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173-578: Split ( / s p l ɪ t / , Croatian: [splît] ), historically known as Spalato ( Italian: [ˈspaːlato] ; Venetian : Spàlato ; see other names ), is the second-largest city of Croatia , after the capital Zagreb , the largest city in Dalmatia and the largest city on the Croatian coast. It lies on the eastern shore of the Adriatic Sea and is spread over

346-710: A literary language , Venetian was overshadowed by Dante Alighieri 's Tuscan dialect (the best known writers of the Renaissance, such as Petrarch , Boccaccio and Machiavelli , were Tuscan and wrote in the Tuscan language) and languages of France like the Occitano-Romance languages and the langues d'oïl including the mixed Franco-Venetian . Even before the demise of the Republic, Venetian gradually ceased to be used for administrative purposes in favor of

519-663: A central peninsula and its surroundings. An intraregional transport hub and popular tourist destination, the city is linked to the Adriatic islands and the Apennine Peninsula . More than 900,000 tourists visit it each year. The city was founded as the Greek colony of Aspálathos ( ‹See Tfd› Greek : Ἀσπάλαθος ) in the 3rd or 2nd century BCE on the coast of the Illyrian Dalmatae , and in 305 CE, it became

692-672: A chief of the whole economy, Hebrang finished his Five-Year Plan in winter 1946–47 which was approved by the government in spring 1947. Because of the lack of knowledge, the Plan copied the Soviet model. The factories which were built faster were factories that were in the sector of heavy and military industry, of which the most known in SR Croatia were " Rade Končar " and " Prvomajska ". In the Five-Year Plan, Hebrang wanted to increase

865-645: A compensation for the fact that the 2nd- and 3rd-person inflections for most verbs, which are still distinct in Italian and many other Romance languages, are identical in Venetian. The Piedmontese language also has clitic subject pronouns, but the rules are somewhat different. The function of clitics is particularly visible in long sentences, which do not always have clear intonational breaks to easily tell apart vocative and imperative in sharp commands from exclamations with "shouted indicative". For instance, in Venetian

1038-653: A constituent republic of the SFRY . All the constitutions and amendments were adopted by the Parliament of Croatia ( Croatian : Sabor ). After the first multi-party parliamentary elections held in April 1990 , the Parliament made various constitutional changes and dropped the prefix "socialist" from the official name, so the "Socialist Republic of Croatia" became simply the "Republic of Croatia" (RH). On 22 December 1990,

1211-540: A distinct shift in the overall ethnic characteristics of the city. Historically more influenced by Ottoman culture , their population merges almost seamlessly at the eastern border with the Herzegovinian Croats and southern Bosnia and Herzegovina in general. Local jokes have always condemned the Vlaji to playing the role of rural unsophisticates, although it is often conceded that it was their hard work in

1384-429: A major concert before almost 250,000 people in the central Zagreb city square. In light of the changing political circumstances, their song "Mojoj majci" ("To my mother"), where the songwriter hailed the mother in the song as "the last rose of Croatia", was taken to heart by the fans on the location and many more elsewhere because of the expressed patriotism. On October 26, parliament declared All Saints Day (November 1)

1557-482: A nasal, whereas Italian only uses [ ŋ ] before velar stops: e.g. [kaŋˈtaɾ] "to sing", [iŋˈvɛɾno] "winter", [ˈoŋzaɾ] "to anoint", [ɾaŋˈdʒaɾse] "to cope with". Speakers of Italian generally lack this sound and usually substitute a dental [ n ] for final Venetian [ ŋ ] , changing for example [maˈniŋ] to [maˈnin] and [maˈɾiŋ] to [maˈrin] . An accented á

1730-812: A national state of the Croatian people, the state of the Serbian people in Croatia and the state of other nationalities living in it ". The first post-war head of state of the Socialist Republic of Croatia was Vladimir Nazor (actually President of the Presidium of the Parliament of the People's Republic of Croatia), who was, during the war, Chairman of the State Antifascist Council of the People's Liberation of Croatia (ZAVNOH), while

1903-718: A path toward the independence of Croatia . The economy of the SFR Yugoslavia and thus of the Socialist Republic of Croatia was initially influenced by the Soviet Union. As the Communist Party of Yugoslavia was a member of the Communist International , Yugoslav communists thought that the Soviet way to socialism was the only option to create a socialist state. In the early years of the SFR Yugoslavia, Communist members suppressed critics towards

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2076-559: A public holiday. In January 1990, during the 14th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia, the delegation of Serbia led by Milošević insisted on replacing the 1974 constitutional policy that empowered the republics with a policy of "one person, one vote", which would benefit the majority Serb population. This caused first the Slovenian and then Croatian delegations (led by Milan Kučan and Ivica Račan , respectively) to leave

2249-484: A record snowfall of 25 cm (9.84 in), which caused major problems with traffic. Split receives more than 2,600 sunshine hours annually. In July 2017, Croatian firefighters battled to control a forest fire along the Adriatic coast that damaged and destroyed buildings in villages around the city of Split. According to the 2021 census, the city of Split had 160,577 inhabitants. Ethnically, Croats make up 96.42% of

2422-583: A significant Yugoslav city. When Croatia declared its independence again in 1991, Split had a large garrison of Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) troops (drafted from all over Yugoslavia), as well as the headquarters and facilities of the Yugoslav Navy (JRM). This led to a tense months-long stand-off between the JNA and Croatian National Guard and police forces, occasionally flaring up in various incidents. The most tragic incident occurred on 15 November 1991, when

2595-528: A special interrogative verbal flexion used for direct questions, which also incorporates a redundant pronoun: Reflexive tenses use the auxiliary verb avér ("to have"), as in English, the North Germanic languages , Catalan, Spanish, Romanian and Neapolitan; instead of èssar ("to be"), which would be normal in Italian. The past participle is invariable, unlike Italian: Another peculiarity of

2768-525: A war climate. In February 1990, SR Croatia changed its constitutional system to a multi-party system. In March 1991, the Yugoslav People's Army met with the Presidency of Yugoslavia (an eight-member council composed of representatives from six republics and two autonomous provinces) in an attempt to get them to declare a state of emergency which would allow for the army to take control of

2941-427: A weakened or lenited ("evanescent") ⟨l⟩ , which in some orthographic norms is indicated with the letter ⟨ ł ⟩ or ⟨ ƚ ⟩ ; in more conservative dialects, however, ⟨l⟩ and ⟨ł⟩ are merged as ordinary [ l ] . In those dialects that have both types, the precise phonetic realization of ⟨ł⟩ depends both on its phonological environment and on

3114-492: A while at this point, being overshadowed by that of nearby Salona, to which it would later become successor. The Roman Emperor Diocletian (ruled AD 284 to 305) in 293 began the construction of an opulent and heavily fortified palace fronting the sea, near his home town of Salona, selecting the site of Spálathos (or Spalatum in Latin). The Palace was built as a massive structure, much like a Roman military fortress. The palace and

3287-405: Is a "semi-analytical" verbal flexion, with a compulsory clitic subject pronoun before the verb in many sentences, echoing the subject as an ending or a weak pronoun. Independent/emphatic pronouns (e.g. ti ), on the contrary, are optional. The clitic subject pronoun ( te, el/ła, i/łe ) is used with the 2nd and 3rd person singular, and with the 3rd person plural. This feature may have arisen as

3460-635: Is adjacent to a front vowel ( ⟨i e⟩ ). In dialects further inland ⟨ł⟩ may be realized as a partially vocalised ⟨l⟩ . Thus, for example, góndoła 'gondola' may sound like góndoea [ˈɡoŋdoe̯a] , góndola [ˈɡoŋdola] , or góndoa [ˈɡoŋdoa] . In dialects having a null realization of intervocalic ⟨ł⟩ , although pairs of words such as scóła , "school" and scóa , "broom" are homophonous (both being pronounced [ˈskoa] ), they are still distinguished orthographically. Venetian, like Spanish, does not have

3633-630: Is also spoken in North and South America by the descendants of Italian immigrants. Notable examples of this are Argentina and Brazil , particularly the city of São Paulo and the Talian dialect spoken in the Brazilian states of Espírito Santo , São Paulo , Paraná , Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina . In Mexico , the Chipilo Venetian dialect is spoken in the state of Puebla and

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3806-586: Is being built. An example of one of the latest large city projects is the Spaladium Arena , built in 2009. Split is situated on a peninsula between the eastern part of the Gulf of Kaštela and the Split Channel . The Marjan hill (178 m (584 ft)), rises in the western part of the peninsula. The Kozjak (779 m (2,556 ft)) and Mosor (1,339 m (4,393 ft)) ridges protect

3979-691: Is common in the area. After the Roman conquest , the name became Spalatum or Aspalatum in Latin , which in the Middle Ages evolved into Aspalathum , Spalathum , Spalatrum and Spalatro in the Dalmatian language of the city's Romance population. The Venetian spelling, Spalato , became official under Venetian rule , in international usage by the Early Modern Period and is still

4152-405: Is now pronounced either as [ dz ] (Italian voiced-Z ), or more typically as [ z ] (Italian voiced-S , written ⟨x⟩ , as in el pianxe ); in a few dialects the sound appears as [ d ] and may therefore be written instead with the letter ⟨d⟩ , as in el piande . Some varieties of Venetian also distinguish an ordinary [ l ] vs.

