka Sao Aung Myat), a former military officer of the Myanmar Army and a USDP candidate of Pindaya constituencies, was named as Chief Minister of Shan State Government. Two candidates from SNDP were named for the first Shan State Government. Sai Ai Pao (aka Sai Aik Paung)
5183-522: Was formed shortly thereafter. Burma lost southern Lan Na (Chiang Mai) in 1776 and northern Lan Na ( Chiang Saen ) in 1786 to a resurgent Bangkok-based Siam, ending more than two centuries of Burmese suzerainty over the region. It retained only Kengtung on the Burmese side. The southern border of Shan State remained contested in the following years. Siam invaded Kengtung in 1803–1804 and 1852–1854 , and Burma invaded Lan Na in 1797 and 1804. Siam occupied Kengtung during World War II (1942–1945). Throughout
5256-547: Was named for Industry and Mining Minister and Sai Naw Kham (aka Tun Tun Aung) was named for Construction Minister. In the Shan State cabinets (2011), one was from the Myanmar Army and six were from the Union Soldiery and Development Party (USDP). Sai Mauk Kham (aka Maung Ohn), one of the two vice presidents of Myanmar (2011–2015), was elected from Shan State No. 3 Constituency as a National Assembly candidate in
5329-571: Was so weak that Thibaw had to send thousands of troops to tame a rebellion in the Shan state of Mongnai and other eastern Shan states for the remainder of his six-year reign. On 28 November 1885, the British captured Mandalay , officially ending the Third Anglo-Burmese War in 11 days. But it took until 1890 for the British to subdue all of the various Shan states. Under the British colonial administration, established in 1887,
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