111-479: Silay , officially the City of Silay ( Hiligaynon : Dakbanwa/Syudad sang Silay ; Filipino : Lungsod ng Silay ), is a 3rd class component city in the province of Negros Occidental , Philippines . According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 130,478 people. It is part of the metropolitan area called Metro Bacolod , which includes the cities of Bacolod (the metropolitan center) and Talisay . It has
222-501: A declaration of war against the U.S., beginning the Philippine–American War . U.S. forces captured Aguinaldo on March 23, 1901, and he swore allegiance to the U.S. on April 1. On July 4, 1902, U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt proclaimed a complete pardon and amnesty for all Filipinos who had participated in the conflict, effectively ending the war. The Philippine Revolution was an accumulation of ideas and exposition to
333-594: A Spanish police lieutenant to the shop and to the desk of Apolonio, where they "found Katipunan paraphernalia such as a rubber stamp, a little book, ledgers, membership oaths signed in blood, and a membership roster of the Maghiganti chapter of the Katipunan." As with the Terror of 1872 , colonial authorities made several arrests and used torture to identify other Katipunan members. Despite having no involvement in
444-522: A Western Bisayan language, while Capiznon is a Central Bisayan language closely related to Hiligaynon. Consonants [d] and [ɾ] were once allophones but cannot interchange as in other Philippine languages: patawaron ('to forgive') [from patawad , 'forgiveness'] but not patawadon , and tagadiín ('from where') [from diín , 'where'] but not tagariín . There are four main vowels: /a/ , /i ~ ɛ/ , /o ~ ʊ/ , and /u/ . [i] and [ɛ] (both spelled i ) are allophones , with [i] in
555-579: A chartered city on June 12, 1957, by virtue of Republic Act 1621. On June 7, 2003, Silay City became the first local government unit in the Republic of the Philippines to hold a referendum through a People's Initiative approving the 2003 annual executive budget. Today, Silay City is listed by the Department of Tourism as one of its 25 tourist destinations in the Philippines. It is considered
666-479: A dictatorial government which will set forth decrees under my sole responsibility, ...". On June 12, Aguinaldo proclaimed Philippine independence . On June 18, Aguinaldo issued a decree proclaiming a Dictatorial Government led by himself. On June 23, Aguinaldo issued another decree, which replaced the Dictatorial Government with a Revolutionary Government. In 1898, between June and September 10,
777-540: A dog. When an adjective modifies a noun, the linker nga links the two. Example: Ido nga itom 'black dog' Sometimes, if the linker is preceded by a word that ends in a vowel, glottal stop or the letter N, it becomes acceptable to contract it into -ng , as in Filipino. This is often used to make the words sound more poetic or to reduce the number of syllables. Sometimes the meaning may change as in maayo nga aga , '(the) good morning', and maayong aga ,
888-534: A few hundred to a few thousand members. The existence of the Katipunan eventually became known to the colonial authorities through Teodoro Patiño, who revealed it to the Spaniard La Font, general manager of the printing shop Diario de Manila . Patiño was engaged in a bitter dispute over pay with a co-worker, Katipunero member Apolonio de la Cruz, and exposed the Katipunan in revenge. La Font led
999-607: A leading sugar-producing area because of the Horno Economico ( sugar mill ) built in 1846 by a Frenchman who became a permanent resident of Silay, Yves Leopold Germain Gaston . With the outbreak of the Revolution of 1896 came a division between the sugarcane planters of Silay and the clergy . Some planters and clergy supported the rebels while others were against the revolution. On November 5, 1898, at about 2:00 in
1110-720: A mass tearing of cedulas (community tax certificates) accompanied by patriotic cries. The exact date and location are disputed, but two possibilities have been officially endorsed by the Philippine government: initially August 26 in Balintawak, and later August 23 in Pugad Lawin . Thus, the event is called the " Cry of Pugad Lawin " or "Cry of Balintawak". However, the issue is further complicated by other possible dates such as August 24 and 25 and other locations such as Kangkong , Bahay Toro and Pasong Tamo . Furthermore, at
1221-406: A princess named Kansilay. An attack on the settlement by pirates was thwarted when the princess bravely led the people in the village's defense. The fight was furious and the princess fought like a seasoned warrior. Murals that used to grace some of the city's public buildings depict her as a fierce fighter wielding a huge talibong , a short native single-edged sword. The pirates were routed, but at
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#17327829045311332-418: A process known as Secularization. In this process, control of Philippine parishes were to be passed from the religious orders to the secular priests, particularly Philippine-born priests. The religious orders, or friars, reacted negatively and a political struggle between the friars and secular priests began. The 19th century was also a new era for Europe . Church power was declining, and friars began coming to
1443-618: A secret organization named Katipunan in a house located in Tondo, Manila , while more conservative members led by Domingo Franco and Numeriano Adriano would later establish the Cuerpo de Compromisarios . The Katipunan obtained overwhelming number of members and attracted the lowly classes. In June 1896, Bonifacio sent an emissary to Dapitan to obtain Rizal's support, but Rizal refused to participate in an armed revolution. On August 19, 1896, Katipunan
1554-489: A sizable commercial and fishing port and is the site of the new Bacolod–Silay International Airport , which replaced the old Bacolod City Domestic Airport . Silay is often referred to as the " Paris of Negros" due to its artists, cultural shows and large collection of perfectly preserved heritage houses. More than thirty of these houses have been declared by the National Historical Commission of
