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116-556: The Philippine National Police Academy ( Tagalog : Akademiyang Pampulisya ng Pilipinas ) or PNPA , is a public safety school whose graduates are assigned as officers of the Philippine National Police (PNP), Philippine Public Safety College (PPSC), Bureau of Jail Management and Penology (BJMP) and the Bureau of Fire Protection (BFP). The PNPA was established on August 26, 1977, under Section 19, PD 1184 and

232-652: A Bachelor of Science Degree in Public Safety. Graduating cadets are then commissioned as Police Lieutenants, equivalent to a Military First Lieutenant or Lieutenant Junior Grade in the Philippine National Police (PNP). The academic curriculum of the institution is accredited by the Commission on Higher Education. Until the 2022 opening of the PPSA, officer cadets who graduate as members of

348-560: A Japanese propagandist and collaborator during World War II. Drawn and quartered with the use of carabaos , his remains were left hanging on a tree. Josefa Marcos was a schoolteacher who would far outlive her husband – dying in 1988, two years after the Marcos family left her in Malacañang Palace when they fled into exile after the 1986 People Power Revolution , and only one year before her son Ferdinand's death. Ferdinand

464-623: A budget deficit 72% higher than the Philippine government's annual deficit from 1961 to 1965. This began a pattern of loan-funded spending which the Marcos administration would continue until the Marcoses were deposed in 1986, resulting in economic instability still being felt today, and of debts that experts say the Philippines will have to keep paying well into 2025. The grandest infrastructure projects of Marcos's first term, especially

580-481: A common national language based on one of the existing native languages. After study and deliberation, the National Language Institute, a committee composed of seven members who represented various regions in the Philippines, chose Tagalog as the basis for the evolution and adoption of the national language of the Philippines. President Manuel L. Quezon then, on December 30, 1937, proclaimed

696-448: A direct hand in running the military. He also significantly increased the budget of the armed forces, tapping them in civil projects such as the construction of schools. Generals loyal to Marcos were allowed to stay in their positions past their retirement age, or were rewarded with civilian government posts, leading Senator Benigno Aquino Jr. to accuse Marcos in 1968 of trying to establish "a garrison state". Under intense pressure from

812-792: A lawyer, and then served in the Philippine House of Representatives from 1949 to 1959 and the Philippine Senate from 1959 to 1965. He was elected president of the Philippines in 1965 and presided over an economy that grew during the beginning of his 20-year rule but would end in the loss of livelihood and extreme poverty for almost half the Philippine population, together with a crushing debt crisis. He pursued an aggressive program of infrastructure development funded by foreign debt , making him popular during his first term, although it triggered an inflationary crisis which led to social unrest in his second term. Marcos placed

928-551: A local police agency was made by the mayor from the list of eligible certified by the Civil Service Commission, provided that all appointments were on a probationary basis for six months. After that, an evaluation and recommendation report for retention or termination by the Chief of Police was required before the expiration of the probationary period. The setup was not without its concomitant pitfalls. The training

1044-684: A member of the House Committees on Defense, Ways and Means; Industry; Banks Currency; War Veterans; Civil Service; and on Corporations and Economic Planning. He was also a member of the Special Committee on Import and Price Controls and the Special Committee on Reparations, and of the House Electoral Tribunal. After he served as member of the House of Representatives for three terms, Marcos won his senate seat in

1160-487: A national language is not without its own controversies. Instead of specifying Tagalog, the national language was designated as Wikang Pambansâ ("National Language") in 1939. Twenty years later, in 1959, it was renamed by then Secretary of Education, José E. Romero , as Pilipino to give it a national rather than ethnic label and connotation. The changing of the name did not, however, result in acceptance among non- Tagalogs , especially Cebuanos who had not accepted

1276-453: A national language was strongly promoted; the 1943 Constitution specifying: "The government shall take steps toward the development and propagation of Tagalog as the national language." In 1959, the language was further renamed as "Pilipino". Along with English, the national language has had official status under the 1973 constitution (as "Pilipino") and the present 1987 constitution (as Filipino). The adoption of Tagalog in 1937 as basis for

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1392-476: A new constitution was drawn up in 1987, it named Filipino as the national language. The constitution specified that as the Filipino language evolves, it shall be further developed and enriched on the basis of existing Philippine and other languages. However, more than two decades after the institution of the "universalist" approach, there seems to be little if any difference between Tagalog and Filipino. Many of

1508-612: A part: Northern (exemplified by the Bulacan dialect), Central (including Manila), Southern (exemplified by Batangas), and Marinduque. Some example of dialectal differences are: Perhaps the most divergent Tagalog dialects are those spoken in Marinduque. Linguist Rosa Soberano identifies two dialects, western and eastern, with the former being closer to the Tagalog dialects spoken in the provinces of Batangas and Quezon. One example

1624-517: A quarter of the population of the Philippines , and as a second language by the majority, mostly as or through Filipino . Its standardized , codified, national or nationalized, intellectualized, more linguistically inclusive, more linguistically dynamic, and expanded or broadened form, officially named Filipino , is the national language of the Philippines, and is one of the latter's two official languages , alongside English . Tagalog, like

1740-641: A strength of some 1,600 troops in 1968 and between 1966 and 1970 over 10,000 Filipino soldiers served in South Vietnam, mainly being involved in civilian infrastructure projects. With an eye toward becoming the first president of the third republic to be reelected to a second term, Marcos began taking up massive foreign loans to fund the "rice, roads, and school buildings" he promised in his reelection campaign. With tax revenues unable to fund his administration's 70% increase in infrastructure spending from 1966 to 1970, Marcos began tapping foreign loans, creating