4325-673: Is one of the Italo-Dalmatian languages and most closely related to Istriot on the one hand and Tuscan – Italian on the other. Some authors include it among the Gallo-Italic languages , and according to others, it is not related to either one. Although both Ethnologue and Glottolog group Venetian into the Gallo-Italic languages, the linguists Giacomo Devoto and Francesco Avolio and the Treccani encyclopedia reject

4498-454: Is pronounced as [ ɐ ], (an intervocalic / u / could be pronounced as a [ w ] sound). While written Venetian looks similar to Italian, it sounds very different, with a distinct lilting cadence, almost musical. Compared to Italian, in Venetian syllabic rhythms are more evenly timed, accents are less marked, but on the other hand tonal modulation is much wider and melodic curves are more intricate. Stressed and unstressed syllables sound almost

4671-593: Is pronounced the same as Castilian Spanish cena (which has the same meaning). The voiceless interdental fricative occurs in Bellunese, north-Trevisan, and in some Central Venetian rural areas around Padua, Vicenza and the mouth of the river Po . Because the pronunciation variant [ θ ] is more typical of older speakers and speakers living outside of major cities, it has come to be socially stigmatized, and most speakers now use [ s ] or [ ts ] instead of [ θ ] . In those dialects with

4844-595: Is spoken mainly in the Italian regions of Veneto and Friuli-Venezia Giulia and in both Slovenia and Croatia ( Istria , Dalmatia and the Kvarner Gulf ). Smaller communities are found in Lombardy ( Mantua ), Trentino , Emilia-Romagna ( Rimini and Forlì ), Sardinia ( Arborea , Terralba , Fertilia ), Lazio ( Pontine Marshes ), Tuscany ( Grossetan Maremma ) and formerly in Romania ( Tulcea ). It

5017-556: Is the hottest month, with an average high temperature around 31 °C (88 °F). Average annual rainfall is around 800 mm (31.50 in). November is the wettest month, with a precipitation total of nearly 120 mm (4.72 in) and 12 rainy days. July is the driest month, with a precipitation total of around 25 mm (0.98 in). Snow is usually rare, though in February 2012, during cold wave in Europe , Split received

5190-624: Is used only in Veneto dialects of Venetian language. It will suffice to know that in Venetian language the letter L in word-initial and intervocalic positions usually becomes a "palatal allomorph", and is barely pronounced. Very few Venetic words seem to have survived in present Venetian, but there may be more traces left in the morphology, such as the morpheme - esto / asto / isto for the past participle, which can be found in Venetic inscriptions from about 500 BC: A peculiarity of Venetian grammar

5363-741: The Austrian Empire following the Congress of Vienna , where the city remained a part of the Austrian Kingdom of Dalmatia until the fall of Austria-Hungary in 1918 and the formation of Yugoslavia . In World War II , the city was annexed by Italy , then liberated by the Partisans after the Italian capitulation in 1943. It was then re-occupied by Germany , which granted it to its puppet Independent State of Croatia . The city

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5536-519: The Chakavian dialect). The Fetivi, now a distinct minority, are sometimes referred to (semi-derogatorily) as " Mandrili " - and are augmented by the so-called Boduli, immigrants from the nearby Adriatic islands who mostly arrived over the course of the 20th century. The above two groups are distinct, in the Mediterranean aspects of their ethnicity and traditional Chakavian speech, from

5709-851: The French Republic to the Habsburg monarchy under the Treaty of Campo Formio , as part of the dissolution and partition of the ancient Republic of Venice . Split became part of the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy in 1805, after the defeat of the Third Coalition at the Battle of Austerlitz and the consequent Treaty of Pressburg . It was included directly in the French Empire in 1806. The same year, Vincenzo Dandolo

5882-509: The Italo-Dalmatian branch of Romance. Like all members of the Romance language family , Venetian evolved from Vulgar Latin , and is thus a sister language of Italian and other Romance languages. Venetian is first attested in writing in the 13th century. The language enjoyed substantial prestige in the days of the Republic of Venice , when it attained the status of a lingua franca in

6055-470: The JRM light frigate Split fired a small number of shells at the city and its surroundings. The damage was insignificant but there were a few casualties. Three general locations were bombarded: the old city center, the city airport, and an uninhabited part of the hills above Kaštela , between the airport and Split. JRM sailors, most of them Croats themselves, who had refused to attack Croat civilians were left in

6228-694: The Kingdom of Croatia , with the Byzantines retaining nominal suzerainty . For much of the High and Late Middle Ages , Split enjoyed autonomy as a free city of the Dalmatian city-states , caught in the middle of a struggle between Venice and Croatia for control over the Dalmatian cities. Venice eventually prevailed and during the early modern period Split remained a Venetian city, a heavily fortified outpost surrounded by Ottoman territory. Its hinterland

6401-727: The Kriegsmarine conducted a daring raid on the Split harbour, damaging the British cruiser Delhi . After the war the remaining members of Dalmatian Italians of Split left Yugoslavia towards Italy ( Istrian-Dalmatian exodus ). After World War II, Split became a part of the Socialist Republic of Croatia , itself a constituent sovereign republic of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia . During

6574-516: The Mediterranean Sea . Notable Venetian-language authors include the playwrights Ruzante (1502–1542), Carlo Goldoni (1707–1793) and Carlo Gozzi (1720–1806). Following the old Italian theatre tradition ( commedia dell'arte ), they used Venetian in their comedies as the speech of the common folk. They are ranked among the foremost Italian theatrical authors of all time, and plays by Goldoni and Gozzi are still performed today all over

6747-713: The Sack of Constantinople , Split remained a de jure possession of the Byzantine Empire as a Byzantine duchy, administered by the Exarchate of Ravenna and after 751 by Jadera ( Zadar ). Its hinterland was now home to the Duchy of the Croats . In this period, an independent Dalmatian language developed from Latin , with a distinct local dialect: to its inhabitants, the city became known as Spalatrum or Spalatro , one of

6920-876: The ZAVNOH (National Anti-Fascist Council of the People's Liberation of Croatia), a legislative body of the future Croatian republic within Yugoslavia. Its first president was Vladimir Nazor . Croatian partisans had autonomy along with the Slovene and Macedonian partisans. However, on 1 March 1945 they were put under the command of the Supreme Command of the Yugoslav Army, thus losing their autonomy. Partisans of Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina did not have such autonomy. Because of partisan victories and increased territory held by partisans, AVNOJ decided to hold

7093-593: The geminate consonants characteristic of standard Italian, Tuscan, Neapolitan and other languages of southern Italy; thus Italian fette ("slices"), palla ("ball") and penna ("pen") correspond to féte , bała , and péna in Venetian. The masculine singular noun ending, corresponding to -o / -e in Italian, is often unpronounced in Venetian after continuants, particularly in rural varieties: Italian pieno ("full") corresponds to Venetian pien , Italian altare to Venetian altar . The extent to which final vowels are deleted varies by dialect:

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7266-496: The patron saint of the city. Throughout the 9th and 10th centuries, Split was raided by the Narentines (a South Slavic confederation recognizing the King of Croatia as their sovereign). Therefore, the city offered its allegiance to Venice and in 998 the Venetian Doge Pietro II Orseolo , led a large naval expedition which defeated the Narentines the same year. After obtaining permission from Emperor Basil II in Constantinople, Orseolo proclaimed himself Duke of Dalmatia. In 1019