1665-704: Is an Austronesian regional language spoken in the Philippines by about 9.1 million people, predominantly in Western Visayas , Negros Island Region , and Soccsksargen , most of whom belong to the Hiligaynon people . It is the second-most widely spoken language in the Visayas and belongs to the Bisayan languages , and it is more distantly related to other Philippine languages . It also has one of
1776-613: Is beautiful.' 'Sara is beautiful' (English) There is no direct translation for the English copula to be in Hiligaynon. However, the prefixes mangin- and nangin- may be used to mean will be and became, respectively. Example: Manamì mangín manggaránon. 'It is nice to become rich.' The Spanish copula estar ('to be') has also become a part of the Hiligaynon lexicon. Its meaning and pronunciation have changed compared to its Spanish meaning, however. In Hiligaynon it
1887-467: Is capable of handling all-weather and night-landing operations. Its 2,000-meter (6,600 ft.) long and 45-meter (148 ft.) wide primary runway, and 678-meter by 23-meter taxiways can accommodate Airbus A320 family -size aircraft, and the Boeing 737 , while the apron can hold five aircraft at any one time. The runway runs in a direction of 03°/21°. Provisions for a 500-meter (1,600 ft) expansion of
1998-568: Is composed of three sub-variants: Northern, Central and Southern Negrense Hiligaynon), Guimaras Hiligaynon, and Mindanao Hiligaynon (which incorporated some Cebuano and other languages due to the mass influx of migrants from Cebu , Bohol , Siquijor and Cebuano-speaking parts of Mindanao reside in the Soccsksargen area). Some native speakers also consider Kinaray-a (also known as Hiniraya or Antiqueño) and Capiznon dialects of Hiligaynon. However, linguists have classified Kinaray-a as
2109-597: Is more commonly used, which has rarely or never been used by other dialects of the language. Another example, amó iní , ('this is it') in Standard Hiligaynon can be simplified in Urban Hiligaynon and become 'mó'ní . Some of the other widely recognized dialects of the language, aside from Standard Hiligaynon and Urban Hiligaynon, are Bacolodnon Hiligaynon ( Metro Bacolod dialect), Negrense Hiligaynon (provincial Negros Occidental dialect that
2220-525: Is no officially recognized standard orthography for the language and different writers may follow different conventions. It is common for the newer generation, however, to write the language based on the current orthographic rules of Filipino. A noticeable feature of the Spanish-influenced orthography absent in those writing following Filipino's orthography is the use of "c" and "qu" in representing /k/ (now replaced with "k" in all instances) and
2331-504: Is pronounced as istar and means 'to live (in)/location' (Compare with the Hiligaynon word puyô ). Example: Nagaistar ako sa tabuk suba. 'I live in tabuk suba'. Tabuk suba translates to 'other side of the river' and is also a barangay in Jaro, Iloilo. To indicate the existence of an object, the word may is used. Example: May EXIST idô dog (a)ko 1SG May idô (a)ko EXIST dog 1SG I have
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#17327829045312442-1183: Is spoken in other neighboring provinces , such as Antique and Aklan in Western Visayas, Negros Oriental in Negros Island Region, Masbate in Bicol Region , and southern parts of Mindoro , Romblon and Palawan in Mimaropa . It is spoken as a second language by Kinaray-a speakers in Antique , Aklanon/Malaynon speakers in Aklan , Capiznon speakers in Capiz , Cebuano speakers in Negros Oriental , and spoken and understood by native speakers of Maguindanaon , Cebuano, Ilocano , Blaan , Tboli and other settler and indigenous languages in Soccsksargen in Mindanao . There are approximately 9,300,000 people in and out of
2553-659: Is the subject and which is the object ; rather, the affix of the verb determines this, though the ang -marked noun is always the topic. In addition to this, there are two verbal deictics , karí , meaning 'to come to the speaker', and kadto , meaning 'to go yonder'. Hiligaynon lacks the marker of sentence inversion ay of Tagalog/Filipino or hay of Akeanon. Instead sentences in SV form (Filipino: Di karaniwang anyo ) are written without any marker or copula. Examples: Si Sara ay maganda (Tagalog) Si Sara matahum / Gwapa si Sara (Hiligaynon) = 'Sara
2664-404: Is used medially to indicate the glottal stop san-o 'when' gab-e 'evening; night'. It is also used in reduplicated words: adlaw-adlaw 'daily, every day', from adlaw 'day, sun'. This marking is not used in reduplicated words whose base is not also used independently, as in pispis 'bird'. Hyphens are also used in words with successive sounds of /g/ and /ŋ/ , to separate
2775-489: The peninsulares , the creoles , and the Principalía . The peninsulares were people who were Spanish-born, but lived in the Philippines. The creoles , or criollo people, were Spaniards who were born in the colonies. The principalía was a hereditary class of local Indios who descended from precolonial datus, rajah and nobility, and were granted special rights and privileges such as positions in local government and
2886-568: The 1897 elections in Tejeros , which saw Emilio Aguinaldo elected as president in absentia . Bonifacio nullified the results after a Magdalo member questioned his election as the Secretary of the Interior. This resulted in a schism, with Bonifacio's supporters alleging that the elections was fraudulent, with Bonifacio himself refusing to recognize the results. In April 1897, Aguinaldo ordered
2997-570: The Americas , Rizal established La Liga Filipina (The Filipino League), a Filipino association organized to seek reforms in the colonial government. When the Spaniards learned that Rizal was in the Philippines, they arrested and deported him a few days after the Liga was established. Upon hearing that Rizal had been deported to Dapitan , Liga member Andrés Bonifacio and his fellows established
3108-754: The Malolos Congress elections were held by the Revolutionary Government, resulting in Emilio Aguinaldo being elected as President of the Philippines. On February 2, 1899, hostilities broke out between U.S. and Filipino forces. The Malolos Constitution was adopted in a session convened on September 15, 1898. It was promulgated on January 21, 1899, creating the First Philippine Republic with Aguinaldo as President . On June 12, 1899, Aguinaldo promulgated