1856-458: Is Tagalog dikít and Visayan & Bikol dukót . Proto-Philippine *r , *j , and *z merged with /d/ but is /l/ between vowels. Proto-Philippine *ŋajan (name) and *hajək (kiss) became Tagalog ngalan and halík . Adjacent to an affix, however, it becomes /r/ instead: bayád (paid) → bayaran (to pay). Proto-Philippine *R merged with /ɡ/ . *tubiR (water) and *zuRuʔ (blood) became Tagalog tubig and dugô . The word Tagalog

1972-637: Is also spoken natively by inhabitants living on the islands of Marinduque and Mindoro , as well as Palawan to a lesser extent. Significant minorities are found in the other Central Luzon provinces of Pampanga and Tarlac , Camarines Norte and Camarines Sur in Bicol Region, the Cordillera city of Baguio and various parts of Mindanao especially in the island's urban areas, but especially, more accurately and specifically, officially, sociolinguistically and linguistic politically as, through or in

2088-464: Is known as the foremost Tagalog writer, his most notable work being the 19th-century epic Florante at Laura . Tagalog was declared the official language by the first revolutionary constitution in the Philippines, the Constitution of Biak-na-Bato in 1897. In 1935, the Philippine constitution designated English and Spanish as official languages, but mandated the development and adoption of

2204-449: Is now considered to have five vowel phonemes following the introduction of two marginal phonemes from Spanish, /o/ and /e/. Nevertheless, simplification of pairs [o ~ u] and [ɛ ~ i] is likely to take place, especially in some Tagalog as second language, remote location and working class registers. The four diphthongs are /aj/ , /uj/ , /aw/ , and /iw/ . Long vowels are not written apart from pedagogical texts, where an acute accent

2320-554: Is possibly derived from the endonym taga-ilog ("river dweller"), composed of tagá- ("native of" or "from") and ilog ("river"), or alternatively, taga-alog deriving from alog ("pool of water in the lowlands"; "rice or vegetable plantation"). Linguists such as David Zorc and Robert Blust speculate that the Tagalogs and other Central Philippine ethno-linguistic groups originated in Northeastern Mindanao or

2436-745: Is primarily spoken in northern Philippines) are among the non-official languages of Hawaii that its state offices and state-funded entities are required to provide oral and written translations to its residents. Election ballots in Nevada include instructions written in Tagalog, which was first introduced in the 2020 United States presidential elections . Other countries with significant concentrations of overseas Filipinos and Tagalog speakers include Saudi Arabia with 938,490, Canada with 676,775, Japan with 313,588, United Arab Emirates with 541,593, Kuwait with 187,067, and Malaysia with 620,043. At present, no comprehensive dialectology has been done in

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2552-698: Is spoken in Soccsksargen , a southwestern region in Mindanao , as well as Cotabato City. This "hybrid" Tagalog dialect is a blend of Tagalog (including its dialects) with other languages where they are widely spoken and varyingly heard such as Hiligaynon (a regional lingua franca), Ilocano , Cebuano as well as Maguindanaon and other indigenous languages native to region, as a result of migraton from Panay , Negros , Cebu , Bohol , Siquijor , Ilocandia , Cagayan Valley , Cordillera Administrative Region , Central Luzon, Calabarzon, Mindoro and Marinduque since

2668-507: Is the verb conjugation paradigms. While some of the affixes are different, Marinduque also preserves the imperative affixes, also found in Visayan and Bikol languages, that have mostly disappeared from most Tagalog early 20th century; they have since merged with the infinitive. The Manila Dialect is the basis for the national language. Outside of Luzon, a variety of Tagalog called Soccsksargen Tagalog (Sox-Tagalog, also called Kabacan Tagalog)

2784-413: Is used: á é í ó ú. The table above shows all the possible realizations for each of the five vowel sounds depending on the speaker's origin or proficiency. The five general vowels are in bold . Below is a chart of Tagalog consonants. All the stops are unaspirated. The velar nasal occurs in all positions including at the beginning of a word. Loanword variants using these phonemes are italicized inside

2900-643: The Sydney Morning Herald , Marcos also had an affair with former Playboy model Evelin Hegyesi around 1970 and sired a child with her, Analisa Josefa. Marcos claimed that he was a descendant of Antonio Luna , a Filipino general during the Philippine–American War , a claim which has since been debunked by genealogist Mona Magno-Veluz. He also claimed that his ancestor was a 16th-century pirate, Limahong (Chinese: 林阿鳳), who used to raid

3016-467: The 1981 presidential election and referendum , Marcos's popularity suffered greatly, due to the economic collapse that began in early 1983 and the public outrage over the assassination of opposition leader Senator Benigno "Ninoy" Aquino Jr. later that year. This discontent, the resulting resurgence of the opposition in the 1984 parliamentary election , and the discovery of documents exposing his financial accounts and false war records led Marcos to call

3132-735: The Bicol Region and the Visayas islands, such as the Bikol group and the Visayan group , including Waray-Waray , Hiligaynon and Cebuano . Tagalog differs from its Central Philippine counterparts with its treatment of the Proto-Philippine schwa vowel *ə . In most Bikol and Visayan languages, this sound merged with /u/ and [o] . In Tagalog, it has merged with /i/ . For example, Proto-Philippine *dəkət (adhere, stick)