7439-420: The second session in Jajce at the end of November 1943. At that session, the Yugoslav communist leadership decided to reestablish Yugoslavia as federal state. On November 29, 1945, the Yugoslav Constituent Assembly held a session where it was decided that Croatia would be joined by five other republics in Yugoslavia: Slovenia , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Montenegro , Serbia and Macedonia . Not long after,

7612-453: The subjunctive mood is widely used in subordinate clauses . Some dialects of Venetian have certain sounds not present in Italian, such as the interdental voiceless fricative [ θ ] , often spelled with ⟨ç⟩ , ⟨z⟩ , ⟨zh⟩ , or ⟨ž⟩ , and similar to English th in thing and thought . This sound occurs, for example, in çéna ("supper", also written zhena, žena ), which

7785-489: The " Irredentist " faction), whose political goals varied from autonomy within the Austro-Hungarian Empire , to a political union with the Kingdom of Italy . The political alliances in Split shifted over time. At first, the Unionists and Autonomists were allied against the centralism of Vienna . After a while, when the national question came to prominence, they separated. Under Austria, Split generally stagnated. The great upheavals in Europe in 1848 gained no ground here, and

7958-441: The 14th century to some extent. Other noteworthy variants are: Like most Romance languages, Venetian has mostly abandoned the Latin case system , in favor of prepositions and a more rigid subject–verb–object sentence structure. It has thus become more analytic , if not quite as much as English. Venetian also has the Romance articles , both definite (derived from the Latin demonstrative ille ) and indefinite (derived from

8131-465: The 2010 2nd Regional ad hoc Commission of the Regione del Veneto. The Academia de ła Bona Creansa – Academy of the Venetian Language, an NGO accredited according to the UNESCO 2003 Convention for the Venetian language and culture had already worked, tested, applied and certified a full writing system (presented in a scientific publication in linguistics in 2016), known with the DECA acronym ( Drio El Costumar de l'Academia , i.e. literally According to

8304-432: The 20th century also saw many Venetian-speakers settle in other regions of Italy, especially in the Pontine Marshes of southern Lazio where they populated new towns such as Latina , Aprilia and Pomezia , forming there the so-called " Venetian-Pontine " community ( comunità venetopontine ). Some firms have chosen to use Venetian language in advertising, as a beer did some years ago ( Xe foresto solo el nome , 'only

8477-417: The 63 member strong 1st Strike Detachment ( Prvi udarni odred ) served as the basis for future formations, including the 1st Split Partisan Detachment . Between September and October 1941 alone, ten officials of the Italian fascist occupation were assassinated by the citizens. On 12 June 1942, a fascist mob attacked the city's synagogue, and destroyed its library and archive. Worshipers were beaten as they left

8650-431: The Archdeacon . The city is several centuries older than the palace. Although the beginnings of Split are traditionally associated with the construction of Diocletian's Palace in 305, the city was founded several centuries earlier as the Greek colony of Aspálathos , or Spálathos . It was a colony of the polis of Issa , the modern-day town of Vis , itself a colony of the Sicilian city of Syracuse . The exact year

8823-452: The Basics of Social and Political Organization and on Republican Organs of Authority", actually a completely new constitution. The second (technically third) Constitution was adopted in 1963; it changed the name of the People's Republic of Croatia (NRH) into the Socialist Republic of Croatia (SRH). Major constitutional amendments were approved in 1971, and in 1974 followed a new Constitution of the SR Croatia which emphasized Croatian statehood as

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8996-438: The Byzantine Empire restored direct control over Dalmatia. The title "Duke of Dalmatia" seems to have been dropped at this point by the Venetian doges. In 1069 Peter Krešimir IV , King of Croatia , gained control over Dalmatian islands and cities, including Split, and stretched his rule south to Neretva . The coastal cities retained autonomous administration and were still nominally under Byzantine Empire, but were now subjects of

9169-457: The Central Committee of the Communist Party of Croatia that Yugoslavia would be industrially stronger than Austria and Czechoslovakia. Both Kardelj and Bakarić advocated development of light industry, instead of Hebrang's idea for industry that would serve agriculture. The Five-Year Plan was indeed exaggerated; this plan did not have qualified personnel, market (placement) and capital; even so, the state continued with its implementation. All across

9342-409: The Communist Party started to prosecute those who opposed the communist one-party system. On January 30, 1946, the Constituent Assembly ratified the Constitution of the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia . Croatia was the last of the republics to make its own constitution, which was mostly the same as the federal and other republic constitutions. The Constitution of the People's Republic of Croatia

9515-429: The Congress in protest and marked a culmination in the rift of the ruling party. Ethnic Serbs, who constituted 12% of the population of Croatia, rejected the notion of separation from Yugoslavia. Serb politicians feared the loss of influence they previously had through their membership of the League of Communists in Croatia (that some Croats claimed was disproportionate). Memories from the Second World War were evoked by

9688-420: The Croatian king. After the death of Croatian King Stephen II in 1091, a period of succession crisis followed in Croatia, with King Ladislaus I of Hungary interfering in it. Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos took advantage of this and joined the old Theme of Dalmatia to the Empire. In 1096 Emperor Alexios I Komnenos, at the time engaged in the First Crusade , granted the administration of Dalmatia to

9861-457: The Doge Ordelafo Faliero returned from Outremer and retook all the Dalmatian cities, and also, for the first time, the Croatian cities of coast such as Biograd and Šibenik . In 1117, he was defeated and killed in renewed battle with the Hungarians under Stephen II of Hungary , and Split again acknowledged Hungarian rule. The new Doge, Domenico Michiel , quickly defeated the Hungarians again and restored Venetian authority by 1118. In 1124, while

10034-444: The Doge of Venice. In 1105, Coloman, King of Hungary , having conquered the Kingdom of Croatia, reneged on its alliance with Venice and moved on the coastal towns, besieging and taking Zadar. Split and Trogir decided then to surrender upon guarantee of their ancient privileges. The rights granted to the city (and reaffirmed by new charters) were substantial. Split was to pay no tribute, it was to choose its own count and archbishop whom

10207-441: The Doge was engaged against the Byzantine Empire, now hostile to Venice, Stephen II recovered Split and Trogir without resistance. Upon Michele's return in 1127, the Doge yet again expelled the Hungarians from the two cities and utterly destroyed Biograd, the favored seat of the Croatian Kings that the Hungarians were attempting to establish as a rival to the Venetian Zadar. The cities remained in Venetian hands without contest during

10380-458: The Empire, resisting the re-establishment of Hungarian rule, and consequently, upon its inevitable submission, was punished with the King's refusal to renew its ancient privileges. During the 20-year Hungarian civil war between King Sigismund and the Capetian House of Anjou of the Kingdom of Naples , the losing contender, Ladislaus of Naples , sold his disputed rights on Dalmatia to the Venetian Republic for 100,000 ducats in 1409. Acting on

10553-429: The Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia (FPRY) was renamed the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY). Yugoslavia (and therefore Croatia) gradually abandoned Stalinism after the Tito–Stalin split in 1948. In 1963 the People's Republic of Croatia also accordingly became the Socialist Republic of Croatia . On December 22, 1990, a new Constitution was adopted, under which the Socialist Republic of Croatia

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10726-706: The Gallo-Italic classification. Although the language region is surrounded by Gallo-Italic languages , Venetian does not share some traits with these immediate neighbors. Some scholars stress Venetian's characteristic lack of Gallo-Italic traits ( agallicità ) or traits found further afield in Gallo-Romance languages (e.g. French, Franco-Provençal ) or the Rhaeto-Romance languages (e.g. Friulian , Romansh ). For example, Venetian did not undergo vowel rounding or nasalization, palatalize /kt/ and /ks/ , or develop rising diphthongs /ei/ and /ou/ , and it preserved final syllables, whereas, as in Italian , Venetian diphthongization occurs in historically open syllables. On

10899-481: The HSS, wanted to enter the People's Front, a suprapolitical organization controlled by the Communist Party of Yugoslavia . Šubašić knew that this would put the HSS under control of the communists and ended the negotiations about unification. In the election campaign, the opposition parties wanted to unite with the Serbian Radical Party and other parties; however, communist activities, using various wiles, ruined their plan. On August 20, 1945, Grol resigned and accused