3219-463: The Peele, Hubbell & Company . These became two of the leading business firms. At first, Americans had an edge over their British competitors, because they offered high prices for Philippine exports such as hemp , sugar, and tobacco. American trade supremacy did not last long. In the face of stiff British competition, they gradually lost their control over the Philippine business market. This decline
3330-505: The Philippines who are native speakers of Hiligaynon and an additional 5,000,000 capable of speaking it with a substantial degree of proficiency. Aside from Hiligaynon , the language is also referred to as Ilonggo , also spelled Ilongo , as it originated in Iloilo. Many speakers outside Iloilo argue, that this is an incorrect usage of the word Ilonggo . In precise usage, these people opine that Ilonggo should be used only in relation to
3441-593: The Propaganda Movement , and the result was the founding of secret societies in villages. Among the pioneering editors of the paper were Graciano López Jaena , Marcelo H. del Pilar , and José Rizal . The editors of La Solidaridad also included leading Spanish liberals, such as Miguel Morayta. The Propaganda Movement in Europe resulted in the Spanish legislature passing some reforms for the islands, but
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3552-558: The Propaganda Movement . These émigrés used their writings primarily to condemn Spanish abuses and seek reforms to the colonial government. José Rizal 's novels, Noli Me Tángere ( Touch Me Not , 1887) and El Filibusterismo ( The Filibuster , 1891), exposed Spanish abuses in socio-political and religious aspects. The publication of his first novel brought the infamous agrarian conflict in his hometown of Calamba, Laguna in 1888, when Dominican haciendas fell into trouble of submitting government taxes. In 1892, after his return from
3663-684: The Spanish Parliament . Katipunan soon gained influence across the islands, and sought an armed revolution. However, that revolution started prematurely in August 1896 upon its discovery by Spanish authorities in Manila. The organization soon declared war against Spain in Caloocan . Early battles and skirmishes were centered around sieging the capital city of Manila led by Bonifacio himself, which ultimately failed. However, revolutionaries in
3774-1061: The uprising of Filipino soldiers at the Fort San Felipe arsenal in Cavite el Viejo . Seven days after the mutiny, many people were arrested and tried. Three of these were secular priests: José Burgos , Mariano Gomez and friar Jacinto Zamora , who were hanged by Spanish authorities in Bagumbayan . Their execution had a profound effect on many Filipinos; José Rizal , the national hero, would dedicate his novel El filibusterismo to their memory. Many Filipinos who were arrested for possible rebellion were deported to Spanish penal colonies . Some of them, however, managed to escape to Hong Kong , Yokohama , Singapore , Paris , London , Vienna , Berlin , and some parts of Spain . These people met fellow Filipino students and other exiles who had escaped from penal colonies. Bound together by common fate, they established an organization known as
3885-587: The 2-story multipurpose PHP1.03 billion Negros Occidental Convention Center in Silay. It was Mayor Albee Benitez who initiated the project near the Bacolod-Silay Airport . His brother 3rd District Rep. Jose Francisco Benitez certified the center as green building for conferences, cultural events, and social gatherings. The Bacolod–Silay International Airport , serves the whole Metro Bacolod area and surrounding places. The P4.37-billion airport
3996-661: The Americans be broken and that the latter be treated as enemies". In June 1899, the First Philippine Republic formally declared war against the United States, which ended with the Philippine Organic Act in July 1902. As a result, the islands become an unincorporated territory of the United States. A commonwealth government was formed in 1935, with Manuel L. Quezon , Aguinaldo's aide-de-camp during
4107-500: The Bacolod–Silay International Airport are Philippine Airlines , Cebu Pacific Air , PAL Express , and Philippines AirAsia . In Silay City, there are 31 schools that are officially listed by the city's Department of Education . Silay City has been twinned with the following cities: Hiligaynon language Hiligaynon , also often referred to as Ilonggo or Binisayâ/Bisayâ nga Hiniligaynon/Inilonggo ,
4218-451: The Bible into Hiligaynon and in traditional or formal speech. (**)The plural personal case markers are not used very often and not even by all speakers. Again, this is an example of a case marker that has fallen largely into disuse, but is still occasionally used when speaking a more traditional form of Hiligaynon, using fewer Spanish loan words. The case markers do not determine which noun
4329-750: The Cavite Arsenal of Fort San Felipe mutinied. They were led by sergeant Ferdinand La Madrid , a Spanish mestizo . The soldiers mistook the fireworks in Quiapo , which were being fired for the feast of St. Sebastian, as the signal to start a long-planned national uprising. The colonial government used the incident to spread a reign of terror and to eliminate subversive political and church figures. Among these were priests Mariano Gomez , José Burgos , and Jacinto Zamora , who were executed by garrote on February 18, 1872. They are remembered in Philippine history as Gomburza . The Cavite Mutiny of 1872, and
4440-558: The Junta General de Reformas, was established in Manila. It consisted of five Filipinos, eleven Spanish civilians and five Spanish friars. They had the ability to vote on reforms, subject to ratification by the Home Government. However, none of the reforms were put into effect, due to the friars fearing that the reforms would diminish their influence. The Assembly ceased to exist after the 1874 Restoration . In 1776,