3248-552: The Cultural Center of the Philippines complex, also marked the beginning of what critics would call Marcos couple's edifice complex , with grand public infrastructures projects prioritized for public funding because of their propaganda value. In March 1968 a Muslim man named Jibin Arula was fished out of the waters of Manila Bay, having been shot. He was brought to then-Cavite Governor Delfin N. Montano, to whom he recounted

3364-763: The Eastern Visayas . Possible words of Old Tagalog origin are attested in the Laguna Copperplate Inscription from the tenth century, which is largely written in Old Malay . The first known complete book to be written in Tagalog is the Doctrina Christiana (Christian Doctrine), printed in 1593. The Doctrina was written in Spanish and two transcriptions of Tagalog; one in the ancient, then-current Baybayin script and

3480-536: The Formosan languages of Taiwan , Indonesian , Malay , Hawaiian , Māori , Malagasy , and many more. Tagalog is a Central Philippine language within the Austronesian language family. Being Malayo-Polynesian , it is related to other Austronesian languages, such as Malagasy , Javanese , Indonesian , Malay , Tetum (of Timor), and Yami (of Taiwan). It is closely related to the languages spoken in

3596-563: The Philippine presidential election of 1965 against the incumbent president, Diosdado Macapagal . His inauguration marked the beginning of his two-decade long stay in power, even though the 1935 Philippine Constitution had set a limit of only two four-year terms of office. One of Marcos's earliest initiatives upon becoming president was to significantly expand the Philippine military. In an unprecedented move, Marcos chose to concurrently serve as his own defense secretary, allowing him to have

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3712-584: The snap election of 1986 . Allegations of mass electoral fraud , political turmoil, and human rights abuses led to the People Power Revolution of February 1986, which removed him from power. To avoid what could have been a military confrontation in Manila between pro- and anti-Marcos troops, Marcos was advised by US president Ronald Reagan through Senator Paul Laxalt to "cut and cut cleanly". Marcos then fled with his family to Hawaii. He

3828-771: The "Liberal Wing" that split from the Nacionalista Party , which eventually became the Liberal Party . He eventually became the Liberal Party's spokesman on economic matters, and was made chairman of the House Neophytes Bloc which included future president Diosdado Macapagal , future Vice President Emmanuel Pelaez and future Manila Mayor Arsenio Lacson . Marcos became chairman of the House Committee on Commerce and Industry and

3944-602: The 1962 Senatorial Campaign of being "most decorated war hero of the Philippines" He claimed to have been the recipient of 33 war medals and decorations, including the Distinguished Service Cross and the Medal of Honor , but researchers later found that stories about the wartime exploits of Marcos were mostly propaganda, being inaccurate or untrue. Only two of the supposed 33 awards – the Gold Cross and

4060-519: The 2000 Philippine Census, approximately 96% of the household population who were able to attend school could speak Tagalog, or especially or more accurately and specifically as, through or in the form of Filipino; and about 28% of the total population spoke it natively. The following regions and provinces of the Philippines are majority Tagalog-speaking, or also overlapping with being more accurately and specifically Filipino-speaking (from north to south): Tagalog speakers are also found in other parts of

4176-661: The 2020 census conducted by the Philippine Statistics Authority , there were 109 million people living in the Philippines, where the vast majority have some basic level of understanding of the language, mostly, mainly, majority or predominantly because of Filipino. The Tagalog homeland, Katagalugan, covers roughly much of the central to southern parts of the island of Luzon — particularly in Aurora , Bataan , Batangas , Bulacan , Cavite , Laguna , Metro Manila , Nueva Ecija , Quezon , and Rizal . Tagalog

4292-475: The Bureau of Fire Protection or Bureau of Jail Management and Penology carried the rank of Fire/Jail Inspector and receive appropriate commissions of their organization. Tagalog language Tagalog ( / t ə ˈ ɡ ɑː l ɒ ɡ / , tə- GAH -log ; [tɐˈɣaː.loɡ] ; Baybayin : ᜆᜄᜎᜓᜄ᜔ ) is an Austronesian language spoken as a first language by the ethnic Tagalog people , who make up

4408-684: The Distinguished Service Star – were given during the war, and both had been contested by Marcos's superiors. After the surrender of the Japanese and the end of World War II, the American government became preoccupied with setting up the Marshall Plan to revive the economies of the western hemisphere, and quickly backtracked from its interests in the Philippines, granting the islands independence on July 4, 1946. After

4524-639: The Integrated National Police, including all appropriate personnel and staff, records and equipment and other resources appertaining thereto, except for the powers and functions vested in and exercised by the NPC. Its powers and functions were the attestations of appointments, examination, investigation, adjudication and review of police administrative disciplinary cases, adjudication and grant of compensation for permanent disability and death benefits, staff inspection and audit, which were extended to

4640-723: The Japanese POW camp; his actions between release from prison in August 1942 and return to the USAFIP in December 1944; his supposed rank upon discharge from USAFIP; and his claims to being the recipient of numerous military decorations, most of which were proven to be fraudulent. Documents uncovered by The Washington Post in 1986 suggested Marcos's release in August 1942 was effected because his father, former congressman and provincial governor Mariano Marcos , had "cooperated with

4756-463: The Japanese military authorities" as publicist. After his release, Marcos claimed he had spent much of the period between his August 1942 release and his December 1944 return to USAFIP as the leader of a guerrilla organization called Ang Mga Mahárlika ( Tagalog , "The Freemen") in Northern Luzon . According to Marcos's claim, this force had a strength of 9,000 men. His account of events