11072-529: The Kingdom of Croatia and Hungary in 1151, and by 1164, had secured the submission of the Dalmatian cities back under Imperial rule. Having won a decisive victory against Kingdom of Croatia and Hungary in 1167 at the Battle of Sirmium , consolidating his gains, the Emperor suddenly broke with Venice as well, and sent a fleet of 150 ships to the Adriatic. Split was to remain in Byzantine hands until Manuel's death in 1180, when Béla III of Hungary moved to restore Hungarian power in Dalmatia. The city remained loyal to

11245-434: The Kingdom of Yugoslavia. In April 1941, following the invasion of Yugoslavia by Nazi Germany , Split was occupied by Italy. Although Split formally became part of the Independent State of Croatia , the Ustaše were not able to establish and strengthen their rule in Split, as Italians assumed all power in Dalmatia. One month later, on 18 May 1941, when the Treaties of Rome were signed, Italy formally annexed Split, which

11418-405: The Palace as the City of Spalatum, which imposed upon the Croatian Slavs - at the time allies of Byzantium against the Avars - a cessation of hostilities. The Temple of Jupiter was rededicated to the Virgin Mary and the remains of the popular Saint Domnius were recovered from the ruins of Salona, later establishing the Cathedral of Saint Domnius as new seat of the Archbishop of Salona . Until

11591-399: The Parliament rejected the communist one-party system and adopted a liberal democracy through the Constitution of Croatia . It was under this Constitution that independence would be proclaimed on 25 June 1991 (after the Croatian independence referendum held on 19 May 1991). According to the Art. 1.2 of the 1974 Croatian Constitution, the Socialist Republic of Croatia was defined as "

11764-500: The Partisans 11 soldiers which they considered as "war criminals". The Partisans also executed up to 41 members of the Italian Police forces, later found in mass graves. A few weeks later, the Partisans were forced into retreat as the Wehrmacht placed the city under the authority of the Independent State of Croatia . The Germans decimated the Italian soldiers as traitors, including three Generals (Policardi, Pelligra and Cigala Fulgosi ) and 48 officials (Trelj massacre). In this period

11937-439: The SR Croatia was the branch of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia , the Communist Party of Croatia (KPH). Even though the party had a Croatian name, its membership was only 57% Croats, along with 43% Serb. The majority of members were peasants and the majority was half-educated. Soon after they gained power, the Communists started to persecute former officials of the Independent State of Croatia in order to compromise them to

12110-427: The Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts , the emergence of Slobodan Milošević as the leader of Serbia, and everything else that followed provoked a very negative reaction in Croatia. The fifty-year-old rift was starting to resurface, and the Croats increasingly began to show their own national feelings and express opposition towards the Belgrade regime . On October 17, 1989, the rock group Prljavo kazalište held

12283-408: The Serbs were overrepresented in the Croatian and Bosnian state and party leadership. In 1980, Josip Broz Tito died. Political and economic difficulties started to mount and the federal government began to crumble. The federal government realised that it was unable to service the interest on its loans and started negotiations with the IMF that continued for years. Public polemics in Croatia concerning

12456-487: The Soviet Union and harbored sympathies towards it. In the CPY, it was generally thought that state ownership and centralism were the only ways to avoid economic breakdown and that without the state ownership and administrative control it would be impossible to accumulate vast resources, material and human, for economic development. Since every undeveloped country needs vast resources in order to start developing, and Yugoslavia

12629-572: The Soviet model. The whole economy, the creation of a system and the formulation of the strategy of development in the Five-Year Plan, was in the charge of Andrija Hebrang . As President of the Economy Council and President of the Planning Commission, Hebrang was in charge of all ministries that dealt with the economy. Alongside Tito, Edvard Kardelj and Aleksandar Ranković , he was the most influential person in Yugoslavia. As

12802-785: The Tuscan-derived Italian language that had been proposed and used as a vehicle for a common Italian culture, strongly supported by eminent Venetian humanists and poets, from Pietro Bembo (1470–1547), a crucial figure in the development of the Italian language itself, to Ugo Foscolo (1778–1827). Venetian spread to other continents as a result of mass migration from the Veneto region between 1870 and 1905, and between 1945 and 1960. Venetian migrants created large Venetian-speaking communities in Argentina , Brazil (see Talian ), and Mexico (see Chipilo Venetian dialect ), where

12975-737: The Use of the Academia ). The DECA writing system has been officialized by the Veneto Region under the name Grafia Veneta Internazionale Moderna , by unanimous vote of the Commissione Grafia e Toponomastica (i.e. Script and Topononymy Committee of the Venetian language on December 14, 2017, and available at portal of the Venetian Regional Council dedicated to the Venetian language . The same writing system

13148-629: The Western countries and Yugoslavia were tense, significant help to the people of Yugoslavia came from the UNRRA , an American aid agency formed as a branch of the United Nations. They distributed food, clothes and shoes, which helped the country avoid mass starvation. Between 1945 and 1946, the UNRRA deployed 2.5 million tons of goods, mostly food, worth US$ 415 million. This amount was equal to twice

13321-565: The Yugoslav Federal Government. The shipbuilding industry was particularly successful and Yugoslavia, with its Croatian shipyards, became one of the world's top nations in the field. Many recreational facilities were also constructed with federal funding, especially for the 1979 Mediterranean Games , such as the Poljud Stadium . The city also became the largest passenger and military port in Yugoslavia, housing

13494-660: The Yugoslav federation in 1943 after the Second Session of the AVNOJ and through the resolutions of the ZAVNOH , Croatia's wartime deliberative body . It was officially founded as the Federal State of Croatia ( Croatian : Federalna Država Hrvatska, FD Hrvatska ) on May 9, 1944, at the 3rd session of the ZAVNOH . Yugoslavia, then called Democratic Federal Yugoslavia ( Demokratska Federativna Jugoslavija , DFJ),

13667-544: The ancient fortifications were removed. Austria, with help from a British force led by Captain William Hoste , occupied Split in November 1813. Following the Congress of Vienna in 1815, the city was officially ceded to Austria. The Split region became part of the Kingdom of Dalmatia , a separate administrative unit. After the revolutions of 1848 as a result of the romantic nationalism , two factions appeared. One

13840-546: The assets of 199,541 Germans, the whole German minority, including 68,781 ha of land, were confiscated as well. Until the end of the war, the state controlled 55% of industry, 70% of mining, 90% of ferrous metallurgy and 100% of the oil industry. In the SR Croatia, material damage and losses were high. In the war, the SR Croatia lost 298,000 people, 7.8% of its total population. Because of the 4-year partisan war, bombings, over-exploitation of raw materials and agricultural resources, and destruction of roads and industrial facilities,

14013-416: The bourgeois class led to the disappearance of the middle class in the social structure, which had a negative effect on social life. Industrialization was the most significant process in the economic development of the SR Croatia, as communists promoted industrialization as the main factor in fast development. After the process of renewal, the process of industrialization and electrification started based on

14186-578: The capitulation of Italy, the city was temporarily controlled by Marshal Josip Broz Tito 's brigades with thousands of people volunteering to join the Partisans of Tito (a third of the total population, according to some sources). Eight thousand Italian soldiers from the 15th Infantry Division Bergamo prepared to fight alongside the Yugoslav Partisans against the Waffen SS Prinz Eugen . Italian General Becuzzi handed over to

14359-758: The central–southern varieties delete vowels only after / n / , whereas the northern variety deletes vowels also after dental stops and velars; the eastern and western varieties are in between these two extremes. The velar nasal [ ŋ ] (the final sound in English "song") occurs frequently in Venetian. A word-final / n / is always velarized, which is especially obvious in the pronunciation of many local Venetian surnames that end in ⟨n⟩ , such as Mari n [maˈɾiŋ] and Mani n [maˈniŋ] , as well as in common Venetian words such as ma n ( [ˈmaŋ] "hand"), piro n ( [piˈɾoŋ] "fork"). Moreover, Venetian always uses [ ŋ ] in consonant clusters that start with

14532-430: The city and region, which is why the modern language has a similar name, while their language may have also left a few traces in modern Venetian as a substrate . The main regional varieties and subvarieties of Venetian language: All these variants are mutually intelligible, with a minimum 92% in common among the most diverging ones (Central and Western). Modern speakers reportedly can still understand Venetian texts from