4551-720: The Katipunan (in full, Kataas-taasang, Kagalang-galangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan, "Supreme and Venerable Society of the Children of the Nation") in Manila on July 7, 1892. The organization, advocating independence through armed revolt against Spain, was influenced by the rituals and organization of Freemasonry ; Bonifacio and other leading members were also Freemasons. From Manila, the Katipunan expanded into several provinces, including Batangas , Laguna , Cavite , Bulacan , Pampanga , Tarlac , Nueva Ecija , Ilocos Sur , Ilocos Norte , Pangasinan , Bicol , and Mindanao . Most of
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4662-408: The Liga was soon disbanded. Ideological differences had contributed to its dissolution. Conservative upper-class members favoring reform, under the leadership of Apolinario Mabini , set up the Cuerpo de Compromisarios , which attempted to revive La Solidaridad in Europe. Other, more radical members belonging to the middle and lower classes, led by Andrés Bonifacio , set up the Katipunan alongside
4773-565: The Philippine Commonwealth Army and Negrense guerrilla fighters and defeated the Japanese defenders. Today, the site is marked by a monument dedicated to the efforts which led to the liberation of the island of Negros. On June 12, 1957, Silay was converted into a city, by virtue of Republic Act 1621. Silay City had been known in the past as the "Paris of Negros" and the "cultural and intellectual hub of Negros" due to
4884-493: The Philippines as part of the Silay National Historical Landmark. In 2015, the city celebrated its 58th charter anniversary. The appellation Silay is derived from the name of a native tree which grew abundantly in the area. The kansilay is the city's official tree. A local legend tells of how Silay City got its name. It is said that in the days of the datus and rajahs , there once lived
4995-588: The Philippines, ending hopes that the friars would relinquish their posts. With the opening of the Suez Canal , the voyage between Spain and the Philippines was made shorter. More peninsulares (Spaniards born in Spain) began pouring into the colony and started to occupy the various government positions traditionally held by the criollos ( Spaniards born in the Philippines). In the 300 years of colonial rule,
5106-435: The Philippines, this idea spread through the writings of criollo writers, such as Luis Rodríguez Varela , who called himself "Conde Filipino" (Earl of the Philippines). This was the first time that a colonist called himself a Filipino rather than a Spanish subject. With the increasing economic and political stability in the Philippines, the middle class began demanding that the churches in the Philippines be nationalized through
5217-497: The Philippines. In 1834, restrictions against foreign traders were relaxed when Manila became an open port. By the end of 1859, there were 15 foreign firms in Manila. Seven of these were British, three were American, two were French, two were Swiss and one was German. In 1834, some American merchants settled in Manila and invested heavily in business. Two American business firms were established—the Russell, Sturgis & Company and
5328-404: The Spanish authorities discouraged foreign merchants from residing in the colony and engaging in business. The royal decree of February 2, 1800, prohibited foreigners from living in the Philippines. as did the royal decrees of 1807 and 1816. In 1823, Governor-General Mariano Ricafort promulgated an edict prohibiting foreign merchants from engaging in retail trade and visiting the provinces for
5439-401: The Spanish colonizers called Arayas , which may be a Spanish misconception of the Hiligaynon words Iraya or taga-Iraya , or the current and more popular version Karay-a ('highlanders' – people of Iraya / highlands ). Similar to many languages in the Philippines , very little research on dialectology has been done on Hiligaynon. Standard Hiligaynon, is the dialect that is used in
5550-549: The Spanish soon capitulated. In June, Philippine revolutionaries declared independence . However, it was not recognized by Spain, which sold the islands to the United States in the Treaty of Paris . Led by Andrés Bonifacio , the Katipunan was formed in secrecy in 1892 in the wake of the nascent La Liga Filipina , an organization created by Filipino nationalist José Rizal and others in Spain with goals of Philippine representation to
5661-582: The United States, returned to the Philippines and resumed attacks against the Spaniards. By June, the rebels had gained control of nearly the entirety of the countryside, while the cities remained under Spanish control. On June 12, Aguinaldo issued the Philippine Declaration of Independence in Kawit . Although this signified the end date of the revolution, neither Spain nor the United States recognized Philippine independence. The Treaty of Paris
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#17327829045315772-408: The absence of the letter "w" ("u" was formerly used in certain instances). The core alphabet consists of 20 letters used for expressing consonants and vowels in Hiligaynon, each of which comes in an uppercase and lowercase variety. The apostrophe ⟨'⟩ and hyphen ⟨-⟩ also appear in Hiligaynon writing, and might be considered separate letters. The hyphen, in particular,
5883-501: The afternoon, residents of Silay gathered in the street corner now known as Cinco de Noviembre Street and from there they proceeded to the Spanish garrison near the Catholic Church. The encounter was bloodless. The Spanish civil guard commander, Lt. Maximiano Correa, refused to surrender. After negotiations with the revolutionaries mediated by Juan Viaplana, a local Spaniard, the Spanish garrison did surrender. A Philippine flag
5994-725: The arrest of Bonifacio. A trial was set in Maragondon , where the Magdalo-led jury found Bonifacio and his brother Procopio guilty of treason, sentencing both of them to death. Despite calls for commuting the sentence for the sake of national unity, the brothers were executed in May 1897. Later that year, Aguinaldo's government and Spanish authorities signed the Pact of Biak-na-Bato , which temporarily reduced hostilities. Filipino revolutionary officers exiled themselves to Hong Kong . However,
6105-465: The bankruptcy of the Royal Company of the Philippines ( Real Compaña de Filipinas ) catapulted the Spanish king to open Manila to world trade. In a royal decree issued on September 6, 1834, the privileges of the company were revoked and the port of Manila was opened to trade. Shortly after the opening of Manila to world trade, the Spanish merchants began to lose their commercial supremacy in