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4872-449: The PC supplied some of its personnel as part of academy staff. During its initial years of existence, the academy limited the admission of its student cadets to the two-year Bachelor of Science in Public Safety (BSPS) for qualified members of the Integrated National Police (INP) only. This meant that applicants outside the Integrated National Police (INP) services were not directly accepted into

4988-599: The Philippine National Police. The 2022 creation of the Philippine Public Safety Academy officially ended the 31 year connection of the Academy to the other uniformed organizations of the DILG and thus making it a solely PNP-only police academy earmarked for the training of the officers of this institution. Police Officer candidates attend a 4-year tertiary education course, allowing them to earn

5104-602: The Philippine Public Safety College (PPSC) Board of Trustees which is composed of the Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG) Secretary as chairman, the head of the Philippine National Police (PNP), Bureau of Fire Protection (BFP) and Bureau of Jail Management and Penology (BJMP) as members, and the Philippine Public Safety College (PPSC) President as an ex-officio member. Since

5220-651: The Philippine Senate's exposé of the Jabidah massacre in March 1968, where a Muslim man named Jibin Arula testified that he had been the lone survivor of a group of Moro army recruits which had been executed en-masse on Corregidor island on March 18, 1968. The allegations in the exposé became a major flashpoint which ignited the Moro insurgency in the Philippines . Marcos ran a populist campaign emphasizing that he

5336-501: The Philippines and especially, more accurately and specifically, officially, sociolinguistically and linguistic politically as and through its standardized, codified, national or nationalized, intellectualized, more linguistically inclusive, more linguistically dynamic, and expanded or broaden form of, as and through Filipino , and the language serves as the national lingua franca of the country, but especially or more accurately and specifically as and through Filipino. Tagalog serves as

5452-409: The Philippines under martial law on September 23, 1972, shortly before the end of his second term. Martial law was ratified in 1973 through a fraudulent referendum . The constitution was revised, media outlets were silenced , and violence and oppression were used against the political opposition, Muslims, suspected communists, and ordinary citizens. After being elected for a third term in

5568-611: The President of the Philippines) created a study committee to prepare the corresponding feasibility study and all other prerequisites for the activation of the envisioned PNPA based on PD 1184. Section 19 of said decree provided that “there shall be established in the Integrated National Police a premiere police service training institution to be known as the Philippine National Police Academy for

5684-667: The Republic statute books. During his election campaign in the 1965 presidential election , Marcos's life became the basis of the biographical film Iginuhit ng Tadhana (The Ferdinand E. Marcos Story) , which starred Luis Gonzales as Marcos. Marcos's first term began with his inauguration on December 30, 1965, and ended when he was inaugurated for his second term on December 30, 1969. By pursuing an aggressive program of infrastructure development funded by foreign loans, he remained popular for most of his first term, with his popularity flagging only after his debt-driven spending during

5800-486: The Supreme Court. Malcolm had urged his colleagues to acquit the young Laurel because he knew him to be a bright student. Laurel thus reportedly saw in Marcos a mirror of himself and pleaded for his colleagues to acquit. The Supreme Court overturned the lower court's decision on October 22, 1940, acquitting the Marcos family of all charges except contempt. Marcos's military service during World War II has been

5916-487: The Tagalog-speaking regions, though there have been descriptions in the form of dictionaries and grammars of various Tagalog dialects. Ethnologue lists Manila, Lubang, Marinduque , Bataan (Western Central Luzon), Batangas , Bulacan (Eastern Central Luzon), Tanay-Paete (Rizal-Laguna), and Tayabas (Quezon) as dialects of Tagalog; however, there appear to be four main dialects, of which the aforementioned are

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6032-644: The United States Census Bureau's 2015 American Consumer Survey shows that Tagalog is the most commonly spoken non-English language after Spanish in California , Nevada , and Washington states. Tagalog is one of three recognized languages in San Francisco , California, along with Spanish and Chinese, making all essential city services be communicated using these languages along with English. Meanwhile, Tagalog and Ilocano (which

6148-522: The academy moved to Camp General Mariano N Castañeda, Silang, Cavite in 1994 as its new and permanent home, its facilities have been continuously upgraded to make the academy conducive for learning. Under the provisions of Republic Act No. 11279 approved on April 12, 2019, the administrative control of the Academy, along with the National Police Training Institute, was transferred from the Philippine Public Safety College to

6264-735: The academy presented a lack of formal organization, staffing, and a training site. This was, however, resolved by having the Integrated National Police Training Command Headquarters at Fort Bonifacio serve as the surrogate organization of the academy. Simultaneously with the formal establishment of the academy, the first batch of police cadets was chosen after a rigorous and painstaking selection process – including thorough medical and psychiatric examinations that took place on June 30, 1978. Formal academic instructions started on July 17, 1978, with 50 cadets, in formal ceremonies at Fort Bonifacio on

6380-460: The academy was granted its Academic Charter through the promulgation of Presidential Decree 1780, otherwise known as “The Philippine National Police Academy Charter of 1981.” This decree elevated the academy to the status of the premier educational and training institution of the country's national police force. Thus, the Philippine National Police Academy was specifically tasked “to develop and conduct comprehensive education and training programs with

6496-534: The administration of Lyndon B. Johnson , Marcos reversed his pre-presidency position of not sending Philippine forces to Vietnam War, and consented to a limited involvement, asking Congress to approve sending a combat engineer unit. Despite opposition to the new plan, the Marcos government gained Congressional approval and Philippine troops were sent from the middle of 1966 as the Philippines Civic Action Group (PHILCAG). PHILCAG reached