14705-411: The city council. Formerly, the name was thought to be related to Latin palatium 'palace', a reference to Diocletian's Palace . Various theories were developed, such as the notion that the name derives from S. Palatium , an abbreviation of Salonae Palatium . The erroneous "palace" etymologies were notably due to Byzantine Emperor Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus , and were later mentioned by Thomas

14878-542: The city did not rebel. Antonio Bajamonti became Mayor of Split in 1860 and – except for a brief interruption during the period 1864–65 – held the post for over two decades until 1880. Bajamonti was also a member of the Dalmatian Sabor (1861–91) and the Austrian Chamber of Deputies (1867–70 and 1873–79). In 1882 Bajamonti's party lost the elections and Dujam Rendić-Miočević , a prominent city lawyer,

15051-536: The city from the north and northeast, and separate it from the hinterland. Split is administratively divided into 34 city kotars : Split has a Hot-summer Mediterranean climate ( Csa ) in the Köppen climate classification . It experiences hot, moderately dry summers and mild, wet winters, which can occasionally feel cold, because of a strong northern wind, termed bura . January is the coldest month, with an average low temperature around 6 °C (43 °F). July

15224-716: The city of Spalatum which formed its surroundings were at times inhabited by a population as large as 8,000 to 10,000 people. Between 475 and 480, the Palace hosted Flavius Julius Nepos , the last recognised Emperor of the Western Roman Empire . Salona was lost to the Ostrogothic Kingdom in 493, along with most of Dalmatia, but the Emperor Justinian I regained Dalmatia in 535–536. The Pannonian Avars sacked and destroyed Salona in 639;

15397-656: The city was founded is not known, but it is estimated to have been in the 3rd or 2nd century BC. The Greek settlement lived off trade with the surrounding Illyrian tribes, mostly the Delmatae . After the Illyrian Wars of 229 and 219 BC, the city of Salona , only a short distance from Spálathos, became the capital of the Roman Province of Dalmatia and one of the largest cities of the late empire with 60,000 people. The history of Spálathos becomes obscure for

15570-446: The clitic el marks the indicative verb and its masculine singular subject, otherwise there is an imperative preceded by a vocative. Although some grammars regard these clitics as "redundant", they actually provide specific additional information as they mark number and gender, thus providing number-/gender- agreement between the subject(s) and the verb, which does not necessarily show this information on its endings. Venetian also has

15743-463: The communists and the third supporting Vladko Maček . However, communists had the majority in parliament and control over the army, leaving the opposition without any real power. Šubašić had his own supporters within the HSS and he tried to unite the party once again, believing that, once united, it would be a major political factor in the country. The Croatian Republican Peasant Party , a party split from

15916-487: The communists of breaking the Tito–Šubašić agreement. Šubašić himself was also soon forced to resign at the end of October as he also disassociated himself from Tito. Soon, the communists won the election. They won an absolute majority in the parliament which enabled them to create their own form of Yugoslavia. The People's Republic of Croatia adopted its first Constitution in 1947. In 1953 followed "The Constitutional Law on

16089-537: The corresponding words of Italian. Venetian includes however many words derived from other sources (such as ancient Venetic, Greek, Gothic, and German), and has preserved some Latin words not used to the same extent in Italian, resulting in many words that are not cognate with their equivalent words in Italian, such as: Since December 2017 the Venetian language adopted a modern writing system, named GVIM (acronym for Grafia del Veneto Internazionale Moderno , i.e. Writing system for Modern International Venetian ) thanks to

16262-406: The country, the state built the sites, and all projects of industrialization and electrification were made with propaganda that the population would have lower poverty and unemployment. The unemployment was indeed reduced, however, new employees were not educated for their jobs, so many objects were built slowly and many of them were not built at all. Following the current views of the Communist Party,

16435-482: The country. Serbian and Serb-dominated representatives (Montenegro, Vojvodina and Kosovo) already in agreement with the army, voted for the proposal, but as representatives of Croatia, Slovenia, Macedonia and Bosnia voted against, the plot failed. The dying country had yet to see a few more Serb leadership's attempts to push the plan for centralizing the power in Belgrade, but because of resistance in all other republics,

16608-498: The crisis only deteriorated. The 1990 Croatian parliamentary election was held on April 22 and May 6, 1990. After the first multi-party elections, the creation of a constituent republic based on democratic institutions occurred. After the first free elections, in July 1990, the prefix "socialist" was dropped, and thereafter Croatia was named the Republic of Croatia . Franjo Tuđman was elected president and his government embarked on

16781-408: The development of the state, a third the economy etc. Ostensibly, the system of government was representative democracy : people would elect councillors and members of parliaments. However, the real power was in the hands of executive organs. Representative organs (the Parliament and various councils on local and district levels) only served to give legitimacy to their decisions. The party that ruled

16954-440: The dialect of the speaker. In Venice and its mainland as well as in most of central Veneto (excluding the peripheral provinces of Verona, Belluno and some islands of the lagoon) the realization is a non-syllabic [e̯] (usually described as nearly like an "e" and so often spelled as ⟨e⟩ ), when ⟨ł⟩ is adjacent (only) to back vowels ( ⟨a o u⟩ ), vs. a null realization when ⟨ł⟩

17127-436: The economy's renewal was mostly based on mass volunteer work. The recruitment for volunteer work was conducted with propaganda promising a better communist future, especially for members of Yugoslav partisans and youth. Another segment of these labourers were those who feared persecution, mainly opponents of the communist regime and Nazi collaborators. They entered volunteer labour in order to escape persecution. A third segment of

17300-471: The economy. The economy of one republic was depending on decisions made by the Politburo in Belgrade, thus Yugoslavia become a strictly centralized state. Moreover, the liquidation of the private sector, cleansing of the state apparatus and high officials and their replacement by half-educated partisans, drastic reduction of the gap between payments of ministers and workers (3:1), and emigration and deaths of

17473-599: The first head of government was Vladimir Bakarić . Ironically, even though communists promoted federalism , post-war Yugoslavia was strictly centralized. The main organ was the Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Croatia (from 1952 the League of Communists of Croatia ) made of around ten persons. Its members were assigned to certain fields: one controlled the armed forces, another

17646-600: The general public. On 6 June 1946, the Supreme Court of the SR Croatia sentenced some of the leading officials of the NDH, including Slavko Kvaternik , Vladimir Košak , Miroslav Navratil , Ivan Perčević, Mehmed Alajbegović , Osman Kulenović and others. Communists also had a number of major and minor show trials in order to deal with the fascist regime of the NDH. Also, local leaders of the civic parties would often "disappear" without any witness. Communists not only cleansed

17819-477: The greatest threat to the development of communism in Yugoslavia was nationalism. Because of that, the communists would crush even the slightest form of nationalism by repression. The communists made the most effort to crush nationalism in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia and tried to suppress the hatred between Croats, Serbs and Muslims , but even so, their greatest supporters in this process were local Serbs. Soon,

17992-456: The headquarters of the Yugoslav Navy ( Jugoslavenska ratna mornarica, JRM) and the Army's Coastal Military District (equivalent of a field army ). In the period between 1945 and 1990, the city was transformed and expanded, taking up the vast majority of the Split peninsula . In the same period it achieved an as yet unsurpassed GDP and employment level, still above the present day's, growing into

18165-446: The idea of a federal state, denied the right for Montenegrins and Macedonians to have their republics, and held that an agreement between Tito and Ivan Šubašić guaranteed that the opposition needed to have half of the ministers in the new government. The Croatian Peasant Party (HSS), part of the opposition, had divided into three branches: one supporting the Ustaše , the other supporting

18338-524: The imports of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1938, or 135% of its tax revenues. It is generally thought that UNRRA fed and clothed some 5 million people. At the same time as the persecution of political enemies, communist authorities conducted the Agrarian Reform, a reform made on 23 August 1945. This process included dispossession of wealthy citizens and peasants. Agrarian Reform changed the ownership relations of agricultural properties. Land that

18511-569: The industrial production by five times and agricultural production by 1.5 times, increase the GDP per capita by 1.8 times and the national revenues by 1.8 times. The plan also included the increase of qualified workers, from 350,000 to 750,000. For the SR Croatia, it was decided that its industrial production needed to be increased by 452%. The fast development in industry required a high number of workers, so from 461,000 workers in 1945, in 1949 there were 1,990,000 workers. On 17 January 1947, Kardelj stated to