6216-489: The beginning and middle and sometimes final syllables and [ɛ] in final syllables. The vowels [ʊ] and [o] are also allophones, with [ʊ] always being used when it is the beginning of a syllable, and [o] always used when it ends a syllable. Hiligaynon is written using the Latin script . Until the second half of the 20th century, Hiligaynon was widely written largely following Spanish orthographic conventions. Nowadays there
6327-436: The colonial government did not implement them. After being published from 1889 to 1895, La Solidaridad began to run out of funds, and it had not accomplished concrete changes in the Philippines. José Rizal decided to return to the Philippines, where he founded La Liga Filipina , the Manila chapter of the Propaganda Movement. Only days after its founding, Rizal was arrested by colonial authorities and deported to Dapitan , and
6438-447: The cost of the princess' life. Her paramour arrived in time to see her die. In grief, the people lovingly buried her. To their surprise, a tree grew right over her grave, the first Kansilay tree, a final gift from the brave princess. Silay was first settled in 1565, under the name "Carobcob" , which means "to scratch" in Kinaray-a ; residents of the settlement relied upon harvesting tuway clams , which involved "scratching" (or raking)
6549-550: The country welcomed him with a banquet at the Malacañan Palace on June 23, 1869. On the night of July 12, 1869, Filipino leaders, priests and students gathered and serenaded de la Torre at Malacañan Palace to express their appreciation for his liberal policies. The serenade was led by prominent residents of Manila, including José Cabezas de Herrera (the Civil Governor of Manila), José Burgos , Maximo Paterno, Manuel Genato, Joaquín Pardo de Tavera, Ángel Garchitorena, Andrés Nieto and Jacóbo Zóbel y Zangroniz. An Assembly of Reformists ,
6660-457: The criollos had been accustomed to being semi-autonomous with the governor-general, who was the only Spaniard (peninsulares) government official. The criollos demanded representation in the Spanish Cortes where they could express their grievances. This, together with the secularization issues, gave rise to the Criollo insurgencies. In the late 18th century, Criollo (or Insulares, "islanders", as they were locally called) writers began spreading
6771-438: The economy of Manila, the Spanish government sent Sinibaldo de Mas , a Spanish diplomat , to the Philippines in order to conduct an economic survey of the Philippines and submit recommendations. After an intensive investigation of colonial affairs in the Philippines, Mas submitted his official report to the Crown. The report, Informe sobre el estado de las Islas Filipinas en 1842 , was published at Madrid in 1843. Mas recommended
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#17327829045316882-459: The ethnolinguistic group of native inhabitants of Iloilo and the culture associated with native Hiligaynon speakers in that place, including their language. The disagreement over the usage of Ilonggo to refer to the language extends to Philippine language specialists and native laypeople. Historical evidence from observations of early Spanish explorers in the Archipelago shows that the nomenclature used to refer to this language had its origin among
6993-493: The evening, amidst heavy rain, the rebels moved to Kangkong in Caloocan, and arrived there past midnight. As a precaution, the rebels moved to Bahay Toro or Pugad Lawin on August 23. Agoncillo places the Cry and tearing of certificates at the house of Juan Ramos, which was in Pugad Lawin. Alvarez writes that they met at the house of Melchora Aquino (known as "Tandang Sora", and mother of Juan Ramos) in Bahay Toro on that date. Agoncillo places Aquino's house in Pasong Tamo and
7104-468: The first major challenge to monarchy in centuries occurred in the American Colonies . Although the American Revolution succeeded, it was in a relatively isolated area. In 1789, however, the French Revolution began to change the political landscape of Europe, as it ended absolute monarchy in France. The power passed from the king to the people through representation in parliament. People in other European countries began asking for representation, as well. In
7215-439: The following: opening of more ports to promote foreign trade, encouragement of Chinese immigration to stimulate agricultural development, and abolition of the tobacco monopoly. In response to Sinibaldo de Mas 's recommendations, more ports were opened by Spain. The ports of Sual, Pangasinan , Iloilo and Zamboanga were opened in 1855, Cebu was opened in 1860, and both Legazpi and Tacloban were opened in 1873. Before
7326-506: The greeting for 'good morning'. The linker ka is used if a number modifies a noun. Philippine Revolution Inconclusive 1896–1897 [REDACTED] Katipunan 1896–1897 [REDACTED] Spain 1898 [REDACTED] Philippine Revolutionaries 1898 [REDACTED] Spain 1899 1899 The Philippine Revolution ( Filipino : Himagsikang Pilipino or Rebolusyong Pilipino ; Spanish : Revolución Filipina or Guerra Tagala )
7437-459: The hostilities never completely ceased. On April 21, 1898, after the sinking of the USS Maine in Havana Harbor , the United States declared war against the Spanish Empire, starting the Spanish-American War. On May 1, the U.S. Navy's Asiatic Squadron , under George Dewey , decisively defeated the Spanish Navy in the Battle of Manila Bay , effectively seizing control of the area surrounding Manila. On May 19, Aguinaldo, unofficially allied with
7548-426: The ideals of the French Revolution in the Philippines. At the same time, a royal decree ordered the secularization of Philippine churches, and many parishes were turned over to Philippine-born priests. Halfway through the process, it was aborted due to the return of the Jesuits . The religious orders began retaking Philippine parishes. One instance that enraged the Insulares was the Franciscan takeover of Antipolo ,