6612-411: The angle brackets. Glottal stop is not indicated. Glottal stops are most likely to occur when: Stress is a distinctive feature in Tagalog. Primary stress occurs on either the final or the penultimate syllable of a word. Vowel lengthening accompanies primary or secondary stress except when stress occurs at the end of a word. Tagalog words are often distinguished from one another by the position of

6728-454: The arrival of the Spanish in 1521 and the beginning of their colonization in 1565, Tagalog was written in an abugida —or alphasyllabary —called Baybayin . This system of writing gradually gave way to the use and propagation of the Latin alphabet as introduced by the Spanish. As the Spanish began to record and create grammars and dictionaries for the various languages of the Philippine archipelago, they adopted systems of writing closely following

6844-571: The auxiliary official languages in the regions and shall serve as auxiliary media of instruction therein. In 2009, the Department of Education promulgated an order institutionalizing a system of mother-tongue based multilingual education ("MLE"), wherein instruction is conducted primarily in a student's mother tongue (one of the various regional Philippine languages) until at least grade three, with additional languages such as Filipino and English being introduced as separate subjects no earlier than grade two. In secondary school, Filipino and English become

6960-439: The book The Conjugal Dictatorship of Ferdinand Marcos and Imelda Marcos , the opposition Liberal Party would later confirm that many of his war medals were only acquired in 1962 to aid in his reelection campaign for the Senate, not for his presidential campaign. Marcos won the presidency in 1965. Ferdinand Marcos was inaugurated to his first term as the 10th president of the Philippines on December 30, 1965, after winning

7076-449: The cadetship program, given that those holding the rank of Patrolman and above who have been assessed as ready for admission would be granted entry. When the Philippine National Police Academy was about to complete its third year of existence, the academy modified its admission requirements to include civilian applicants who directly gained their collegiate education there. On January 15, 1981, less than three years after its establishment,

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7192-422: The campaign for his second term triggered an inflationary crisis in November and December 1969, before his second inauguration. Among the major projects of the first term was the construction of the Cultural Center of the Philippines complex , considered one of the earliest examples of what would come to be known as the Marcoses' edifice complex . Soon after being elected, Marcos developed close relations with

7308-425: The coasts of the South China Sea . He is a Chinese mestizo descendant, just like many other presidents. Marcos studied law at the University of the Philippines (UP) in Manila , attending the College of Law . He excelled in both curricular and extra-curricular activities, becoming a member of the university's swimming, boxing, and wrestling teams. He was also an accomplished orator , debater, and writer for

7424-559: The common language among Overseas Filipinos , though its use overseas is usually limited to communication between Filipino ethnic groups . The largest concentration of Tagalog speakers outside the Philippines is found in the United States , wherein 2020, the United States Census Bureau reported (based on data collected in 2018) that it was the fourth most-spoken non-English language at home with over 1.7 million speakers, behind Spanish , French , and Chinese (with figures for Cantonese and Mandarin combined). A study based on data from

7540-399: The country, promulgate a police manual prescribing rules and regulations for the efficient organization, administration, and operation of the local police, including their recruitment, selection, and promotion, organize and develop police training programs and operate police training centers, and establish a system of Uniform Crime Reporting. Upon approval of this Police Act, an appointment to

7656-429: The education and training of the members of the INP.” In February 1978, General Ramos recommended to Minister Juan Ponce Enrile , then Minister of National Defense, for the activation of the Philippine National Police Academy. As a result of the recommendation, Ministry of National Defense (MND) Order No. 83 was issued on May 25, 1978, activating the Philippine National Police Academy effective June 12, 1978, in line with

7772-404: The elections in 1959 and became the Senate minority floor leader in 1960. He became the executive vice president of the Liberal Party in and served as the party president from 1961 to 1964. From 1963 to 1965, he was the Senate President . Thus far, he is the last Senate President to become President of the Philippines. He introduced a number of significant bills, many of which found their way into

7888-419: The enactment of Republic Act 6975, otherwise known as the “Department of the Interior and Local Government Act of 1990”, the INP became part of a new Philippine National Police , while its fire and jail branches were split, becoming both the Bureau of Fire Protection and Bureau of Jail Management and Penology, respectively, all three fall under the Department of the Interior and Local Government. The PNPA remained

8004-413: The establishment of the Police Commission which was renamed the National Police Commission under the Office of the President of the Philippines. Among the powers, duties, and responsibilities of the National Police Commission were to advise the President on all matters involving local police administration, examine and audit the performance, activities, and facilities of all local police agencies throughout

8120-432: The excesses that characterized her and her husband's " conjugal dictatorship ", is the source of the term Imeldific . Two of their children, Imee and Bongbong , are active in Philippine politics, with Bongbong having been elected president in the 2022 presidential election . Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos held the Guinness World Record for the largest-ever theft from a government for decades, although Guinness took

8236-453: The first Tagalog dictionary, his Vocabulario de la lengua tagala in Pila, Laguna . The first substantial dictionary of the Tagalog language was written by the Czech Jesuit missionary Pablo Clain in the beginning of the 18th century. Clain spoke Tagalog and used it actively in several of his books. He prepared the dictionary, which he later passed over to Francisco Jansens and José Hernandez. Further compilation of his substantial work

8352-561: The form of Filipino. Tagalog or Filipino is also the predominant language of Cotabato City in Mindanao , making it the only place outside of Luzon with a native Tagalog-speaking or also a Filipino-speaking majority. It is also the main lingua franca in Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao , but especially or more accurately and specifically as, through or in the form of Filipino. According to

8468-542: The four had conspired to assassinate Nalundasan, with Ferdinand Marcos eventually pulling the trigger. In late January 1939, they were finally denied bail. The evidence was strong against the young Marcos, who was a member of the University of the Philippines rifle team and a national rifle champion. Though Marcos's rifle was found in its gun rack in the U.P. ROTC armory, the rifle of team captain Teodoro M. Kalaw Jr.