18684-513: The industries of the post-WWII era that made modern-day Split what it is now. Split's economy is still suffering the backlash from the recession caused by the transfer to a market economy and privatization . In the Yugoslav era, the city had been a highly significant economic centre with a modern and diverse industrial and economic base, including shipbuilding , food , chemical , plastics , textile , and paper industry , in addition to large revenues from tourism. In 1981 Split's GDP per capita

18857-433: The king would confirm, it preserved its old Roman laws, and appointed its own judge. Dues from trade (which were substantial in the period), were divided between the count, the archbishop, and the king, and no foreigner was to live within the walls of the city against the will of the citizens. These rights were generally upheld by Hungarian kings, but there were inevitable incidents of violation. After Coloman's death in 1116,

19030-483: The label is primarily geographic. Venetian is a separate language from Italian, with many local varieties. Its precise place within the Romance language family remains somewhat controversial. Both Ethnologue and Glottolog group it into the Gallo-Italic branch (and thus, closer to French and Emilian–Romagnol than to Italian ). Devoto , Avolio and Ursini reject such classification, and Tagliavini places it in

19203-483: The language is still spoken today. In the 19th century large-scale immigration towards Trieste and Muggia extended the presence of the Venetian language eastward. Previously the dialect of Trieste had been a Rhaeto Romance dialect known as Tergestino . This dialect became extinct as a result of Venetian migration, which gave rise to the Triestino dialect of Venetian spoken there today. Internal migrations during

19376-683: The language is the use of the phrase eser drìo (literally, "to be behind") to indicate continuing action: Another progressive form in some Venetian dialects uses the construction èsar łà che (lit. "to be there that"): The use of progressive tenses is more pervasive than in Italian; e.g. That construction does not occur in Italian: *Non sarebbe mica stato parlandoti is not syntactically valid. Subordinate clauses have double introduction ("whom that", "when that", "which that", "how that"), as in Old English : As in other Romance languages,

19549-523: The language of religious service, led to the 925 Synod of Split, at which it was decreed that "no one should presume to celebrate the divine mysteries in the Slavonic language, but only in Latin and Greek, and that no one of that tongue should be advanced to the holy orders". In 1100, the bell tower which became the main symbol of the city was constructed and dedicated to Saint Domnius, by then regarded as

19722-503: The last head of government of Yugoslavia in 1989 and spent two years implementing various economic and political reforms. His government's efforts were initially successful, but ultimately failed due to the incurable political instability of the SFRY. Ethnic tensions were on the increase and would result in the demise of Yugoslavia. The growing crisis in Kosovo , the nationalist memorandum of

19895-452: The last remaining symbols of Italian heritage in Split, including several Venetian Lions of St. Mark , were erased from the town. In a tragic turn of events, besides being bombed by Axis forces, the city was also bombed by the Allies, causing hundreds of deaths. Partisans finally captured the city on 26 October 1944 and instituted it as the provisional capital of Croatia. On 12 February 1945,

20068-526: The late 19th century. The people of Chipilo preserve their dialect and call it chipileño , and it has been preserved as a variant since the 19th century. The variant of Venetian spoken by the Cipiłàn ( Chipileños ) is northern Trevisàn-Feltrìn-Belumàt. In 2009, the Brazilian city of Serafina Corrêa , in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, gave Talian a joint official status alongside Portuguese . Until

20241-509: The main Dalmatian city-states . In 925, Tomislav 's Kingdom of Croatia emerged in the hinterland of the city, centered in Nin as an ally of Byzantium against Simeon I of Bulgaria - though without receiving any power from the Emperor over the Dalmatian cities. The rise of the rival Bishopric of Nin, headed by Bishop Gregory , which attempted to institute the "Slavonic" or "Slavic language" as

20414-418: The majority of crafts had been nationalized, the private sector in the SR Croatia was liquidated to the end; out of 5,395 private shops, only 5 remained active. This decision was a double-edged sword: while the poor segment of society was satisfied by it, the large majority of the population was resistant and ready to revolt. Just like in the Soviet Union, the state controlled the entire economy, while free trade

20587-614: The metro area adds Marina , Primorski Dolac , Prgomet , Lećevica , Klis , Dugopolje , Dicmo , Trilj and Sinj . The entire Split-Dalmatia County has 454,798 residents, and the whole region of Dalmatia just under a million. Although the inhabitants of Split ( Splićani ) may appear to be a homogeneous body, they traditionally belong to three groups. The old urban families, the Fetivi, (short for " Fetivi Splićani ", "real Split natives") are generally very proud of their city, its history and its distinctive traditional speech (a variant of

20760-669: The mid-1950s, there were only four seated bishops in Croatia in three dioceses: Aloysius Stepinac , Franjo Salis-Seewiss, Mihovil Pušić, and Josip Srebrnič . Many priests accused of collaboration with the Ustaše and Axis during World War II were arrested after the end of World War II amid conflicts between the Catholic Church and the Allied Powers, including the Archbishop of Zagreb, Aloysius Stepinac . Aloysius Stepinac

20933-693: The middle of the 20th century, Venetian was also spoken on the Greek Island of Corfu , which had long been under the rule of the Republic of Venice . Moreover, Venetian had been adopted by a large proportion of the population of Cephalonia , one of the Ionian Islands , because the island was part of the Stato da Màr for almost three centuries. Venetian is a Romance language and thus descends from Vulgar Latin . Its classification has always been controversial: According to Tagliavini, for example, it

21106-556: The more numerous Shtokavian -speaking immigrants from the rural Zagora hinterland, referred to as the Vlaji (a term that sometimes carries negative connotations). The latter joined the Fetivi and Boduli as a third group in the decades since World War II, thronging the high-rise suburbs that stretch away from the centre. By now the Vlaji constitute a decided majority of inhabitants, causing

21279-631: The most important port in the Kingdom. The Lika railway , connecting Split to the rest of the country, was completed in 1925. The country changed its name to the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929, and the Port of Split became the seat of new administrative unit, Littoral Banovina . After the Cvetković-Maček agreement , Split became the part of new administrative unit (merging of Sava and Littoral Banovina plus some Croat populated areas), Banovina of Croatia in

21452-401: The name is foreign'). In other cases advertisements in Veneto are given a "Venetian flavour" by adding a Venetian word to standard Italian: for instance an airline used the verb xe ( Xe sempre più grande , "it is always bigger") into an Italian sentence (the correct Venetian being el xe senpre pì grando ) to advertise new flights from Marco Polo Airport . In 2007, Venetian

21625-730: The name of the city in Italian . From the 10th century onwards, the local use was Spaleto , from where, through a stage *Spəlētu- to *Splětъ , came the South Slavic forms: the ekavian Splet , ijekavian Spljet and ikavian Split . In the 19th century, following the Illyrian movement and its official recognition by the Habsburg Monarchy , the Croatian names Split and Spljet became increasingly prominent, before Split officially replaced Spljet in 1910, by decision of

21798-478: The need to help poor and less developed regions became more frequent, as Croatia and Slovenia contributed about 60 percent of those funds. The debt crisis, together with soaring inflation, forced the federal government to introduce measures such as the foreign currency law for earnings of export firms. Ante Marković , a Bosnian Croat who at the time was the Croatian head of government, said that Croatia would lose around $ 800 million because of that law. Marković became

21971-452: The noun in gender and number, but it is important to mention that the suffix might be deleted because the article is the part that suggests the number. However, Italian is influencing Venetian language: In recent studies on Venetian variants in Veneto, there has been a tendency to write the so-called "evanescent L" as ⟨ł⟩ . While it may help novice speakers, Venetian was never written with this letter. In this article, this symbol

22144-535: The numeral unus ). Venetian also retained the Latin concepts of gender (masculine and feminine) and number (singular and plural). Unlike the Gallo-Iberian languages, which form plurals by adding -s , Venetian forms plurals in a manner similar to standard Italian. Nouns and adjectives can be modified by suffixes that indicate several qualities such as size, endearment, deprecation, etc. Adjectives (usually postfixed) and articles are inflected to agree with