7659-455: The impossibility of isolating the colony from world intercourse and commerce. In 1789, foreign vessels were given permission to transport Asian goods to the port of Manila . Even before the 1780s, many foreign ships, including Yankee clipper ships , had visited Manila regardless of anti-foreigner regulations. In 1790, Governor-General Félix Berenguer de Marquina recommended that the King of Spain open Manila to world commerce. Furthermore,
7770-408: The international community, which led to the start of nationalistic endeavours. The rise of Filipino nationalism was slow, but inevitable. Abuses by the Spanish government, military and clergy prevalent during three centuries of colonial rule, and the exposure of these abuses by the " ilustrados " in the late 19th century, paved the way for a united Filipino people. However, the growth of nationalism
7881-407: The island. The occupying forces of the Nagano Detachment of the Imperial Japanese Army retreated to Silay and proceeded up Mt. Silay to Patag. There, they established a defensive position. Military forces of the Philippine Commonwealth and soldiers of the U.S. 40th Infantry Division proceeded up the slopes of Mt. Silay with help from Filipino soldiers of the 7th, 72nd and 75th Infantry Division of
7992-574: The largest native language-speaking populations of the Philippines , despite it not being taught and studied formally in schools and universities until 2012. Hiligaynon is given the ISO 639-2 three-letter code hil , but has no ISO 639-1 two-letter code. Hiligaynon is mainly concentrated in the regions of Western Visayas ( Iloilo , Capiz , and Guimaras ), Negros Island Region ( Negros Occidental ), and Soccsksargen ( South Cotabato including General Santos , Sultan Kudarat , and North Cotabato ). It
8103-512: The letters with the digraph NG. Like in the word gin-gaan 'was given'; without the hyphen, it would be read as gingaan /gi.ŋaʔan/ as opposed to /gin.gaʔan/ . In addition, some English letters may be used in borrowed words. Hiligaynon has three types of case markers: absolutive , ergative , and oblique . These types in turn are divided into personal, that have to do with names of people, and impersonal, that deal with everything else, and further into singular and plural types, though
8214-475: The meeting there on August 24. The rebels continued to congregate, and by August 24, there were over a thousand. On August 24, it was decided to notify the Katipunan councils of the surrounding towns that an attack on the capital Manila was planned for August 29. Bonifacio appointed generals to lead rebel forces in Manila. Before hostilities erupted, Bonifacio also reorganized the Katipunan into an open revolutionary government , with himself as president and
8325-412: The members, called Katipuneros, came from the lower and middle classes. The Katipunan had "its own laws, bureaucratic structure and elective leadership". The Katipunan Supreme Council (Kataas-taasang Kapulungan, of which Bonifacio was a member, and eventually head) coordinated provincial councils ( Sangguniang Bayan ). The provincial councils were in charge of "public administration and military affairs on
8436-412: The neighboring provinces fared better, particularly in Cavite , where rebels led by Mariano Álvarez and cousins Baldomero and Emilio Aguinaldo won early major victories. This disparity in success, along with multiple factors, contributed to the eventual power struggle from within Katipunan's leadership. Two factions formed: Bonifacio's Magdiwang and Aguinaldo's Magdalo . This struggle culminated in
8547-670: The new republic's fate. In November 1897, the Republic of Biak-na-Bato was established, and the insurgent government promulgated a constitution. On May 1, 1898, the Battle of Manila Bay took place as part of the Spanish–American War . On May 24, Emilio Aguinaldo , who had returned from voluntary exile on May 19, announced in Cavite, "...I return to assume command of all the forces for the attainment of our lofty aspirations, establishing
8658-591: The people of the coasts or people of the Ilawod (" los [naturales] de la playa ") in Iloilo, Panay, whom Spanish explorer Miguel de Loarca called Yligueynes (or the more popular term Hiligaynon , also referred to by the Karay-a people as Siná ). The term Hiligaynon came from the root word ilig ('to go downstream'), referring to a flowing river in Iloilo. In contrast, the Kinaray-a has been used by what
8769-484: The plural impersonal case markers are just the singular impersonal case markers + mga (a contracted spelling for /maŋa/ ), a particle used to denote plurality in Hiligaynon. (*)The articles sing and sing mga means the following noun is indefinite , while sang tells of a definite noun, like the use of a in English as opposed to the ; however, it is not as common in modern speech, being replaced by sang . It appears in conservative translations of
8880-431: The populace from Moro raiders. The place is now known as Sitio Estaca, its name derived from the Spanish word estacada . In 1760, Silay was recognized as a town being referred to in a letter from Governor Juan Jose de Mijares (1772–1775) mentioning Silay as a leading town in the north. In 1776, the bishop of Cebu considered Silay as the center of the parish . In 1760, it became a pueblo or town. By 1896, it had become
8991-470: The present runway in order to accommodate even larger airplanes like the Airbus A330 , Airbus A340 and Boeing 747 are now in place. The airport is expected to be the primary entrance by air to Negros Island Region. Silay is 50 minutes by air from Manila , 30 minutes by air from Cebu , 1 hour by air from Cagayan de Oro and 37.2 minutes by air from General Santos . Commercial airlines operating in
9102-512: The province of Iloilo , primarily in the northern and eastern portions of the province. It has a more traditional and extensive vocabulary, whereas the Urban Hiligaynon dialect spoken in Metro Iloilo has a more simplified or modern vocabulary. For example, the term for 'to wander,' 'to walk,' or 'to stroll' in Urban Hiligaynon is lágaw , which is also widely used by most of the Hiligaynon speakers, whereas in Standard Hiligaynon, dayán
9213-478: The purpose of trading. It was reissued by Governor-General Luis Lardizábal in 1840. A royal decree issued in 1844 prohibited foreigners from traveling to the provinces under any pretext whatsoever, and in 1857, several anti-foreigner laws were renewed. With the wide acceptance of laissez-faire doctrines in the later part of the 18th century, Spain relaxed its mercantilist policies. The British capture and occupation of Manila in 1762–1764 made Spain realize