8584-469: The majority decision, saw himself in the young Marcos in that he had almost killed a rival during a brawl during his youth, had been convicted by a trial court of frustrated murder, and was acquitted after appealing to the Supreme Court, and saw in Marcos an opportunity to pay forward his debt to society. Dean of the UP College of Law George A. Malcolm was Laurel's professor and an Associate Justice of

8700-431: The most controversial figures in Filipino history, Marcos's regime was infamous for its corruption, extravagance, and brutality. Marcos gained political success by claiming to have been the "most decorated war hero in the Philippines", but many of his claims have been found to be false, with United States Army documents describing his wartime claims as "fraudulent" and "absurd". After World War II, he became

8816-580: The national language in all public and private schools in the country. Article XIV, Section 6 of the 1987 Constitution of the Philippines specifies, in part: Subject to provisions of law and as the Congress may deem appropriate, the Government shall take steps to initiate and sustain the use of Filipino as a medium of official communication and as language of instruction in the educational system. Under Section 7, however: The regional languages are

8932-430: The national objective to upgrade the law enforcement service in the country. Under said Ministry Order, General Orders No. 23-P of Headquarters Philippine Constabulary / Integrated National Police dated June 23, 1978, formally announced the activation of the Philippine National Police Academy (PNPA). The speed that characterized the creation and establishment of the new PNPA indicated the institution's important role in

9048-652: The officers of the Philippine military, and began expanding the armed forces by allowing loyal generals to stay in their positions past their retirement age, or giving them civilian government posts. He also gained the support of the Johnson administration in the US by allowing the limited Philippine involvement in the Vietnam war through the Philippine Civic Action Group. Marcos's first term also saw

9164-560: The official joint officer training institution for the public security services of the republic. Finally, on April 13, 1994, the PNPA found its new and permanent home when it moved to Camp General Mariano N. Castañeda at Silang, Cavite. By the provisions of RA 6975, The PNPA became a primary component of the Philippine Public Safety College (PPSC), the institution which was mandated as the premier institution for

9280-479: The older generation in the Philippines feel that the replacement of English by Tagalog in the popular visual media has had dire economic effects regarding the competitiveness of the Philippines in trade and overseas remittances. Upon the issuance of Executive Order No. 134 , Tagalog was declared as basis of the National Language. On April 12, 1940, Executive No. 263 was issued ordering the teaching of

9396-499: The orthographic customs of the Spanish language and were refined over the years. Until the first half of the 20th century, most Philippine languages were widely written in a variety of ways based on Spanish orthography. Ferdinand Marcos Presidency Family Unexplained wealth Legacy Related [REDACTED] Ferdinand Emmanuel Edralin Marcos Sr. (September 11, 1917 – September 28, 1989)

9512-514: The other and as one of the regional languages of the Philippines, which majority are Austronesian , is one of the auxiliary official languages of the Philippines in the regions and also one of the auxiliary media of instruction therein. Tagalog is closely related to other Philippine languages , such as the Bikol languages , the Bisayan languages , Ilocano , Kapampangan , and Pangasinan , and more distantly to other Austronesian languages, such as

9628-668: The other in an early Spanish attempt at a Latin orthography for the language. Throughout the 333 years of Spanish rule, various grammars and dictionaries were written by Spanish clergymen. In 1610, the Dominican priest Francisco Blancas de San José published the Arte y reglas de la lengua tagala (which was subsequently revised with two editions in 1752 and 1832) in Bataan. In 1613, the Franciscan priest Pedro de San Buenaventura published

9744-723: The police, fire, and jail components of the INP. Thus, the police, fire, and jail services were unified into a single, paramilitary law enforcement organization and the responsibility of training INP personnel was transferred from the National Police Commission on July 1, 1976, to the Integrated National Police Training Command including the 13 regional training centers throughout the country as mandated by Presidential Decree (PD) 765, signed by then-President Ferdinand Marcos . It

9860-482: The power to prevent crimes, effect and arrest criminal offenders and provide for their detention and rehabilitation. It took necessary measures to prevent and control fires, investigate the commission of all crimes and offenses, and bring the offenders to justice while taking every necessary step to ensure public safety. The power of the administrative supervision and control by the city and municipal governments over their respective local police, jail, and fire departments

9976-628: The present Philippine Public Safety College grounds. Two years later, 45 of them finally graduated to compose the first Bachelor of Science in Public Safety (BSPS) graduates – the Maharlika Class of 1980, commissioned Police Lieutenants in Calamba. The traditions of the young academy were adapted from those of the Philippine Military Academy at the behest of Gen Ramos, then Chief of Constabulary, to reflect its status, as

10092-509: The primary languages of instruction, with the learner's first language taking on an auxiliary role. After pilot tests in selected schools, the MLE program was implemented nationwide from School Year (SY) 2012–2013. Tagalog is the first language of a quarter of the population of the Philippines (particularly in Central and Southern Luzon) and the second language for the majority. According to