22317-613: The officials who were working for the NDH, but also those who supported the Croatian Peasant Party and the Catholic Church. The only major civic party in Croatia, the Croatian Republican Peasant Party, was active only a few years after the election, but as a satellite of the Communist Party. The clash with the civic anti-communist forces stimulated the Communist Party's centralism and authoritarianism . When he took power, Tito knew that

22490-543: The other hand, Venetian does share many other traits with its surrounding Gallo-Italic languages, like interrogative clitics , mandatory unstressed subject pronouns (with some exceptions), the "to be behind to" verbal construction to express the continuous aspect ("El ze drio manjar" = He is eating, lit. he is behind to eat) and the absence of the absolute past tense as well as of geminated consonants . In addition, Venetian has some unique traits which are shared by neither Gallo-Italic, nor Italo-Dalmatian languages, such as

22663-419: The peasant labour unions, formed based on the Soviet kolhozes . In such a manner, the state introduced forced collectivization of villages. This collectivization soon disappointed the poor peasants who got their land for free in the process of dispossession of wealthy peasants. Even though the communists thought that collectivization would solve the problem with food, on the contrary, the collectivization created

22836-450: The period the city experienced its largest economic and demographic boom. Dozens of new factories and companies were founded with the city population tripling during the period. The city became the economic centre of an area exceeding the borders of Croatia and was flooded by waves of rural migrants from the undeveloped hinterland who found employment in the newly established industry, as part of large-scale industrialization and investment by

23009-402: The poor peasants, mostly Croatian and Bosnian Serbs . The confiscation of property was also conducted; people who were trading during the war were declared war profiteers and by this, the state gained factories, banks and large shops. The communists also introduced a new way of distribution of agricultural products. In order to supply the people who lived in towns and cities, they introduced

23182-580: The population were Orthodox Christians of the Serbian Patriarchy , with a small number of other religions. Due to strained relationships between the Holy See and communist Yugoslav officials, no new Catholic bishops were appointed in the People's Republic of Croatia until 1960. This left the dioceses of Križevci , Đakovo-Osijek , Zadar , Šibenik , Split-Makarska , Dubrovnik , Rijeka and Poreč-Pula without bishops for several years. From

23355-480: The population, and 77.53% of the residents of the city are Roman Catholics . The settlements included in the administrative area of the City (2011) are: The wider urban area of Split has 293,298 inhabitants, while there are 346,314 people in the Split metropolitan area. The urban area includes the surrounding towns and settlements: Okrug , Seget , Trogir , Kaštela , Solin , Podstrana , Dugi Rat and Omiš , while

23528-551: The pretext, the Republic took over in the city by the year 1420. By this time the population was largely Croatian , while Romance Dalmatian names were not as common, according to the Medieval city archives. The common language was Croatian , but a variety of the Venetian language with some Tuscan influences was also widely spoken by Dalmatian Italian notaries , school teachers, merchants, and officials. The city's autonomy

23701-475: The pronunciation [ s ] , the sound has fallen together with ordinary ⟨s⟩ , and so it is not uncommon to simply write ⟨s⟩ (or ⟨ss⟩ between vowels) instead of ⟨ç⟩ or ⟨zh⟩ (such as sena ). Similarly some dialects of Venetian also have a voiced interdental fricative [ ð ] , often written ⟨z⟩ (as in el pianze 'he cries'); but in most dialects this sound

23874-440: The redemption of those products. The policy of distribution was based on the idea that the working segment of society should have an advantage in quantity and diversity of goods over the non-working, parasitic segment. This led to development of black markets and speculation. The next step in the implementation of the Agrarian Reform was nationalization of the large assets of the bourgeoise. On 28 April 1948, when small shops and

24047-507: The reign of Béla II but in 1141, his successor, King Géza II , having conquered Bosnian lands, marched to Split and Trogir, both voluntarily accepting him as overlord. This turned out to be a definitive conquest, as Venetian rule was not to return to Split for another 186 years. In that period, Split was to see one brief and final restoration of Imperial power in Dalmatia. The Byzantine Emperor Manuel I Komnenos began his campaigns against

24220-404: The rhetoric coming from the Belgrade administration. As Milošević and his clique rode the wave of Serbian nationalism across Yugoslavia , talking about battles to be fought for Serbdom, emerging Croatian leader Franjo Tuđman reciprocated with talk about making Croatia a nation state . The availability of mass media allowed for propaganda to be spread fast and spark jingoism and fear , creating

24393-487: The role of leading the economy was given to the directorate-generals , as a link between the ministries and the Party's leadership. By their implementation, the state gained even greater control over the economy. The companies had their legal person ; however, they did not have operational autonomy, since they were, as state organs, under state control. The majority of residents were Roman Catholics and approximately 12% of

24566-492: The same; there are no long vowels, and there is no consonant lengthening. Compare the Italian sentence va laggiù con lui [val.ladˌd͡ʒuk.konˈluː.i] "go there with him" (all long/heavy syllables but final) with Venetian va là zo co lu [va.laˌzo.koˈlu] (all short/light syllables). As a direct descent of regional spoken Latin, Venetian lexicon derives its vocabulary substantially from Latin and (in more recent times) from Tuscan, so that most of its words are cognate with

24739-510: The site of the Palace of the Roman emperor Diocletian . It became a prominent settlement around 650 when it succeeded the ancient capital of the Roman province of Dalmatia , Salona . After the sack of Salona by the Avars and Slavs , the fortified Palace of Diocletian was settled by Roman refugees. Split became a Byzantine city. Later it drifted into the sphere of the Republic of Venice and

24912-429: The so-called "Bread Crisis" in 1949. The process of dispossession in Yugoslavia lasted from the middle of 1945 until the end of 1949. It was the fastest process of dispossession, even compared to East European communist states. For this process, the state needed a large number of officials who were members of the Communist Party, receiving orders from the Politburo, thus leaving the Yugoslav republic without any power in

25085-473: The state entered into economic chaos. The peasantry that provided goods to all the conflicting sides in the war was devastated and human losses were also high. The damage to industry in Yugoslavia was the worst in Europe, while the SR Croatia was among the most damaged republics of Yugoslavia, along with Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro. The communist authority needed to act in order to prevent hunger, disorder and chaos. Yugoslavia lacked qualified workers, so

25258-625: The surviving Romans fled to the nearby islands. The Dalmatian region and its shores were at this time settled by tribes of Croats , a South Slavic people subservient to the Avar khagans. The Salonitans regained the land under Severus the Great in 650 and settled the 300-year-old Palace of Diocletian, which could not be effectively besieged by the Slavic tribes of the mainland. The Emperor Constans II granted them an Imperial mandate to establish themselves in

25431-537: The synagogue and Jewish-owned shops were targeted the following day. The local football clubs refused to compete in the Italian championship; HNK Hajduk and RNK Split suspended their activities and both joined the Partisans along with their entire staff after the Italian capitulation provided the opportunity. Soon after Hajduk became the official football club of the Partisan movement. In September 1943, following

25604-467: The territory of Croatia were Croatian Serbs . However, in 1943 Croats started to join the partisans in larger numbers. In 1943, the number of Croat partisans in Croatia increased, so in 1944 they made up 61% of the partisans in the territory of Independent State of Croatia , while Serbs made up 28%; all other ethnicities made up the remaining 11%. On 13 June 1943 in Otočac , Lika , Croatian partisans founded

25777-459: The town of Chipilo . The town was settled by immigrants from the Veneto region, and some of their descendants have preserved the language to this day. People from Chipilo have gone on to make satellite colonies in Mexico, especially in the states of Guanajuato , Querétaro , and State of Mexico . Venetian has also survived in the state of Veracruz , where other Italian migrants have settled since

25950-466: The use of the impersonal passive forms and the use of the auxiliary verb "to have" for the reflexive voice (both traits shared with German ). Modern Venetian is not a close relative of the extinct Venetic language spoken in Veneto before Roman expansion, although both are Indo-European , and Venetic may have been an Italic language, like Latin , the ancestor of Venetian and most other languages of Italy . The ancient Veneti gave their name to

26123-497: The vessel's brig. The JNA and JRM evacuated all of its facilities in Split during January 1992. The 1990s economic recession soon followed. In the years following 2000, Split finally gained momentum and started to develop again, with a focus on tourism. From being just a transport centre, Split is now a major Croatian tourist destination. Many new hotels are being built, as well as new apartment and office buildings. Many large development projects are being revived, and new infrastructure