9324-552: The residents' love for knowledge and works of art, and its collection of heritage mansions built during the height of the Philippine sugar industry's success, of which Negros was the very center. Most notable among these houses is Balay Negrense , the mansion of the son of the first Negrense sugar baron, Yves Leopold Germain Gaston and the Hofileña Ancestral House built by Manuel Severino Hofileña for his wife, former Miss Silay Gilda Ledesma Hojilla. Silay became
9435-674: The revived Liga . The goals of the Propaganda Movement included legal equality of Filipinos and Spaniards, restoration of Philippine representation in the Spanish Cortes, "Filipinization" of the Catholic parishes, and the granting of individual liberties to Filipinos, such as freedom of speech, freedom of press, freedom of assembly, and freedom to petition for grievances. Andrés Bonifacio , Deodato Arellano , Ladislao Diwa , Teodoro Plata , and Valentín Díaz founded
9546-532: The revolution, assuming presidency. The Philippines was intended to become independent after a ten-year commonwealth period but was cut short in the advent of the Second World War in the Pacific. The country finally became fully independent on July 4, 1946, 50 years after the start of the revolution. The main influx of the revolutionary ideas came at the start of the 19th century when the Philippines
9657-561: The richest parish in the islands, which had been under the control of Philippine-born priests. In the early 19th century, Fathers Pedro Peláez and Mariano Gomez began organizing activities which demanded that control of Philippine parishes be returned to the Filipino seculars. Father Peláez, who was Archbishop of the Manila Cathedral, died in an earthquake, while Father Gómez retired to private life. The next generation of Insular activists included Father José Burgos , who organized
9768-511: The right to vote, though they were lower than the peninsulares and insulares in social standing. Many members of the Philippine Revolution belonged to the principalía class, like José Rizal . Although the peninsulares and the creoles enjoyed the same social power, as they both belonged to the upper class, the peninsulares considered themselves as socially superior to the creoles and the native principalía . The lowest of
9879-528: The sands for the mollusks at low tide, as a means of livelihood. In early writings, the settlement was also referred to as "Calubcub" , "Caracol" and "Caraco" . The last two variations mean "snail" or a "spiral" in Spanish . Carobcob was built near the mouth of a creek ; nothing is left of the village today. Carobcob was granted as an encomienda to Cristobal Nuñez Paroja, one of the seventeen soldiers of Miguel López de Legazpi on January 25, 1571. In
9990-498: The seat of arts, culture and ecotourism in the Negros Island Region . Every 12th day of June, the city celebrates their annual festival called Hugyaw Kansilay Festival. The theme is derived from the story of Kansilay, which is also the origin of the city's name. The festival reflects the growth of Silay; from a lowly pueblo to a city that can hold its own among the country's best. The city's festival dance depicts
10101-399: The secessionist movement, many of them were executed, notably Don Francisco Roxas. Bonifacio had forged their signatures in Katipunan documents, hoping that they would be forced to support the revolution. On August 24, 1896, Bonifacio called Katipunan members to a mass gathering in Caloocan , where the group decided to start a nationwide armed revolution against Spain. The event included
10212-465: The second half of the century, Moro slave raiders escalated their incursions on the large island, forcing the Corregidor of Negros to adopt the policy of flight rather than resistance. People left their homes sometime in 1760 and settled in a new location between two small rivers, Matagoy and Panaogao. A paloisades or estacada ( Spanish for "palisade" or "stockade") was constructed to protect
10323-669: The secret organization that would trigger the revolution, mainly consisted of the masses. Material prosperity at the start of 19th century produced an enlightened middle class in the Philippines, consisting of well-to-do farmers, teachers, lawyers, physicians, writers, and government employees. Many of them were able to buy and read books originally withheld from the lowly Filipino class. They discussed political problems and sought government reforms, and eventually, they were able to send their children to colleges and universities in Manila and abroad, particularly to Madrid . The material progress
10434-466: The setting, characters, plot , sub-plots , conflict , climax and the story of the Legend of Kansilay. Silay City is 14 kilometres (8.7 mi) from Bacolod . Silay is politically subdivided into 16 barangays . Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios . Poverty incidence of Silay Source: Philippine Statistics Authority Eugenio Jose Lacson led the groundbreaking of
10545-417: The start of the Philippine Revolution, Filipino society was subdivided into social classifications that were based on the economic status of a person. Background, ancestry, and economic status played a huge role in determining standing in the social hierarchy. The Spanish people as well as native descendants of precolonial nobility belonged to the upper class, and they were further subdivided into more classes:
10656-534: The student rallies in the University of Santo Tomas . On the political front, Insular activists included Joaquín Pardo de Tavera and Jacobo Zobel. The unrest escalated into a large insurgency in 1823 when Andres Novales , a creole captain, declared the Philippines to be independent from Spain and crowned himself Emperor of the Philippines. In January 1872, the Insular uprisings began when soldiers and workers of
10767-516: The subsequent deportation of criollos and mestizos to the Mariana Islands and Europe , created a colony of Filipino expatriates in Europe, particularly in Madrid . In Madrid, Marcelo H. del Pilar , Mariano Ponce , Eduardo de Lete , and Antonio Luna founded La Solidaridad , a newspaper that pressed for reforms in the Philippines and spread ideas of revolution. This effort is known as