10208-766: The professional development of police officers in the country. Its actual operations began even before its formal inauguration. It conducted entrance examinations for cadetship on May 28 and June 4, 1978, to select the best applicants for its first batch of cadets. When the formal inauguration took place on June 30, 1978, the cadets had to share quarters with the INP Training Command at Fort Bonifacio in Makati City for more than two months before it moved to Camp Vicente Lim in Calamba City, Laguna as its training venue on August 19, 1978. The apparent infancy of

10324-674: The promulgation of Presidential Decree (PD) 765 constituting the Integrated National Police or INP, providing for the unification of the then separate city and municipal police, fire, and jail services in existence within the territory of the Republic. These integrated forces were placed under the operational control of the Philippine Constabulary , by itself an Armed Forces of the Philippines Major Service Command, under

10440-419: The record down from their website while it underwent periodic review a few weeks before the 2022 election. Ferdinand Emmanuel Edralin Marcos was born on September 11, 1917, in the town of Sarrat, Ilocos Norte , to Mariano Marcos (1897–1945) and Josefa Edralin (1893–1988). Mariano Marcos was a lawyer and congressman from Ilocos Norte , Philippines. He was executed by Filipino guerillas in 1945 for being

10556-410: The responsibility of safeguarding and protecting the community. The organization at the time had no code of conduct. The police service then required neither entry standards nor appropriate training and had no consistent promotional policies. However, substantial improvements were achieved with the passage of Republic Act 4864 on September 6, 1966, known as the “Police Act of 1966”. That law provided for

10672-467: The responsibility of the Department of National Defense via the office of the Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces through the Chief of Constabulary and this served a nucleus to the new organization. The new INP was thus made responsible for public safety, protection of lives and properties, enforcement of laws, and maintenance of peace and order within the territorial limits of the Philippines. It had

10788-478: The selection of the Tagalog language to be used as the basis for the evolution and adoption of the national language of the Philippines. In 1939, President Quezon renamed the proposed Tagalog-based national language as Wikang Pambansâ (national language). Quezon himself was born and raised in Baler, Aurora , which is a native Tagalog-speaking area. Under the Japanese puppet government during World War II , Tagalog as

10904-414: The selection. The national language issue was revived once more during the 1971 Constitutional Convention . The majority of the delegates were even in favor of scrapping the idea of a "national language" altogether. A compromise solution was worked out—a "universalist" approach to the national language, to be called Filipino rather than Pilipino . The 1973 constitution makes no mention of Tagalog. When

11020-464: The stress or the presence of a final glottal stop. In formal or academic settings, stress placement and the glottal stop are indicated by a diacritic ( tuldík ) above the final vowel. The penultimate primary stress position ( malumay ) is the default stress type and so is left unwritten except in dictionaries. Tagalog, like other Philippines languages today, is written using the Latin alphabet. Prior to

11136-522: The student newspaper. While attending the UP College of Law, he became a member of the Upsilon Sigma Phi , where he met his future colleagues in government and some of his staunchest critics. When he sat for the 1939 Bar Examinations , he was a bar topnotcher (top scorer) with a score of 92.35%. He graduated cum laude and was in the top ten of his class, with future Chief Justice Felix Makasiar becoming their class salutatorian . He

11252-507: The subject of debate and controversy, both in the Philippines and in international military circles. Marcos, who had received ROTC training, was activated for service in the US Armed Forces in the Philippines (USAFIP) after the attack on Pearl Harbor . He served as a 3rd lieutenant during the mobilization in the summer and fall of 1941, continuing until April 1942, after which he was taken prisoner. According to Marcos's account, he

11368-567: The training, human resource development, and continuing education of all police, fire, and jail personnel. It was in January 1997, under the leadership of Police Chief Superintendent Rufino G. Ibay Jr. that the proposal to revise the Bachelor of Science in Public Safety (BSPS) course into a four-year program was favorably endorsed by then Philippine Public Safety College (PPSC) President Guillermo P. Enriquez Jr. that led to its eventual approval by

11484-430: The turn of 20th century, therefore making the region a melting pot of cultures and languages. Tagalog has 21 phonemes : 16 of them are consonants and 5 are vowels . Native Tagalog words follow CV(C) syllable structure, though complex consonant clusters are permitted in loanwords. Tagalog has five vowels, and four diphthongs. Tagalog originally had three vowel phonemes: /a/ , /i/ , and /u/ . Tagalog

11600-438: The view of Professionalizing the personnel in every level of command of the Integrated National Police.” The 1978 Bachelor of Science in Public Safety (BSPS) curriculum underwent curriculum and training revisions and modifications which brought about the transition from two years to a three-year curriculum, emphasizing the separate specialized areas for cadets who would opt for either the police, fire, or jail services. In 1991, by

11716-526: The war, Marcos was one of only eleven lawyers confirmed by the new government as a special prosecutor with the office of the Solicitor General tasked to try by "process of law and justice" all those accused of collaboration with the Japanese. Eventually, Marcos ran for his father's old post as representative of the 2nd district of Ilocos Norte and won three consecutive terms, serving in the House of Representatives from 1949 to 1959. Marcos joined

11832-476: Was a Filipino lawyer, politician, dictator and kleptocrat who served as the tenth president of the Philippines from 1965 to 1986. Marcos ruled the country under martial law from 1972 to 1981 , and with vastly expanded powers under the 1973 Constitution until he was deposed by a nonviolent revolution in 1986. Marcos described his rule 's philosophy as " constitutional authoritarianism " under his Kilusang Bagong Lipunan (New Society Movement). One of