26296-409: The work force consisted of prisoners of war, who worked the hardest jobs. The distribution of food and material needed for industry depended on quick rebuilding of damaged roads. The Zagreb-Belgrade railway had been in reconstruction day and night, so the first train to travel this railway after the war, did it by the end of June 1945. Minefields also had to be cleared. Even though relations between

26469-625: The world. Other notable works in Venetian are the translations of the Iliad by Giacomo Casanova (1725–1798) and Francesco Boaretti, the translation of the Divine Comedy (1875) by Giuseppe Cappelli and the poems of Biagio Marin (1891–1985). Notable too is a manuscript titled Dialogo de Cecco di Ronchitti da Bruzene in perpuosito de la stella Nuova attributed to Girolamo Spinelli , perhaps with some supervision by Galileo Galilei for scientific details. Several Venetian–Italian dictionaries are available in print and online, including those by Boerio , Contarini, Nazari and Piccio . As

26642-415: Was de jure , the highest organ of the party; however, main decisions were made by the Politburo . The governments of the republics were only part of the mechanism which executed the Politburo's decisions. In post-war Yugoslavia, communists had a struggle for power with the opposition that supported King Peter. Milan Grol was the leader of the opposition; as the leading figure of the opposition he opposed

26815-449: Was 37% above the Yugoslav average. Today, most of the factories are out of business (or are far below pre-war production and employment capacity) and the city has been trying to concentrate on commerce and services, consequently leaving an alarmingly large number of factory workers unemployed. Venetian language Although referred to as an "Italian dialect" (Venetian: diałeto ; Italian : dialetto ) even by some of its speakers,

26988-413: Was a constituent republic and federated state of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia . By its constitution, modern-day Croatia is its direct continuation. Along with five other Yugoslav republics, Croatia was formed during World War II and became a socialist republic after the war. It had four full official names during its 48-year existence ( see below ). By territory and population, it

27161-429: Was above 35 acres was taken from its owners. Nearly half of taken lands were transformed to agricultural areas (state property), while the other half was given to poor peasants. This reform also included the colonization in the SR Croatia where people from the so-called depressed areas moved to areas from which the Volksdeutsche had been expelled. In the SR Croatia, colonization occurred in Slavonia , while colonists were

27334-417: Was adopted by the Constituent Parliament of the People's Republic of Croatia on January 18, 1947. In their constitutions, all republics were deprived of gaining independence. Republics had only formal autonomy; initially, communist Yugoslavia was a highly centralized state, based on the Soviet model . The Communist Party's officials were, at the same time, state officials, while the Party's Central Committee

27507-467: Was among them, communists thought that this was the only way to save the economy of Yugoslavia. Also, their ideology included elimination of the private sector, as they thought that such an economic system was historically wasteful. The first process of nationalization started on 24 November 1944, when Yugoslav Partisans dispossessed their enemies of their assets. The first victims of the confiscation were occupiers and war criminals. However, not long after,

27680-409: Was an epic poem about Judith and Holofernes , widely held to be the first modern work of Croatian literature . It was written in Split and printed in Venice in 1521. The advances and achievements were reserved mostly for the aristocracy : the illiteracy rate was extremely high, mostly because Venetian rule showed little interest in educational and medical facilities. In 1797, Split was ceded by

27853-413: Was elected to the post. After the end of World War I and the dissolution of Austria-Hungary , the province of Dalmatia , along with Split, became a part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes . Split was the site of a series of incidents between 1918 and 1920 . Since Rijeka , Trieste and Zadar , the three other large cities on the eastern Adriatic coast, were annexed by Italy , Split became

28026-495: Was forbidden in favour of central planning. Because of this, the state started rational distribution of necessities for living, which were distributed among the population based on remittances, while consumers gained a certain amount of certificates each month for buying a certain amount of certain goods, including food, clothes and shoes. In the spring of 1949, the state introduced high taxes on private farmer's economies which farmers were unable to pay. This forced them to enter into

28199-430: Was given recognition by the Regional Council of Veneto with regional law no. 8 of 13 April 2007 "Protection, enhancement and promotion of the linguistic and cultural heritage of Veneto". Though the law does not explicitly grant Venetian any official status, it provides for Venetian as object of protection and enhancement, as an essential component of the cultural, social, historical and civil identity of Veneto. Venetian

28372-413: Was greatly reduced: the highest authority was a prince and captain ( conte e capitanio ), assigned by Venice. Split eventually developed into a significant port-city, with important trade routes to the Ottoman -held interior through the nearby Klis pass. Culture flourished as well, Split being the hometown of Marko Marulić , the Croatian national poet . Marulić's most acclaimed work, Judita (1501),

28545-417: Was included in the province of Spalato , and large parts of Dalmatia down to Kotor . The Italian Governatorate of Dalmatia hosted 390,000 inhabitants, of which 280,000 Croats, 90,000 Serbs and 5,000 Dalmatian Italians . Italian rule met heavy opposition from the Croat population as Split became a centre of anti-fascist sentiment in Yugoslavia. The first armed resistance group was organized on 7 May 1941 and

28718-413: Was liberated again by the Partisans in 1944, and was included in the post-war Socialist Yugoslavia , as part of its republic of Croatia . In 1991, Croatia seceded from Yugoslavia amid the Croatian War of Independence . The name Aspálathos or Spálathos may come from the spiny broom ( Calicotome spinosa , ἀσπάλαθος in Greek), although it is the related Spanish broom ( Spartium junceum , σπάρτος) that

28891-428: Was named provveditore generale and general Auguste de Marmont was named military commander of Dalmatia. In 1809, after a brief war with France, Austria ceded Carinthia, Carniola, Croatia west of the Sava River, Gorizia and Trieste to France. These territories, along with Dalmatia, formed the Illyrian Provinces . During this period, large investments were undertaken in the city, new streets were built and parts of

29064-481: Was not a constitutionally socialist state, or even a republic, in anticipation of the conclusion of the war, when these issues were settled. On November 29, 1945, Democratic Federal Yugoslavia became the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia ( Federativna Narodna Republika Jugoslavija , FNRJ), a socialist People's Republic. Accordingly, the Federal State of Croatia became the People's Republic of Croatia ( Narodna Republika Hrvatska , NR Hrvatska ). On April 7, 1963,

29237-406: Was simply renamed as the Republic of Croatia . It was under this constitution that Croatia became independent on June 25, 1991. The republic is commonly referred to simply as Croatia . In the first years of the war, the Yugoslav Partisans in Croatia did not have considerable support from Croats, with an exception of the Croats in the Croatian region of Dalmatia . The majority of partisans on

29410-430: Was the pro-Croatian Unionist faction (later called the "Puntari" , "Pointers"), led by the People's Party and, to a lesser extent, the Party of Rights , both of which advocated the union of Dalmatia with the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia which was under Hungarian administration. This faction was strongest in Split, and used it as its headquarters. The other faction was the pro-Italian Autonomist faction (also known as

29583-451: Was the second largest republic in Yugoslavia, after the Socialist Republic of Serbia . In 1990, the government dismantled the single-party system of government – installed by the League of Communists – and adopted a multi-party democracy. The newly elected government of Franjo Tuđman moved the republic towards independence , formally seceding from Yugoslavia in 1991 and thereby contributing to its dissolution . Croatia became part of

29756-606: Was then employed for the first grammar of the Venetian language to be published by a university, in Brasil, in 2018 Socialist Republic of Croatia People's Republic of Croatia (1946–1963) Narodna Republika Hrvatska   ( Serbo-Croatian ) Socialist Republic of Croatia (1963–1990) Socijalistička Republika Hrvatska   ( Serbo-Croatian ) The Socialist Republic of Croatia ( Serbo-Croatian : Socijalistička Republika Hrvatska / Социјалистичка Република Хрватска ), commonly abbreviated as SR Croatia and referred to as simply Croatia ,

29929-416: Was won from the Ottomans in the Morean War of 1699, and in 1797, as Venice fell to Napoleon , the Treaty of Campo Formio rendered the city to the Habsburg monarchy . In 1805, the Peace of Pressburg added it to the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy and in 1806 it was included in the French Empire , becoming part of the Illyrian Provinces in 1809. After being occupied in 1813, it was eventually granted to

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