10878-437: The supra-municipal or quasi-provincial level". Local councils ( Panguluhang Bayan ) were in charge of affairs "on the district or barrio level." By 1895, Bonifacio was the supreme leader ( Supremo ) or supreme president ( Presidente Supremo ) of the Katipunan and was the head of its Supreme Council. Some historians estimate that there were between 30,000 and 400,000 members by 1896; other historians argue that there were only
10989-613: The time, "Balintawak" referred not only to a specific place, but also a general area that included some of the proposed sites, such as Kangkong. Upon the discovery of the Katipunan, Bonifacio called all Katipunan councils to a meeting in Balintawak or Kangkong to discuss their situation. According to historian Teodoro Agoncillo , the meeting occurred on August 19; however, revolutionary leader Santiago Álvarez stated that it occurred on August 22. On August 21, Katipuneros were already congregating in Balintawak in Caloocan. Late in
11100-481: The two classes was the masses , or Indios . This class included all poor commoners, peasants and laborers. Unlike the principalía class, where the members enjoyed high public offices and recommendations from the King of Spain , the masses only enjoyed a few civil rights and privileges. The highest political office that they could possibly hold was the gobernadorcillo , or the town executive. The members of Katipunan ,
11211-495: The very first flames of the revolution. In 1868, a revolution overthrew the autocratic monarchy of Queen Isabella II of Spain , which was replaced by a civil and liberal government with Republican principles led by Francisco Serrano . The next year, Serrano appointed Carlos María de la Torre , a member of the Spanish Army, as the 91st Governor-General of the Philippines . Filipino and Spanish liberals residing in
11322-548: Was a war of independence waged by the revolutionary organization Katipunan against the Spanish Empire from 1896 to 1898. It was the culmination of the 333-year colonial rule of Spain in the archipelago. The Philippines was one of the last major colonies of the Spanish Empire, which had already suffered a massive decline in the 1820s . Cuba rebelled in 1895 , and in 1898, the United States intervened and
11433-544: Was discovered by a Spanish friar, which resulted in the start of the Philippine Revolution. The revolution initially flared up in Central Luzon . The armed resistance eventually spread throughout the Southern Tagalog region, particularly in Cavite province , where towns were gradually liberated during the early months of the uprising. In 1896 and 1897, successive conventions at Imus and Tejeros decided
11544-472: Was due to lack of support from the U.S. government and lack of U.S. trade bases in the Orient . In 1875, Russell, Sturgis & Company went into bankruptcy, followed by Peele, Hubbell & Company in 1887. Soon after, British merchants, including James Adam Smith , Lawrence H. Bell and Robert P. Wood , dominated the financial sector in Manila. In 1842, alarmed by the domination of foreign merchants in
11655-413: Was forced to govern the Philippines directly from Madrid and to find new sources of revenue to pay for the colonial administration. At this point, post- French Revolution ideas entered the country through literature, which resulted in the rise of an enlightened principalía class in the society. The 1868 Spanish Revolution brought the rule of Queen Isabella II to an end. The conservative government
11766-459: Was opened for world trade. In 1809, the first British firms were established in Manila , followed by a royal decree in 1834 which officially opened the city to world trade. The Philippines had been governed from Mexico since 1565, with colonial administrative costs sustained by subsidies from the galleon trade . Increased competition with foreign traders brought the galleon trade to an end in 1815. After Mexico became independent in 1821, Spain
11877-526: Was primarily due to the opening of the Manila ports to world trade. The leading intellectuals of the country came from the enlightened middle class. They later called themselves the Ilustrados , which means "erudite ones". They also considered themselves to be the intelligentsia branch of the Filipino society. From the Ilustrados rose the prominent members of the Propaganda Movement , who stirred
11988-519: Was raised for the first time at the Silay plaza later that afternoon. Aniceto Lacson became president after the signing of the terms of surrender. Timoteo Unson and the group of Silay residents then marched south to join forces with some residents of Talisay for an attack on Bacolod , the capital. On the slopes of Mt. Silay lies Patag, the site of Imperial Japan 's last stand in Negros during World War II . In 1945, U.S. military forces landed in
12099-450: Was replaced by a liberal government led by General Francisco Serrano . In 1869, Serrano appointed Carlos María de la Torre as the 91st governor-general . The leadership of de la Torre introduced the idea of liberalism to the Philippines. The election of Amadeo of Savoy to the throne of Spain led to the replacement of de la Torre in 1871. In 1872, the government of the succeeding governor-general, Rafael de Izquierdo , experienced
12210-485: Was signed between Spain and the United States, formally ending Spanish rule to the islands and the Spanish-American war. Despite attempts by the Filipino government, there were no Filipinos in the treaty. On February 4, 1899, fighting broke out between the Filipino and American forces, beginning the Philippine–American War . Aguinaldo immediately declared war, ordering "that peace and friendly relations with
12321-460: Was slow because of the difficulty in social and economic intercourse among the Filipinos. In a dated letter written by the Filipino writer José P. Rizal to Father Vicente García of Ateneo Municipal de Manila , Rizal states that: There is, then, in the Philippines, a progress or improvement which is individual, but there is no national progress. Before the opening of Manila to foreign trade,
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