11948-552: Was a bemedalled war hero emerging from World War II. In 1962, Marcos would claim to be the most decorated war hero of the Philippines by garnering almost every medal and decoration that the Filipino and American governments could give to a soldier. Included in his claim of 27 war medals and decorations are that of the Distinguished Service Cross and the Medal of Honor. According to Primitivo Mijares, author of

12064-514: Was announced in Manila dailies. Not much is known about what happened to Ortega and their children after, but Marcos married Imelda Trinidad Romualdez on April 17, 1954, only 11 days after they first met. They had three biological children: Ferdinand , Imee , and Irene Marcos . Marcos's fourth child with Ortega was born after his marriage to Imelda. Marcos and Imelda later adopted a daughter, Aimee . Marcos had an affair with American actress Dovie Beams from 1968 to 1970. According to reports by

12180-548: Was elected to the Pi Gamma Mu and the Phi Kappa Phi international honor societies , the latter giving him its Most Distinguished Member Award 37 years later. Ferdinand Marcos received an honorary Doctor of Laws (LL.D.) ( honoris causa ) degree in 1967 from Central Philippine University . Marcos first gained national notoriety over the murder of Julio Nalundasan . Nalundasan, Mariano Marcos's political rival,

12296-553: Was first baptized and raised into the Philippine Independent Church . He subsequently converted to Roman Catholicism in later life to marry Imelda Trinidad Romualdez . Marcos lived with a common-law wife , Carmen Ortega, an Ilocana mestiza who was 1949 Miss Press Photography. They had three children and resided for about two years at 204 Ortega Street in San Juan . In August 1953, their engagement

12412-538: Was killed with a single rifle shot at his home in Batac on September 21, 1935, the day after he had defeated Marcos a second time for a seat in the National Assembly . In December 1938, Ferdinand Marcos was prosecuted for the murder of Nalundasan. He was not the only accused from the Marcos clan. Also accused were his father, Mariano, and his uncles, Pio Marcos and Quirino Lizardo. According to two witnesses,

12528-556: Was later cast into doubt after a United States military investigation exposed many of his claims as either false or inaccurate. Another controversy arose in 1947, when Marcos began signing communications with the rank of lieutenant colonel, instead of major. This prompted US officials to note that Marcos was only "recognized as a major in the roster of the 14th Infantry USAFIP, NL as of 12 December 1944 to his date of discharge". The biggest controversy arising from Marcos's service during World War II, however, would concern his claims during

12644-469: Was limited to police service personnel only. Moreover, the system itself lent to locally based, individualized, and separate local police units that led to the marked preponderance of political influence and interference over the police forces. Mainly for these reasons, the government opted to integrate all city and municipal police, fire, and jail services into a unified national organization. A series of police integration laws culminated on August 8, 1975, in

12760-609: Was missing at the time and the National Bureau of Investigation had evidence that it was the one used in the murder of Nalundasan. Of all the accused, only Ferdinand Marcos had access to the U.P. armory. Later in the year, Ferdinand and Lizardo were convicted of murder. Ferdinand was sentenced to 10 to 17 years in prison. The Marcos family took their appeal to the Supreme Court of the Philippines . According to Primitivo Mijares , Justice Jose P. Laurel , who penned

12876-426: Was prepared by P. Juan de Noceda and P. Pedro de Sanlucar and published as Vocabulario de la lengua tagala in Manila in 1754 and then repeatedly reedited, with the last edition being in 2013 in Manila. Among others, Arte de la lengua tagala y manual tagalog para la administración de los Santos Sacramentos (1850) in addition to early studies of the language. The indigenous poet Francisco Balagtas (1788–1862)

12992-532: Was released from prison by the Japanese on August 4, 1942, and US military records show that he rejoined USAFIP forces in December 1944. Marcos's military service then formally ended with his discharge as a major in the 14th Infantry, US Armed Forces, in the Philippines Northern Luzon, in May 1945. Controversies regarding Marcos's military service revolve around: the reason for his release from

13108-679: Was succeeded as president by Aquino's widow, Corazon "Cory" Aquino . According to source documents provided by the Presidential Commission on Good Government (PCGG), the Marcos family stole US$ 5 billion–$ 10 billion from the Central Bank of the Philippines . The PCGG also maintained that the Marcos family enjoyed a decadent lifestyle, taking away billions of dollars from the Philippines between 1965 and 1986. His wife, Imelda Marcos , made infamous in her own right by

13224-480: Was tasked to provide tertiary level education for Filipinos aspiring to be officers in the three bureaus of the Department of the Interior and Local Government . In the early 1960s, policemen were hired based on personal relations with influential personalities and government officials. After being hired, city and municipal policemen were sworn in and issued weapons. Despite their lack of knowledge, they were given

13340-467: Was the first step towards the creation of an official officer academy for the aforementioned services. On August 26, 1977, PD 1184, otherwise known as the “INP Personnel Professionalization Law of 1977”, proposed the creation of the Philippine National Police Academy (PNPA). Immediately after the promulgation of PD 1184, the then chief of Constabulary and concurrently Director General of the Integrated National Police , Major General Fidel V. Ramos (later

13456-417: Was transferred to the Chief of Constabulary as Director-General of the Integrated National Police in August 1975. The powers and functions of the National Police Commission in the training of policemen was the establishment of the integrated police communication system, the grant of police salary subsidy, and the adjudication and grant of compensation for temporary disability benefits, which were transferred to

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